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Sint Eustatius

May 26, 2023

Sint Eustatius (/juˈsteɪʃəs/ yoo-STAY-shəs, Dutch pronunciation: [sɪnt øːˈstaːtsijʏs] (listen)),[7] known locally as Statia (/ˈsteɪʃə/ STAY-shə),[8] is an island in the Caribbean. It is a special municipality (officially "public body") of the Netherlands.[9]

Sint Eustatius
Special municipality of the Netherlands
Flag
Coat of arms
Motto(s): 
"Superba et confidens" (Latin)
"Proud and confident" (English)
Anthem: "Golden Rock"
Location of Sint Eustatius (circled in red)

in the Caribbean

Map showing the location of St. Eustatius relative to Saba and St. Martin
Coordinates: 17°29′N 62°59′W / 17.483°N 62.983°W / 17.483; -62.983
Country Netherlands
Overseas regionCaribbean Netherlands
Incorporated into the Netherlands10 October 2010 (dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles)
Capital
(and largest city)		Oranjestad
Government
 (see Politics of the Netherlands)
 • Lt. GovernorAlida Francis (Government commissioner)[1]
Area
[2]
 • Total21 km2 (8 sq mi)
Population
 (1 January 2022)[3]
 • Total3,242
 • Density154/km2 (405/sq mi)
Demonym(s)St. Eustatian; Statian
Languages
 • OfficialEnglish[4] and Dutch
Time zoneUTC−4 (AST)
Calling code+599-3
ISO 3166 codeBQ-SE, NL-BQ3
CurrencyUnited States dollar ($) (USD)
Internet TLD

The island is located in the northern Leeward Islands, southeast of the Virgin Islands. Sint Eustatius is immediately to the northwest of Saint Kitts and southeast of Saba. The regional capital is Oranjestad. The island has an area of 21 square kilometres (8.1 sq mi).[2] Travelers to the island by air arrive through F. D. Roosevelt Airport.

Formerly part of the Netherlands Antilles, Sint Eustatius became a public body of the Netherlands in 2010.[10] It is part of the Dutch Caribbean, which consists of Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten. Together with Bonaire and Saba, it forms the BES Islands, also referred to as the Caribbean Netherlands.[11]

Etymology

The island's name, Sint Eustatius, is Dutch for Saint Eustace (also spelled Eustachius or Eustathius), a legendary Christian martyr, known in Spanish as San Eustaquio and in Portuguese as Santo Eustáquio or Santo Eustácio.

The island's prior Dutch name was Nieuw Zeeland ('New Zeeland'), named by the Zeelanders who settled there in the 1630s.[12][13] It was renamed Sint Eustatius shortly thereafter.[12]

The indigenous name for the island is Aloi meaning "cashew island" (origin Arawak).[14][15]

History

 
Map of Sint Eustatius from the Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch West-Indië 1914–1917
 
Another map of Sint Eustatius

The earliest inhabitants were Caribs[16] believed to have come from the Amazon basin (South America) and migrated north from Venezuela[16] via the Lesser Antilles.[16] In the early 20th century, settlement traces were discovered at Golden Rock and Orange Bay. Multiple pre-Columbian sites have been found on the island, most notably the site referred to as the "Golden Rock Site".[17]

While the island may have been seen by Christopher Columbus in 1493,[18] the first recorded sighting was ‌in ‌1595 by Sir‌ ‌Francis‌ ‌Drake‌ ‌and‌ ‌Sir‌ ‌John‌ ‌Hawkins‌.‌[18][19] From the first European settlement in the 17th century, until the early 19th century, St. Eustatius changed hands twenty-one times between the Netherlands, Britain, and France.[18][20]

In 1625, English and French settlers arrived on the island.[21][22] In 1629, the French built a wooden battery at the present-day location of Fort Oranje.[23] Both the English and the French left the island within a few years due to lack of drinkable water.[24][25]

In 1636, the chamber of Zeeland of the Dutch West India Company took possession of the island,[26][22] reported to be uninhabited at the time.[27][28] In 1678 the islands of St. Eustatius, Sint Maarten and Saba were under the direct command of the Dutch West India Company, with a commander stationed on St. Eustatius to govern all three.[citation needed] At the time, the island was of some importance for the cultivation of tobacco and sugar.[29] More important was the role of St. Eustatius in the trans-Atlantic slave trade and the intercolonial slave trade.[18][30]

Slave trade and free port

 
Historical engraving showing the view from out in the Caribbean Sea, approaching the island of Sint Eustatius
 
17th-century Fort Oranje [nl], with the island of Saba visible in the distance

Sint Eustatius became the most profitable asset of the Dutch West India Company[citation needed] and a transit point for enslaved Africans in the transatlantic slave trade.[29][31] The ruins of the Waterfort on the southwest coast of the island are reminders of this past. A slave house of two floors was located in the Waterfort. Plantations of sugarcane, cotton, tobacco, coffee and indigo were established on the island and worked with labor of enslaved Africans.[31] In 1774 there were 75 plantations on the island[citation needed] with names such as Gilboa, Kuilzak, Zelandia, Zorg en Rust, Nooit Gedacht, Ruym Sigt and Golden Rock.

In the 18th century, St. Eustatius's geographical placement in the middle of Danish (Virgin Islands), British (Jamaica, St. Kitts, Barbados, Antigua), French (St. Domingue, Ste. Lucie, Martinique, Guadeloupe) and Spanish (Cuba, Santo Domingo, Puerto Rico) territories—along with its large harborage, neutrality and status from 1756[32] as a free port with no customs duties—were all factors in it becoming a major point of transhipment of captured Africans, goods, and a locus for trade in contraband.[32][33] Transshipment of captured Africans to the British, French, and Spanish islands of the eastern Caribbean was significant enough that the colonists constructed a two-story slave house at the fortress Amsterdam (also known as Waterfort) to serve as a depot of enslaved Africans until around 1740.[34] The depot housed about 400-450 people.[35] St. Eustatius's economy flourished under the Dutch by ignoring the monopolistic trade restrictions of the British, French and Spanish islands[citation needed]; it became known as the "Golden Rock".[36][37][38] Edmund Burke said of the island in 1781:

It has no produce, no fortifications for its defence, nor martial spirit nor military regulations ... Its utility was its defence. The universality of its use, the neutrality of its nature was its security and its safeguard. Its proprietors had, in the spirit of commerce, made it an emporium for all the world. ... Its wealth was prodigious, arising from its industry and the nature of its commerce.[8]

"First Salute"

The island sold arms and ammunition to anyone willing to pay, and it was therefore one of the few places from which the young United States could obtain military stores. The good relationship between St. Eustatius and the United States resulted in the noted "First Salute".

On 16 November 1776, the 14-gun American brig Andrew Doria commanded by Captain Isaiah Robinson[39][40] sailed, flying the Continental Colors of the fledgling United States, into the anchorage below St. Eustatius' Fort Oranje. Robinson announced his arrival by firing a thirteen gun salute, one gun for each of the thirteen American colonies in rebellion against Britain. Governor Johannes de Graaff replied with an eleven-gun salute from the cannons of Fort Oranje (international protocol required two guns fewer to acknowledge a sovereign flag). It was the first international acknowledgment of American independence.[Note 1] The Andrew Doria had arrived to purchase munitions for the American Revolutionary forces. She was carrying a copy of the Declaration of Independence which was presented to Governor De Graaff. An earlier copy had been captured by the British on its way to Holland. It was wrapped in documents that the British believed to be a strange cipher, but were actually written in Yiddish, addressed to Jewish merchants in Holland.

 
Andrew Doria receives a salute from the Dutch fort at Sint Eustatius, 16 November 1776.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt visited St. Eustatius for two hours on 27 February 1939 on USS Houston to recognise the importance of the 1776 "First Salute". He presented a large brass plaque to St. Eustatius, displayed today under a flagpole atop the walls of Fort Oranje, reading:

"In commemoration to the salute to the flag of the United States, Fired in this fort November 16. 1776, By order of Johannes de Graaff, Governor of Saint Eustatius, In reply to a National Gun-Salute, Fired by the United States Brig of War Andrew Doria, Under Captain Isaiah Robinson of the Continental Navy, Here the sovereignty of the United States of America was first formally acknowledged to a national vessel by a foreign official. Presented by Franklin Delano Roosevelt, President of the United States of America"

The recognition provided the title for Barbara W. Tuchman's 1988 book The First Salute: A View of the American Revolution.

Capture by British Admiral Rodney 1781

See also: Capture of Sint Eustatius

The British took the Andrew Doria incident seriously, and protested bitterly against the continuous trade between the United Colonies and St. Eustatius. In 1778, Lord Stormont claimed in Parliament that, "if Sint Eustatius had sunk into the sea three years before, the United Kingdom would already have dealt with George Washington". Nearly half of all American Revolutionary military supplies were obtained through St. Eustatius. Nearly all American communications to Europe first passed through the island. The trade between St. Eustatius and the United States was the main reason for the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War of 1780–1784.[40] Notably, the British Admiral George Brydges Rodney, having occupied the island for Great Britain in 1781, urged the commander of the landing troops, Major-General Sir John Vaughan, to seize "Mr. Smith at the house of Jones – they (the Jews of St. Eustatius, Caribbean Antilles)[41] cannot be too soon taken care of – they are notorious in the cause of America and France." The war was disastrous for the Dutch economy.

 
The island of St. Eustatius taken by the English fleet in February 1781. Admiral Rodney's sailors and troops pillaged the island.

Britain declared war on the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands on 20 December 1780. Even before officially declaring war, Britain had outfitted a massive battle fleet to take and destroy the weapons depot and vital commercial centre that St. Eustatius had become. British Admiral George Brydges Rodney was appointed the commander of the battle fleet. 3 February 1781, the massive fleet of 15 ships of the line and numerous smaller ships transporting over 3,000 soldiers appeared before St. Eustatius prepared to invade. Governor De Graaff did not know about the declaration of war. Rodney offered De Graaff a bloodless surrender to his superior force. Rodney had over 1,000 cannon to De Graaff's one dozen cannon and a garrison of sixty men. De Graaff surrendered the island, but first fired two rounds as a show of resistance in honour of Dutch Admiral Lodewijk van Bylandt, who commanded a ship of the Dutch Navy which was in the harbor.[8] Ten months later, the island was conquered by the French, allies of the Dutch Republic in the war. The Dutch regained control over the looted and plundered island in 1784.

A series of disastrous French and British occupations of Sint Eustatius from 1795 to 1815 diverted trade to the occupiers' islands. St. Eustatius' economy collapsed, and the merchants, including the Jews left. St. Eustatius reverted permanently to Dutch control from 1816.

At its peak, St. Eustatius may have had a largely transient population of about 10,000 people. Most were engaged in commercial and maritime interests. A census list of 1790 gives a total population (free and enslaved people combined) of 8,124. Commerce revived after the British left. Many of the merchants (including the Jews) returned to the island. However, French and British occupations from 1795 disrupted trade and also the North-Americans, now globally recognised as an independent nation, had meanwhile developed their own trading network and did not need St. Eustatius anymore. The island was eclipsed by other Dutch ports, such as those on the islands of Curaçao and Sint Maarten. During the last years of the 18th century Statia developed trade in bay rum. The economy declined in the early 19th century. From about 1795 the population declined, dropping to 921 in 1948.

Jewish population

The first record of Jews on St. Eustatius dates to 1660. The Jews were mainly merchants with significant international trading and maritime commercial ties. Jews were captains, owners or co-owners with Christian partners, of significant numbers of ships originating out of St. Eustatius. A few were island plantation owners. Jews were estimated[by whom?] to have composed at least 10% of the permanent population of St. Eustatius.[42]

Ten days after the island surrendered to the British on 3 February 1781, Rodney ordered that the entire Jewish male adult population assemble for him. They were rounded up and thirty one heads of families were summarily deported to St. Kitts without word or mercy to their dependents. The choice of exiling the Jews to St. Kitts was significant. The nearby British Island of Nevis had a large Jewish population and an established community capable of aiding the refugees. St. Kitts did not have any Jewish community or population. The other seventy-one were locked up in the weighing house in Lower Town where they were held for three days.

Expulsion of Americans followed on 23 February, of merchants from Amsterdam on 24 February and of other Dutch citizens and Frenchmen on 5 March. The crews of the Dutch ships Rodney took were sent to St. Kitts for imprisonment – after first stripping them of all their belongings. Because of their maltreatment, many perished. The Jews were well received on St. Kitts – where many knew them as their respected business partners. They were supported in their protest against their deportation and it proved successful. They were allowed to return to St. Eustatius after a few weeks to observe all their property being sold at small fractions of the original value after having been confiscated by Rodney.

The resentment the British felt for the population of this island that helped the Americans to defeat them translated in a harsh treatment of the inhabitants. There were numerous complaints about "individuals of both sexes being halted in the streets and being body searched in a most scandalous way."[43] Pieter Runnels, an eighty-year-old member of the island council and captain of the civic guard, did not survive the rough treatment he received aboard Rodney's ship. He, a member of one of the island's oldest-established families, became the only civilian casualty of the British occupation. British soldiers prevented the family and others paying their last respects at his funeral from using the water from the family's own cistern.

The tomb of former governor Jan de Windt was broken open by British soldiers, all the silver decorations stolen off the caskets, and the bodies of the governor and his wife exposed, without any of Rodney's officers interfering.

Rodney singled out the Jews: the harshness was reserved for them alone. He did not do the same to French, Dutch, Spanish or even the American merchants on the island. He permitted the French to leave with all their possessions. Rodney was concerned that his unprecedented behavior would be repeated upon British islands by French forces when events were different. However, Governor De Graaff was also deported.

As he did with all other warehouses, Rodney confiscated the Jewish warehouses, looted Jewish personal possessions, even cutting the lining of their clothes to find money hidden in there. When Rodney realized that the Jews might be hiding additional treasure, he dug up the Jewish cemetery.[44]

Later, in February 1782, Edmund Burke, the leading opposition member of the Whig Party, upon learning of Rodney's actions in St. Eustatius, rose to condemn Rodney's anti-Semitic, avaricious vindictiveness in Parliament:

"...and a sentence of general beggary pronounced in one moment upon a whole people. A cruelty unheard of in Europe for many years… The persecution was begun with the people whom of all others it ought to be the care and the wish of human nations to protect, the Jews… the links of communication, the mercantile chain… the conductors by which credit was transmitted through the world…a resolution taken (by the British conquerors) to banish this unhappy people from the island. They suffered in common with the rest of the inhabitants, the loss of their merchandise, their bills, their houses, and their provisions; and after this they were ordered to quit the island, and only one day was given them for preparation; they petitioned, they remonstrated against so hard a sentence, but in vain; it was irrevocable." [45]

The synagogue and the cemetery

 
The restored and stabilized walls of the 1737 synagogue

From about 1815, when there was no longer a viable Jewish community using and maintaining the synagogue on St. Eustatius, it gradually fell into ruin.

The synagogue building, known as Honen Dalim, (He who is charitable to the Poor) was constructed in 1737. Permission for building the synagogue came from the Dutch West India Company, additional funding came from the Jewish community on Curaçao. Permission was conditional on the fact that the Jewish house of worship would be sited where "the exercise of their (Jewish) religious duties would not molest those of the Gentiles".[46] The building is located off a small lane called Synagogue Path, away from the main street. The synagogue attested to the wealth of the Jews of St. Eustatius and their influence on the island.[47]

 
The Jewish cemetery

In 2001, its walls were restored as part of the Historic Core Restoration Project, although there are no known images showing what the synagogue looked like when still in use, so that archeological research is attempting to restore the structure to the best estimate of its former condition. The grounds include a Jewish ritual bath (mikveh) and an oven used on Passover.

A restored and respectfully maintained Jewish cemetery is located adjacent to the Old Church Cemetery, at the top of Oranjestad, Sint Eustatius.

Slave Revolt of 1848

After 1848, slavery only existed on the Dutch and Danish Eastern Caribbean islands, which caused unrest on the islands colonized by the Netherlands. As a result, a proclamation declared on 6 June 1848 on Sint Maarten that enslaved Africans would be treated as free persons.[48]

Unrest also arose on Sint Eustatius. On 12 June 1848, a group of free and enslaved Africans gathered in front of Lieutenant Governor Johannes de Veer's home demanding their declaration of liberty, increased rations, and more free hours. The Island Governor addressed the group, but it persisted in its demands. The militia was mobilized and, after consultation with the Colonial Council and the main residents, an attack was decided by the Lieutenant Governor. After another warning to leave the city or otherwise experience the consequences, fire was opened on the group. The insurgents fled the city, leaving two or three seriously injured. From a hill just outside the city they pelted the militia with stones and pieces of rock. A group of 35 shooters stormed the hill, killing two insurgents and injuring several. The six leaders of the uprising were exiled from the island and transferred to Curaçao. Thomas Dupersoy, a free African, is considered the chief leader of the uprising. One of the other leaders sent a death notice to his owner in 1851. After the uprising, the largest plantation owners on Sint Eustatius decided to give their enslaved workers a certain wage for fear of repetition of revolt.[49]

Abolition of slavery

In 1863 slavery was officially abolished in the Netherlands. The Dutch were among the last to abolish slavery.[50] The freed slaves no longer wanted to live in the field and moved to the city. Due to a lack of trade, the bay of Sint Eustatius underwent a recession. Natural disasters such as the hurricane of September 1928 and May 1929 accelerated the process of economic decline on the island.

Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles

Main article: Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles

Sint Eustatius became a member of the Netherlands Antilles when that grouping was created in 1954. Between 2000 and 2005 the member islands of the Netherlands Antilles voted on their future status. In a referendum on 8 April 2005, 77% of Sint Eustatius voters voted to remain within the Netherlands Antilles, compared to 21% who voted for closer ties with the Netherlands. None of the other islands voted to remain.

After the other islands decided to leave, ending the Netherlands Antilles, the island council opted to become a special municipality of the Netherlands, like Saba and Bonaire. This process was completed in October 2010.[40] In 2011 the island officially adopted the US dollar as its currency.[51]

Geography

 
Sint Eustatius as photographed from the International Space Station
 
View looking southeast along the Atlantic coast, showing the airport runway in the middle distance, Lynch Beach beyond that, then the Quill, St. Eustatius' dormant volcano, and over the water in the distance, the northern end of the island of St. Kitts

Sint Eustatius is 6 miles (10 km) long and up to 3 miles (5 km) wide.[52] Topographically, the island is saddle-shaped, with the 602-meter-high dormant volcano Quill (Mount Mazinga), (from Dutch kuil, meaning 'pit'—originally referring to its crater) to the southeast and the smaller summits of Signal Hill/Little Mountain (or Bergje) and Boven Mountain to the northwest. The Quill crater is a popular tourist attraction on the island. The bulk of the island's population lives in the flat saddle between the two elevated areas, which forms the centre of the island.[52]

Climate

St. Eustatius has a tropical monsoon climate. Tropical storms and hurricanes are common. The Atlantic hurricane season runs from 1 June to 30 November, sharply peaking from late August through September. Tropical Cyclone Climatology

Nature

As St. Eustatius is a volcanic island and very small, all of the beaches on the island are made up of black volcanic sand. These volcanic sands, especially one of the more popular nesting beaches called Zeelandia, are very important nesting sites for several endangered sea turtles such as: the green turtle, leatherback, loggerhead and hawksbill.[53] Sint Eustatius is home to one of the last remaining populations of the critically endangered Lesser Antillean iguana (Iguana delicatissima).[54] The population was strongly affected during the high-intensity hurricane year of 2017, with especially Hurricane Maria, during which the population declined by 25%. [55]

National parks

Sint Eustatius has three nature parks – on land and at sea: the Sint Eustatius National Marine Park, Quill/Boven National Park, and Miriam Schmidt Botanical Garden. Two of them have national park status. These areas have been designated as important bird areas. The nature parks are maintained by the St Eustatius National Parks Foundation (STENAPA).[56]

Archaeology

Due to its turbulent history, Sint Eustatius is rich in archaeological sites. Nearly 300 sites have been documented.[57] The island is said to have the highest concentration of archaeological sites of any area of comparable size.[58] In the 1920s, J.P.B. Josselin de Jong conducted archaeological research into Saladoid sites on the island and in the 1980s a great deal of research was done by archaeologist Aad Versteeg of Leiden University. Around 1981, under the direction of archaeologist Norman F. Barka, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia also started archaeological research on Sint Eustatius. The documented archaeological sites include prehistoric sites, plantations, military sites, commercial trading sites (including shipwrecks), and urban sites (churches, government buildings, cemeteries, residences). The St. Eustatius Center for Archaeological Research (SECAR) has been conducting archaeological research on the island since 2004[59] including excavations at the Godet African Burial Ground and the Golden Rock African Burial Ground.

In June 2021, SECAR became involved in protests against excavations at the 18th-century burial ground Golden Rock on the island. The Ubuntu Connected Front and other concerned citizens of Sint Eustatius denounced the non-involvement of the community in the excavation process through a petition and letters to the government.[60][61][62] The majority of the population on St. Eustatius are of African descent. Participation in cultural heritage, i.e. involving the community whose ancestors are being excavated, is good practice in contemporary archaeology.[63] Archaeological excavations on St. Eustatius apparently fall under the old Monuments Act for the BES islands[64] that is very brief on these issues. The 2016 Dutch Heritage Act[65] offers more protection for cultural heritage. The Committee on Kingdom Relations asked Secretary of State Raymond Knops questions about the matter.[66] A Statia Heritage and Research Commission (SHRC) set up by the government of St. Eustatius is investigating the allegations of the protest groups and should come up with recommendations.[67]

 
Zeelandia Beach

Demography

Population

As of January 2022, the population was 3,242,[3] with a population density of 154 inhabitants per square kilometre.

 
Age Sex Pyramid

Language

The official language is Dutch, but English is the "language of everyday life" on the island and education is solely in English.[68] A local English-based creole is also spoken informally. More than 52% of the population speak more than one language. The most widely spoken languages are English (92.7%), Dutch (36%), Spanish (33.8%) and Papiamento (20.8%).

Religion

The population of Sint Eustatius is predominantly Christian. The main denominations are Methodism (28.6%), Roman Catholicism (23.7%), Seventh-Day Adventist (17.8%), Pentecostalism (7.2%) and Anglicanism (2.6%).[69]

Religion in Sint Eustatius (2018):[69]

  Protestant (56.2%)
  Roman Catholic (23.7%)
  Other Christian denomination or religion (5.2%)
  No denomination (14.9%)
 
Catholic church in Sint Eustatius

Economy

 
Ruins of numerous warehouses on Oranje Bay

In the 18th century, "Statia" was the most important Dutch island in the Caribbean and was a center of great wealth from trading. At this time it was known as the "Golden Rock" because of its immense wealth. A very large number of warehouses lined the road that runs along Oranje Bay; most (but not all) of these warehouses are now ruined and some of the ruins are partially underwater.

A French occupation in 1795 was the beginning of the end of great prosperity for Sint Eustatius.

According to the Sint Eustatius government website, "Statia's economy is stable and well placed to grow in the near future. With practically no unemployment and a skilled workforce, we have a infrastructure in place to ensure sustained growth."[70] The government itself is the largest employer on the island, and the oil terminal owned by GTI Statia is the largest private employer on the island.[71]

Energy and water

 
The solar park on Sint Eustatius in 2016

Statia Utility Company N.V. provides electricity to the island, as well as drinking water per truck and on part of the island by a water network. The electricity supply is rapidly being made green. Until 2016 all electricity was produced by diesel generators. In March 2016 the first phase of the solar park with 1.89 MWp capacity became operational, covering 23% of entire electricity demand. In November 2017[72] another 2.15 MWp was added, totaling 14,345 solar panels, with 4.1 MW capacity and a yearly production of 6.4 GWh. The solar park includes lithium ion batteries of 5.9 MWh size. These provide power for grid stability, as well as energy shifting. On a sunny day the diesel generators are switched off from 9 a.m. to 8 pm. This is made possible by grid-forming inverters produced by SMA. This is one of the first such solar parks in the world, and provides 40% to 50% of the island's electricity.

Education

Dutch government policy towards St. Eustatius and other SSS islands promoted English medium education. Sint Eustatius has bilingual English-Dutch education.[73]

Gwendoline van Putten School (GVP) is a secondary school on the island.

Other schools include: Golden Rock School, Gov. de Graaff School, Methodist School, SDA School.[74]

Sports

The most popular sports on Sint Eustatius are football,[75] futsal,[76][77] softball,[78] basketball, swimming and volleyball. Due to the small population, there are few sport associations. One of them, the Sint Eustatius Volleyball Association, is a member of ECVA and NORCECA. Currently St. Eustatius is a non-active member of the Caribbean zone of Pony Baseball and Softball leagues.

Famous Statians

See also

Notes

  1. ^ .bq is designated, but not in use, for the Caribbean Netherlands.[5][6] Like the rest of the Netherlands, .nl is primarily in use.
  1. ^ The first salute to the Colors may have occurred one month earlier. It is debatable if a Colonial merchantman received a formal salute from Fort Frederik on the Danish island of St Croix (The birth of our Flag page 13 published 1921) and (Americas Library) Translated from the Danish Wikipedia article on Frederiksted "Frederiksted is a town on St Croix in the U.S. Virgin Islands which were previously the Danish West Indies. .. The town is dominated by the red and white Fort Frederik from the 1750s. The fort has special meaning to both USA and Denmark-Norway. It was from here that the first foreign salute of recognition of USA independence was given in 1776."

References

  1. ^ "Benoeming regeringscommissaris en plaatsvervanger Sint Eustatius". Rijksoverheid (in Dutch). 18 June 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Waaruit bestaat het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden?". Rijksoverheid (in Dutch). 19 May 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  3. ^ a b . Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. 2022. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  4. ^ English can be used in relations with the government, see, Invoeringswet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba (in Dutch) – via Overheid.nl.
  5. ^ "BQ – Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba". ISO. from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
  6. ^ "Delegation Record for .BQ". IANA. 20 December 2010. from the original on 29 May 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  7. ^ Mangold, Max. Duden – Das Aussprachewörterbuch. In: Der Duden in zwölf Bänden, Band 6. 7. Auflage. Berlin: Dudenverlag; Mannheim : Institut für Deutsche Sprache, 2015, Seite 786.
  8. ^ a b c Tuchman, Barbara W. (1988). The First Salute: A View of the American Revolution. New York: Ballantine Books.
  9. ^ Wet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba [Law on the public bodies of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba] (in Dutch) – via Overheid.nl.
  10. ^ . NOS Nieuws (in Dutch). 18 November 2009. Archived from the original on 24 December 2009. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
  11. ^ Zaken, Ministerie van Algemene (19 May 2015). "Waaruit bestaat het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden? - Rijksoverheid.nl". www.rijksoverheid.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  12. ^ a b Attema, Y. (1976). St. Eustatius: A Short History of the Island and Its Monuments. Walburg Pers. p. 11. ISBN 978-90-6011-153-6.
  13. ^ De Gids. Nieuwe vaderlandsche letteroefeningen (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Stichting de Gids. 1905. p. 299.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  14. ^ Hartog, Johannes (1976). History of St. Eustatius. Central U.S.A. Bicentennial Committee of the Netherlands Antilles : distributors, De Witt Stores N.V.
  15. ^ "Archaeological Excavations at Old Gin House: Remains of a mid-18th to late 18th century domesticate area on a terrace in Lower Town, St. Eustatius, Dutch Caribbean." (2013). The St. Eustatius Center for Archaeological Research.
  16. ^ a b c Joh. Hartog, De Bovenwindse eilanden Sint Maarten - saba - Sint Eustatius. De Wit N.N. Aruba (1964), pp. 1-3.
  17. ^ Haviser, Jay B. Jr. (1981). An Inventory of Prehistoric Sites on St. Eustatius, Netherlands Antilles (PDF). Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  18. ^ a b c d "About St. Eustatius: History". Statia Government. 16 June 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  19. ^ Hartog, Johannes (1978). St. Maarten, Saba, St. Eustatius. De Wit Stores. p. 13.
  20. ^ "Netherlands Antilles". US Department of State. Archived from the original on 2017.
  21. ^ Westergaard, Waldemar (1917). The Danish West Indies Under Company Rule (1671-1754): With a Supplementary Chapter, 1755-1917. Macmillan. p. 12.
  22. ^ a b Aspinall, Sir Algernon Edward (1927). "St. Eustatius & Saba". The Pocket Guide to the West Indies, British Guiana, British Honduras, Bermuda, the Spainish Main, Surinam, and the Panama Canal. Sifton, Praed & Company, Limited. p. 343.
  23. ^ Klingelhofer, Eric (11 November 2010). "French Fortifications in the New World". First Forts: Essays on the Archaeology of Proto-colonial Fortifications. BRILL. p. 61. ISBN 978-90-04-18732-0.
  24. ^ Aceto, Michael (10 December 2008). "Eastern Caribbean English-derived language varieties: Phonology". In Schneider, Edgar W. (ed.). The Americas and the Caribbean. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-020840-5.
  25. ^ Panton, Kenneth J. (7 May 2015). Historical Dictionary of the British Empire. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 452. ISBN 978-0-8108-7524-1.
  26. ^ Hartog, Johannes (1976). History of St. Eustatius. Central U.S.A. Bicentennial Committee of the Netherlands Antilles : distributors, De Witt Stores N.V. p. 21.
  27. ^ Attema, Y. (1976). St. Eustatius: A Short History of the Island and Its Monuments. Walburg Pers. p. 16. ISBN 978-90-6011-153-6.
  28. ^ Klooster, Wim (19 October 2016). The Dutch Moment: War, Trade, and Settlement in the Seventeenth-Century Atlantic World. Cornell University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-5017-0667-7.
  29. ^ a b Emmer, Pieter C.; Gommans, Jos J. L. (15 October 2020). The Dutch Overseas Empire, 1600–1800. Cambridge University Press. pp. 175–179. ISBN 978-1-108-42837-8.
  30. ^ Inikori, Joseph E.; Engerman, Stanley L. (30 April 1992). The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Economies, Societies and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe. Duke University Press. pp. 292–295. ISBN 978-0-8223-1243-7.
  31. ^ a b McGreevy, Nora (2 June 2021). "Remains of Enslaved People Found at Site of 18th-Century Caribbean Plantation". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
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  33. ^ "St Eustatius". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
  34. ^ Gregory E. O'Malley and Alex Borucki, "Patterns in the intercolonial slave trade across the Americas before the nineteenth century," Tempo, 23 (May/Aug 2017): 315-338.
  35. ^ ENTHOVEN, VICTOR (2012). ""That Abominable Nest of Pirates": St. Eustatius and the North Americans, 1680—1780". Early American Studies. 10 (2): 239–301. ISSN 1543-4273.
  36. ^ "Discover the "Golden Rock": an island teeming with history". Statia Tourism. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  37. ^ Oostindie, Gert; Roitman, Jessica V. (20 June 2014). Dutch Atlantic Connections, 1680-1800: Linking Empires, Bridging Borders. BRILL. p. 135. ISBN 978-90-04-27131-9.
  38. ^ Emmer, Pieter C.; Gommans, Jos J. L. (15 October 2020). The Dutch Overseas Empire, 1600–1800. Cambridge University Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-1-108-67994-7.
  39. ^ . Andrew Doria – The First Salute, Inc. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
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  41. ^ "Jews in British America". The American Revolution. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
  42. ^ "Prehistoric Period (c. 1300 BC – AD 1492)". St. Eustatius Center for Archaeological Research. Retrieved 2 July 2020. Source covers growing Jewish population, but gives no numbers.
  43. ^ West Indisch Plakaatboek. Amsterdam. 1979.
  44. ^ Norton, Louis Arthur (October 2006). "Retribution: Admiral Rodney and the Jews of St. Eustatius". Jewish Magazine. Retrieved 4 April 2022.N
  45. ^ Abbattista, Guido (2008). "Edmund Burke, the Atlantic American War and the 'Poor Jews at St. Eustatius': Empire and the Law of Nations". Cromohs. 13: 1–39.
  46. ^ Arbell, Mordehai (2002). The Jewish Nation of the Caribbean: The Spanish-Portuguese Jewish Settlements in the Caribbean and the Guianas. Jerusalem: Geffen.
  47. ^ . St. Eustius Historical Foundation. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
  48. ^ Paula, A. F. (1993). 'Vrije' slaven: Een sociaal-historische studie over de dualistische slavenemancipatie op Nederlands Sint Maarten, 1816–1863. Centraal Historisch Archief, Universiteit van de Nederlandse Antillen. p. 98. ISBN 90-6011-841-3.
  49. ^ Hartog, Joh. (1969). De Bovenwindse eilanden: Sint Maarten, Saba, Sint Eustatius (in Dutch). Aruba: De Wit N. V. pp. 296–297.
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Bibliography

  • Morse, Jedidiah (1797). "St. Eustatius". The American Gazetteer. Boston, Massachusetts: At the presses of S. Hall, and Thomas & Andrews. OL 23272543M.
  • Mordechai Arbell, The Jewish Nation of the Caribbean, The Spanish-Portuguese Jewish Settlements in the Caribbean and the Guianas (2002) Geffen Press, Jerusalem
  • Harry Ezratty, 500 Years in the Jewish Caribbean – The Spanish and Portuguese Jews in the West Indies (1997) Omni Arts, Baltimore
  • David Spinney, Rodney, (1969) Allen & Unwin
  • P Bernardini (Editor), N Fiering (Editor) The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450–1800 (2001), Berghan Press
  • J. Hartog, History of St. Eustatius (1976) Central U.S.A. Bicentennial Committee of the Netherlands Antilles
  • Y. Attema, A Short History of St. Eustatius and its Monuments (1976) Wahlberg Press
  • Ronald Hearst, The Golden Rock, (1996), Naval Institute Press
  • Andrew Jackson O'Shaunhassey, The Men Who Lost America, (2013), Yale Press
  • Babara W. Tuchman, The First Salute, (1988), Alfred A. Knopf; Book Club Edition

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sint Eustatius.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Sint Eustatius.
  • St. Eustatius Government
  • St. Eustatius Tourist Office's homepage
  • The website of STENAPA, the National Parks of St. Eustatius
  • St. Eustatius info in Lonely Planet website
  • St. Eustatius Center for Archaeological Research
  • The Farm in St. Eustatius: Not Dead Yet
  • Colorful stories from St. Eustatius' eventful history. Saba invasion
  • Colorful stories from St. Eustatius' eventful history. Bermuda connection
  • "Retribution: Admiral Rodney and the Jews of St. Eustatius", by Louis Arthur Norton
17°29′N 62°58′W / 17.483°N 62.967°W / 17.483; -62.967

May 26, 2023
sint, eustatius, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, july, 2022. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Sint Eustatius news newspapers books scholar JSTOR July 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Sint Eustatius j u ˈ s t eɪ ʃ e s yoo STAY shes Dutch pronunciation sɪnt oːˈstaːtsijʏs listen 7 known locally as Statia ˈ s t eɪ ʃ e STAY she 8 is an island in the Caribbean It is a special municipality officially public body of the Netherlands 9 Sint EustatiusSpecial municipality of the NetherlandsFlagCoat of armsMotto s Superba et confidens Latin Proud and confident English Anthem Golden Rock source source Location of Sint Eustatius circled in red in the CaribbeanMap showing the location of St Eustatius relative to Saba and St MartinCoordinates 17 29 N 62 59 W 17 483 N 62 983 W 17 483 62 983Country NetherlandsOverseas regionCaribbean NetherlandsIncorporated into the Netherlands10 October 2010 dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles Capital and largest city OranjestadGovernment see Politics of the Netherlands Lt GovernorAlida Francis Government commissioner 1 Area 2 Total21 km2 8 sq mi Population 1 January 2022 3 Total3 242 Density154 km2 405 sq mi Demonym s St Eustatian StatianLanguages OfficialEnglish 4 and DutchTime zoneUTC 4 AST Calling code 599 3ISO 3166 codeBQ SE NL BQ3CurrencyUnited States dollar USD Internet TLD nl bq a The island is located in the northern Leeward Islands southeast of the Virgin Islands Sint Eustatius is immediately to the northwest of Saint Kitts and southeast of Saba The regional capital is Oranjestad The island has an area of 21 square kilometres 8 1 sq mi 2 Travelers to the island by air arrive through F D Roosevelt Airport Formerly part of the Netherlands Antilles Sint Eustatius became a public body of the Netherlands in 2010 10 It is part of the Dutch Caribbean which consists of Aruba Bonaire Curacao Saba Sint Eustatius and Sint Maarten Together with Bonaire and Saba it forms the BES Islands also referred to as the Caribbean Netherlands 11 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Slave trade and free port 2 2 First Salute 2 3 Capture by British Admiral Rodney 1781 2 4 Jewish population 2 4 1 The synagogue and the cemetery 2 5 Slave Revolt of 1848 2 6 Abolition of slavery 2 7 Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles 3 Geography 3 1 Climate 3 2 Nature 3 3 National parks 4 Archaeology 5 Demography 5 1 Population 5 2 Language 5 3 Religion 6 Economy 6 1 Energy and water 7 Education 8 Sports 9 Famous Statians 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 External linksEtymology EditThe island s name Sint Eustatius is Dutch for Saint Eustace also spelled Eustachius or Eustathius a legendary Christian martyr known in Spanish as San Eustaquio and in Portuguese as Santo Eustaquio or Santo Eustacio The island s prior Dutch name was Nieuw Zeeland New Zeeland named by the Zeelanders who settled there in the 1630s 12 13 It was renamed Sint Eustatius shortly thereafter 12 The indigenous name for the island is Aloi meaning cashew island origin Arawak 14 15 History Edit Map of Sint Eustatius from the Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch West Indie 1914 1917 Another map of Sint Eustatius The earliest inhabitants were Caribs 16 believed to have come from the Amazon basin South America and migrated north from Venezuela 16 via the Lesser Antilles 16 In the early 20th century settlement traces were discovered at Golden Rock and Orange Bay Multiple pre Columbian sites have been found on the island most notably the site referred to as the Golden Rock Site 17 While the island may have been seen by Christopher Columbus in 1493 18 the first recorded sighting was in 1595 by Sir Francis Drake and Sir John Hawkins 18 19 From the first European settlement in the 17th century until the early 19th century St Eustatius changed hands twenty one times between the Netherlands Britain and France 18 20 In 1625 English and French settlers arrived on the island 21 22 In 1629 the French built a wooden battery at the present day location of Fort Oranje 23 Both the English and the French left the island within a few years due to lack of drinkable water 24 25 In 1636 the chamber of Zeeland of the Dutch West India Company took possession of the island 26 22 reported to be uninhabited at the time 27 28 In 1678 the islands of St Eustatius Sint Maarten and Saba were under the direct command of the Dutch West India Company with a commander stationed on St Eustatius to govern all three citation needed At the time the island was of some importance for the cultivation of tobacco and sugar 29 More important was the role of St Eustatius in the trans Atlantic slave trade and the intercolonial slave trade 18 30 Slave trade and free port Edit Historical engraving showing the view from out in the Caribbean Sea approaching the island of Sint Eustatius 17th century Fort Oranje nl with the island of Saba visible in the distance Sint Eustatius became the most profitable asset of the Dutch West India Company citation needed and a transit point for enslaved Africans in the transatlantic slave trade 29 31 The ruins of the Waterfort on the southwest coast of the island are reminders of this past A slave house of two floors was located in the Waterfort Plantations of sugarcane cotton tobacco coffee and indigo were established on the island and worked with labor of enslaved Africans 31 In 1774 there were 75 plantations on the island citation needed with names such as Gilboa Kuilzak Zelandia Zorg en Rust Nooit Gedacht Ruym Sigt and Golden Rock In the 18th century St Eustatius s geographical placement in the middle of Danish Virgin Islands British Jamaica St Kitts Barbados Antigua French St Domingue Ste Lucie Martinique Guadeloupe and Spanish Cuba Santo Domingo Puerto Rico territories along with its large harborage neutrality and status from 1756 32 as a free port with no customs duties were all factors in it becoming a major point of transhipment of captured Africans goods and a locus for trade in contraband 32 33 Transshipment of captured Africans to the British French and Spanish islands of the eastern Caribbean was significant enough that the colonists constructed a two story slave house at the fortress Amsterdam also known as Waterfort to serve as a depot of enslaved Africans until around 1740 34 The depot housed about 400 450 people 35 St Eustatius s economy flourished under the Dutch by ignoring the monopolistic trade restrictions of the British French and Spanish islands citation needed it became known as the Golden Rock 36 37 38 Edmund Burke said of the island in 1781 It has no produce no fortifications for its defence nor martial spirit nor military regulations Its utility was its defence The universality of its use the neutrality of its nature was its security and its safeguard Its proprietors had in the spirit of commerce made it an emporium for all the world Its wealth was prodigious arising from its industry and the nature of its commerce 8 First Salute Edit Johannes de Graaff The island sold arms and ammunition to anyone willing to pay and it was therefore one of the few places from which the young United States could obtain military stores The good relationship between St Eustatius and the United States resulted in the noted First Salute On 16 November 1776 the 14 gun American brig Andrew Doria commanded by Captain Isaiah Robinson 39 40 sailed flying the Continental Colors of the fledgling United States into the anchorage below St Eustatius Fort Oranje Robinson announced his arrival by firing a thirteen gun salute one gun for each of the thirteen American colonies in rebellion against Britain Governor Johannes de Graaff replied with an eleven gun salute from the cannons of Fort Oranje international protocol required two guns fewer to acknowledge a sovereign flag It was the first international acknowledgment of American independence Note 1 The Andrew Doria had arrived to purchase munitions for the American Revolutionary forces She was carrying a copy of the Declaration of Independence which was presented to Governor De Graaff An earlier copy had been captured by the British on its way to Holland It was wrapped in documents that the British believed to be a strange cipher but were actually written in Yiddish addressed to Jewish merchants in Holland Andrew Doria receives a salute from the Dutch fort at Sint Eustatius 16 November 1776 President Franklin D Roosevelt visited St Eustatius for two hours on 27 February 1939 on USS Houston to recognise the importance of the 1776 First Salute He presented a large brass plaque to St Eustatius displayed today under a flagpole atop the walls of Fort Oranje reading In commemoration to the salute to the flag of the United States Fired in this fort November 16 1776 By order of Johannes de Graaff Governor of Saint Eustatius In reply to a National Gun Salute Fired by the United States Brig of War Andrew Doria Under Captain Isaiah Robinson of the Continental Navy Here the sovereignty of the United States of America was first formally acknowledged to a national vessel by a foreign official Presented by Franklin Delano Roosevelt President of the United States of America The recognition provided the title for Barbara W Tuchman s 1988 book The First Salute A View of the American Revolution Capture by British Admiral Rodney 1781 Edit See also Capture of Sint Eustatius The British took the Andrew Doria incident seriously and protested bitterly against the continuous trade between the United Colonies and St Eustatius In 1778 Lord Stormont claimed in Parliament that if Sint Eustatius had sunk into the sea three years before the United Kingdom would already have dealt with George Washington Nearly half of all American Revolutionary military supplies were obtained through St Eustatius Nearly all American communications to Europe first passed through the island The trade between St Eustatius and the United States was the main reason for the Fourth Anglo Dutch War of 1780 1784 40 Notably the British Admiral George Brydges Rodney having occupied the island for Great Britain in 1781 urged the commander of the landing troops Major General Sir John Vaughan to seize Mr Smith at the house of Jones they the Jews of St Eustatius Caribbean Antilles 41 cannot be too soon taken care of they are notorious in the cause of America and France The war was disastrous for the Dutch economy The island of St Eustatius taken by the English fleet in February 1781 Admiral Rodney s sailors and troops pillaged the island Britain declared war on the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands on 20 December 1780 Even before officially declaring war Britain had outfitted a massive battle fleet to take and destroy the weapons depot and vital commercial centre that St Eustatius had become British Admiral George Brydges Rodney was appointed the commander of the battle fleet 3 February 1781 the massive fleet of 15 ships of the line and numerous smaller ships transporting over 3 000 soldiers appeared before St Eustatius prepared to invade Governor De Graaff did not know about the declaration of war Rodney offered De Graaff a bloodless surrender to his superior force Rodney had over 1 000 cannon to De Graaff s one dozen cannon and a garrison of sixty men De Graaff surrendered the island but first fired two rounds as a show of resistance in honour of Dutch Admiral Lodewijk van Bylandt who commanded a ship of the Dutch Navy which was in the harbor 8 Ten months later the island was conquered by the French allies of the Dutch Republic in the war The Dutch regained control over the looted and plundered island in 1784 A series of disastrous French and British occupations of Sint Eustatius from 1795 to 1815 diverted trade to the occupiers islands St Eustatius economy collapsed and the merchants including the Jews left St Eustatius reverted permanently to Dutch control from 1816 At its peak St Eustatius may have had a largely transient population of about 10 000 people Most were engaged in commercial and maritime interests A census list of 1790 gives a total population free and enslaved people combined of 8 124 Commerce revived after the British left Many of the merchants including the Jews returned to the island However French and British occupations from 1795 disrupted trade and also the North Americans now globally recognised as an independent nation had meanwhile developed their own trading network and did not need St Eustatius anymore The island was eclipsed by other Dutch ports such as those on the islands of Curacao and Sint Maarten During the last years of the 18th century Statia developed trade in bay rum The economy declined in the early 19th century From about 1795 the population declined dropping to 921 in 1948 Jewish population Edit The first record of Jews on St Eustatius dates to 1660 The Jews were mainly merchants with significant international trading and maritime commercial ties Jews were captains owners or co owners with Christian partners of significant numbers of ships originating out of St Eustatius A few were island plantation owners Jews were estimated by whom to have composed at least 10 of the permanent population of St Eustatius 42 Ten days after the island surrendered to the British on 3 February 1781 Rodney ordered that the entire Jewish male adult population assemble for him They were rounded up and thirty one heads of families were summarily deported to St Kitts without word or mercy to their dependents The choice of exiling the Jews to St Kitts was significant The nearby British Island of Nevis had a large Jewish population and an established community capable of aiding the refugees St Kitts did not have any Jewish community or population The other seventy one were locked up in the weighing house in Lower Town where they were held for three days Expulsion of Americans followed on 23 February of merchants from Amsterdam on 24 February and of other Dutch citizens and Frenchmen on 5 March The crews of the Dutch ships Rodney took were sent to St Kitts for imprisonment after first stripping them of all their belongings Because of their maltreatment many perished The Jews were well received on St Kitts where many knew them as their respected business partners They were supported in their protest against their deportation and it proved successful They were allowed to return to St Eustatius after a few weeks to observe all their property being sold at small fractions of the original value after having been confiscated by Rodney The resentment the British felt for the population of this island that helped the Americans to defeat them translated in a harsh treatment of the inhabitants There were numerous complaints about individuals of both sexes being halted in the streets and being body searched in a most scandalous way 43 Pieter Runnels an eighty year old member of the island council and captain of the civic guard did not survive the rough treatment he received aboard Rodney s ship He a member of one of the island s oldest established families became the only civilian casualty of the British occupation British soldiers prevented the family and others paying their last respects at his funeral from using the water from the family s own cistern The tomb of former governor Jan de Windt was broken open by British soldiers all the silver decorations stolen off the caskets and the bodies of the governor and his wife exposed without any of Rodney s officers interfering Rodney singled out the Jews the harshness was reserved for them alone He did not do the same to French Dutch Spanish or even the American merchants on the island He permitted the French to leave with all their possessions Rodney was concerned that his unprecedented behavior would be repeated upon British islands by French forces when events were different However Governor De Graaff was also deported As he did with all other warehouses Rodney confiscated the Jewish warehouses looted Jewish personal possessions even cutting the lining of their clothes to find money hidden in there When Rodney realized that the Jews might be hiding additional treasure he dug up the Jewish cemetery 44 Later in February 1782 Edmund Burke the leading opposition member of the Whig Party upon learning of Rodney s actions in St Eustatius rose to condemn Rodney s anti Semitic avaricious vindictiveness in Parliament and a sentence of general beggary pronounced in one moment upon a whole people A cruelty unheard of in Europe for many years The persecution was begun with the people whom of all others it ought to be the care and the wish of human nations to protect the Jews the links of communication the mercantile chain the conductors by which credit was transmitted through the world a resolution taken by the British conquerors to banish this unhappy people from the island They suffered in common with the rest of the inhabitants the loss of their merchandise their bills their houses and their provisions and after this they were ordered to quit the island and only one day was given them for preparation they petitioned they remonstrated against so hard a sentence but in vain it was irrevocable 45 The synagogue and the cemetery Edit The restored and stabilized walls of the 1737 synagogue From about 1815 when there was no longer a viable Jewish community using and maintaining the synagogue on St Eustatius it gradually fell into ruin The synagogue building known as Honen Dalim He who is charitable to the Poor was constructed in 1737 Permission for building the synagogue came from the Dutch West India Company additional funding came from the Jewish community on Curacao Permission was conditional on the fact that the Jewish house of worship would be sited where the exercise of their Jewish religious duties would not molest those of the Gentiles 46 The building is located off a small lane called Synagogue Path away from the main street The synagogue attested to the wealth of the Jews of St Eustatius and their influence on the island 47 The Jewish cemetery In 2001 its walls were restored as part of the Historic Core Restoration Project although there are no known images showing what the synagogue looked like when still in use so that archeological research is attempting to restore the structure to the best estimate of its former condition The grounds include a Jewish ritual bath mikveh and an oven used on Passover A restored and respectfully maintained Jewish cemetery is located adjacent to the Old Church Cemetery at the top of Oranjestad Sint Eustatius Slave Revolt of 1848 Edit After 1848 slavery only existed on the Dutch and Danish Eastern Caribbean islands which caused unrest on the islands colonized by the Netherlands As a result a proclamation declared on 6 June 1848 on Sint Maarten that enslaved Africans would be treated as free persons 48 Unrest also arose on Sint Eustatius On 12 June 1848 a group of free and enslaved Africans gathered in front of Lieutenant Governor Johannes de Veer s home demanding their declaration of liberty increased rations and more free hours The Island Governor addressed the group but it persisted in its demands The militia was mobilized and after consultation with the Colonial Council and the main residents an attack was decided by the Lieutenant Governor After another warning to leave the city or otherwise experience the consequences fire was opened on the group The insurgents fled the city leaving two or three seriously injured From a hill just outside the city they pelted the militia with stones and pieces of rock A group of 35 shooters stormed the hill killing two insurgents and injuring several The six leaders of the uprising were exiled from the island and transferred to Curacao Thomas Dupersoy a free African is considered the chief leader of the uprising One of the other leaders sent a death notice to his owner in 1851 After the uprising the largest plantation owners on Sint Eustatius decided to give their enslaved workers a certain wage for fear of repetition of revolt 49 Abolition of slavery Edit In 1863 slavery was officially abolished in the Netherlands The Dutch were among the last to abolish slavery 50 The freed slaves no longer wanted to live in the field and moved to the city Due to a lack of trade the bay of Sint Eustatius underwent a recession Natural disasters such as the hurricane of September 1928 and May 1929 accelerated the process of economic decline on the island Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles Edit Main article Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles Sint Eustatius became a member of the Netherlands Antilles when that grouping was created in 1954 Between 2000 and 2005 the member islands of the Netherlands Antilles voted on their future status In a referendum on 8 April 2005 77 of Sint Eustatius voters voted to remain within the Netherlands Antilles compared to 21 who voted for closer ties with the Netherlands None of the other islands voted to remain After the other islands decided to leave ending the Netherlands Antilles the island council opted to become a special municipality of the Netherlands like Saba and Bonaire This process was completed in October 2010 40 In 2011 the island officially adopted the US dollar as its currency 51 Geography Edit Sint Eustatius as photographed from the International Space Station View looking southeast along the Atlantic coast showing the airport runway in the middle distance Lynch Beach beyond that then the Quill St Eustatius dormant volcano and over the water in the distance the northern end of the island of St Kitts Sint Eustatius is 6 miles 10 km long and up to 3 miles 5 km wide 52 Topographically the island is saddle shaped with the 602 meter high dormant volcano Quill Mount Mazinga from Dutch kuil meaning pit originally referring to its crater to the southeast and the smaller summits of Signal Hill Little Mountain or Bergje and Boven Mountain to the northwest The Quill crater is a popular tourist attraction on the island The bulk of the island s population lives in the flat saddle between the two elevated areas which forms the centre of the island 52 Climate Edit St Eustatius has a tropical monsoon climate Tropical storms and hurricanes are common The Atlantic hurricane season runs from 1 June to 30 November sharply peaking from late August through September Tropical Cyclone Climatology Nature Edit As St Eustatius is a volcanic island and very small all of the beaches on the island are made up of black volcanic sand These volcanic sands especially one of the more popular nesting beaches called Zeelandia are very important nesting sites for several endangered sea turtles such as the green turtle leatherback loggerhead and hawksbill 53 Sint Eustatius is home to one of the last remaining populations of the critically endangered Lesser Antillean iguana Iguana delicatissima 54 The population was strongly affected during the high intensity hurricane year of 2017 with especially Hurricane Maria during which the population declined by 25 55 National parks Edit Sint Eustatius has three nature parks on land and at sea the Sint Eustatius National Marine Park Quill Boven National Park and Miriam Schmidt Botanical Garden Two of them have national park status These areas have been designated as important bird areas The nature parks are maintained by the St Eustatius National Parks Foundation STENAPA 56 Archaeology EditDue to its turbulent history Sint Eustatius is rich in archaeological sites Nearly 300 sites have been documented 57 The island is said to have the highest concentration of archaeological sites of any area of comparable size 58 In the 1920s J P B Josselin de Jong conducted archaeological research into Saladoid sites on the island and in the 1980s a great deal of research was done by archaeologist Aad Versteeg of Leiden University Around 1981 under the direction of archaeologist Norman F Barka the College of William amp Mary in Williamsburg Virginia also started archaeological research on Sint Eustatius The documented archaeological sites include prehistoric sites plantations military sites commercial trading sites including shipwrecks and urban sites churches government buildings cemeteries residences The St Eustatius Center for Archaeological Research SECAR has been conducting archaeological research on the island since 2004 59 including excavations at the Godet African Burial Ground and the Golden Rock African Burial Ground In June 2021 SECAR became involved in protests against excavations at the 18th century burial ground Golden Rock on the island The Ubuntu Connected Front and other concerned citizens of Sint Eustatius denounced the non involvement of the community in the excavation process through a petition and letters to the government 60 61 62 The majority of the population on St Eustatius are of African descent Participation in cultural heritage i e involving the community whose ancestors are being excavated is good practice in contemporary archaeology 63 Archaeological excavations on St Eustatius apparently fall under the old Monuments Act for the BES islands 64 that is very brief on these issues The 2016 Dutch Heritage Act 65 offers more protection for cultural heritage The Committee on Kingdom Relations asked Secretary of State Raymond Knops questions about the matter 66 A Statia Heritage and Research Commission SHRC set up by the government of St Eustatius is investigating the allegations of the protest groups and should come up with recommendations 67 Zeelandia BeachDemography EditPopulation Edit As of January 2022 the population was 3 242 3 with a population density of 154 inhabitants per square kilometre Age Sex Pyramid Language Edit The official language is Dutch but English is the language of everyday life on the island and education is solely in English 68 A local English based creole is also spoken informally More than 52 of the population speak more than one language The most widely spoken languages are English 92 7 Dutch 36 Spanish 33 8 and Papiamento 20 8 Religion Edit The population of Sint Eustatius is predominantly Christian The main denominations are Methodism 28 6 Roman Catholicism 23 7 Seventh Day Adventist 17 8 Pentecostalism 7 2 and Anglicanism 2 6 69 Religion in Sint Eustatius 2018 69 Protestant 56 2 Roman Catholic 23 7 Other Christian denomination or religion 5 2 No denomination 14 9 Catholic church in Sint EustatiusEconomy Edit Ruins of numerous warehouses on Oranje Bay In the 18th century Statia was the most important Dutch island in the Caribbean and was a center of great wealth from trading At this time it was known as the Golden Rock because of its immense wealth A very large number of warehouses lined the road that runs along Oranje Bay most but not all of these warehouses are now ruined and some of the ruins are partially underwater A French occupation in 1795 was the beginning of the end of great prosperity for Sint Eustatius According to the Sint Eustatius government website Statia s economy is stable and well placed to grow in the near future With practically no unemployment and a skilled workforce we have a infrastructure in place to ensure sustained growth 70 The government itself is the largest employer on the island and the oil terminal owned by GTI Statia is the largest private employer on the island 71 Energy and water Edit The solar park on Sint Eustatius in 2016 Statia Utility Company N V provides electricity to the island as well as drinking water per truck and on part of the island by a water network The electricity supply is rapidly being made green Until 2016 all electricity was produced by diesel generators In March 2016 the first phase of the solar park with 1 89 MWp capacity became operational covering 23 of entire electricity demand In November 2017 72 another 2 15 MWp was added totaling 14 345 solar panels with 4 1 MW capacity and a yearly production of 6 4 GWh The solar park includes lithium ion batteries of 5 9 MWh size These provide power for grid stability as well as energy shifting On a sunny day the diesel generators are switched off from 9 a m to 8 pm This is made possible by grid forming inverters produced by SMA This is one of the first such solar parks in the world and provides 40 to 50 of the island s electricity Education EditDutch government policy towards St Eustatius and other SSS islands promoted English medium education Sint Eustatius has bilingual English Dutch education 73 Gwendoline van Putten School GVP is a secondary school on the island Other schools include Golden Rock School Gov de Graaff School Methodist School SDA School 74 Sports EditThe most popular sports on Sint Eustatius are football 75 futsal 76 77 softball 78 basketball swimming and volleyball Due to the small population there are few sport associations One of them the Sint Eustatius Volleyball Association is a member of ECVA and NORCECA Currently St Eustatius is a non active member of the Caribbean zone of Pony Baseball and Softball leagues Famous Statians EditAntony Beaujon c 1763 1805 colonial governor Gerald Berkel b 1969 politician Black Harry 18th century methodist preacher Kizzy b 1979 artist Lolita Euson 1914 1994 writer and poet Ziggi Recado b 1981 artist Shirma Rouse singerSee also Edit Geography portal North America portal Caribbean portal Netherlands portalCaribbean Netherlands Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles Governors of Sint Eustatius Saba and Sint Maarten F D Roosevelt Airport Great Hurricane of 1780 Index of Netherlands Antilles related articles Plantations of Sint EustatiusNotes Edit bq is designated but not in use for the Caribbean Netherlands 5 6 Like the rest of the Netherlands nl is primarily in use The first salute to the Colors may have occurred one month earlier It is debatable if a Colonial merchantman received a formal salute from Fort Frederik on the Danish island of St Croix The birth of our Flag page 13 published 1921 and Americas Library Translated from the Danish Wikipedia article on Frederiksted Frederiksted is a town on St Croix in the U S Virgin Islands which were previously the Danish West Indies The town is dominated by the red and white Fort Frederik from the 1750s The fort has special meaning to both USA and Denmark Norway It was from here that the first foreign salute of recognition of USA independence was given in 1776 References Edit Benoeming regeringscommissaris en plaatsvervanger Sint Eustatius Rijksoverheid in Dutch 18 June 2021 Retrieved 19 December 2021 a b Waaruit bestaat het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden Rijksoverheid in Dutch 19 May 2015 Retrieved 5 April 2022 a b The Caribbean Netherlands in Numbers 2022 Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek 2022 Archived from the original on 6 February 2023 Retrieved 2 April 2023 English can be used in relations with the government see Invoeringswet openbare lichamen Bonaire Sint Eustatius en Saba in Dutch via Overheid nl BQ Bonaire Sint Eustatius and Saba ISO Archived from the original on 17 June 2016 Retrieved 29 August 2014 Delegation Record for BQ IANA 20 December 2010 Archived from the original on 29 May 2012 Retrieved 30 December 2010 Mangold Max Duden Das Ausspracheworterbuch In Der Duden in zwolf Banden Band 6 7 Auflage Berlin Dudenverlag Mannheim Institut fur Deutsche Sprache 2015 Seite 786 a b c Tuchman Barbara W 1988 The First Salute A View of the American Revolution New York Ballantine Books Wet openbare lichamen Bonaire Sint Eustatius en Saba Law on the public bodies of Bonaire Sint Eustatius and Saba in Dutch via Overheid nl Antillen opgeheven op 10 10 2010 NOS Nieuws in Dutch 18 November 2009 Archived from the original on 24 December 2009 Retrieved 10 October 2010 Zaken Ministerie van Algemene 19 May 2015 Waaruit bestaat het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden Rijksoverheid nl www rijksoverheid nl in Dutch Retrieved 28 March 2023 a b Attema Y 1976 St Eustatius A Short History of the Island and Its Monuments Walburg Pers p 11 ISBN 978 90 6011 153 6 De Gids Nieuwe vaderlandsche letteroefeningen in Dutch Amsterdam Stichting de Gids 1905 p 299 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint date and year link Hartog Johannes 1976 History of St Eustatius Central U S A Bicentennial Committee of the Netherlands Antilles distributors De Witt Stores N V Archaeological Excavations at Old Gin House Remains of a mid 18th to late 18th century domesticate area on a terrace in Lower Town St Eustatius Dutch Caribbean 2013 The St Eustatius Center for Archaeological Research a b c Joh Hartog De Bovenwindse eilanden Sint Maarten saba Sint Eustatius De Wit N N Aruba 1964 pp 1 3 Haviser Jay B Jr 1981 An Inventory of Prehistoric Sites on St Eustatius Netherlands Antilles PDF Retrieved 19 November 2021 a b c d About St Eustatius History Statia Government 16 June 2020 Retrieved 28 March 2023 Hartog Johannes 1978 St Maarten Saba St Eustatius De Wit Stores p 13 Netherlands Antilles US Department of State Archived from the original on 2017 Westergaard Waldemar 1917 The Danish West Indies Under Company Rule 1671 1754 With a Supplementary Chapter 1755 1917 Macmillan p 12 a b Aspinall Sir Algernon Edward 1927 St Eustatius amp Saba The Pocket Guide to the West Indies British Guiana British Honduras Bermuda the Spainish Main Surinam and the Panama Canal Sifton Praed amp Company Limited p 343 Klingelhofer Eric 11 November 2010 French Fortifications in the New World First Forts Essays on the Archaeology of Proto colonial Fortifications BRILL p 61 ISBN 978 90 04 18732 0 Aceto Michael 10 December 2008 Eastern Caribbean English derived language varieties Phonology In Schneider Edgar W ed The Americas and the Caribbean Walter de Gruyter ISBN 978 3 11 020840 5 Panton Kenneth J 7 May 2015 Historical Dictionary of the British Empire Rowman amp Littlefield p 452 ISBN 978 0 8108 7524 1 Hartog Johannes 1976 History of St Eustatius Central U S A Bicentennial Committee of the Netherlands Antilles distributors De Witt Stores N V p 21 Attema Y 1976 St Eustatius A Short History of the Island and Its Monuments Walburg Pers p 16 ISBN 978 90 6011 153 6 Klooster Wim 19 October 2016 The Dutch Moment War Trade and Settlement in the Seventeenth Century Atlantic World Cornell University Press p 16 ISBN 978 1 5017 0667 7 a b Emmer Pieter C Gommans Jos J L 15 October 2020 The Dutch Overseas Empire 1600 1800 Cambridge University Press pp 175 179 ISBN 978 1 108 42837 8 Inikori Joseph E Engerman Stanley L 30 April 1992 The Atlantic Slave Trade Effects on Economies Societies and Peoples in Africa the Americas and Europe Duke University Press pp 292 295 ISBN 978 0 8223 1243 7 a b McGreevy Nora 2 June 2021 Remains of Enslaved People Found at Site of 18th Century Caribbean Plantation Smithsonian Magazine Retrieved 15 April 2023 a b Tuchman Barbara W 1988 The First Salute A View of the American Revolution New York Ballantine Books St Eustatius Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 28 June 2019 Gregory E O Malley and Alex Borucki Patterns in the intercolonial slave trade across the Americas before the nineteenth century Tempo 23 May Aug 2017 315 338 ENTHOVEN VICTOR 2012 That Abominable Nest of Pirates St Eustatius and the North Americans 1680 1780 Early American Studies 10 2 239 301 ISSN 1543 4273 Discover the Golden Rock an island teeming with history Statia Tourism Retrieved 16 April 2023 Oostindie Gert Roitman Jessica V 20 June 2014 Dutch Atlantic Connections 1680 1800 Linking Empires Bridging Borders BRILL p 135 ISBN 978 90 04 27131 9 Emmer Pieter C Gommans Jos J L 15 October 2020 The Dutch Overseas Empire 1600 1800 Cambridge University Press p 177 ISBN 978 1 108 67994 7 Home page Andrew Doria The First Salute Inc Archived from the original on 16 December 2014 Retrieved 3 October 2014 a b c St Eustatius Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 28 June 2019 Jews in British America The American Revolution Retrieved 4 April 2022 Prehistoric Period c 1300 BC AD 1492 St Eustatius Center for Archaeological Research Retrieved 2 July 2020 Source covers growing Jewish population but gives no numbers West Indisch Plakaatboek Amsterdam 1979 Norton Louis Arthur October 2006 Retribution Admiral Rodney and the Jews of St Eustatius Jewish Magazine Retrieved 4 April 2022 N Abbattista Guido 2008 Edmund Burke the Atlantic American War and the Poor Jews at St Eustatius Empire and the Law of Nations Cromohs 13 1 39 Arbell Mordehai 2002 The Jewish Nation of the Caribbean The Spanish Portuguese Jewish Settlements in the Caribbean and the Guianas Jerusalem Geffen Honen Dalim Synagogue Restoration Project St Eustius Historical Foundation Archived from the original on 23 February 2015 Retrieved 3 October 2014 Paula A F 1993 Vrije slaven Een sociaal historische studie over de dualistische slavenemancipatie op Nederlands Sint Maarten 1816 1863 Centraal Historisch Archief Universiteit van de Nederlandse Antillen p 98 ISBN 90 6011 841 3 Hartog Joh 1969 De Bovenwindse eilanden Sint Maarten Saba Sint Eustatius in Dutch Aruba De Wit N V pp 296 297 1863 Abolition of slavery Timeline Dutch History Rijksstudio Introduction of the Dollar on Bonaire Saint Eustace Saba Government of the Netherlands 18 May 2010 Archived from the original on 26 June 2019 Retrieved 26 June 2019 a b St Eustatius Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 28 June 2019 Zeelandia Bay Lonely Planet Retrieved 4 April 2022 van den Burg Matthijs P Meirmans Patrick G van Wagensveld Timothy P Kluskens Bart Madden Hannah Welch Mark E Breeuwer Johannes A J 19 February 2018 The Lesser Antillean Iguana Iguana delicatissima on St Eustatius Genetically Depauperate and Threatened by Ongoing Hybridization Journal of Heredity 109 4 426 437 doi 10 1093 jhered esy008 eISSN 1465 7333 ISSN 0022 1503 PMID 29471487 van den Burg Matthijs P Madden Hannah van Wagensveld Timothy P Boman Erik 21 March 2022 Hurricane associated population decrease in a critically endangered long lived reptile PDF Biotropica 54 3 708 720 doi 10 1111 btp 13087 eISSN 1744 7429 ISSN 0006 3606 S2CID 247602866 About Us St Eustatius National Parks Retrieved 4 April 2022 Eastman John 1996 An Archaeological Assessment of St Eustatius Netherlands Antilles MA thesis College of William and Mary doi 10 21220 s2 aq12 3j05 Underwater Archaeology on St Eustatius The Caribbean s Historic Gem The Shipwreck Survey Retrieved 4 April 2022 About Us St Eustatius Center for Archaeological Research Retrieved 4 April 2022 Ubuntu Connected Front 17 June 2021 Let Our Enslaved Ancestors Rest Says UCF Caribbean Chair PDF Press release Ubuntu Connected Front Statia Suspends Archaeological Dig at the Airport St Eustatius 14 July 2021 Retrieved 4 April 2022 Meijer J H T 9 October 2021 Letter from J H T Jan Meijer PDF via Caraibisch Uitzicht Faro Participation in Cultural Heritage Cultural Heritage Agency 3 July 2019 Retrieved 4 April 2022 Monumentenwet BES in Dutch via Overheid nl Heritage Act https english inspectie oe nl publications publication 2016 9 14 Reactie op verzoek commissie over de stand van zaken voortgang opgravingen vliegveld Sint Eustatius Tweede Kamer der Staten Generaal in Dutch Retrieved 4 April 2022 Statia Heritage Research Commission Officially Installed St Eustatius 22 September 2021 Retrieved 4 April 2022 English to Be Sole Language of Instruction in St Eustatian Schools Government of the Netherlands 19 June 2014 Archived from the original on 24 February 2015 Retrieved 20 February 2015 a b Statistics Netherlands 2018 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 PDF The Hague Statistics Netherlands p 80 ISBN 978 90 357 2238 5 Economy St Eustatius Government Archived from the original on 17 May 2013 Retrieved 15 December 2012 St Eustatius Rijksdienst Caribisch Nederland Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 Retrieved 22 April 2014 Bouma Joop 3 November 2017 Sint Eustatius haalt nu al de helft van de stroombehoefte uit zon Trouw in Dutch Retrieved 4 April 2022 Dijkhoff Marta Silvia Kowenberg and Paul Tjon Sie Fat Chapter 215 The Dutch speaking Caribbean Die niederlandischsprachige Karibik In Sociolinguistics Soziolinguistik Walter de Gruyter 1 January 2006 ISBN 3110199874 9783110199871 Start p 2105 CITED p 2108 Education St Eustatius 16 June 2020 Retrieved 4 April 2022 Stokkermans Karel 29 June 2012 Sint Eustatius Football History Rec Sport Soccer Statistics Foundation RSSSF Retrieved 29 June 2012 Cruyff Courts Sint Maarten Sint Eustatius Saba Windward Roads Retrieved 4 April 2022 1st Cruyff Court Dutch Caribbean Futsal Championship 2007 Aruba RSSSF 6 February 2008 Retrieved 5 April 2022 Saba and St Eustatius Compete in Softball Pearl FM Radio Pearl of the Caribbean 27 June 2011 Retrieved 5 April 2022 Bibliography EditMorse Jedidiah 1797 St Eustatius The American Gazetteer Boston Massachusetts At the presses of S Hall and Thomas amp Andrews OL 23272543M Mordechai Arbell The Jewish Nation of the Caribbean The Spanish Portuguese Jewish Settlements in the Caribbean and the Guianas 2002 Geffen Press Jerusalem Harry Ezratty 500 Years in the Jewish Caribbean The Spanish and Portuguese Jews in the West Indies 1997 Omni Arts Baltimore David Spinney Rodney 1969 Allen amp Unwin P Bernardini Editor N Fiering Editor The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West 1450 1800 2001 Berghan Press J Hartog History of St Eustatius 1976 Central U S A Bicentennial Committee of the Netherlands Antilles Y Attema A Short History of St Eustatius and its Monuments 1976 Wahlberg Press Ronald Hearst The Golden Rock 1996 Naval Institute Press Andrew Jackson O Shaunhassey The Men Who Lost America 2013 Yale Press Babara W Tuchman The First Salute 1988 Alfred A Knopf Book Club EditionExternal links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sint Eustatius Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Sint Eustatius St Eustatius Government St Eustatius Tourist Office s homepage The website of STENAPA the National Parks of St Eustatius St Eustatius info in Lonely Planet website St Eustatius Center for Archaeological Research The Farm in St Eustatius Not Dead Yet Colorful stories from St Eustatius eventful history Saba invasion Colorful stories from St Eustatius eventful history Bermuda connection Retribution Admiral Rodney and the Jews of St Eustatius by Louis Arthur Norton 17 29 N 62 58 W 17 483 N 62 967 W 17 483 62 967 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sint Eustatius amp oldid 1157008032, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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