Judeo-Berber or Judeo-Amazigh (Berber languages: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏtamazight n wudayen, Hebrew: ברברית יהודית berberit yehudit) is any of several hybrid Berber varieties traditionally spoken as a second language in Berber Jewish communities of central and southern Morocco, and perhaps earlier in Algeria. Judeo-Berber is (or was) a contact language; the first language of speakers was Judeo-Arabic.[1] (There were also Jews who spoke Berber as their first language, but not a distinct Jewish variety.)[1] Speakers immigrated to Israel in the 1950s and 1960s. While mutually comprehensible with the Tamazight spoken by most inhabitants of the area (Galand-Pernet et al. 1970:14), these varieties are distinguished by the use of Hebrew loanwords and the pronunciation of š as s (as in many Jewish Moroccan Arabic dialects).
According to a 1936 survey, approximately 145,700 of Morocco's 161,000 Jews spoke a variety of Berber, 25,000 of whom were reportedly monolingual in the language.[3]
Geographic distribution
Communities in Morocco where Jews spoke Judeo-Berber included: Tinghir, Ouijjane, Asaka, Imini, Draa valley, Demnate and Ait Bou Oulli in the Tamazight-speaking Middle Atlas and High Atlas and Oufrane, Tiznit and Illigh in the Tashelhiyt-speaking Souss valley (Galand-Pernet et al. 1970:2). Jews were living among tribal Berbers, often in the same villages and practiced old tribal Berber protection relationships.
Almost all speakers of Judeo-Berber left Morocco in the years following its independence, and their children have mainly grown up speaking other languages. In 1992, about 2,000 speakers remained, mainly in Israel; all are at least bilingual in Judeo-Arabic.
Phonology
Judeo-Berber is characterized by the following phonetic phenomena:[1]
Centralized pronunciation of /i u/ as [ɨ ʉ]
Neutralization of the distinction between /s ʃ/, especially among monolingual speakers
Delabialization of labialized velars (/kʷ gʷ xʷ ɣʷ/), e.g. nəkkʷni/nukkni > nəkkni 'us, we'
Insertion of epenthetic [ə] to break up consonant clusters
Frequent diphthong insertion, as in Judeo-Arabic
Some varieties have q > kʲ and dˤ > tˤ, as in the local Arabic dialects
In the eastern Sous Valley region, /l/ > [n] in both Judeo-Berber and Arabic
Usage
Apart from its daily use, Judeo-Berber was used for orally explaining religious texts, and only occasionally written, using Hebrew characters; a manuscript PesahHaggadah written in Judeo-Berber has been reprinted (Galand-Pernet et al. 1970.) A few prayers, like the Benedictions over the Torah, were recited in Berber.[4]
Example
Taken from Galand-Pernet et al. 1970:121 (itself from a manuscript from Tinghir):
^ abcdChetrit (2016) "Jewish Berber", in Kahn & Rubin (eds.) Handbook of Jewish Languages, Brill
^Judeo-Berber at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^Abramson, Glenda (2018-10-24). Sites of Jewish Memory: Jews in and From Islamic Lands. Routledge. ISBN978-1-317-75160-1.
^(PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-19. (72.8 KB)
Bibliography
P. Galand-Pernet & Haim Zafrani. Une version berbère de la Haggadah de Pesaḥ: Texte de Tinrhir du Todrha (Maroc). Compress rendus du G.L.E.C.S. Supplement I. 1970. (in French)
Joseph Chetrit. "Jewish Berber," Handbook of Jewish Languages, ed. Lily Kahn & Aaron D. Rubin. Leiden: Brill. 2016. Pages 118–129.
External links
(in French)
February 15, 2023
judeo, berber, language, judeo, berber, judeo, amazigh, berber, languages, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵡⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ, tamazight, wudayen, hebrew, ברברית, יהודית, berberit, yehudit, several, hybrid, berber, varieties, traditionally, spoken, second, language, berber, jewish, communities. Judeo Berber or Judeo Amazigh Berber languages ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ tamazight n wudayen Hebrew ברברית יהודית berberit yehudit is any of several hybrid Berber varieties traditionally spoken as a second language in Berber Jewish communities of central and southern Morocco and perhaps earlier in Algeria Judeo Berber is or was a contact language the first language of speakers was Judeo Arabic 1 There were also Jews who spoke Berber as their first language but not a distinct Jewish variety 1 Speakers immigrated to Israel in the 1950s and 1960s While mutually comprehensible with the Tamazight spoken by most inhabitants of the area Galand Pernet et al 1970 14 these varieties are distinguished by the use of Hebrew loanwords and the pronunciation of s as s as in many Jewish Moroccan Arabic dialects Judeo BerberRegionIsraelNative speakers none 1 L2 speakers 2 000 cited 1992 2 Language familyAfro Asiatic BerberNorthern BerberAtlasShilhaJudeo BerberWriting systemHebrew alphabet generally not written Language codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code jbe class extiw title iso639 3 jbe jbe a Glottolog insufficiently attested or not a distinct language jude1262Map of Judeo Berber speaking communities in the first half of the 20th century Contents 1 Speaker population 2 Geographic distribution 3 Phonology 4 Usage 5 Example 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External linksSpeaker population EditAccording to a 1936 survey approximately 145 700 of Morocco s 161 000 Jews spoke a variety of Berber 25 000 of whom were reportedly monolingual in the language 3 Geographic distribution EditCommunities in Morocco where Jews spoke Judeo Berber included Tinghir Ouijjane Asaka Imini Draa valley Demnate and Ait Bou Oulli in the Tamazight speaking Middle Atlas and High Atlas and Oufrane Tiznit and Illigh in the Tashelhiyt speaking Souss valley Galand Pernet et al 1970 2 Jews were living among tribal Berbers often in the same villages and practiced old tribal Berber protection relationships Almost all speakers of Judeo Berber left Morocco in the years following its independence and their children have mainly grown up speaking other languages In 1992 about 2 000 speakers remained mainly in Israel all are at least bilingual in Judeo Arabic Phonology EditJudeo Berber is characterized by the following phonetic phenomena 1 Centralized pronunciation of i u as ɨ ʉ Neutralization of the distinction between s ʃ especially among monolingual speakers Delabialization of labialized velars kʷ gʷ xʷ ɣʷ e g nekkʷni nukkni gt nekkni us we Insertion of epenthetic e to break up consonant clusters Frequent diphthong insertion as in Judeo Arabic Some varieties have q gt kʲ and dˤ gt tˤ as in the local Arabic dialects In the eastern Sous Valley region l gt n in both Judeo Berber and ArabicUsage EditApart from its daily use Judeo Berber was used for orally explaining religious texts and only occasionally written using Hebrew characters a manuscript Pesah Haggadah written in Judeo Berber has been reprinted Galand Pernet et al 1970 A few prayers like the Benedictions over the Torah were recited in Berber 4 Example EditTaken from Galand Pernet et al 1970 121 itself from a manuscript from Tinghir י כ ד מ ן א י י נ ג א יפ רעו ג מ צ ר י שו פ ג ג רבי נ ג ד י נ ג שו פו ש נ ד רע שו פו ש י כיוו א נixeddamnservantsaywhatn gawe wereiforperʿuPharaohg inmaṣer Egypt i ss ufġhe cause leaveaġuseṛbbiGodenneġourdinnaġthereswithufusarmenofddrʿ might swithufusarmikuwan strong ixeddamn ay n ga i perʿu g maṣer i ss ufġ aġ eṛbbi enneġ dinnaġ s ufus en ddrʿ s ufus ikuwan servants what we were for Pharaoh in Egypt he cause leave us God our there with arm of might with arm strong Servants of Pharaoh is what we were in Egypt Our God brought us out thence with a mighty arm with a strong arm See also EditJudeo Arabic languages Judeo Moroccan Berber JewsReferences Edit a b c d Chetrit 2016 Jewish Berber in Kahn amp Rubin eds Handbook of Jewish Languages Brill Judeo Berber at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Abramson Glenda 2018 10 24 Sites of Jewish Memory Jews in and From Islamic Lands Routledge ISBN 978 1 317 75160 1 Jews and Berbers PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2008 12 19 72 8 KB Bibliography EditP Galand Pernet amp Haim Zafrani Une version berbere de la Haggadah de Pesaḥ Texte de Tinrhir du Todrha Maroc Compress rendus du G L E C S Supplement I 1970 in French Joseph Chetrit Jewish Berber Handbook of Jewish Languages ed Lily Kahn amp Aaron D Rubin Leiden Brill 2016 Pages 118 129 External links EditJudeo Berber by Haim Zafrani in French Except from Haggadah Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Judeo Berber language amp oldid 1135185739, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
