Wikipedia
List of countries and territories where English is an official language
The following is a list of countries and territories where English is an official language—that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. As of 2020[update], there were 59 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many administrative divisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level.
Nations in which English is an official language (de facto or de jure). Anglosphere countries are those where English is the main native language.
Official as a majority language
Official as a minority language
Co-official as a majority language
Co-official as a minority language
All areas of the world that were ever part of the British Empire. The names of current British Overseas Territories are underlined in red.
Most states where English is an official language are former territories of the British Empire. Exceptions include Rwanda and Burundi, which were formerly German and then Belgian colonies; Cameroon, where only part of national territory was under British mandate; and Liberia, the Philippines, the Federated States of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, and Palau, which were American territories. English is the sole official language of the Commonwealth of Nations and of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). English is one of the official languages of the United Nations, the European Union, NAFTA, the African Union, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Caribbean Community, the Union of South American Nations, and many other international organisations. Although English is not de jure an official language at the national level in the United States, most states and territories within the United States have English as an official language, and only Puerto Rico uses a language other than English as a primary working language.
The United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand, where the overwhelming majority of native English speakers reside, do not have English as an official language de jure, but English is considered their de facto official language because it dominates in these countries.
Sovereign states
| Country | ISO code | Geographic region | Population1 | Primary language? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antigua and Barbuda | ATG | Caribbean | 85,000 | Yes (English-based creole language) |
| The Bahamas[1] | BHS | Caribbean | 331,000 | Yes (English-based creole language) |
| Barbados[2] | BRB | Caribbean | 294,000 | Yes (English-based creole language) |
| Belize[3] | BLZ | Central America | 288,000 | Yes (English-based creole language) |
| Botswana[3] | BWA | Africa | 1,882,000 | Yes |
| Burundi[4] | BDI | Africa | 10,114,505 | No |
| Cameroon[1] | CMR | Africa | 22,534,532 | No (co-official with French, but only spoken primarily in the Northwest and Southwest of the country) |
| Canada | CAN | North America | 38,048,738 | Yes (Co-official with French, and a predominant language nationwide except for Quebec and Nunavut) |
| Dominica[1] | DMA | Caribbean | 73,000 | Yes (French-based creole language) |
| Eswatini[1] | SWZ | Africa | 1,141,000 | No |
| Fiji[1] | FJI | Oceania | 828,000 | Yes (used as lingua franca, mostly and widely spoken, educational, commerce, and government) |
| The Gambia[1] | GMB | Africa | 1,709,000 | Yes |
| Ghana[1] | GHA | Africa | 27,000,000 | Yes (used as lingua franca) |
| Grenada[1] | GRD | Caribbean | 111,000 | Yes (English-based creole language) |
| Guyana[5] | GUY | South America | 738,000 | Yes (English-based creole language) |
| India[3][6] | IND | Asia | 1,393,500,000 | No (but official and educational) |
| Ireland[7][8] | IRL | Europe | 4,900,000 | Yes (Irish is co-official) |
| Jamaica[9] | JAM | Caribbean | 2,714,000 | Yes (English-based creole language) |
| Kenya[1] | KEN | Africa | 45,010,056 | Yes (used in business and education) |
| Kiribati[1] | KIR | Oceania | 95,000 | No |
| Lesotho[1] | LSO | Africa | 2,008,000 | No |
| Liberia[1] | LBR | Africa | 3,750,000 | Yes |
| Malawi[10] | MWI | Africa | 16,407,000 | Yes (used as lingua franca) |
| Malta[1] | MLT | Europe | 430,000 | No (but official and in business / education) |
| Marshall Islands[1] | MHL | Oceania | 59,000 | No |
| Mauritius[1] | MUS | Africa / Indian Ocean | 1,262,000 | Yes |
| Micronesia[1] | FSM | Oceania | 110,000 | Yes |
| Namibia[1] | NAM | Africa | 2,074,000 | No (used as lingua franca) |
| Nauru[11] | NRU | Oceania | 10,000 | No (but widely spoken) |
| Nigeria[1][12] | NGA | Africa | 182,202,000 | Yes (used as official language) |
| Pakistan[1] | PAK | Asia | 212,742,631 | No (but official and educational) |
| Palau[3] | PLW | Oceania | 20,000 | No |
| Papua New Guinea[13][14] | PNG | Oceania | 7,059,653 | Yes (official and educational) |
| Philippines | PHL | Asia | 110,864,327 | No (but official and educational) |
| Rwanda[15] | RWA | Africa | 13,240,439 | No |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis[16] | KNA | Caribbean | 50,000 | Yes (English-based creole language) |
| Saint Lucia[1] | LCA | Caribbean | 165,000 | Yes (French-based creole language) |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines[17] | VCT | Caribbean | 120,000 | Yes (English-based creole language) |
| Samoa[18] | WSM | Oceania | 188,000 | No |
| Seychelles[1] | SYC | Africa / Indian Ocean | 87,000 | No |
| Sierra Leone[1] | SLE | Africa | 6,190,280 | Yes (English-based creole language) |
| Singapore | SGP | Asia | 5,469,700 | Yes (official language, lingua franca, mostly and widely spoken, and educational) |
| Solomon Islands[1] | SLB | Oceania | 507,000 | Yes |
| South Africa[19] | ZAF | Africa | 54,956,900 | Yes (official, educational and lingua franca in formal economy) |
| South Sudan[20] | SSD | Africa | 12,340,000 | Yes |
| Sudan[1] | SDN | Africa | 40,235,000 | No |
| Tanzania[1] | TZA | Africa | 51,820,000 | No |
| Tonga[21] | TON | Oceania | 100,000 | No |
| Trinidad and Tobago[1] | TTO | Caribbean | 1,333,000 | Yes (English-based creole language) |
| Tuvalu[3] | TUV | Oceania | 11,000 | No |
| Uganda[22] | UGA | Africa | 47,053,690 | No (used as lingua franca) |
| Vanuatu[23] | VUT | Oceania | 226,000 | No |
| Zambia[1] | ZMB | Africa | 16,212,000 | Yes (used as lingua franca) |
| Zimbabwe[1] | ZWE | Africa | 13,061,239 | No (used as lingua franca) |
| Country | ISO code | Geographic region | Population1 | Primary language? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Australia | AUS | Oceania | 25,795,700 | Yes |
| New Zealand[24] | NZL | Oceania | 4,893,830 | Yes |
| United Kingdom | GBR | Europe | 66,040,229 | Yes |
| United States | USA | North America | 328,239,523 | Yes |
| Country | ISO code | Geographic region | Population1 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bahrain[25][26] | BHR | Asia / Middle East | 1,378,000 |
| Bangladesh[27] | BGD | Asia | 150,039,000 |
| Bhutan[28] | BTN | Asia | 727,145 |
| Cambodia[29] | KHM | Asia | 15,288,489 |
| Cyprus[30] | CYP | Europe / Asia / Middle East | 1,141,166 |
| Eritrea[1] | ERI | Africa | 6,234,000 |
| Ethiopia[1] | ETH | Africa | 85,000,000 |
| Israel[31][32][33] | ISR | Asia / Middle East | 8,051,200 |
| Jordan[34] | JOR | Asia / Middle East | 9,882,401 |
| Kuwait[35] | KWT | Asia / Middle East | 4,348,395 |
| Malaysia | MYS | Asia | 32,730,000 |
| Maldives[36] | MDV | Asia | 427,756 |
| Myanmar[37] | MMR | Asia | 51,486,253 |
| Oman[38] | OMN | Asia / Middle East | 4,424,762 |
| Qatar[39] | QAT | Asia / Middle East | 2,675,522 |
| Sri Lanka[40][41] | LKA | Asia | 20,277,597 |
| United Arab Emirates[42] | ARE | Asia / Middle East | 9,809,000 |
Non-sovereign entities
| Entity | Sovereign state | Region | Population1 | Primary language? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akrotiri and Dhekelia | United Kingdom | Europe | 15,700 | No |
| American Samoa11 | United States | Oceania | 67,700 | No (official language) |
| Anguilla[1] | United Kingdom | Caribbean | 18,090 | No (English-based creole language) |
| Bermuda9[1] | United Kingdom | North America | 65,000 | Yes |
| British Virgin Islands[1] | United Kingdom | Caribbean | 23,000 | No (English-based creole language) |
| Cayman Islands[3] | United Kingdom | Caribbean | 47,000 | Yes (English-based creole language) |
| Cook Islands[1]14 | New Zealand | Oceania | 20,000 | No |
| Curaçao[43] | Netherlands | Caribbean | 150,563 | No |
| Falkland Islands | United Kingdom | South America | 3,000 | Yes |
| Gibraltar[1] | United Kingdom | Europe | 33,000 | Yes |
| Guam4 | United States | Oceania | 173,000 | Yes (Co-official with Chamorro) |
| Hong Kong2[1] | China | Asia | 7,097,600 | No (but de jure and de facto co-official with Chinese[44]) |
| Isle of Man8 | United Kingdom | Europe | 80,058 | Yes |
| Jersey6[1] | United Kingdom | Europe | 89,300 | Yes |
| Niue[1]14 | New Zealand | Oceania | 1,600 | No |
| Norfolk Island[1] | Australia | Oceania | 1,828 | No (English-based creole language) |
| Northern Mariana Islands7 | United States | Oceania | 53,883 | Yes (Co-official with Chamorro) |
| Pitcairn Islands13[1] | United Kingdom | Oceania | 50 | Yes |
| Puerto Rico3 | United States | Caribbean | 3,991,000 | No (co-official with Spanish as the primary language) |
| Rotuma | Fiji | Oceania | 1,594 | No |
| Sint Maarten[45] | Netherlands | Caribbean | 40,900 | No (English-based creole language) |
| Turks and Caicos Islands[1] | United Kingdom | Caribbean | 26,000 | No (English-based creole language) |
| U.S. Virgin Islands5 | United States | Caribbean | 111,000 | No (English-based creole language) |
| Entity | Sovereign state | Region | Population1 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Barbuda | Antigua and Barbuda | Caribbean | 1,300 |
| British Indian Ocean Territory | United Kingdom | Indian Ocean | 3,000 |
| Guernsey10 | United Kingdom | Europe | 61,811 |
| Montserrat[1] | United Kingdom | Caribbean | 5,900 |
| Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha[3] | United Kingdom | South Atlantic | 5,660 |
| Entity | Sovereign state | Region | Population1 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Christmas Island12[1] | Australia | Southeast Asia | 1,508 |
| Cocos (Keeling) Islands16[1] | Australia | Southeast Asia | 596 |
| Tokelau[46] | New Zealand | Oceania | 1,400 |
Country subdivisions
In these country subdivisions, English has de jure official status, but English is not official in their respective countries at the national level.
| Subdivision | Country | Region | Population |
|---|---|---|---|
| San Andrés y Providencia[47] | Colombia | South America | 75,167 |
| Sarawak[48][49][50] | Malaysia | Asia | 2,471,140 |
| Saba[51] | Netherlands | Caribbean | 1,991 |
| Sint Eustatius[51] | 3,897 | ||
| Scotland[52] | United Kingdom | Europe | 5,424,800 |
| Wales[53] | 3,125,000 | ||
| Alabama[54] | United States | North America | 4,833,722 |
| Alaska[55] | 735,132 | ||
| Arizona[56] | 6,626,624 | ||
| Arkansas[54] | 2,959,373 | ||
| California[54] | 38,332,521 | ||
| Colorado[54] | 5,268,367 | ||
| Florida[54] | 21,299,325 | ||
| Georgia[54] | 10,519,475 | ||
| Hawaii[54] | Oceania | 1,404,054 | |
| Idaho[54] | North America | 1,612,136 | |
| Illinois[54] | 12,882,135 | ||
| Indiana[54] | 6,570,902 | ||
| Iowa[54] | 3,090,416 | ||
| Kansas[54] | 2,893,957 | ||
| Kentucky[54] | 4,395,295 | ||
| Massachusetts[57] | 6,794,422 | ||
| Mississippi[54] | 2,991,207 | ||
| Missouri[54] | 6,083,672 | ||
| Montana[54] | 1,015,165 | ||
| Nebraska[54] | 1,868,516 | ||
| New Hampshire[54] | 1,323,459 | ||
| North Carolina[54] | 9,848,060 | ||
| North Dakota[54] | 723,393 | ||
| Oklahoma[58] | 3,850,568 | ||
| South Carolina[54] | 4,774,839 | ||
| South Dakota[54] | 844,877 | ||
| Tennessee[54] | 6,495,978 | ||
| Utah[54] | 2,900,872 | ||
| Virginia[54] | 8,260,405 | ||
| West Virginia[59] | 1,844,128 | ||
| Wyoming[54] | 582,658 |
See also
Footnotes
- ^1 The population figures are based on the sources in List of countries by population, with information as of 23 January 2009 (UN estimates, et al.), and refer to the population of the country and not necessarily to the number of inhabitants that speak English in the country in question.
- ^2 Hong Kong is a former British Crown colony (1843–1981) and British Dependent Territory (1981–1997); it is currently a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (1997–present).
- ^3 Puerto Rico is, historically and culturally, connected to the Spanish-speaking Caribbean; Spanish is also an official language on the island. Puerto Rico is an unincorporated United States territory referred to as a "Commonwealth".
- ^4 Guam is an organized unincorporated territory of the United States
- ^5 The US Virgin Islands is an insular area of the United States.
- ^6 Jersey is a British Crown dependency.
- ^7 The Northern Mariana Islands is a commonwealth in political union with the United States.
- ^8 The Isle of Man is a British Crown dependency.
- ^9 Bermuda is a British Overseas Territory.
- ^10 Guernsey is a British Crown dependency.
- ^11 American Samoa is an unincorporated U.S. territory.
- ^12 Christmas Island is an external territory of Australia.
- ^13 Pitcairn Islands is a British Overseas Territory.
- ^14 The Cook Islands and Niue are associated states of New Zealand that lack general recognition.
- ^16 Cocos (Keeling) Islands is an external territory of Australia.
References
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- ^ . Government Information Service (Barbados). Archived from the original on 2009-02-13. Retrieved 2009-01-18.
- ^ a b c d e f g English usage; . The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
- ^ "English is now official language of Burundi". IWACU English News. 17 July 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- ^ . Government Information Agency (Guyana). Archived from the original on 2008-08-20. Retrieved 2009-01-18.
- ^ N. Krishnaswamy; Lalitha Krishnaswamy (6 January 2006). "3.14 English Becomes a Second Language". The story of English in India. Foundation Books. ISBN 978-81-7596-312-2.
- ^ The Constitution
- ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-01-06. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ The Constitution of Jamaica (section 20(6e) ? implicit)
- ^ Malawi Investment Promotion Agency (August 2005). . Government of Malawi. Archived from the original on 2009-02-25. Retrieved 2009-01-18.
- ^ "Nauru". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 2008-12-03. Retrieved 2009-01-18. English and Nauruan are official.
- ^ "Country profile: Nigeria". BBC News. April 30, 2008. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
- ^ . Papua New Guinea Tourism Promotion Authority. Archived from the original on January 31, 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-18.
- ^ . BBC News. 2008-11-28. Archived from the original on December 15, 2002.
- ^ "Rwanda's Constitution of 2003 with Amendments through 2015" (PDF). constituteproject.org. Comparative Constitutions Project. p. 5-6. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
Article 8. National language and official languages The National language is Ikinyarwanda. The official languages are Ikinyarwanda, English and French
- ^ . Government of St Christopher (St Kitts) and Nevis. Archived from the original on 2009-01-03. Retrieved 2009-01-18.
- ^ . Agency for Public Information (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines). Archived from the original on 2010-11-12. Retrieved 2011-06-18.
- ^ . The Parliament of Samoa. Archived from the original on October 1, 2006. Retrieved 2009-01-18. Languages for official legislation are Samoan and English.
- ^ . Constitutional Court of South Africa. Archived from the original on 2009-01-16. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
- ^ "The Constitution of Southern Sudan". Southern Sudan Civil Society Initiative. Retrieved 2011-07-09.
- ^ Kingdom of Tonga (March 2008). . Archived from the original on January 25, 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-18. English and Tongan are listed as official.
- ^ "Constitution of Uganda" (PDF). ilo.org. International Labour Organization. p. 6. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
Article 6. Official Language (1) The official language of Uganda is English
- ^ . Government of the Republic of Vanuatu. 1980. Archived from the original on 2009-01-24. Retrieved 2009-01-18.
- ^ New Zealand Government (21 December 2007). (PDF) (Report). p. 89. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
In addition to the Māori language, New Zealand Sign Language is also an official language of New Zealand. The New Zealand Sign Language Act 2006 permits the use of NZSL in legal proceedings, facilitates competency standards for its interpretation and guides government departments in its promotion and use. English, the medium for teaching and learning in most schools, is a de facto official language by virtue of its widespread use. For these reasons, these three languages have special mention in the New Zealand Curriculum.
- ^ "Bahrain: Languages". Britannica Online. Retrieved June 7, 2017.
- ^ . BSB. Archived from the original on June 24, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2017.
- ^ "[T]eaching of English continued in primary, secondary and tertiary level not because it was the official language but it became the language of trade and commerce. Over the years, the prominence of English continued to rise. ... English language is dominantly present in every side of our national life while on the other hand in our constitution it is clearly declared that the language of the country is Bengali. In fact, nothing is said about the status of English language in our constitution. On one hand, economic activities in the private companies are carried out in English while there is a government law (Bengali procholon ain1987) that government offices must use Bengali in their official works. So from the government point of view Bengali is the national-official language of Bangladesh and English is the most important foreign language. But in reality English is the second language of the country and in many places English is more important than Bengali in Bangladesh." https://www.scribd.com/doc/53272796/Sucess-of-English-language-in-Bangladesh-rec
- ^ English has been the primary language of instruction for five decades in Bhutan, at the primary, secondary and tertiary levels. Dendup, Tashi and Angkana Onthanee. 2020. "Effectiveness of Cooperative Learning on English Communicative Ability of 4th Grade Students in Bhutan." International Journal of Instruction, v13 n1(Jan) p255-266. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1239314.pdf
- ^ English Language and its Education in Cambodia, a Country in Transition, Koji Igawa. (PDF) . Retrieved on 6 February 2020.
- ^ Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J.; Trudgill, Peter, eds. (2006). "Greece and Cyprus". Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society / Soziolinguistik: Ein internationales Handbuch zur Wissenschaft von Sprache und Gesellschaft. Handbooks of linguistics and communication science / Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1881–1889. ISBN 9783110184181.
- ^ Spolsky, Bernard (1999). Round Table on Language and Linguistics. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. pp. 169–70. ISBN 0-87840-132-6.
In 1948, the newly independent state of Israel took over the old British regulations that had set English, Arabic, and Hebrew as official languages for Mandatory Palestine but, as mentioned, dropped English from the list. In spite of this, official language use has maintained a de facto role for English, after Hebrew but before Arabic.
- ^ Bat-Zeev Shyldkrot, Hava (2004). "Part I: Language and Discourse". In Diskin Ravid, Dorit; Bat-Zeev Shyldkrot, Hava (eds.). Perspectives on Language and Development: Essays in Honor of Ruth A. Berman. Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 90. ISBN 1-4020-7911-7.
English is not considered official but it plays a dominant role in the educational and public life of Israeli society. [...] It is the language most widely used in commerce, business, formal papers, academia, and public interactions, public signs, road directions, names of buildings, etc. English behaves 'as if' it were the second and official language in Israel.
- ^ Shohamy, Elana (2006). Language Policy: Hidden Agendas and New Approaches. Routledge. pp. 72?73. ISBN 0-415-32864-0.
In terms of English, there is no connection between the declared policies and statements and de facto practices. While English is not declared anywhere as an official language, the reality is that it has a very high and unique status in Israel. It is the main language of the academy, commerce, business, and the public space.
- ^ " English, though without official status, is widely spoken throughout the country and is the de facto language of commerce and banking, as well as a co-official status in the education sector; almost all university-level classes are held in English and almost all public schools teach English along with Standard Arabic." de Gruyter, Walter (2006). Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. Ulrich Ammon. p. 1921. ISBN 9783110184181. Retrieved June 7, 2017.
- ^ " English is widely spoken. It is used in business and is a compulsory second language in schools." "Kuwait Guide". Commisceo Global. Retrieved June 7, 2017.
- ^ "Other languages spoken in Maldives include English, which is also recognized as the second main language. Initially, Dhivehi was used as the medium of teaching in schools, but the need to promote higher education led to the conversion of syllabus in English. Now, English is widely spoken by the locals of Maldives." "Maldives Languages". Retrieved Feb 2, 2017.
- ^ Lintner, Bertil (2003), "Myanmar/Burma", in MacKerras, Colin, Ethnicity in Asia, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-25816-2
- ^ Kharusi, N. S.; Salman, A. (September 2011). The English Transliteration of Place Names in Oman.
- ^ Baker, Colin; Jones, Sylvia Prys (1998). Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education. Multilingual Matters. p. 429. ISBN 978-1853593628.
- ^ English is a "De facto national working language, used in government." Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2013. "Sri Lanka." Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Seventeenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online edition: https://www.ethnologue.com/country/LK Accessed 30 March 2014.
- ^ Under the constitution of 1978, Sinhala and Tamil are the official languages of Sri Lanka, but English is "the link language." Any person is entitled "to receive communications from, and to communicate and transact business with, any official in his official capacity" in English, to receive an English translation of "any official register, record, publication or other document," and "to communicate and transact business in English." English translations must be made for "all laws and subordinate legislation," "all Orders, Proclamations, rules, by-laws, regulations and notifications." . 1978. Archived from the original on 2003-02-03. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
- ^ Hanani, Fatiha (December 2009). Impact of English on Young Arabs' Use of Arabic in the UAE (Master of Arts thesis). American University of Sharjah.
- ^ "LANDSVERORDENING van de 28ste maart 2007 houdende vaststelling van de officiele talen (Landsverordening officiele talen)" (in Dutch). Government of the Netherlands. Retrieved 21 August 2013.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Official Languages Ordinance (Cap. 5) § 3(1)
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- ^ . BorneoPost Online - Borneo, Malaysia, Sarawak Daily News. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05.
- ^ "Sarawak adopts English as official language". thesundaily.my.
- ^ a b English can be used in relations with the government
"Invoeringswet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba" (in Dutch). wetten.nl. Retrieved 2012-10-14. - ^ Scottish Government. "Scottish Facts and Information". Scotland.org. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
- ^ National Assembly for Wales (2012). "National Assembly for Wales (Official Languages) Act 2012". Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
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- ^ Slipke, Darla (November 3, 2010). "Oklahoma elections: Republican-backed measures win approval". NewsOK. The Oklahoman. Retrieved April 28, 2011.
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