This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in French. Click [show] for important translation instructions.
Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at [[:fr:Judéo-arabe]]; see its history for attribution.
You should also add the template {{Translated|fr|Judéo-arabe}} to the talk page.
Many significant Jewish works, including a number of religious writings by Saadia Gaon, Maimonides and Judah Halevi, were originally written in Judeo-Arabic, as this was the primary vernacular language of their authors.
The Arabic spoken by Jewish communities in the Arab world differed slightly from the Arabic of their non-Jewish neighbours. These differences were partly due to the incorporation of some words from Hebrew and other languages and partly geographical, in a way that may reflect a history of migration. For example, the Judeo-Arabic of Egypt, including in the Cairo community, resembled the dialect of Alexandria rather than that of Cairo (Blau). Similarly, Baghdad Jewish Arabic is reminiscent of the dialect of Mosul.[5] Many Jews in Arab countries were bilingual in Judeo-Arabic and the local dialect of the Muslim majority.
Like other Jewish languages and dialects, Judeo-Arabic languages contain borrowings from Hebrew and Aramaic. This feature is less marked in translations of the Bible, as the authors clearly took the view that the business of a translator is to translate.[6]
Jews in Arabic, Muslim majority countries wrote—sometimes in their dialects, sometimes in a more classical style—in a mildly adapted Hebrew alphabet rather than using the Arabic script, often including consonant dots from the Arabic alphabet to accommodate phonemes that did not exist in the Hebrew alphabet.
By around 800 CE, most Jews within the Islamic Empire (90% of the world’s Jews at the time) were native speakers of Arabic like the populations around them. The language quickly became the central language of Jewish scholarship and communication, enabling Jews to participate in the greater epicenter of learning at the time, which meant that they could be active participants in secular scholarship and civilization. The widespread usage of Arabic not only unified the Jewish community located throughout the Islamic Empire but also facilitated greater communication with other ethnic and religious groups, which led to important manuscripts of polemic, like the Toledot Yeshu, being written or published in Arabic or Judeo-Arabic.[7]
Some of the most important books of medieval Jewish thought were originally written in medieval Judeo-Arabic, as well as certain halakhic works and biblical commentaries. Later they were translated into medieval Hebrew so that they could be read by contemporaries elsewhere in the Jewish world, and by others who were literate in Hebrew. These include:
Saadia Gaon's Emunoth ve-Deoth (originally كتاب الأمانات والاعتقادات), his tafsir (biblical commentary and translation) and siddur (explanatory content, not the prayers themselves)
Most communities also had a traditional translation of the Bible into Judeo-Arabic, known as a sharḥ ("explanation"): for more detail, see Bible translations into Arabic. The term sharḥ sometimes came to mean "Judeo-Arabic" in the same way that "Targum" was sometimes used to mean the Aramaic language.
Present day
In the years following the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the end of the Algerian War, and Moroccan and Tunisian independence, most Mizrahi and Sephardi Jews in Arab countries were expelled, without their property, mainly for mainland France and for Israel. Their distinct Arabic dialects in turn did not thrive in either country, and most of their descendants now speak French or Modern Hebrew almost exclusively; thus resulting in the entire continuum of Judeo-Arabic dialects being considered endangered languages.[citation needed] This stands in stark contrast with the historical status of Judeo-Arabic: in the early Middle Ages, speakers of Judeo-Arabic far outnumbered the speakers of Yiddish.[citation needed] There remain small populations of speakers in Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Lebanon, Yemen, Israel and the United States.
^Judeo-Arabic dialects at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
^Hary, Benjamin H. (1992). Multiglossia in Judeo-Arabic: With an Edition, Translation and Grammatical Study of the Cairene Purim Scroll. Brill. p. xiii. ISBN90-04-09694-9. OCLC 231382751.
^"jrb | ISO 639-3". iso639-3.sil.org. Retrieved 2022-11-13.
^Shohat, Ella (2017-02-17). "The Invention of Judeo-Arabic". Interventions. 19 (2): 153–200. doi:10.1080/1369801X.2016.1218785. ISSN 1369-801X. S2CID 151728939.
^For example, "I said" is qeltu in the speech of Baghdadi Jews and Christians, as well as in Mosul and Syria, as against Muslim Baghdadi gilit (Haim Blanc, Communal Dialects in Baghdad). This however may reflect not southward migration from Mosul on the part of the Jews, but rather the influence of Gulf Arabic on the dialect of the Muslims.
^Avishur, Studies in Judaeo-Arabic Translations of the Bible.
^Goldstein, Miriam (2021). "Jesus in Arabic, Jesus in Judeo-Arabic: The Origins of the Helene Version of the Jewish "Life of Jesus" (Toledot Yeshu)". Jewish Quarterly Review. 111 (1): 83–104. doi:10.1353/jqr.2021.0004. ISSN 1553-0604. S2CID 234166481.
Bibliography
Blanc, Haim, Communal Dialects in Baghdad: Harvard 1964
Blau, Joshua, The Emergence and Linguistic Background of Judaeo-Arabic: OUP, last edition 1999
Blau, Joshua, A Grammar of Mediaeval Judaeo-Arabic: Jerusalem 1980 (in Hebrew)
Blau, Joshua, Studies in Middle Arabic and its Judaeo-Arabic variety: Jerusalem 1988 (in English)
Blau, Joshua, Dictionary of Mediaeval Judaeo-Arabic Texts: Jerusalem 2006
Mansour, Jacob, The Jewish Baghdadi Dialect: Studies and Texts in the Judaeo-Arabic Dialect of Baghdad: Or Yehuda 1991
Heath, Jeffrey, Jewish and Muslim dialects of Moroccan Arabic (Routledge Curzon Arabic linguistics series): London, New York, 2002.
Jewish Language Research Website 2017-07-24 at the Wayback Machine (description and bibliography)
Tafsir Rasag, a translation of the Torah into literary Judeo-Arabic, at Sefaria
April 27, 2023
judeo, arabic, dialects, this, article, expanded, with, text, translated, from, corresponding, article, french, click, show, important, translation, instructions, machine, translation, like, deepl, google, translate, useful, starting, point, translations, tran. This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in French Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at fr Judeo arabe see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated fr Judeo arabe to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Judeo Arabic dialects Judeo Arabic ערביה יהודיה romanized Arabiya Yahudiya Arabic عربية يهودية romanized ʿArabiya Yahudiya listen Hebrew ערבית יהודית romanized Aravit Yehudit listen are ethnolects formerly spoken by Jews throughout the Arabic speaking world 2 Under the ISO 639 international standard for language codes Judeo Arabic is classified as a macrolanguage under the code jrb encompassing four languages Judeo Moroccan Arabic aju Judeo Yemeni Arabic jye Judeo Iraqi Arabic yhd and Judeo Tripolitanian Arabic yud 3 4 Judeo ArabicA page from the Cairo Geniza part of which is written in the Judeo Arabic languageEthnicityMizrahi JewsNative speakers240 000 2022 1 Language familyAfro Asiatic SemiticCentral SemiticArabicJudeo ArabicEarly formsOld Arabic Classical ArabicWriting systemHebrew alphabetLanguage codesISO 639 2 span class plainlinks jrb span ISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code jrb class extiw title iso639 3 jrb jrb a inclusive codeIndividual codes a href https iso639 3 sil org code yhd class extiw title iso639 3 yhd yhd a Judeo Iraqi Arabic a href https iso639 3 sil org code aju class extiw title iso639 3 aju aju a Judeo Moroccan Arabic a href https iso639 3 sil org code yud class extiw title iso639 3 yud yud a Judeo Tripolitanian Arabic a href https iso639 3 sil org code jye class extiw title iso639 3 jye jye a Judeo Yemeni ArabicGlottologNoneThis article contains Hebrew text Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Hebrew letters Judeo Arabic can also refer to Classical Arabic written in the Hebrew script particularly in the Middle Ages Many significant Jewish works including a number of religious writings by Saadia Gaon Maimonides and Judah Halevi were originally written in Judeo Arabic as this was the primary vernacular language of their authors Contents 1 Characteristics 2 Dialects 3 History 4 Present day 5 Orthography 6 See also 7 Endnotes 8 Bibliography 9 External linksCharacteristics EditThe Arabic spoken by Jewish communities in the Arab world differed slightly from the Arabic of their non Jewish neighbours These differences were partly due to the incorporation of some words from Hebrew and other languages and partly geographical in a way that may reflect a history of migration For example the Judeo Arabic of Egypt including in the Cairo community resembled the dialect of Alexandria rather than that of Cairo Blau Similarly Baghdad Jewish Arabic is reminiscent of the dialect of Mosul 5 Many Jews in Arab countries were bilingual in Judeo Arabic and the local dialect of the Muslim majority Like other Jewish languages and dialects Judeo Arabic languages contain borrowings from Hebrew and Aramaic This feature is less marked in translations of the Bible as the authors clearly took the view that the business of a translator is to translate 6 Dialects EditJudeo Iraqi Judeo Baghdadi Judeo Moroccan Judeo Tripolitanian Judeo Tunisian Judeo YemeniHistory EditFurther information History of the Jews under Muslim rule Jews in Arabic Muslim majority countries wrote sometimes in their dialects sometimes in a more classical style in a mildly adapted Hebrew alphabet rather than using the Arabic script often including consonant dots from the Arabic alphabet to accommodate phonemes that did not exist in the Hebrew alphabet By around 800 CE most Jews within the Islamic Empire 90 of the world s Jews at the time were native speakers of Arabic like the populations around them The language quickly became the central language of Jewish scholarship and communication enabling Jews to participate in the greater epicenter of learning at the time which meant that they could be active participants in secular scholarship and civilization The widespread usage of Arabic not only unified the Jewish community located throughout the Islamic Empire but also facilitated greater communication with other ethnic and religious groups which led to important manuscripts of polemic like the Toledot Yeshu being written or published in Arabic or Judeo Arabic 7 Some of the most important books of medieval Jewish thought were originally written in medieval Judeo Arabic as well as certain halakhic works and biblical commentaries Later they were translated into medieval Hebrew so that they could be read by contemporaries elsewhere in the Jewish world and by others who were literate in Hebrew These include Saadia Gaon s Emunoth ve Deoth originally كتاب الأمانات والاعتقادات his tafsir biblical commentary and translation and siddur explanatory content not the prayers themselves David ibn Merwan al Mukkamas Solomon ibn Gabirol s Tikkun Middot ha Nefesh Bahya ibn Paquda s Kitab al Hidaya ila Fara id al Qulub translated by Judah ben Saul ibn Tibbon as Chovot HaLevavot Judah Halevi s Kuzari Maimonides Commentary on the Mishnah Sefer Hamitzvot The Guide for the Perplexed and many of his letters and shorter essays Most communities also had a traditional translation of the Bible into Judeo Arabic known as a sharḥ explanation for more detail see Bible translations into Arabic The term sharḥ sometimes came to mean Judeo Arabic in the same way that Targum was sometimes used to mean the Aramaic language Present day EditIn the years following the 1948 Arab Israeli War the end of the Algerian War and Moroccan and Tunisian independence most Mizrahi and Sephardi Jews in Arab countries were expelled without their property mainly for mainland France and for Israel Their distinct Arabic dialects in turn did not thrive in either country and most of their descendants now speak French or Modern Hebrew almost exclusively thus resulting in the entire continuum of Judeo Arabic dialects being considered endangered languages citation needed This stands in stark contrast with the historical status of Judeo Arabic in the early Middle Ages speakers of Judeo Arabic far outnumbered the speakers of Yiddish citation needed There remain small populations of speakers in Algeria Morocco Tunisia Lebanon Yemen Israel and the United States Orthography EditJudeo Arabic Arabic Semitic name Transliterationא ا Alef ʔ a and sometimes ʾIב ب Beth bג ج Gimel ǧ an English j sound in Jack dʒ or deja vu ʒ ג ע or ר غ Ghayn ġ ɣ a guttural gh soundד د Daleth dד ذ Dhaleth ḏ an English th as in that d ה ه He hו or וו و Waw w and sometimes uז ز Zayn zח ح Heth ḥ ħ ט ط Teth ṭ tˤ ט or ז ظ Theth ẓ dˤ a retracted form of the th sound as in that י or יי ي Yodh y or iכ ך ك Kaph kכ ך or ח خ Kheth ḫ a kh sound like Bach x ל ل Lamedh lמ م Mem mנ ن Nun nס س Samekh sע ع Ayn ʕ ʿa ʿ and sometimes ʿiפ ף or פ ף ف Fe fצ ץ ص Sadhe ṣ sˤ a hard s soundצ ץ ض Dhadhe ḍ dˤ a retracted d soundק ق Qof qר ر Resh rש or ש ش Shin s an English sh sound ʃ ת ت Taw tת or ת ث Thaw ṯ an English th as in thank 8 See also EditArabic language in Israel Judeo Berber language Judeo Iraqi Arabic Baghdad Jewish Arabic Judeo Moroccan Arabic Judeo Tunisian Arabic Judeo Yemeni Arabic Judeo Syrian Arabic Letter of the Karaite elders of Ascalon Arab Jews HaketiaEndnotes Edit Judeo Arabic dialects at Ethnologue 25th ed 2022 Hary Benjamin H 1992 Multiglossia in Judeo Arabic With an Edition Translation and Grammatical Study of the Cairene Purim Scroll Brill p xiii ISBN 90 04 09694 9 OCLC 231382751 jrb ISO 639 3 iso639 3 sil org Retrieved 2022 11 13 Shohat Ella 2017 02 17 The Invention of Judeo Arabic Interventions 19 2 153 200 doi 10 1080 1369801X 2016 1218785 ISSN 1369 801X S2CID 151728939 For example I said is qeltu in the speech of Baghdadi Jews and Christians as well as in Mosul and Syria as against Muslim Baghdadi gilit Haim Blanc Communal Dialects in Baghdad This however may reflect not southward migration from Mosul on the part of the Jews but rather the influence of Gulf Arabic on the dialect of the Muslims Avishur Studies in Judaeo Arabic Translations of the Bible Goldstein Miriam 2021 Jesus in Arabic Jesus in Judeo Arabic The Origins of the Helene Version of the Jewish Life of Jesus Toledot Yeshu Jewish Quarterly Review 111 1 83 104 doi 10 1353 jqr 2021 0004 ISSN 1553 0604 S2CID 234166481 Bibliography EditBlanc Haim Communal Dialects in Baghdad Harvard 1964 Blau Joshua The Emergence and Linguistic Background of Judaeo Arabic OUP last edition 1999 Blau Joshua A Grammar of Mediaeval Judaeo Arabic Jerusalem 1980 in Hebrew Blau Joshua Studies in Middle Arabic and its Judaeo Arabic variety Jerusalem 1988 in English Blau Joshua Dictionary of Mediaeval Judaeo Arabic Texts Jerusalem 2006 Mansour Jacob The Jewish Baghdadi Dialect Studies and Texts in the Judaeo Arabic Dialect of Baghdad Or Yehuda 1991 Heath Jeffrey Jewish and Muslim dialects of Moroccan Arabic Routledge Curzon Arabic linguistics series London New York 2002 External links EditAlan Corre s Judeo Arabic Literature site via the Internet Archive Judeo Arabic Literature Reka Kol Yisrael a radio station broadcasting a daily program in Judeo Moroccan Arabic Jewish Language Research Website Archived 2017 07 24 at the Wayback Machine description and bibliography Tafsir Rasag a translation of the Torah into literary Judeo Arabic at Sefaria Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Judeo Arabic dialects amp oldid 1144018014, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
