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Steven Spielberg

May 09, 2023

"Spielberg" redirects here. For other uses, see Spielberg (disambiguation).

Steven Allan Spielberg KBE (/ˈspiːlbɜːrɡ/; born December 18, 1946) is an American filmmaker.[1] A major figure of the New Hollywood era and pioneer of the modern blockbuster, he is the most commercially successful director in history.[2] He is the recipient of many accolades, including three Academy Awards, two BAFTA Awards, and four Directors Guild of America Awards, as well as the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1995, the Kennedy Center Honor in 2006, the Cecil B. DeMille Award in 2009 and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2015. Seven of his films have been inducted into the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant".[3][4]

Steven Spielberg

KBE
Spielberg in 2017
Born
Steven Allan Spielberg

(1946-12-18) December 18, 1946 (age 76)
Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.
Alma materCalifornia State University, Long Beach (BA)
Occupations
  • Film director
  • film producer
  • screenwriter
Years active1969–present
WorksFilmography
Spouses
  • ​
    ​
    (m. 1985; div. 1989)​
  • ​
    (m. 1991)​
Children6, including Sasha
Parents
Relatives
AwardsList
Signature

Spielberg was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, and grew up in Phoenix, Arizona.[1] He moved to California and studied film in college. After directing several episodes for television, including Night Gallery and Columbo, he directed the television film Duel (1971), which later received an international theatrical release. He made his theatrical film debut with The Sugarland Express (1974) and became a household name with the 1975 summer blockbuster Jaws. He then directed huge box office successes Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977), E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982), and the Indiana Jones original trilogy (1981–89). All these films were among the top ten highest-grossing films of the 1970s and 1980s, with Jaws and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial the highest-grossing film ever at the time of their respective releases. He subsequently explored drama in The Color Purple (1985) and Empire of the Sun (1987).

In 1993, Spielberg directed back-to-back box office hits with the science fiction thriller Jurassic Park, the highest-grossing film ever at the time, and the Holocaust drama Schindler's List, which has often been listed as one of the greatest films ever made. He won the Academy Award for Best Director for the latter and the 1998 World War II epic Saving Private Ryan. Spielberg continued in the 2000s with science fiction films A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001), Minority Report (2002), and War of the Worlds (2005). He also directed the adventure films The Adventures of Tintin (2011) and Ready Player One (2018); the historical dramas Amistad (1997), Munich (2005), War Horse (2011), Lincoln (2012), Bridge of Spies (2015) and The Post (2017); the musical West Side Story (2021); and the semi-autobiographical drama The Fabelmans (2022).

Spielberg co-founded Amblin Entertainment and DreamWorks, and he has served as a producer for many successful films and television series. He has had a long collaboration with the composer John Williams, with whom he has worked for all but five of his feature films.[5][6] Several of Spielberg's works are considered among the greatest films in history, and some are among the highest-grossing films ever.[7] Premiere ranked him first place in the list of 100 Most Powerful People in Movies in 2003.[8] In 2013, Time listed him as one of the 100 most influential people,[9] and in 2023, Spielberg was the recipient of the first ever TIME100 Impact Award in the U.S.[10]

Early life and background

Steven Allan Spielberg was born on December 18, 1946, in Cincinnati, Ohio.[11][12] His mother, Leah (née Posner, later Adler; 1920–2017),[13] was a restaurateur and concert pianist, and his father, Arnold Spielberg (1917–2020),[14] was an electrical engineer involved in the development of computers. His immediate family were situationally[15] Reform Jewish/Orthodox Jewish.[16][17] Spielberg's paternal grandparents were Jews from Ukraine;[18][19] his grandmother Rebecca, maiden name Chechik, was from Sudylkiv, and his grandfather Shmuel Spielberg was from Kamianets-Podilskyi.[20][21] Schmuel escaped to Cincinnati in 1906 to avoid being drafted into the Russian army, and he brought his fiancée Rebecca there in 1908.[22] Spielberg has three younger sisters: Anne, Sue, and Nancy.[23] In 1952, his family moved to Haddon Township, New Jersey after his father was hired by RCA.[24] Spielberg attended Hebrew school from 1953 to 1957, in classes taught by Rabbi Albert L. Lewis.[25]

In early 1957, the family moved to Phoenix, Arizona.[26][27] Spielberg had a bar mitzvah ceremony when he was thirteen.[28] His family was involved in the synagogue and had many Jewish friends.[29] Of the Holocaust, he said that his parents "talked about it all the time, and so it was always on my mind."[29] His father had lost between sixteen and twenty relatives in the Holocaust.[21] Spielberg found it difficult accepting his heritage; he said: "It isn't something I enjoy admitting ... but when I was seven, eight, nine years old, God forgive me, I was embarrassed because we were Orthodox Jews. I was embarrassed by the outward perception of my parents' Jewish practices. I was never really ashamed to be Jewish, but I was uneasy at times."[30][31] Spielberg also suffered from anti-Semitism: "In high school, I got smacked and kicked around. Two bloody noses. It was horrible."[32][33][21] He grew away from Judaism during adolescence, after his family had moved to various neighborhoods and found themselves to be the only Jews.[34][35]

Spielberg's interest in film started at a young age. At age 12, he made his first home movie: a train wreck involving his toy Lionel trains.[36] In 1958, he became a Boy Scout and fulfilled a requirement for the photography merit badge by making a nine-minute, 8 mm film titled The Last Gunfight.[37][38] He eventually attained the rank of Eagle Scout.[39] Spielberg used his father's movie camera to make amateur features, and began taking the camera along on every Scout trip.[40] At age 13, Spielberg made a 40-minute war film, titled Escape to Nowhere, with a cast of school classmates. The film won first prize in a statewide competition.[41][42] Throughout his early teens, and after entering high school, Spielberg made about fifteen to twenty 8 mm "adventure" films.[43][44]

In Phoenix, Spielberg watched films at the local theatre every Saturday.[45] Some of the films he cited as early influences include Godzilla, King of the Monsters! (1956),[46] Akira Kurosawa films,[47][48] Captains Courageous (1937), Pinocchio (1940), and David Lean's Lawrence of Arabia (1962), which he cited as "the film that set me on my journey".[49] He attended Arcadia High School in 1961 for three years.[50] He wrote and directed his first independent film in 1963, a 140-minute science fiction adventure called Firelight, which would later inspire Close Encounters of The Third Kind. The film was mainly funded by his father, which had a budget of under $600, and was shown in a local theatre for one evening.[51][52] In the summer of 1964, he worked as an unpaid assistant at Universal Studios' editorial department.[53][54] His family later moved to Saratoga, California, where he attended Saratoga High School, graduating in 1965.[55] A year later, his parents divorced. Spielberg moved to Los Angeles to stay with his father,[56] while his three sisters and mother remained in Saratoga. He was not interested in academics; he aspired to be only a filmmaker.[57] He applied to the University of Southern California's film school but was turned down because of his mediocre grades.[58] He then applied and enrolled at California State University, Long Beach, where he became a brother of Theta Chi Fraternity.[59][60]

After taking a tour bus to Universal Studios, a chance conversation with an executive led to Spielberg getting a three-day pass to the premises, allowing him to come back the next day. On the fourth day he walked up to the studio gates without a pass, and the security guard waved him in: "I basically spent the next two months at Universal Studios. And that was how I became an unofficial apprentice that summer."[61]

In 1968, Universal gave Spielberg the opportunity to write and direct a short film for theatrical release, the 26-minute, 35 mm Amblin'. Studio vice president Sidney Sheinberg was impressed by the award-winning film, and offered Spielberg a seven-year directing contract.[62] A year later, he dropped out of college to begin directing television productions for Universal.[63] It made him the youngest director to be signed to a long-term plan with a major Hollywood studio.[64] Spielberg returned to Long Beach in 2002 to complete his Bachelor of Arts in Film and Electronic Media.[65]

Career

1969–1974: Entering film and television

Spielberg's first professional job came when he was hired to direct one of the segments for the 1969 pilot episode of Night Gallery, written by Rod Serling and starring Joan Crawford.[66] Crawford was "speechless, and then horrified" at the thought of a young and inexperienced newcomer directing her. Spielberg attempted to impress his colleagues with fancy camerawork, but executives ordered him to shoot it quickly. His contributions were not well received, thus Spielberg took a short break from the studio.[67] However, Crawford said:

When I began to work with Steven, I understood everything. It was immediately obvious to me, and probably everyone else, that here was a young genius. I thought maybe more experience was important, but then I thought of all of those experienced directors who didn't have Steven's intuitive inspiration and who just kept repeating the same old routine performances. That was called "experience." I knew then that Steven Spielberg had a brilliant future ahead of him. Hollywood doesn't always recognize talent, but Steven's was not going to be overlooked. I told him so in a note I wrote him. I wrote to Rod Serling, too. I was so grateful that he had approved Steven as the director. I told him he had been totally right.[68]

In the early 1970s, Spielberg unsuccessfully tried to raise financing for his own low-budget films. He turned to writing screenplays with other writers, and then directing television episodes. These included the series: Marcus Welby, M.D., The Name of the Game ("L.A. 2017"), Columbo, Owen Marshall, Counselor at Law and The Psychiatrist.[69] Although unsatisfied with this work,[70] Spielberg used the opportunity to experiment with his techniques and learn about filmmaking. He earned good reviews and impressed producers; he was earning a steady income and relocated to Laurel Canyon, Los Angeles.[69]

Based on the strength of his work, Universal signed Spielberg to do four television films.[71] The first was Duel (1971), adapted from Richard Matheson's short story of the same name. It is about a psychotic tanker truck driver who chases a terrified salesman (Dennis Weaver) down a highway. Impressed with the film, executives decided to promote the film on television. Reviews were mainly positive, and Universal asked Spielberg to shoot more scenes so that Duel could be released to international markets.[72] Several films followed soon after: Something Evil (1972), and Savage (1973). Both features gained mixed reviews.[73]

In 1974, Spielberg made his debut in a theatrical film, The Sugarland Express, about a married couple on the run, desperate to regain custody of their baby from foster parents. Based on a true story,[74] the film would mark the first of many collaborations with the composer John Williams; Spielberg was impressed with his previous soundtracks.[75] The film opened to four hundred theatres in the U.S. to positive reviews,[76] and The Hollywood Reporter wrote that "a major new director is on the horizon."[77] Although the film was honored for Best Screenplay at the 1974 Cannes Film Festival, it was not a commercial success.[75][78] Spielberg blamed Universal's inconsistent marketing for its poor box office results.[76]

1975–1980: Film breakthrough

 
Spielberg and Chandran Rutnam in Sri Lanka during the filming of Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom

Producers Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown took a chance with Spielberg, and gave him the opportunity to direct Jaws (1975), a horror-thriller based on the Peter Benchley novel of the same name. In the film, a great white shark attacks beachgoers at a summer resort town, prompting police chief Martin Brody (Roy Scheider) to hunt it down with the help of a marine biologist (Richard Dreyfuss). Filming proved to be challenging; Spielberg almost drowned and escaped from being crushed by boats. The filming schedule overran by a hundred days, and Universal threatened to cancel production.[79] Against expectations, the film was a critical success; Jaws won three Academy Awards, in Best Film Editing, Best Original Dramatic Score, and Best Sound, and grossed more than $470 million worldwide.[80] It also set the domestic box office record, leading to what the press described as "Jawsmania",[81] and making Spielberg a household name.[82] After watching the unconventional, off-center camera techniques of Jaws, Alfred Hitchcock praised "young Spielberg" for thinking outside the visual dynamics of the theater, saying "He's the first one of us who doesn't see the proscenium arch".[83]

After the success of Jaws, Spielberg turned down an offer to make Jaws 2.[84] He and Richard Dreyfuss re-convened to work on a film about UFOs: Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977). During filming, Spielberg used 65 mm film for the best picture quality, and a new live-action recording system so that the recordings could be duplicated later.[85][86] One of the rare films both written and directed by himself, Close Encounters was very popular with film-goers,[87] and Spielberg received his first Best Director nomination from the Academy Awards. It also earned six more nominations, winning Best Cinematography, and Best Sound Effects Editing.[88] A Special Edition version of the film, featuring both shortened and newly added scenes, was released theatrically in 1980.[89]

His next film was 1979's big-budget action-comedy 1941, about Californians preparing for a Japanese invasion after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Spielberg was self-conscious about doing comedy as he had no prior experience in the genre. However, he was keen on tackling a lighthearted theme.[90] Universal and Columbia agreed to co-finance the film. It grossed over $92.4 million worldwide upon release,[91] but most critics, including the studio heads, disliked the film.[90] Writing for the Los Angeles Times, Charles Champlin described 1941 as "the most conspicuous waste since the last major oil spill, which it somewhat resembles".[92] Another critic wrote "1941 isn't simply a silly slur against any particular race, sex, or generation—it makes war against all humanity."[92]

1981- 1990: Widespread commercial success and production

Next, Spielberg collaborated with Star Wars creator George Lucas on an action adventure, Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981), the first film in the Indiana Jones franchise. The title character was played by Harrison Ford (whom Lucas had previously cast in his Star Wars trilogy as Han Solo). Ford was Spielberg's first choice for the role. Filmed in North Africa, the shoot was difficult but Spielberg said that the experience helped him with his business acumen.[93] The film was a success at the box office,[94] and won five Academy Awards; Spielberg received his second nomination for Best Director, and Best Picture.[95] Raiders of the Lost Ark was considered by Spielberg and Lucas as a homage to the serials of the 1930s and 1940s.[96] Spielberg also began to co-produce films, including 1982's Poltergeist,[94] and directed the segment "Kick The Can" in The Twilight Zone.[97] In a previous segment, Vic Morrow and two child actors were killed in a stunt helicopter crash.[98] Spielberg was not directing or present during the incident, and was cleared of any wrongdoing by the National Transportation Safety Board.[99]

In 1982, Spielberg returned to science fiction with E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial. It tells the story of a young boy (Henry Thomas) and the alien he befriends, who was accidentally left behind by his companions and is attempting to return home. Spielberg shot the film mostly in sequence to keep the children spontaneous towards the climax. E.T. premiered at the 1982 Cannes Film Festival to an ecstatic reaction; producer Kathleen Kennedy recalled, "You couldn't hear the end of the movie because people were on their feet stomping and yelling [...] It was one of the most amazing experiences."[100] A special screening was organized for President Reagan and his wife Nancy, who were emotional by the end of the film.[100] E.T. grossed $700 million worldwide, and spawned a range of merchandise which would eventually earn up to $1 billion.[100] The film was nominated for nine Academy Awards, winning Best Sound Effects, Best Special Effects, and Best Music.[101]

His next directorial feature was the Raiders of the Lost Ark prequel, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984). Working once again with George Lucas and Harrison Ford, the film was shot in the United States, Sri Lanka and China.[102] This film and Gremlins led to the creation of the PG-13 rating because some of the material was not suitable for children under 13.[103] Temple of Doom was rated PG-13 by the MPAA; some scenes depicted children working in the mines.[102] Spielberg later said that he was unhappy with the Temple of Doom because it did not have his "personal touches and love".[104] Nonetheless, the film was a blockbuster hit,[105] and won an Academy Award for Best Special Effects.[104] It was on this project that Spielberg also met his future wife, actress Kate Capshaw, who played Willie Scott in the film.[106]

 
Spielberg, March 1990

In 1984, Spielberg, Frank Marshall, and Kathleen Kennedy founded production company Amblin Entertainment.[107] Between 1984 and 1990, Spielberg served as either producer or executive producer on nineteen feature films;[108] these include: The Goonies, The Money Pit, Joe Versus the Volcano, *batteries not included, Back to the Future, Cape Fear, and Who Framed Roger Rabbit.[109][110][111] In some films, such as Harry and the Hendersons and Young Sherlock Holmes, the title "Steven Spielberg Presents" would be shown in the opening credits.[112] Much of Spielberg's producing work was aimed at children and teens, including cartoons such as Tiny Toon Adventures, Animaniacs, Pinky and the Brain, Freakazoid!, and Family Dog.[113] Spielberg also produced the Don Bluth animations, An American Tail and The Land Before Time.[110]

Beginning in 1985, NBC offered Spielberg a two-year contract on a television series, Amazing Stories; the show was marketed as a blend of The Twilight Zone and Alfred Hitchcock Presents. NBC gave Spielberg creative control and a budget of $1 million for each episode.[114] After two seasons and disappointing ratings, the show was not renewed.[115] Although Spielberg's involvement as a producer would vary widely from project to project,[116] director Robert Zemeckis said that Spielberg would always "respect the filmmaker's vision".[116] Over the next decade, Spielberg's record as a producer brought mixed critical and commercial performance.[116] In 1992, Spielberg began to scale back producing, saying "Producing has been the least fulfilling aspect of what I've done in the last decade."[117] In 1994, he found success producing the successful medical drama ER.[118]

In the early 1980s, Spielberg befriended WarnerMedia CEO Steve Ross, which eventually resulted in him making films for Warner Bros.[119] This started with The Color Purple (1985), an adaptation of Alice Walker's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel of the same name, about a generation of empowered African-American women during depression-era America. It was Spielberg's first film on a serious subject matter, and he expressed reservations about tackling the project: "It's the risk of being judged-and accused of not having the sensibility to do character studies."[120] Starring Whoopi Goldberg and Oprah Winfrey, the film was a box office hit and critics started to take note of Spielberg's foray into the dramatic genre.[120] Roger Ebert rated it as the best film of the year.[121] The film also received eleven Academy Award nominations, and Spielberg won Best Director from the Directors Guild of America.[120]

As China underwent economic reform and opened up to the American film industry, Spielberg shot the first American film in Shanghai since the 1930s.[122] Empire of the Sun (1987), an adaptation of J. G. Ballard's autobiographical novel of the same name, starred John Malkovich and a young Christian Bale.[123] The film tells the story of Jamie Graham (Bale), a young boy who goes from living in a wealthy British family in Shanghai, to becoming a prisoner of war in a Japanese internment camp during World War II. Critical consensus was mixed at the time of release; criticism ranged from the "overwrought" plot, to Spielberg's downplaying of "disease and starvation".[124][125] However, critic Andrew Sarris called it the best film of the year and later included it among the best of the decade.[126] The film was nominated for six Academy Awards,[127] but a commercial disappointment at the box office.[128] Ian Alterman of The New York Times thought it was overlooked by audiences;[129] Spielberg recalled that Empire of the Sun was one of his most enjoyable films to make.[128]

After directing the last two serious films, Spielberg intended to direct the comedy Rain Man, but instead directed the third Indiana Jones film to meet his contractual obligations: Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989).[130] Producer George Lucas, and Harrison Ford returned for the film. Spielberg cast Sean Connery in a supporting role as Henry Jones, Sr.[128] As a result of the mixed reaction to 1984's Temple of Doom, Spielberg toned down the darkness and violence in the third installment.[131] Last Crusade gained mostly respectful reviews and was a box office success, earning $474 million; it was his biggest hit since 1982's E.T.[132] Biographer Joseph McBride wrote that it was a comeback for Spielberg, and Spielberg acknowledged the amount he has learned from making the Indiana Jones series.[132]

Also in 1989, he reunited with Richard Dreyfuss in the romantic drama Always, about a daredevil pilot who extinguishes forest fires. It is a modern remake of one of Spielberg's childhood favorite films, 1943's A Guy Named Joe. The story was personal to him, and he said "As a child I was very frustrated, and maybe I saw my own parents [in A Guy Named Joe]. I was also short of girlfriends. And it stuck with me."[133] Spielberg had discussed the film with Dreyfuss back in 1975, with up to twelve drafts being written before filming commenced.[131] Always was commercially unsuccessful and received mixed reviews.[134][131] Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote, "Always is filled with big, sentimental moments, it lacks the intimacy to make any of this very moving."[135]

1991–1998: Critical and commercial success with accolades

 
Spielberg receiving the Golden Lion by Italian filmmaker Gillo Pontecorvo at the 50th Venice International Film Festival, 1993

After a brief setback in which Spielberg felt "artistically stalled",[136] he returned in 1991 with Hook, about a middle-aged Peter Pan, played by Robin Williams, who returns to Neverland. During filming, Williams, co-stars Dustin Hoffman and Julia Roberts clashed on set due to their personalities; Spielberg told the 60 Minutes program that he would never work with Roberts again.[137] Nominated for five Academy Awards, the studio enjoyed the film but most critics did not, calling it "bloated".[137] Writing for The Washington Post, Desson Howe described the film as "too industrially organized", and thought it was mundane.[138] At the box office, it earned over $300 million worldwide from a $70 million budget.[139] In 1993, Spielberg served as an executive producer for the NBC science fiction series seaQuest DSV;[118] the show was not a hit.[108]

In 1993, Spielberg returned to the adventure genre with Jurassic Park, based on the 1990 novel of the same name by Michael Crichton, and a screenplay by the latter and David Koepp. Jurassic Park is set on a fictional island near Costa Rica, where a team of genetic scientists have created a wildlife park of de-extinct dinosaurs. In a departure from his usual order of planning, Spielberg and the designers storyboarded certain sequences from the novel early on.[140] The film also used computer-generated imagery provided by Industrial Light & Magic; Jurassic Park was completed on time and became the highest-grossing film at the time, and won three Academy Awards.[141] The film's dominance during its theatrical run, as well as Spielberg's $250 million salary, made him self-conscious of his own success.[142]

Also in 1993, Spielberg directed Schindler's List, about Oskar Schindler, a businessman who helped save 1,100 Jews from the Holocaust.[143] Based on Schindler's Ark by Australian novelist Thomas Keneally, Spielberg waited ten years to make the film as he did not feel "mature" enough.[144] He wanted to embrace his heritage,[145][146] and after the birth of his son, Max, he said that "it greatly affected me [...] A spirit began to ignite in me, and I became a Jewish dad".[147] Filming commenced on March 1, 1993, in Poland, while Spielberg was still editing Jurassic Park in the evenings.[148] To make filming "bearable", Spielberg brought his wife and children with him.[149] While Schindler's List was praised by most critics, some reviewers, including filmmaker Claude Lanzmann, criticized the film for its weak representation of the Holocaust.[150] Imre Kertész, a Hungarian author and concentration camp survivor, also disliked the film, saying "I regard as kitsch any representation of the Holocaust that is incapable of understanding or unwilling to understand the organic connection between our own deformed mode of life and the very possibility of the Holocaust."[151] Against expectations, the film was a commercial success, and Spielberg used his percentage of profits to start the Shoah Foundation, a non-profit organization that archives testimonies of Holocaust survivors.[152] Schindler's List won seven Academy Awards, including Best Picture, and Spielberg's first as Best Director.[153] It also won seven BAFTAs, and three Golden Globes.[154][155] According to the American Film Institute, Schindler's List is one of the 100 best American films ever made.[156]

 
Spielberg speaking at the Pentagon on August 11, 1999, after receiving the Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service

In 1994, Spielberg took a break from directing to spend more time with his family, and setup his new film studio, DreamWorks, with Jeffrey Katzenberg and David Geffen.[157][152] Spielberg cited more creative control and distribution improvements as the main reasons for founding his own studio;[158] he and his partners compared themselves to the founders of United Artists back in 1919.[159] DreamWorks' investors included Microsoft founders Paul Allen and Bill Gates.[160] After founding DreamWorks, Spielberg continued to operate Amblin Entertainment and direct films for other studios.[161] Besides film, Spielberg helped design a Jurassic Park-themed attraction at Universal Orlando in Florida.[162] The workload of filmmaking and operating a studio raised questions about his commitments, but Spielberg maintained that "this is all fitting nicely into my life and I'm still home by six and I'm still home on the weekends."[163]

After his hiatus, he returned to directing with a sequel to Jurassic Park: The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997). A loose adaptation of Michael Crichton's novel, The Lost World, the plot follows mathematician Ian Malcolm (Jeff Goldblum) and his researchers who study dinosaurs at a Jurassic Park island, and are confronted by another team with a different agenda. This time, Spielberg wanted the onscreen creatures to be more realistic than in the first film; he used 3D storyboards, computer imagery and robotic puppets.[164] Budgeted at $73 million,[165] The Lost World: Jurassic Park opened in May 1997 and was one of the highest grossing films of the year.[166] The Village Voice critic opined that The Lost World was "better crafted but less fun" that the first film, while The Guardian wrote "It looks like a director on autopilot [...] The special effects brook no argument."[166]

His 1997 feature, Amistad, his first released under DreamWorks, was based on the true story of the events in 1839 aboard the slave ship La Amistad. Producer Debbie Allen, who had read the book Amistad I in 1978, thought Spielberg would be perfect to direct.[167] Spielberg was hesitant taking on the project, afraid that it would be compared to Schindler's List, but he said, "I've never planned my career [...] In the end I do what I think I gotta do."[167] Starring Morgan Freeman, Anthony Hopkins, Djimon Hounsou and Matthew McConaughey, Spielberg used Allen's ten years worth of research to reenact the difficult historical scenes.[165][168] The film struggled to find an audience, and underperformed at the box office;[169] Spielberg admitted that "[Amistad] became too much of a history lesson."[170]

Spielberg's 1998 release was World War II epic Saving Private Ryan, about a group of U.S. soldiers led by Captain Miller (Tom Hanks) sent to bring home a paratrooper whose three older brothers were killed in the same twenty-four hours of the Normandy landing. Filming took place in England, and U.S. Marine Dale Dye was hired to train the actors and keep them in character during the combat scenes. Halfway through filming, Spielberg reminded the cast that they were making a tribute to thank "your grandparents and my dad, who fought in [the war]".[171] Upon release, critics praised the direction and its realistic portrayal of war.[172] The film grossed a successful $481 million worldwide,[173] and Spielberg won a second Academy Award for Best Director.[174] In August 1999, Spielberg and Hanks were awarded the Distinguished Public Service Medal from Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen.[171][175]

1999–2012: Exploring different genres with acclaim

In 2001, Spielberg and Tom Hanks produced Band of Brothers, a miniseries based on Stephen Ambrose's book of the same name.[174] The ten-part HBO series follows Easy Company of the 101st Airborne Division's 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment. The series won a Golden Globe for Best Miniseries.[176] Also in that year, Spielberg returned to film with A.I. Artificial Intelligence, a loose adaptation of the 1969 short story "Supertoys Last All Summer Long" by Brian Aldiss. Filmmaker Stanley Kubrick had first asked Spielberg to direct the feature in 1979. Spielberg tried to make it in the style that Kubrick would have done,[177] though with mixed results according to some reviewers.[178] The plot revolves around an android called David (Haley Joel Osment) who wants to be a real child. Critics thought Spielberg directed with "sentimentality",[179] and Roger Ebert wrote, "Here is one of the most ambitious films of recent years [...] but it miscalculates in asking us to invest our emotions in a character, a machine."[180] The film won five Saturn Awards,[179] and grossed $236 million worldwide.[181]

Spielberg and Tom Cruise collaborated for the futuristic neo-noir Minority Report (2002), based on the short story by Philip K. Dick, about a group of investigators who try to prevent crimes before they are committed. The film received critical acclaim. Roger Ebert named Minority Report as the best film of 2002, and praised its vision of the future.[182] However, critic Todd McCarthy thought there was not enough action.[183] The film earned over $358 million worldwide.[184] Spielberg's next 2002 feature, Catch Me If You Can, is about the adventures of a young con artist (played by Leonardo DiCaprio). Christopher Walken and Tom Hanks also star. It is set in the 1960s; Spielberg said, "I have always loved movies about sensational rogues—they break the law, but you just have to love them for the moxie."[185] At the 75th Academy Awards, Walken and John Williams were nominated for Best Supporting Actor and Best Original Score, respectively.[186] The film was a critical and commercial success.[187]

Spielberg worked with Tom Hanks again, along with Catherine Zeta-Jones and Stanley Tucci in 2004's The Terminal, a lighthearted comedy about an Eastern European man stranded in an airport. The Terminal was praised for its production design, and a success at the theaters, although reviews were mixed.[188] In 2005, Spielberg directed a modern adaptation of War of the Worlds, a co-production of Paramount and DreamWorks, based on H. G. Wells' book of the same name; Spielberg had been a fan of the book and the 1953 film.[189] Starring Tom Cruise and Dakota Fanning, the film follows an American dock worker who is forced to look after his children, from whom he lives separately, as he tries to protect and reunite them with their mother when extraterrestrials invade Earth. Spielberg used storyboards to help the actors react to computer imagery that they could not see, and used natural lighting and camerawork to avoid an "over stylized" science fiction picture.[190] Upon release, the film was a box office hit, grossing over $600 million worldwide.[191]

Spielberg's Munich (2005), is about the Israeli government's secret retaliation after eleven Israeli Olympic athletes were kidnapped and murdered in the 1972 Munich massacre. The film is based on Vengeance, a book by Canadian journalist George Jonas.[192] It was previously adapted for the screen in the 1986 television film Sword of Gideon. Spielberg, who personally remembers the incident, sought advice from former President Bill Clinton, among others, before making the film because he did not want to cause further problems in the Middle East.[192] Although the film garnered mostly positive reviews, some critics perceived it as anti-Semitic;[193] it is one of Spielberg's most controversial films to date.[194] Munich received five Academy Awards nominations: Best Picture, Best Film Editing, Best Score, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Director for Spielberg. It was his sixth Best Director nomination, and fifth Best Picture nomination.[195][196]

 
Spielberg with Bill Clinton, 2009

In the mid-2000s, Spielberg scaled down his directing career and became more selective about film projects to undertake.[197] In December 2005, Spielberg and his partners sold DreamWorks to media conglomerate Viacom (now known as Paramount Global). The sale was finalized in February 2006.[196] In June 2006, Spielberg planned to make Interstellar, but abandoned the project, which was eventually directed by Christopher Nolan.[198] During this period, Spielberg remained active as a producer; he produced 2005's Memoirs of a Geisha, an adaptation of the novel by Arthur Golden.[199] Spielberg and Robert Zemeckis executive-produced the animated film Monster House (2006), marking their eighth collaboration. He also worked with Clint Eastwood for the first time, co-producing 2006's Flags of Our Fathers, and Letters from Iwo Jima, with Robert Lorenz. Spielberg served as executive producer for 2007's Disturbia, and the Transformers film series.[199] In that same year, Spielberg and Mark Burnett co-produced On the Lot, a reality and competition show about filmmaking.[196]

Spielberg returned to the Indiana Jones series in 2008 with the fourth installment, titled Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull. Released nineteen years after Last Crusade, the film is set in 1957, pitting Indiana Jones (Harrison Ford) against Soviet agents led by Irina Spalko (Cate Blanchett), searching for a telepathic crystal skull. Principal photography was complete in October 2007, and the film was released on May 22, 2008.[200][201] This was his first film not released by DreamWorks since 1997.[202] The film received generally favorable reviews from critics, but some fans were disappointed by the introduction of alien life which was uncharacteristic of the previous films.[203][197] Writing for The Age, Tom Ryan praised Spielberg and George Lucas for their realistic 1950s setting—"The energy on display is impressive".[204] It was a box office success, grossing $790 million worldwide.[205]

 
Spielberg at his masterclass at the Cinémathèque Française in January 2012

In early 2009, Spielberg shot the first film in a planned trilogy of motion capture films based on The Adventures of Tintin, written by Belgian artist Hergé.[206]The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn, was co-produced by Peter Jackson, and released in 2011; it was entirely computer animated.[207] It premiered on October 22 in Brussels, Belgium.[208] The film was released in North American theaters on December 21, in Digital 3D and IMAX.[209] It received generally positive reviews from critics,[210] and grossed over $373 million worldwide.[211] The Adventures of Tintin won Best Animated Feature at the 69th Golden Globe Awards.[212] It was the first non-Pixar film to win the award since the category was introduced.[213]

Spielberg followed up with War Horse, shot in England in the summer of 2010.[214] It was released four days after The Adventures of Tintin, on December 25, 2011. The film is based on the novel of the same name by Michael Morpurgo, published in 1982, and follows the long friendship between a British boy and his horse Joey before and during World War I.[215] Distributed by Walt Disney Studios, with whom DreamWorks made a distribution deal in 2009, War Horse was the first of four consecutive Spielberg films released by Disney. War Horse had an acclaimed response from critics,[215] and was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Picture.[216] In his review for Salon magazine, Andrew O'Hehir wrote, "at this point in his career Spielberg is pursuing personal goals, and everything that's terrific and overly flat and tooth-rottingly sweet about War Horse reflects that."[217]

Spielberg returned to the World War II theme, co-producing the 2010 miniseries The Pacific, with Tom Hanks and Gary Goetzman. The miniseries is centered on the battles in the Pacific Theater.[218] The following year, Spielberg co-created Falling Skies, a science fiction series on the TNT network, with Robert Rodat.[219] Spielberg also produced the 2011 Fox series Terra Nova. Terra Nova begins in the year 2149 when all life on the planet Earth is threatened with extinction resulting in scientists opening a door that allows people to travel back 85 million years to prehistoric times.[220][221] In that same year, he produced J. J. Abrams' thriller, Super 8.[222]

Spielberg directed the historical drama Lincoln (2012), starring Daniel Day-Lewis as President Abraham Lincoln, and Sally Field as Mary Todd Lincoln.[223] Based on Doris Kearns Goodwin's book Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln, the film describes the final four months of Lincoln's life. Written by Tony Kushner, the film was shot in Richmond, Virginia, in late 2011,[224] and was released in the U.S. in November 2012.[225] Lincoln was acclaimed, it earned more than $250 million worldwide,[207] and was nominated for twelve Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director.[226] It won Best Production Design, and Day-Lewis won Best Actor for his portrayal of Lincoln.[215] Donald Clarke from The Irish Times complimented the direction: "Against the odds, Spielberg makes something genuinely exciting of the backstage wheedling."[227]

2013–present: Recent work

It was announced on May 2, 2013, that Spielberg would direct American Sniper,[228] but he left the project before production began.[229] Instead, he directed 2015's Bridge of Spies, a Cold War thriller based on the 1960 U-2 incident, and focusing on James B. Donovan's negotiations with the Soviets for the release of pilot Gary Powers after his aircraft was shot down over Soviet territory. The screenplay was by the Coen brothers, and the film starred Tom Hanks as Donovan, as well as Mark Rylance, Amy Ryan, and Alan Alda.[230] It was filmed in the fall of 2014 in New York City, Berlin and Wroclaw, and was released on October 16.[231][232] Bridge of Spies was popular with critics,[233] and was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Picture; Rylance won Best Supporting Actor, becoming the second actor to win for a performance directed by Spielberg.[234]

In 2016, Spielberg made The BFG, an adaptation of Roald Dahl's children's book, starring newcomer Ruby Barnhill, and Mark Rylance as the titular Big Friendly Giant. DreamWorks bought the rights in 2010, and John Madden had intended to direct.[235] The film was the last to be written by E.T. screenwriter Melissa Mathison before her death.[236] It was co-produced and released by Walt Disney Pictures, marking the first Disney-branded film to be directed by Spielberg. The BFG premiered as an out-of-competition entry at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival,[237][238] and received a wide release in the U.S. on July 1, 2016.[230] The BFG welcomed fair reviews; Michael Phillips of Chicago Tribune compared certain scenes to the works of Alfred Hitchcock and Stanley Kubrick,[239] while Toronto Sun's Liz Braun thought that there were "moments of wonder and delight" but it was too long.[240]

 
Spielberg promoting Ready Player One (2018) in Japan

A year later, Spielberg directed The Post, an account of The Washington Post's printing of the Pentagon Papers.[241] Starring Tom Hanks and Meryl Streep, production began in New York on May 30, 2017.[242] Spielberg stated his attraction to the project: "When I read the first draft of the script, this wasn't something that could wait three years or two years—this was a story I felt we needed to tell today."[243] The film received a wide release on January 12, 2018.[244] The Post gained positive reception; the critic from the Associated Press thought "Spielberg infuses every scene with tension and life and the grandeur of the ordinary that he's always been so good at conveying."[245] In 2017, Spielberg and other filmmakers were featured in the Netflix documentary series Five Came Back, which discussed the contributions of directors Frank Capra, John Ford, John Huston, George Stevens and William Wyler, about their war-related works. Spielberg also served as an executive producer.[246]

Spielberg directed the science fiction Ready Player One (2018), adapted from the novel of the same name by Ernest Cline. It stars Tye Sheridan, Olivia Cooke, Ben Mendelsohn, Lena Waithe, T.J. Miller, Simon Pegg, and Mark Rylance. The plot takes place in 2045 when much of humanity uses virtual reality to escape the real world. Ready Player One began production in July 2016,[247] and was intended to be released on December 15, 2017,[248][249] but was moved to March 2018 to avoid competition with Star Wars: The Last Jedi.[250] It premiered at the 2018 South by Southwest film festival.[251] Spielberg's direction was praised along with the action scenes and visual effects, but many critics thought the film was too long and overused 1980s nostalgia.[252][253]

In 2019, Spielberg filmed West Side Story, an adaptation of the musical of the same name.[254] It stars Ansel Elgort and Rachel Zegler in her film debut with Ariana DeBose, David Alvarez, Mike Faist and Rita Moreno in supporting roles. Written by Tony Kushner, the film stays true to the 1950s setting.[255] West Side Story was released in December 2021 to positive reviews and received seven Academy Award nominations including Best Picture, and Best Director.[256] Spielberg also received nominations from the Golden Globe Awards, Directors Guild of America, and Critics' Choice Movie Awards.[257] The Economist praised the choreography, stating that it "stunningly melds beauty and violence".[258] In March 2022, Spielberg revealed that West Side Story would be the last musical he will direct.[259]

Spielberg's 2022 film The Fabelmans is a fictionalized account of his own adolescence, which he wrote with Tony Kushner.[260] Gabriel LaBelle plays Sammy Fabelman, a character inspired by Spielberg, while Michelle Williams plays Sammy's mother Mitzi Fabelman, Paul Dano plays Burt Fabelman, his father, Seth Rogen plays Bennie Loewy, Burt's best friend and co-worker who becomes Sammy's surrogate uncle, and Judd Hirsch as Mitzi's Uncle Boris.[261][262] Filming began in Los Angeles in July 2021, and the film premiered at the 2022 Toronto International Film Festival on September 10, Spielberg's first appearance at that festival.[263] It received widespread critical acclaim and won the festival's People's Choice Award.[264] It received a limited theatrical release on November 11, 2022, by Universal Pictures, before expanding wide on November 23.[265] Despite the favorable critical reception, West Side Story and The Fabelmans were box office failures, which Variety suggested could be attributed to a decline in the popularity of Spielberg in a film-going environment altered by the COVID-19 pandemic, and the public's loss of interest in prestige films.[266] The Fabelmans received seven Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Original Screenplay.[267][268] It was, however, a major box office success in France and became the highest-rated film of the 21st century in the country, with a 4.9 average from critics on AlloCiné from 42 reviews, with all but 6 giving the film 5 stars. Cahiers du Cinéma wrote that Spielberg, at age 76, had "come to represent like no other, the idea of cinema as wonder, at a time when the relationship to the spectacular and the cinema seems more tormented than ever" and declared that the film will "undoubtedly remain the most important and singular film of his career."[269][270]

Upcoming projects

On January 18, 2023, Spielberg told press at a red carpet event for The Fabelmans that he was executive producing a documentary about John Williams, directed by Laurent Bouzereau with production companies Amblin Television, Imagine Documentaries, and Nedland Media.[271][272][273][274] Other executive producers for the film include Brian Grazer, Ron Howard, Darryl Frank, Justin Falvey, Justin Wilkes, Sara Bernstein, and Meredith Kaulfers.[271] The announcement came days after Williams told Spielberg he was not retiring.[275][276]

In February 2022, Deadline Hollywood reported that Spielberg was developing an original film centered around the character Frank Bullitt, a fictional San Francisco police officer originally portrayed by Steve McQueen in the 1968 film Bullitt. The screenplay is set to be written by Josh Singer, who previously co-wrote The Post for Spielberg. McQueen's son Chad and granddaughter Molly will serve as executive producers.[277] Bradley Cooper was cast as Bullitt in November 2022 and will also serve as producer alongside Spielberg and Kristie Macosko Krieger.[278]

Spielberg had planned to direct Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny, but he was replaced by James Mangold. Spielberg said that he will remain "hands on" as a producer,[279][280] along with Kathleen Kennedy and Frank Marshall. In 2016, it was announced that it would be written by David Koepp,[281] with a release by Disney on July 19, 2019.[282] After a change of filming and release dates,[283][284] it was postponed again when Jonathan Kasdan was announced as the film's new writer.[285] Soon after, a new release date of July 9, 2021, was announced.[286] In May 2019, Dan Fogelman was hired to write a new script, and Kasdan's story, focused on the Nazi gold train, would not be used.[287] In April 2020, it was announced that the release of the film was delayed to July 29, 2022, due to the COVID-19 pandemic,[288] and in October 2021, the release date was again delayed to June 30, 2023.[289] The film began production in the UK in June 2021[290] and finished in February 2022.[291]

In January 2013, HBO confirmed that it was developing a third World War II miniseries based on the book Masters of the Air by Donald L. Miller with Spielberg and Tom Hanks.[292] NME reported in March 2017 that production was under the working title The Mighty Eighth.[293] By 2019, it was confirmed development of the series, Masters of the Air, had moved to Apple TV+.[294] On June 21, 2021, it was announced that Amblin Entertainment signed a deal with Netflix to release multiple new feature films for the streaming service. Under the deal, Amblin is expected to produce at least two films a year for Netflix for an unspecified number of years. It is possible that Spielberg may even direct some projects.[295]

Prospective projects

In May 2009, Spielberg bought the rights to the life story of Martin Luther King Jr., with the intention of being involved as both the producer and director.[296] However, the purchase was made from the King estate, led by son Dexter, while the two other surviving children, the Reverend Bernice and Martin III, immediately threatened to sue, not having given their approvals to the project.[297]

In 2015, it was announced that Spielberg was attached to direct an adaptation of American photojournalist Lynsey Addario's memoir It's What I Do, with Jennifer Lawrence in the lead role.[298]

In April 2018, it was announced that Spielberg would direct a film adaptation of the Blackhawk comic book series. Warner Bros. will distribute the film, with David Koepp writing the script.[299]

In March 2013, Spielberg announced that he was developing a miniseries based on the life of Napoleon.[300] In May 2016, it was announced that Cary Fukunaga is in talks to direct the miniseries for HBO, from a script by David Leland based on extensive research materials accumulated by Stanley Kubrick over the years.[301]

Spielberg was set to film an adaptation of David Kertzer's The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara in early 2017, for release at the end of that year,[302] but production has been postponed. It was first announced in 2014, with Tony Kushner adapting the book for the screen.[303] Mark Rylance, in his fourth collaboration with Spielberg, was announced to star in the role of Pope Pius IX. Spielberg saw more than 2,000 children to play the role of Edgardo Mortara.[304]

During a virtual conversation with Indian filmmaker S. S. Rajamouli in February 2023, Spielberg said that he will not rule out the possibility of a sequel to The Fabelmans, but confirmed that there are currently no immediate plans.[305]

Other ventures

Production

See also: Amblin Entertainment, DreamWorks Pictures, DreamWorks Animation, and Amblin Partners

In 1984, Spielberg, Frank Marshall, and Kathleen Kennedy founded production company Amblin Entertainment.[107] Between 1984 and 1990, Spielberg served as either producer or executive producer on nineteen feature films;[108] these include: The Goonies, The Money Pit, Joe Versus the Volcano, *batteries not included, Back to the Future, Cape Fear, and Who Framed Roger Rabbit.[306][110][111] In some films, such as Harry and the Hendersons and Young Sherlock Holmes, the title "Steven Spielberg Presents" would be shown in the opening credits.[112] Much of Spielberg's producing work was aimed at children and teens, including cartoons such as Tiny Toon Adventures, Animaniacs, Pinky and the Brain, Freakazoid!, and Family Dog.[113] Spielberg also produced the Don Bluth animations, An American Tail and The Land Before Time.[110]

In 1994, Spielberg setup his new film studio, DreamWorks, with Jeffrey Katzenberg and David Geffen.[157][152] Spielberg cited more creative control and distribution improvements as the main reasons for founding his own studio;[158] he and his partners compared themselves to the founders of United Artists back in 1919.[159] DreamWorks' investors included Microsoft founders Paul Allen and Bill Gates.[160] After founding DreamWorks, Spielberg continued to operate Amblin Entertainment and direct films for other studios.

Games

Spielberg has been an avid gamer since 1974; in 2005, Spielberg collaborated with Electronic Arts (EA) on several games including one for the Wii called Boom Blox, and its sequel Boom Blox Bash Party.[307][308] He is also the creator of EA's Medal of Honor series.[309] In 1996, Spielberg helped create and design of LucasArts' adventure game The Dig.[113] He also collaborated with software publishers Knowledge Adventure on the game Steven Spielberg's Director's Chair, which was released in 1996; Spielberg appears in the game to direct the player.[310]

Spielberg played many of LucasArts adventure games, including the first Monkey Island games.[311][312] He owns a Wii, a PlayStation 3, a PSP, and an Xbox 360, and enjoys playing first-person shooters such as the Medal of Honor series and Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare. He dislikes the use of cutscenes in games, and thinks that natural storytelling is a challenge for game developers.[313]

Filmmaking style

Influences

Spielberg has cited Frank Capra's It's A Wonderful Life (1946) as an influence on "family, community and suburbia".[314] He enjoyed the work of Alfred Hitchcock,[45][315] David Lean,[316] John Ford, Stanley Kubrick and John Frankenheimer.[317][318] In college, he was inspired by foreign films directed by Ingmar Bergman, Jacques Tati and François Truffaut. Truffaut was one of his favorite directors.[319] Spencer Tracy has also influenced the characters of Spielberg's films,[320] as did The Twilight Zone series.[66]

Method and themes

Spielberg often uses storyboards to visualize the sequences, with the exceptions being in E.T. and The Color Purple.[321][322] After the experience of filming Jaws, Spielberg learned to leave special effect scenes until last, and exclude the media from filming locations.[323] Spielberg prefers to shoot quickly, with large amounts of coverage (from single-shot to multi-shot setups), so that he will have many options in the editing room.[324] From the beginning of his career, Spielberg's shooting style consisted of extreme high and low camera angles, long takes, and handheld cameras.[325] He favors wide-angle lens for creating depth,[326] and by the time he was making Minority Report, he was more confident with elaborate camera movements.[327]

In an interview with The Tech in 2015, Spielberg described how he chooses the film projects he would work on:

[Sometimes], a story speaks to me, even if it doesn't speak to any of my collaborators or any of my partners, who look at me and scratch their heads and say, "Gee, are you sure you wanna get into that trench for a year and a half?" I love people challenging me that way because it's a real test about my own convictions and [whether] I can be the standing man of my own life and take a stand on a subject that may not be popular, but that I would be proud to add to the body of my work. That's pretty much the litmus test that gets me to say, "Yeah, I'll direct that one."[328]

Spielberg's films contain many similar themes throughout his work. One of his most pertinent themes revolves around "ordinary people in extraordinary circumstances."[317][329] The ordinary people often have limitations, but they succeed in becoming a "hero".[329] A consistent theme in his family-friendly work is a childlike sense of wonder and faith, and "the goodness in humanity will prevail."[329] He has also explored the importance of childhood, loss of innocence, and the need for parental figures.[330] In exploring the parent-child relationship, there is usually a flawed or irresponsible father figure. This theme personally resonates with Spielberg's childhood.[331] Exploring extraterrestrial life is another aspect to his work. Spielberg described himself as like an "alien" during childhood,[332] and this interest came from his father, a science fiction fan.[333]

Collaborators

Michael Kahn has edited all but one of Spielberg's films since the 1970s. Spielberg has also worked consistently with production designer Rick Carter, and writer David Koepp. The producer Kathleen Kennedy is one of Spielberg's longest serving collaborators.[334] Spielberg also displays loyalty to his actors, casting them repeatedly including: Tom Hanks, Harrison Ford, Mark Rylance, Richard Dreyfuss, and Tom Cruise.[335][336][337]

Hanks has collaborated with Spielberg in various projects in both film and television. He first worked with Spielberg in 1998's Saving Private Ryan, for which he received a nomination for Academy Award for Best Actor. Hanks starred in four more films, Catch Me if You Can (2002), The Terminal (2004), Bridge of Spies (2015), and The Post (2017). The pair also executive produced the war miniseries Band of Brothers (2001) and The Pacific (2010), both of which gained them Primetime Emmy Awards.[338][339]

Janusz Kamiński has served as a cinematographer on dozens of Spielberg's films.[340] Kamiński's first collaboration with Spielberg started with the holocaust drama film Schindler's List (1993) for which Kamiński received the Academy Award for Best Cinematography. The film used black and white cinematography. As Spielberg's career evolved from action to drama films, he and Kamiński adopted more handheld camerawork, as evidenced in Schindler's List and Amistad.[341][342] Kamiński would later receive his second Academy Award for cinematography on Saving Private Ryan.[343] The film's opening sequence to re-enact the invasion of Normandy was praised for realism. Kamiński garnered three more Academy Award nominations for his work on War Horse (2011), the historical epic Lincoln (2015), and West Side Story (2021).[344][345]

Spielberg's long-time partnership with composer John Williams began with The Sugarland Express (1974)[346] Williams would return to compose all but five of Spielberg's feature films (the exceptions are Twilight Zone: The Movie, The Color Purple, Bridge of Spies, Ready Player One and West Side Story). Williams won three of his five Academy Awards for Best Original Score for his work on Spielberg's films, which were Jaws (1975), E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982), and Schindler's List (1993). While making Schindler's List, Spielberg approached Williams about composing the score. After seeing a rough, unedited cut, Williams was impressed, and said that composing would be too challenging. He said to Spielberg, "You need a better composer than I am for this film." Spielberg responded, "I know. But they're all dead!"[347] In 2016, Spielberg presented Williams with the 44th AFI Life Achievement Award, the first to be awarded to a composer.[348] Williams scored Spielberg's latest film The Fabelmans (2022), his 29th film collaboration with Spielberg.[349]

Personal life

Spielberg met actress Amy Irving in 1976 when she auditioned for Close Encounters of the Third Kind. After meeting her, Spielberg told his co-producer Julia Phillips, "I met a real heartbreaker last night."[350] Although she was too young for the role, she and Spielberg began dating and she eventually moved into what she described as his "bachelor funky" house.[351] They broke up in 1979.[104] In 1984, they renewed their romance and married in November 1985. Their son, Max, had been born on June 13 of that year.[352] In 1989, the couple divorced; they agreed to live near each other to share custody of their son.[132] Their divorce settlement is one of the most expensive in history.[353][104]

Spielberg met actress Kate Capshaw when he cast her in Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. They married on October 12, 1991; Capshaw converted to Judaism before their marriage.[354][355] Spielberg said he rediscovered "the honor of being a Jew" when they married.[356] He said, "Kate is Protestant and she insisted on converting to Judaism. She spent a year studying, did the "mikveh," the whole thing. She chose to do a full conversion before we were married in 1991, and she married me after becoming a Jew. I think that, more than anything else, brought me back to Judaism."[356] He credits her for the family's level of observance;[357] "This shiksa goddess has made me a better Jew than my own parents", he said.[358] He and his family live in Pacific Palisades, California,[359] and East Hampton, New York.[360]

He has five children with Capshaw: Sasha Rebecca Spielberg (born May 14, 1990), Sawyer Avery Spielberg (born March 10, 1992),[361] and Destry Allyn Spielberg (born December 1, 1996), and two adopted children: Theo Spielberg (born August 21, 1988), and Mikaela George (born February 28, 1996).[102] He also has a stepdaughter, Jessica Capshaw (born August 9, 1976).

In 1997, a man named Jonathan Norman stalked and attempted to enter Spielberg's home; Norman was jailed for 25 years.[362][363] In 2001, Spielberg was stalked by conspiracy theorist and former social worker Diana Napolis. She accused him, and actress Jennifer Love Hewitt, of installing a mind-control device in her brain, and being part of a satanic cult.[364] Napolis was committed to a mental institution, and pled guilty to stalking. She was released on probation with a condition that she have no contact with either Spielberg or Hewitt.[365][366]

Spielberg was diagnosed with dyslexia at age 60.[367]

In 2013, Spielberg purchased the 282-foot (86 m) mega-yacht The Seven Seas for US$182 million. He has put it up for sale and has made it available for charter. At US$1.2 million per month, it is one of the most expensive charters on the market. He has ordered a new 300-foot (91 m) yacht at a reported US$250 million.[368][369]

In 2022, Spielberg was diagnosed with COVID-19 at age 75.[370]

In December 2022, Spielberg was a guest on Desert Island Discs for BBC Radio 4, choosing for his luxury item an H-8 Bolex Camera.[371]

Political views

Spielberg has usually supported U.S. Democratic Party candidates. He has donated over $800,000 to the Democratic party and its nominees. He has been a close friend of former president Bill Clinton and worked with the president for the USA Millennium celebrations. He directed an 18-minute film for the project, scored by John Williams and entitled The American Journey. It was shown at America's Millennium Gala on December 31, 1999, in the National Mall at the Reflecting Pool at the base of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C.[372] Spielberg endorsed Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election; he donated $1 million to Priorities USA Action.[373]

 
Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen escorts Spielberg through a military honor cordon into the Pentagon in 1999.

Spielberg resigned as a member of the national advisory board of the Boy Scouts of America in 2001 because he disagreed with the organization's anti-homosexuality stance.[374][375] In 2007, the Arab League voted to boycott Spielberg's movies after he donated $1 million for relief efforts in Israel during the 2006 Lebanon War.[376][377] On February 20, 2007, Spielberg, Jeffrey Katzenberg, and David Geffen invited Democrats to a fundraiser for Barack Obama.[378]

In February 2008, Spielberg resigned as advisor to the 2008 Summer Olympics in response to the Chinese government's inaction over the War in Darfur.[379] Spielberg said in a statement, "I find that my conscience will not allow me to continue business as usual [...] Sudan's government bears the bulk of the responsibility for these on-going crimes, but the international community, and particularly China, should be doing more."[380] The International Olympic Committee (IOC) respected Spielberg's decision but IOC president Jacques Rogge expressed disappointment: "[Spielberg] certainly would have brought a lot to the opening ceremony in terms of creativity."[381] Chinese state media called Spielberg's comments "unfair".[382]

In September 2008, Spielberg and his wife offered their support to same-sex marriage in California by issuing a statement following their donation of $100,000 to the "No on Proposition 8" campaign fund, a figure equal to the amount of money Brad Pitt donated to the same campaign less than a week prior.[383] In 2018, Spielberg and his wife donated $500,000 to the March for Our Lives student demonstration in favor of gun control in the United States.[384]

Filmography

Main article: Steven Spielberg filmography

Prolific in film since the 1960s, Spielberg has directed 34 feature films, and co-produced many works.

Directed features
Year Title Distributor
1971 Duel Universal Pictures
1974 The Sugarland Express
1975 Jaws
1977 Close Encounters of the Third Kind Columbia Pictures
1979 1941 Universal Pictures / Columbia Pictures
1981 Raiders of the Lost Ark Paramount Pictures
1982 E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial Universal Pictures
1984 Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom Paramount Pictures
1985 The Color Purple Warner Bros.
1987 Empire of the Sun
1989 Always Universal Pictures
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade Paramount Pictures
1991 Hook TriStar Pictures
1993 Jurassic Park Universal Pictures
Schindler's List
1997 The Lost World: Jurassic Park
Amistad DreamWorks Pictures
1998 Saving Private Ryan DreamWorks Pictures / Paramount Pictures
2001 A.I. Artificial Intelligence Warner Bros. Pictures / DreamWorks Pictures
2002 Minority Report 20th Century Fox
Catch Me If You Can DreamWorks Pictures
2004 The Terminal
2005 War of the Worlds Paramount Pictures / DreamWorks Pictures
Munich Universal Pictures / DreamWorks Pictures
2008 Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull Paramount Pictures
2011 The Adventures of Tintin Paramount Pictures / Sony Pictures Releasing
War Horse Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures
2012 Lincoln Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures / 20th Century Fox
2015 Bridge of Spies
2016 The BFG Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures
2017 The Post 20th Century Fox
2018 Ready Player One Warner Bros. Pictures
2021 West Side Story 20th Century Studios
2022 The Fabelmans Universal Pictures

Awards and recognition

See also: List of awards and nominations received by Steven Spielberg
 
Spielberg receiving a public service award presented by U.S. Secretary of Defense William Cohen, 1999
 
Spielberg's shoeprints and handprints in front of the Grauman's Chinese Theatre

Spielberg has won three Academy Awards. He received nine nominations for Best Director, and won twice (for Schindler's List and Saving Private Ryan).[385][386] His third was in Best Picture, for Schindler's List.[153] In 1987, he was awarded the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award for his work as a creative producer.[387] Drawing from his own experiences in Scouting, Spielberg helped the Boy Scouts of America develop a merit badge in cinematography to promote filmmaking as a marketable skill; the badge was launched at the 1989 National Scout Jamboree.[388] In 1989, Spielberg was presented with the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award.[389] Spielberg received the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1995.[390]

In 1998, he was awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany. The award was presented to him by President Roman Herzog in recognition of Schindler's List and work with the Shoah Foundation.[391] Spielberg was awarded the Medal for Distinguished Public Service in 1999, in recognition for Saving Private Ryan.[392] For the same film, he also received an award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures by the Directors Guild of America.[392] The next year, he received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Directors Guild of America.[393]

Spielberg was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2003, located on 6801 Hollywood Boulevard.[394] Additionally, he was awarded the Blessed are the Peacemakers Award from the Catholic Theological Union in 2003.[395] On July 15, 2006, Spielberg was awarded the Gold Hugo Lifetime Achievement Award at the Summer Gala of the Chicago International Film Festival,[396] and was awarded a Kennedy Center honor on December 3.[397] The tribute to Spielberg featured a biographical short film narrated by Liam Neeson, and a performance of the finale to Leonard Bernstein's Candide, conducted by John Williams.[398]

The Science Fiction Hall of Fame inducted Spielberg in 2005, the first year it considered non-literary contributors.[399][400] He was a recipient of the Visual Effects Society Lifetime Achievement Award in February 2008; it is awarded for "significant and lasting contributions to the art and science of the visual effects industry."[401] In 2009, Spielberg was awarded the Cecil B. DeMille Award by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association for "outstanding contributions to the world of entertainment".[393]

In 2001, he was appointed as an honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) by Queen Elizabeth II for services to the British film industry.[402][403] In 2004, he was awarded France's highest civil honor, the Légion d'Honneur by President Jacques Chirac.[404] In June 2008, Spielberg received Arizona State University's Hugh Downs Award for Communication Excellence.[405] In October 2009, Spielberg received the Philadelphia Liberty Medal; the prize was presented by former U.S. President Bill Clinton.[406][407] In October 2011, he was made a Commander of the Order of the Belgian Crown, one of Belgium's highest honors.[408]

On November 19, 2013, Spielberg was honored by the National Archives and Records Administration with a Records of Achievement Award. Spielberg was given two facsimiles of the 13th Amendment; the first which passed in 1861 but was not ratified, and the second signed by Abraham Lincoln in 1865 to abolish slavery. The amendment and the process of passing it were the subject of his film Lincoln.[409] On November 24, 2015, Spielberg was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama at the White House.[410]

In July 2016, Spielberg was awarded a gold Blue Peter badge by the BBC children's television programme Blue Peter.[411] Spielberg has honorary degrees from the University of Southern California, 1994;[412] Brown University, 1999;[413] Yale University, 2002;[394] Boston University, 2009;[414] and Harvard University, 2016.[415]

Awards and nominations received by Spielberg's films
Year Title Academy Awards BAFTA Awards Golden Globe Awards
Nominations Wins Nominations Wins Nominations Wins
1975 Jaws 4 3 7 1 4 1
1977 Close Encounters of the Third Kind 9 2 9 1 4
1979 1941 3 5
1981 Raiders of the Lost Ark 9 5 7 1 1
1982 E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial 9 4 12 1 5 2
1984 Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom 2 1 4 1
1985 The Color Purple 11 1 5 1
1987 Empire of the Sun 6 6 3 2
1989 Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade 3 1 3 1
1991 Hook 5 1
1993 Jurassic Park 3 3 3 2
Schindler's List 12 7 13 7 6 3
1997 The Lost World: Jurassic Park 1
Amistad 4 4
1998 Saving Private Ryan 11 5 10 2 5 2
2001 A.I. Artificial Intelligence 2 1 3
2002 Minority Report 1 1
Catch Me If You Can 2 4 1 1
2005 War of the Worlds 3
Munich 5 2
2008 Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull 1
2011 The Adventures of Tintin 1 2 1 1
War Horse 6 5 2
2012 Lincoln 12 2 10 1 7 1
2015 Bridge of Spies 6 1 9 1 1
2016 The BFG 1
2017 The Post 2 6
2018 Ready Player One 1 1
2021 West Side Story 7 1 5 4 3
2022 The Fabelmans 7 1 5 2
Total 147 35 116 22 75 16

Legacy

 
Spielberg at Cannes Film Festival in 2013
 
Spielberg's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame

A figure of the New Hollywood era,[416] Spielberg is one of the most influential and commercially successful film directors of all time.[8][417][418] In 1996, Life magazine named Spielberg the most influential person of his generation.[419] In 2003, Premiere magazine ranked him first place in the list of 100 Most Powerful People in Movies.[8] In 2005, Empire magazine ranked him number one on a list of the greatest film directors of all time.[420] In 2013, Time magazine listed him as one of the 100 most influential people.[421] According to Forbes' magazine of Most Influential Celebrities of 2014, Spielberg was ranked at first place.[422][423][424] As of December 2022, Forbes estimates his net worth at $4 billion.[425]

His work is admired by many other directors, including Robert Aldrich,[426] Ingmar Bergman,[427] Werner Herzog,[428] Stanley Kubrick,[429] David Lean,[430] Sidney Lumet,[431] Roman Polanski,[432] Martin Scorsese,[433] François Truffaut,[434] Jean Renoir[435] and David Lynch.[436] Spielberg's films have also influenced directors J. J. Abrams,[437] Paul Thomas Anderson,[438] Neill Blomkamp,[439] Roland Emmerich,[440] Peter Jackson,[441] Kal Ng,[442] Robert Rodriguez,[443] John Sayles,[444] Ridley Scott,[445] John Singleton,[446] Kevin Smith,[447] Don Hertzfeldt[448] and Gareth Edwards.[449]

In 2004, film critic Tom Shone said of Spielberg, "If you have to point to any one director of the last twenty-five years [1979–2004] in whose work the medium of film was most fully itself – where we found out what it does best when left to its own devices, it has to be that guy."[450] Jess Cagle, former editor of Entertainment Weekly, called Spielberg "... arguably (well, who would argue?) the greatest filmmaker in history."[451] Stephen Rowley, writing for Senses of Cinema, discussed Spielberg's strengths as a filmmaker, saying "there is a welcome complexity of tone and approach in these later films that defies the lazy stereotypes often bandied about his films", and that "Spielberg continues to take risks, with his body of work continuing to grow more impressive and ambitious", concluding that he has only received "limited, begrudging recognition" from critics.[452] In a 1999 "Millennium Movies" survey of British film fans run by the Sky Premier channel, Spielberg had seven films in the top 100, which made him the most popular director.[453]

Critics of Spielberg have argued that his films are commonly sentimental and moralistic.[454][455][452] In Easy Riders, Raging Bulls, Peter Biskind wrote that Spielberg is "infantilizing the audience, reconstituting the spectator as child, then overwhelming him and her with sound and spectacle, obliterating irony, aesthetic self-consciousness, and critical reflection."[456] Critic Ray Carney and actor Crispin Glover opined that Spielberg's works lack depth and do not take risks.[457][458] Filmmaker Jean-Luc Godard opined that Spielberg was partly responsible for the lack of artistic merit in mainstream cinema, and accused Spielberg of using Schindler's List to profit from a tragedy.[459] In defense of Spielberg, critic Roger Ebert said "Has Godard or any other director living or dead done more than Spielberg, with his Holocaust Project, to honor and preserve the memories of the survivors?"[460]

Seven of his films have been inducted into the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant": Jaws, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Raiders of the Lost Ark, E.T., Jurassic Park, Schindler's List, and Saving Private Ryan.[4]

See also

References

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May 09, 2023
steven, spielberg, spielberg, redirects, here, other, uses, spielberg, disambiguation, steven, allan, spielberg, ɜːr, born, december, 1946, american, filmmaker, major, figure, hollywood, pioneer, modern, blockbuster, most, commercially, successful, director, h. Spielberg redirects here For other uses see Spielberg disambiguation Steven Allan Spielberg KBE ˈ s p iː l b ɜːr ɡ born December 18 1946 is an American filmmaker 1 A major figure of the New Hollywood era and pioneer of the modern blockbuster he is the most commercially successful director in history 2 He is the recipient of many accolades including three Academy Awards two BAFTA Awards and four Directors Guild of America Awards as well as the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1995 the Kennedy Center Honor in 2006 the Cecil B DeMille Award in 2009 and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2015 Seven of his films have been inducted into the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as culturally historically or aesthetically significant 3 4 Steven SpielbergKBESpielberg in 2017BornSteven Allan Spielberg 1946 12 18 December 18 1946 age 76 Cincinnati Ohio U S Alma materCalifornia State University Long Beach BA OccupationsFilm directorfilm producerscreenwriterYears active1969 presentWorksFilmographySpousesAmy Irving m 1985 div 1989 wbr Kate Capshaw m 1991 wbr Children6 including SashaParentsArnold SpielbergLeah PosnerRelativesAnne Spielberg sister Jessica Capshaw stepdaughter AwardsListSignatureSpielberg was born in Cincinnati Ohio and grew up in Phoenix Arizona 1 He moved to California and studied film in college After directing several episodes for television including Night Gallery and Columbo he directed the television film Duel 1971 which later received an international theatrical release He made his theatrical film debut with The Sugarland Express 1974 and became a household name with the 1975 summer blockbuster Jaws He then directed huge box office successes Close Encounters of the Third Kind 1977 E T the Extra Terrestrial 1982 and the Indiana Jones original trilogy 1981 89 All these films were among the top ten highest grossing films of the 1970s and 1980s with Jaws and E T the Extra Terrestrial the highest grossing film ever at the time of their respective releases He subsequently explored drama in The Color Purple 1985 and Empire of the Sun 1987 In 1993 Spielberg directed back to back box office hits with the science fiction thriller Jurassic Park the highest grossing film ever at the time and the Holocaust drama Schindler s List which has often been listed as one of the greatest films ever made He won the Academy Award for Best Director for the latter and the 1998 World War II epic Saving Private Ryan Spielberg continued in the 2000s with science fiction films A I Artificial Intelligence 2001 Minority Report 2002 and War of the Worlds 2005 He also directed the adventure films The Adventures of Tintin 2011 and Ready Player One 2018 the historical dramas Amistad 1997 Munich 2005 War Horse 2011 Lincoln 2012 Bridge of Spies 2015 and The Post 2017 the musical West Side Story 2021 and the semi autobiographical drama The Fabelmans 2022 Spielberg co founded Amblin Entertainment and DreamWorks and he has served as a producer for many successful films and television series He has had a long collaboration with the composer John Williams with whom he has worked for all but five of his feature films 5 6 Several of Spielberg s works are considered among the greatest films in history and some are among the highest grossing films ever 7 Premiere ranked him first place in the list of 100 Most Powerful People in Movies in 2003 8 In 2013 Time listed him as one of the 100 most influential people 9 and in 2023 Spielberg was the recipient of the first ever TIME100 Impact Award in the U S 10 Contents 1 Early life and background 2 Career 2 1 1969 1974 Entering film and television 2 2 1975 1980 Film breakthrough 2 3 1981 1990 Widespread commercial success and production 2 4 1991 1998 Critical and commercial success with accolades 2 5 1999 2012 Exploring different genres with acclaim 2 6 2013 present Recent work 2 7 Upcoming projects 2 8 Prospective projects 3 Other ventures 3 1 Production 3 2 Games 4 Filmmaking style 4 1 Influences 4 2 Method and themes 4 3 Collaborators 5 Personal life 6 Political views 7 Filmography 8 Awards and recognition 9 Legacy 10 See also 11 References 11 1 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External linksEarly life and backgroundSteven Allan Spielberg was born on December 18 1946 in Cincinnati Ohio 11 12 His mother Leah nee Posner later Adler 1920 2017 13 was a restaurateur and concert pianist and his father Arnold Spielberg 1917 2020 14 was an electrical engineer involved in the development of computers His immediate family were situationally 15 Reform Jewish Orthodox Jewish 16 17 Spielberg s paternal grandparents were Jews from Ukraine 18 19 his grandmother Rebecca maiden name Chechik was from Sudylkiv and his grandfather Shmuel Spielberg was from Kamianets Podilskyi 20 21 Schmuel escaped to Cincinnati in 1906 to avoid being drafted into the Russian army and he brought his fiancee Rebecca there in 1908 22 Spielberg has three younger sisters Anne Sue and Nancy 23 In 1952 his family moved to Haddon Township New Jersey after his father was hired by RCA 24 Spielberg attended Hebrew school from 1953 to 1957 in classes taught by Rabbi Albert L Lewis 25 In early 1957 the family moved to Phoenix Arizona 26 27 Spielberg had a bar mitzvah ceremony when he was thirteen 28 His family was involved in the synagogue and had many Jewish friends 29 Of the Holocaust he said that his parents talked about it all the time and so it was always on my mind 29 His father had lost between sixteen and twenty relatives in the Holocaust 21 Spielberg found it difficult accepting his heritage he said It isn t something I enjoy admitting but when I was seven eight nine years old God forgive me I was embarrassed because we were Orthodox Jews I was embarrassed by the outward perception of my parents Jewish practices I was never really ashamed to be Jewish but I was uneasy at times 30 31 Spielberg also suffered from anti Semitism In high school I got smacked and kicked around Two bloody noses It was horrible 32 33 21 He grew away from Judaism during adolescence after his family had moved to various neighborhoods and found themselves to be the only Jews 34 35 Spielberg s interest in film started at a young age At age 12 he made his first home movie a train wreck involving his toy Lionel trains 36 In 1958 he became a Boy Scout and fulfilled a requirement for the photography merit badge by making a nine minute 8 mm film titled The Last Gunfight 37 38 He eventually attained the rank of Eagle Scout 39 Spielberg used his father s movie camera to make amateur features and began taking the camera along on every Scout trip 40 At age 13 Spielberg made a 40 minute war film titled Escape to Nowhere with a cast of school classmates The film won first prize in a statewide competition 41 42 Throughout his early teens and after entering high school Spielberg made about fifteen to twenty 8 mm adventure films 43 44 In Phoenix Spielberg watched films at the local theatre every Saturday 45 Some of the films he cited as early influences include Godzilla King of the Monsters 1956 46 Akira Kurosawa films 47 48 Captains Courageous 1937 Pinocchio 1940 and David Lean s Lawrence of Arabia 1962 which he cited as the film that set me on my journey 49 He attended Arcadia High School in 1961 for three years 50 He wrote and directed his first independent film in 1963 a 140 minute science fiction adventure called Firelight which would later inspire Close Encounters of The Third Kind The film was mainly funded by his father which had a budget of under 600 and was shown in a local theatre for one evening 51 52 In the summer of 1964 he worked as an unpaid assistant at Universal Studios editorial department 53 54 His family later moved to Saratoga California where he attended Saratoga High School graduating in 1965 55 A year later his parents divorced Spielberg moved to Los Angeles to stay with his father 56 while his three sisters and mother remained in Saratoga He was not interested in academics he aspired to be only a filmmaker 57 He applied to the University of Southern California s film school but was turned down because of his mediocre grades 58 He then applied and enrolled at California State University Long Beach where he became a brother of Theta Chi Fraternity 59 60 After taking a tour bus to Universal Studios a chance conversation with an executive led to Spielberg getting a three day pass to the premises allowing him to come back the next day On the fourth day he walked up to the studio gates without a pass and the security guard waved him in I basically spent the next two months at Universal Studios And that was how I became an unofficial apprentice that summer 61 In 1968 Universal gave Spielberg the opportunity to write and direct a short film for theatrical release the 26 minute 35 mm Amblin Studio vice president Sidney Sheinberg was impressed by the award winning film and offered Spielberg a seven year directing contract 62 A year later he dropped out of college to begin directing television productions for Universal 63 It made him the youngest director to be signed to a long term plan with a major Hollywood studio 64 Spielberg returned to Long Beach in 2002 to complete his Bachelor of Arts in Film and Electronic Media 65 Career1969 1974 Entering film and television Spielberg s first professional job came when he was hired to direct one of the segments for the 1969 pilot episode of Night Gallery written by Rod Serling and starring Joan Crawford 66 Crawford was speechless and then horrified at the thought of a young and inexperienced newcomer directing her Spielberg attempted to impress his colleagues with fancy camerawork but executives ordered him to shoot it quickly His contributions were not well received thus Spielberg took a short break from the studio 67 However Crawford said When I began to work with Steven I understood everything It was immediately obvious to me and probably everyone else that here was a young genius I thought maybe more experience was important but then I thought of all of those experienced directors who didn t have Steven s intuitive inspiration and who just kept repeating the same old routine performances That was called experience I knew then that Steven Spielberg had a brilliant future ahead of him Hollywood doesn t always recognize talent but Steven s was not going to be overlooked I told him so in a note I wrote him I wrote to Rod Serling too I was so grateful that he had approved Steven as the director I told him he had been totally right 68 In the early 1970s Spielberg unsuccessfully tried to raise financing for his own low budget films He turned to writing screenplays with other writers and then directing television episodes These included the series Marcus Welby M D The Name of the Game L A 2017 Columbo Owen Marshall Counselor at Law and The Psychiatrist 69 Although unsatisfied with this work 70 Spielberg used the opportunity to experiment with his techniques and learn about filmmaking He earned good reviews and impressed producers he was earning a steady income and relocated to Laurel Canyon Los Angeles 69 Based on the strength of his work Universal signed Spielberg to do four television films 71 The first was Duel 1971 adapted from Richard Matheson s short story of the same name It is about a psychotic tanker truck driver who chases a terrified salesman Dennis Weaver down a highway Impressed with the film executives decided to promote the film on television Reviews were mainly positive and Universal asked Spielberg to shoot more scenes so that Duel could be released to international markets 72 Several films followed soon after Something Evil 1972 and Savage 1973 Both features gained mixed reviews 73 In 1974 Spielberg made his debut in a theatrical film The Sugarland Express about a married couple on the run desperate to regain custody of their baby from foster parents Based on a true story 74 the film would mark the first of many collaborations with the composer John Williams Spielberg was impressed with his previous soundtracks 75 The film opened to four hundred theatres in the U S to positive reviews 76 and The Hollywood Reporter wrote that a major new director is on the horizon 77 Although the film was honored for Best Screenplay at the 1974 Cannes Film Festival it was not a commercial success 75 78 Spielberg blamed Universal s inconsistent marketing for its poor box office results 76 1975 1980 Film breakthrough Spielberg and Chandran Rutnam in Sri Lanka during the filming of Indiana Jones and the Temple of DoomProducers Richard D Zanuck and David Brown took a chance with Spielberg and gave him the opportunity to direct Jaws 1975 a horror thriller based on the Peter Benchley novel of the same name In the film a great white shark attacks beachgoers at a summer resort town prompting police chief Martin Brody Roy Scheider to hunt it down with the help of a marine biologist Richard Dreyfuss Filming proved to be challenging Spielberg almost drowned and escaped from being crushed by boats The filming schedule overran by a hundred days and Universal threatened to cancel production 79 Against expectations the film was a critical success Jaws won three Academy Awards in Best Film Editing Best Original Dramatic Score and Best Sound and grossed more than 470 million worldwide 80 It also set the domestic box office record leading to what the press described as Jawsmania 81 and making Spielberg a household name 82 After watching the unconventional off center camera techniques of Jaws Alfred Hitchcock praised young Spielberg for thinking outside the visual dynamics of the theater saying He s the first one of us who doesn t see the proscenium arch 83 After the success of Jaws Spielberg turned down an offer to make Jaws 2 84 He and Richard Dreyfuss re convened to work on a film about UFOs Close Encounters of the Third Kind 1977 During filming Spielberg used 65 mm film for the best picture quality and a new live action recording system so that the recordings could be duplicated later 85 86 One of the rare films both written and directed by himself Close Encounters was very popular with film goers 87 and Spielberg received his first Best Director nomination from the Academy Awards It also earned six more nominations winning Best Cinematography and Best Sound Effects Editing 88 A Special Edition version of the film featuring both shortened and newly added scenes was released theatrically in 1980 89 His next film was 1979 s big budget action comedy 1941 about Californians preparing for a Japanese invasion after the attack on Pearl Harbor Spielberg was self conscious about doing comedy as he had no prior experience in the genre However he was keen on tackling a lighthearted theme 90 Universal and Columbia agreed to co finance the film It grossed over 92 4 million worldwide upon release 91 but most critics including the studio heads disliked the film 90 Writing for the Los Angeles Times Charles Champlin described 1941 as the most conspicuous waste since the last major oil spill which it somewhat resembles 92 Another critic wrote 1941 isn t simply a silly slur against any particular race sex or generation it makes war against all humanity 92 1981 1990 Widespread commercial success and production Next Spielberg collaborated with Star Wars creator George Lucas on an action adventure Raiders of the Lost Ark 1981 the first film in the Indiana Jones franchise The title character was played by Harrison Ford whom Lucas had previously cast in his Star Wars trilogy as Han Solo Ford was Spielberg s first choice for the role Filmed in North Africa the shoot was difficult but Spielberg said that the experience helped him with his business acumen 93 The film was a success at the box office 94 and won five Academy Awards Spielberg received his second nomination for Best Director and Best Picture 95 Raiders of the Lost Ark was considered by Spielberg and Lucas as a homage to the serials of the 1930s and 1940s 96 Spielberg also began to co produce films including 1982 s Poltergeist 94 and directed the segment Kick The Can in The Twilight Zone 97 In a previous segment Vic Morrow and two child actors were killed in a stunt helicopter crash 98 Spielberg was not directing or present during the incident and was cleared of any wrongdoing by the National Transportation Safety Board 99 In 1982 Spielberg returned to science fiction with E T the Extra Terrestrial It tells the story of a young boy Henry Thomas and the alien he befriends who was accidentally left behind by his companions and is attempting to return home Spielberg shot the film mostly in sequence to keep the children spontaneous towards the climax E T premiered at the 1982 Cannes Film Festival to an ecstatic reaction producer Kathleen Kennedy recalled You couldn t hear the end of the movie because people were on their feet stomping and yelling It was one of the most amazing experiences 100 A special screening was organized for President Reagan and his wife Nancy who were emotional by the end of the film 100 E T grossed 700 million worldwide and spawned a range of merchandise which would eventually earn up to 1 billion 100 The film was nominated for nine Academy Awards winning Best Sound Effects Best Special Effects and Best Music 101 His next directorial feature was the Raiders of the Lost Ark prequel Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom 1984 Working once again with George Lucas and Harrison Ford the film was shot in the United States Sri Lanka and China 102 This film and Gremlins led to the creation of the PG 13 rating because some of the material was not suitable for children under 13 103 Temple of Doom was rated PG 13 by the MPAA some scenes depicted children working in the mines 102 Spielberg later said that he was unhappy with the Temple of Doom because it did not have his personal touches and love 104 Nonetheless the film was a blockbuster hit 105 and won an Academy Award for Best Special Effects 104 It was on this project that Spielberg also met his future wife actress Kate Capshaw who played Willie Scott in the film 106 Spielberg March 1990In 1984 Spielberg Frank Marshall and Kathleen Kennedy founded production company Amblin Entertainment 107 Between 1984 and 1990 Spielberg served as either producer or executive producer on nineteen feature films 108 these include The Goonies The Money Pit Joe Versus the Volcano batteries not included Back to the Future Cape Fear and Who Framed Roger Rabbit 109 110 111 In some films such as Harry and the Hendersons and Young Sherlock Holmes the title Steven Spielberg Presents would be shown in the opening credits 112 Much of Spielberg s producing work was aimed at children and teens including cartoons such as Tiny Toon Adventures Animaniacs Pinky and the Brain Freakazoid and Family Dog 113 Spielberg also produced the Don Bluth animations An American Tail and The Land Before Time 110 Beginning in 1985 NBC offered Spielberg a two year contract on a television series Amazing Stories the show was marketed as a blend of The Twilight Zone and Alfred Hitchcock Presents NBC gave Spielberg creative control and a budget of 1 million for each episode 114 After two seasons and disappointing ratings the show was not renewed 115 Although Spielberg s involvement as a producer would vary widely from project to project 116 director Robert Zemeckis said that Spielberg would always respect the filmmaker s vision 116 Over the next decade Spielberg s record as a producer brought mixed critical and commercial performance 116 In 1992 Spielberg began to scale back producing saying Producing has been the least fulfilling aspect of what I ve done in the last decade 117 In 1994 he found success producing the successful medical drama ER 118 In the early 1980s Spielberg befriended WarnerMedia CEO Steve Ross which eventually resulted in him making films for Warner Bros 119 This started with The Color Purple 1985 an adaptation of Alice Walker s Pulitzer Prize winning novel of the same name about a generation of empowered African American women during depression era America It was Spielberg s first film on a serious subject matter and he expressed reservations about tackling the project It s the risk of being judged and accused of not having the sensibility to do character studies 120 Starring Whoopi Goldberg and Oprah Winfrey the film was a box office hit and critics started to take note of Spielberg s foray into the dramatic genre 120 Roger Ebert rated it as the best film of the year 121 The film also received eleven Academy Award nominations and Spielberg won Best Director from the Directors Guild of America 120 As China underwent economic reform and opened up to the American film industry Spielberg shot the first American film in Shanghai since the 1930s 122 Empire of the Sun 1987 an adaptation of J G Ballard s autobiographical novel of the same name starred John Malkovich and a young Christian Bale 123 The film tells the story of Jamie Graham Bale a young boy who goes from living in a wealthy British family in Shanghai to becoming a prisoner of war in a Japanese internment camp during World War II Critical consensus was mixed at the time of release criticism ranged from the overwrought plot to Spielberg s downplaying of disease and starvation 124 125 However critic Andrew Sarris called it the best film of the year and later included it among the best of the decade 126 The film was nominated for six Academy Awards 127 but a commercial disappointment at the box office 128 Ian Alterman of The New York Times thought it was overlooked by audiences 129 Spielberg recalled that Empire of the Sun was one of his most enjoyable films to make 128 After directing the last two serious films Spielberg intended to direct the comedy Rain Man but instead directed the third Indiana Jones film to meet his contractual obligations Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade 1989 130 Producer George Lucas and Harrison Ford returned for the film Spielberg cast Sean Connery in a supporting role as Henry Jones Sr 128 As a result of the mixed reaction to 1984 s Temple of Doom Spielberg toned down the darkness and violence in the third installment 131 Last Crusade gained mostly respectful reviews and was a box office success earning 474 million it was his biggest hit since 1982 s E T 132 Biographer Joseph McBride wrote that it was a comeback for Spielberg and Spielberg acknowledged the amount he has learned from making the Indiana Jones series 132 Also in 1989 he reunited with Richard Dreyfuss in the romantic drama Always about a daredevil pilot who extinguishes forest fires It is a modern remake of one of Spielberg s childhood favorite films 1943 s A Guy Named Joe The story was personal to him and he said As a child I was very frustrated and maybe I saw my own parents in A Guy Named Joe I was also short of girlfriends And it stuck with me 133 Spielberg had discussed the film with Dreyfuss back in 1975 with up to twelve drafts being written before filming commenced 131 Always was commercially unsuccessful and received mixed reviews 134 131 Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote Always is filled with big sentimental moments it lacks the intimacy to make any of this very moving 135 1991 1998 Critical and commercial success with accolades Spielberg receiving the Golden Lion by Italian filmmaker Gillo Pontecorvo at the 50th Venice International Film Festival 1993 After a brief setback in which Spielberg felt artistically stalled 136 he returned in 1991 with Hook about a middle aged Peter Pan played by Robin Williams who returns to Neverland During filming Williams co stars Dustin Hoffman and Julia Roberts clashed on set due to their personalities Spielberg told the 60 Minutes program that he would never work with Roberts again 137 Nominated for five Academy Awards the studio enjoyed the film but most critics did not calling it bloated 137 Writing for The Washington Post Desson Howe described the film as too industrially organized and thought it was mundane 138 At the box office it earned over 300 million worldwide from a 70 million budget 139 In 1993 Spielberg served as an executive producer for the NBC science fiction series seaQuest DSV 118 the show was not a hit 108 In 1993 Spielberg returned to the adventure genre with Jurassic Park based on the 1990 novel of the same name by Michael Crichton and a screenplay by the latter and David Koepp Jurassic Park is set on a fictional island near Costa Rica where a team of genetic scientists have created a wildlife park of de extinct dinosaurs In a departure from his usual order of planning Spielberg and the designers storyboarded certain sequences from the novel early on 140 The film also used computer generated imagery provided by Industrial Light amp Magic Jurassic Park was completed on time and became the highest grossing film at the time and won three Academy Awards 141 The film s dominance during its theatrical run as well as Spielberg s 250 million salary made him self conscious of his own success 142 Also in 1993 Spielberg directed Schindler s List about Oskar Schindler a businessman who helped save 1 100 Jews from the Holocaust 143 Based on Schindler s Ark by Australian novelist Thomas Keneally Spielberg waited ten years to make the film as he did not feel mature enough 144 He wanted to embrace his heritage 145 146 and after the birth of his son Max he said that it greatly affected me A spirit began to ignite in me and I became a Jewish dad 147 Filming commenced on March 1 1993 in Poland while Spielberg was still editing Jurassic Park in the evenings 148 To make filming bearable Spielberg brought his wife and children with him 149 While Schindler s List was praised by most critics some reviewers including filmmaker Claude Lanzmann criticized the film for its weak representation of the Holocaust 150 Imre Kertesz a Hungarian author and concentration camp survivor also disliked the film saying I regard as kitsch any representation of the Holocaust that is incapable of understanding or unwilling to understand the organic connection between our own deformed mode of life and the very possibility of the Holocaust 151 Against expectations the film was a commercial success and Spielberg used his percentage of profits to start the Shoah Foundation a non profit organization that archives testimonies of Holocaust survivors 152 Schindler s List won seven Academy Awards including Best Picture and Spielberg s first as Best Director 153 It also won seven BAFTAs and three Golden Globes 154 155 According to the American Film Institute Schindler s List is one of the 100 best American films ever made 156 Spielberg speaking at the Pentagon on August 11 1999 after receiving the Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public ServiceIn 1994 Spielberg took a break from directing to spend more time with his family and setup his new film studio DreamWorks with Jeffrey Katzenberg and David Geffen 157 152 Spielberg cited more creative control and distribution improvements as the main reasons for founding his own studio 158 he and his partners compared themselves to the founders of United Artists back in 1919 159 DreamWorks investors included Microsoft founders Paul Allen and Bill Gates 160 After founding DreamWorks Spielberg continued to operate Amblin Entertainment and direct films for other studios 161 Besides film Spielberg helped design a Jurassic Park themed attraction at Universal Orlando in Florida 162 The workload of filmmaking and operating a studio raised questions about his commitments but Spielberg maintained that this is all fitting nicely into my life and I m still home by six and I m still home on the weekends 163 After his hiatus he returned to directing with a sequel to Jurassic Park The Lost World Jurassic Park 1997 A loose adaptation of Michael Crichton s novel The Lost World the plot follows mathematician Ian Malcolm Jeff Goldblum and his researchers who study dinosaurs at a Jurassic Park island and are confronted by another team with a different agenda This time Spielberg wanted the onscreen creatures to be more realistic than in the first film he used 3D storyboards computer imagery and robotic puppets 164 Budgeted at 73 million 165 The Lost World Jurassic Park opened in May 1997 and was one of the highest grossing films of the year 166 The Village Voice critic opined that The Lost World was better crafted but less fun that the first film while The Guardian wrote It looks like a director on autopilot The special effects brook no argument 166 His 1997 feature Amistad his first released under DreamWorks was based on the true story of the events in 1839 aboard the slave ship La Amistad Producer Debbie Allen who had read the book Amistad I in 1978 thought Spielberg would be perfect to direct 167 Spielberg was hesitant taking on the project afraid that it would be compared to Schindler s List but he said I ve never planned my career In the end I do what I think I gotta do 167 Starring Morgan Freeman Anthony Hopkins Djimon Hounsou and Matthew McConaughey Spielberg used Allen s ten years worth of research to reenact the difficult historical scenes 165 168 The film struggled to find an audience and underperformed at the box office 169 Spielberg admitted that Amistad became too much of a history lesson 170 Spielberg s 1998 release was World War II epic Saving Private Ryan about a group of U S soldiers led by Captain Miller Tom Hanks sent to bring home a paratrooper whose three older brothers were killed in the same twenty four hours of the Normandy landing Filming took place in England and U S Marine Dale Dye was hired to train the actors and keep them in character during the combat scenes Halfway through filming Spielberg reminded the cast that they were making a tribute to thank your grandparents and my dad who fought in the war 171 Upon release critics praised the direction and its realistic portrayal of war 172 The film grossed a successful 481 million worldwide 173 and Spielberg won a second Academy Award for Best Director 174 In August 1999 Spielberg and Hanks were awarded the Distinguished Public Service Medal from Secretary of Defense William S Cohen 171 175 1999 2012 Exploring different genres with acclaim In 2001 Spielberg and Tom Hanks produced Band of Brothers a miniseries based on Stephen Ambrose s book of the same name 174 The ten part HBO series follows Easy Company of the 101st Airborne Division s 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment The series won a Golden Globe for Best Miniseries 176 Also in that year Spielberg returned to film with A I Artificial Intelligence a loose adaptation of the 1969 short story Supertoys Last All Summer Long by Brian Aldiss Filmmaker Stanley Kubrick had first asked Spielberg to direct the feature in 1979 Spielberg tried to make it in the style that Kubrick would have done 177 though with mixed results according to some reviewers 178 The plot revolves around an android called David Haley Joel Osment who wants to be a real child Critics thought Spielberg directed with sentimentality 179 and Roger Ebert wrote Here is one of the most ambitious films of recent years but it miscalculates in asking us to invest our emotions in a character a machine 180 The film won five Saturn Awards 179 and grossed 236 million worldwide 181 Spielberg and Tom Cruise collaborated for the futuristic neo noir Minority Report 2002 based on the short story by Philip K Dick about a group of investigators who try to prevent crimes before they are committed The film received critical acclaim Roger Ebert named Minority Report as the best film of 2002 and praised its vision of the future 182 However critic Todd McCarthy thought there was not enough action 183 The film earned over 358 million worldwide 184 Spielberg s next 2002 feature Catch Me If You Can is about the adventures of a young con artist played by Leonardo DiCaprio Christopher Walken and Tom Hanks also star It is set in the 1960s Spielberg said I have always loved movies about sensational rogues they break the law but you just have to love them for the moxie 185 At the 75th Academy Awards Walken and John Williams were nominated for Best Supporting Actor and Best Original Score respectively 186 The film was a critical and commercial success 187 Spielberg worked with Tom Hanks again along with Catherine Zeta Jones and Stanley Tucci in 2004 s The Terminal a lighthearted comedy about an Eastern European man stranded in an airport The Terminal was praised for its production design and a success at the theaters although reviews were mixed 188 In 2005 Spielberg directed a modern adaptation of War of the Worlds a co production of Paramount and DreamWorks based on H G Wells book of the same name Spielberg had been a fan of the book and the 1953 film 189 Starring Tom Cruise and Dakota Fanning the film follows an American dock worker who is forced to look after his children from whom he lives separately as he tries to protect and reunite them with their mother when extraterrestrials invade Earth Spielberg used storyboards to help the actors react to computer imagery that they could not see and used natural lighting and camerawork to avoid an over stylized science fiction picture 190 Upon release the film was a box office hit grossing over 600 million worldwide 191 Spielberg s Munich 2005 is about the Israeli government s secret retaliation after eleven Israeli Olympic athletes were kidnapped and murdered in the 1972 Munich massacre The film is based on Vengeance a book by Canadian journalist George Jonas 192 It was previously adapted for the screen in the 1986 television film Sword of Gideon Spielberg who personally remembers the incident sought advice from former President Bill Clinton among others before making the film because he did not want to cause further problems in the Middle East 192 Although the film garnered mostly positive reviews some critics perceived it as anti Semitic 193 it is one of Spielberg s most controversial films to date 194 Munich received five Academy Awards nominations Best Picture Best Film Editing Best Score Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Director for Spielberg It was his sixth Best Director nomination and fifth Best Picture nomination 195 196 Spielberg with Bill Clinton 2009 In the mid 2000s Spielberg scaled down his directing career and became more selective about film projects to undertake 197 In December 2005 Spielberg and his partners sold DreamWorks to media conglomerate Viacom now known as Paramount Global The sale was finalized in February 2006 196 In June 2006 Spielberg planned to make Interstellar but abandoned the project which was eventually directed by Christopher Nolan 198 During this period Spielberg remained active as a producer he produced 2005 s Memoirs of a Geisha an adaptation of the novel by Arthur Golden 199 Spielberg and Robert Zemeckis executive produced the animated film Monster House 2006 marking their eighth collaboration He also worked with Clint Eastwood for the first time co producing 2006 s Flags of Our Fathers and Letters from Iwo Jima with Robert Lorenz Spielberg served as executive producer for 2007 s Disturbia and the Transformers film series 199 In that same year Spielberg and Mark Burnett co produced On the Lot a reality and competition show about filmmaking 196 Spielberg returned to the Indiana Jones series in 2008 with the fourth installment titled Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull Released nineteen years after Last Crusade the film is set in 1957 pitting Indiana Jones Harrison Ford against Soviet agents led by Irina Spalko Cate Blanchett searching for a telepathic crystal skull Principal photography was complete in October 2007 and the film was released on May 22 2008 200 201 This was his first film not released by DreamWorks since 1997 202 The film received generally favorable reviews from critics but some fans were disappointed by the introduction of alien life which was uncharacteristic of the previous films 203 197 Writing for The Age Tom Ryan praised Spielberg and George Lucas for their realistic 1950s setting The energy on display is impressive 204 It was a box office success grossing 790 million worldwide 205 Spielberg at his masterclass at the Cinematheque Francaise in January 2012 In early 2009 Spielberg shot the first film in a planned trilogy of motion capture films based on The Adventures of Tintin written by Belgian artist Herge 206 The Adventures of Tintin The Secret of the Unicorn was co produced by Peter Jackson and released in 2011 it was entirely computer animated 207 It premiered on October 22 in Brussels Belgium 208 The film was released in North American theaters on December 21 in Digital 3D and IMAX 209 It received generally positive reviews from critics 210 and grossed over 373 million worldwide 211 The Adventures of Tintin won Best Animated Feature at the 69th Golden Globe Awards 212 It was the first non Pixar film to win the award since the category was introduced 213 Spielberg followed up with War Horse shot in England in the summer of 2010 214 It was released four days after The Adventures of Tintin on December 25 2011 The film is based on the novel of the same name by Michael Morpurgo published in 1982 and follows the long friendship between a British boy and his horse Joey before and during World War I 215 Distributed by Walt Disney Studios with whom DreamWorks made a distribution deal in 2009 War Horse was the first of four consecutive Spielberg films released by Disney War Horse had an acclaimed response from critics 215 and was nominated for six Academy Awards including Best Picture 216 In his review for Salon magazine Andrew O Hehir wrote at this point in his career Spielberg is pursuing personal goals and everything that s terrific and overly flat and tooth rottingly sweet about War Horse reflects that 217 Spielberg returned to the World War II theme co producing the 2010 miniseries The Pacific with Tom Hanks and Gary Goetzman The miniseries is centered on the battles in the Pacific Theater 218 The following year Spielberg co created Falling Skies a science fiction series on the TNT network with Robert Rodat 219 Spielberg also produced the 2011 Fox series Terra Nova Terra Nova begins in the year 2149 when all life on the planet Earth is threatened with extinction resulting in scientists opening a door that allows people to travel back 85 million years to prehistoric times 220 221 In that same year he produced J J Abrams thriller Super 8 222 Spielberg directed the historical drama Lincoln 2012 starring Daniel Day Lewis as President Abraham Lincoln and Sally Field as Mary Todd Lincoln 223 Based on Doris Kearns Goodwin s book Team of Rivals The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln the film describes the final four months of Lincoln s life Written by Tony Kushner the film was shot in Richmond Virginia in late 2011 224 and was released in the U S in November 2012 225 Lincoln was acclaimed it earned more than 250 million worldwide 207 and was nominated for twelve Academy Awards including Best Picture and Best Director 226 It won Best Production Design and Day Lewis won Best Actor for his portrayal of Lincoln 215 Donald Clarke from The Irish Times complimented the direction Against the odds Spielberg makes something genuinely exciting of the backstage wheedling 227 2013 present Recent work It was announced on May 2 2013 that Spielberg would direct American Sniper 228 but he left the project before production began 229 Instead he directed 2015 s Bridge of Spies a Cold War thriller based on the 1960 U 2 incident and focusing on James B Donovan s negotiations with the Soviets for the release of pilot Gary Powers after his aircraft was shot down over Soviet territory The screenplay was by the Coen brothers and the film starred Tom Hanks as Donovan as well as Mark Rylance Amy Ryan and Alan Alda 230 It was filmed in the fall of 2014 in New York City Berlin and Wroclaw and was released on October 16 231 232 Bridge of Spies was popular with critics 233 and was nominated for six Academy Awards including Best Picture Rylance won Best Supporting Actor becoming the second actor to win for a performance directed by Spielberg 234 In 2016 Spielberg made The BFG an adaptation of Roald Dahl s children s book starring newcomer Ruby Barnhill and Mark Rylance as the titular Big Friendly Giant DreamWorks bought the rights in 2010 and John Madden had intended to direct 235 The film was the last to be written by E T screenwriter Melissa Mathison before her death 236 It was co produced and released by Walt Disney Pictures marking the first Disney branded film to be directed by Spielberg The BFG premiered as an out of competition entry at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival 237 238 and received a wide release in the U S on July 1 2016 230 The BFG welcomed fair reviews Michael Phillips of Chicago Tribune compared certain scenes to the works of Alfred Hitchcock and Stanley Kubrick 239 while Toronto Sun s Liz Braun thought that there were moments of wonder and delight but it was too long 240 Spielberg promoting Ready Player One 2018 in JapanA year later Spielberg directed The Post an account of The Washington Post s printing of the Pentagon Papers 241 Starring Tom Hanks and Meryl Streep production began in New York on May 30 2017 242 Spielberg stated his attraction to the project When I read the first draft of the script this wasn t something that could wait three years or two years this was a story I felt we needed to tell today 243 The film received a wide release on January 12 2018 244 The Post gained positive reception the critic from the Associated Press thought Spielberg infuses every scene with tension and life and the grandeur of the ordinary that he s always been so good at conveying 245 In 2017 Spielberg and other filmmakers were featured in the Netflix documentary series Five Came Back which discussed the contributions of directors Frank Capra John Ford John Huston George Stevens and William Wyler about their war related works Spielberg also served as an executive producer 246 Spielberg directed the science fiction Ready Player One 2018 adapted from the novel of the same name by Ernest Cline It stars Tye Sheridan Olivia Cooke Ben Mendelsohn Lena Waithe T J Miller Simon Pegg and Mark Rylance The plot takes place in 2045 when much of humanity uses virtual reality to escape the real world Ready Player One began production in July 2016 247 and was intended to be released on December 15 2017 248 249 but was moved to March 2018 to avoid competition with Star Wars The Last Jedi 250 It premiered at the 2018 South by Southwest film festival 251 Spielberg s direction was praised along with the action scenes and visual effects but many critics thought the film was too long and overused 1980s nostalgia 252 253 In 2019 Spielberg filmed West Side Story an adaptation of the musical of the same name 254 It stars Ansel Elgort and Rachel Zegler in her film debut with Ariana DeBose David Alvarez Mike Faist and Rita Moreno in supporting roles Written by Tony Kushner the film stays true to the 1950s setting 255 West Side Story was released in December 2021 to positive reviews and received seven Academy Award nominations including Best Picture and Best Director 256 Spielberg also received nominations from the Golden Globe Awards Directors Guild of America and Critics Choice Movie Awards 257 The Economist praised the choreography stating that it stunningly melds beauty and violence 258 In March 2022 Spielberg revealed that West Side Story would be the last musical he will direct 259 Spielberg s 2022 film The Fabelmans is a fictionalized account of his own adolescence which he wrote with Tony Kushner 260 Gabriel LaBelle plays Sammy Fabelman a character inspired by Spielberg while Michelle Williams plays Sammy s mother Mitzi Fabelman Paul Dano plays Burt Fabelman his father Seth Rogen plays Bennie Loewy Burt s best friend and co worker who becomes Sammy s surrogate uncle and Judd Hirsch as Mitzi s Uncle Boris 261 262 Filming began in Los Angeles in July 2021 and the film premiered at the 2022 Toronto International Film Festival on September 10 Spielberg s first appearance at that festival 263 It received widespread critical acclaim and won the festival s People s Choice Award 264 It received a limited theatrical release on November 11 2022 by Universal Pictures before expanding wide on November 23 265 Despite the favorable critical reception West Side Story and The Fabelmans were box office failures which Variety suggested could be attributed to a decline in the popularity of Spielberg in a film going environment altered by the COVID 19 pandemic and the public s loss of interest in prestige films 266 The Fabelmans received seven Academy Award nominations including Best Picture Best Director and Best Original Screenplay 267 268 It was however a major box office success in France and became the highest rated film of the 21st century in the country with a 4 9 average from critics on AlloCine from 42 reviews with all but 6 giving the film 5 stars Cahiers du Cinema wrote that Spielberg at age 76 had come to represent like no other the idea of cinema as wonder at a time when the relationship to the spectacular and the cinema seems more tormented than ever and declared that the film will undoubtedly remain the most important and singular film of his career 269 270 Upcoming projects On January 18 2023 Spielberg told press at a red carpet event for The Fabelmans that he was executive producing a documentary about John Williams directed by Laurent Bouzereau with production companies Amblin Television Imagine Documentaries and Nedland Media 271 272 273 274 Other executive producers for the film include Brian Grazer Ron Howard Darryl Frank Justin Falvey Justin Wilkes Sara Bernstein and Meredith Kaulfers 271 The announcement came days after Williams told Spielberg he was not retiring 275 276 In February 2022 Deadline Hollywood reported that Spielberg was developing an original film centered around the character Frank Bullitt a fictional San Francisco police officer originally portrayed by Steve McQueen in the 1968 film Bullitt The screenplay is set to be written by Josh Singer who previously co wrote The Post for Spielberg McQueen s son Chad and granddaughter Molly will serve as executive producers 277 Bradley Cooper was cast as Bullitt in November 2022 and will also serve as producer alongside Spielberg and Kristie Macosko Krieger 278 Spielberg had planned to direct Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny but he was replaced by James Mangold Spielberg said that he will remain hands on as a producer 279 280 along with Kathleen Kennedy and Frank Marshall In 2016 it was announced that it would be written by David Koepp 281 with a release by Disney on July 19 2019 282 After a change of filming and release dates 283 284 it was postponed again when Jonathan Kasdan was announced as the film s new writer 285 Soon after a new release date of July 9 2021 was announced 286 In May 2019 Dan Fogelman was hired to write a new script and Kasdan s story focused on the Nazi gold train would not be used 287 In April 2020 it was announced that the release of the film was delayed to July 29 2022 due to the COVID 19 pandemic 288 and in October 2021 the release date was again delayed to June 30 2023 289 The film began production in the UK in June 2021 290 and finished in February 2022 291 In January 2013 HBO confirmed that it was developing a third World War II miniseries based on the book Masters of the Air by Donald L Miller with Spielberg and Tom Hanks 292 NME reported in March 2017 that production was under the working title The Mighty Eighth 293 By 2019 it was confirmed development of the series Masters of the Air had moved to Apple TV 294 On June 21 2021 it was announced that Amblin Entertainment signed a deal with Netflix to release multiple new feature films for the streaming service Under the deal Amblin is expected to produce at least two films a year for Netflix for an unspecified number of years It is possible that Spielberg may even direct some projects 295 Prospective projects In May 2009 Spielberg bought the rights to the life story of Martin Luther King Jr with the intention of being involved as both the producer and director 296 However the purchase was made from the King estate led by son Dexter while the two other surviving children the Reverend Bernice and Martin III immediately threatened to sue not having given their approvals to the project 297 In 2015 it was announced that Spielberg was attached to direct an adaptation of American photojournalist Lynsey Addario s memoir It s What I Do with Jennifer Lawrence in the lead role 298 In April 2018 it was announced that Spielberg would direct a film adaptation of the Blackhawk comic book series Warner Bros will distribute the film with David Koepp writing the script 299 In March 2013 Spielberg announced that he was developing a miniseries based on the life of Napoleon 300 In May 2016 it was announced that Cary Fukunaga is in talks to direct the miniseries for HBO from a script by David Leland based on extensive research materials accumulated by Stanley Kubrick over the years 301 Spielberg was set to film an adaptation of David Kertzer s The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara in early 2017 for release at the end of that year 302 but production has been postponed It was first announced in 2014 with Tony Kushner adapting the book for the screen 303 Mark Rylance in his fourth collaboration with Spielberg was announced to star in the role of Pope Pius IX Spielberg saw more than 2 000 children to play the role of Edgardo Mortara 304 During a virtual conversation with Indian filmmaker S S Rajamouli in February 2023 Spielberg said that he will not rule out the possibility of a sequel to The Fabelmans but confirmed that there are currently no immediate plans 305 Other venturesProduction See also Amblin Entertainment DreamWorks Pictures DreamWorks Animation and Amblin Partners In 1984 Spielberg Frank Marshall and Kathleen Kennedy founded production company Amblin Entertainment 107 Between 1984 and 1990 Spielberg served as either producer or executive producer on nineteen feature films 108 these include The Goonies The Money Pit Joe Versus the Volcano batteries not included Back to the Future Cape Fear and Who Framed Roger Rabbit 306 110 111 In some films such as Harry and the Hendersons and Young Sherlock Holmes the title Steven Spielberg Presents would be shown in the opening credits 112 Much of Spielberg s producing work was aimed at children and teens including cartoons such as Tiny Toon Adventures Animaniacs Pinky and the Brain Freakazoid and Family Dog 113 Spielberg also produced the Don Bluth animations An American Tail and The Land Before Time 110 In 1994 Spielberg setup his new film studio DreamWorks with Jeffrey Katzenberg and David Geffen 157 152 Spielberg cited more creative control and distribution improvements as the main reasons for founding his own studio 158 he and his partners compared themselves to the founders of United Artists back in 1919 159 DreamWorks investors included Microsoft founders Paul Allen and Bill Gates 160 After founding DreamWorks Spielberg continued to operate Amblin Entertainment and direct films for other studios Games Spielberg has been an avid gamer since 1974 in 2005 Spielberg collaborated with Electronic Arts EA on several games including one for the Wii called Boom Blox and its sequel Boom Blox Bash Party 307 308 He is also the creator of EA s Medal of Honor series 309 In 1996 Spielberg helped create and design of LucasArts adventure game The Dig 113 He also collaborated with software publishers Knowledge Adventure on the game Steven Spielberg s Director s Chair which was released in 1996 Spielberg appears in the game to direct the player 310 Spielberg played many of LucasArts adventure games including the first Monkey Island games 311 312 He owns a Wii a PlayStation 3 a PSP and an Xbox 360 and enjoys playing first person shooters such as the Medal of Honor series and Call of Duty 4 Modern Warfare He dislikes the use of cutscenes in games and thinks that natural storytelling is a challenge for game developers 313 Filmmaking styleInfluences Spielberg has cited Frank Capra s It s A Wonderful Life 1946 as an influence on family community and suburbia 314 He enjoyed the work of Alfred Hitchcock 45 315 David Lean 316 John Ford Stanley Kubrick and John Frankenheimer 317 318 In college he was inspired by foreign films directed by Ingmar Bergman Jacques Tati and Francois Truffaut Truffaut was one of his favorite directors 319 Spencer Tracy has also influenced the characters of Spielberg s films 320 as did The Twilight Zone series 66 Method and themes Spielberg often uses storyboards to visualize the sequences with the exceptions being in E T and The Color Purple 321 322 After the experience of filming Jaws Spielberg learned to leave special effect scenes until last and exclude the media from filming locations 323 Spielberg prefers to shoot quickly with large amounts of coverage from single shot to multi shot setups so that he will have many options in the editing room 324 From the beginning of his career Spielberg s shooting style consisted of extreme high and low camera angles long takes and handheld cameras 325 He favors wide angle lens for creating depth 326 and by the time he was making Minority Report he was more confident with elaborate camera movements 327 In an interview with The Tech in 2015 Spielberg described how he chooses the film projects he would work on Sometimes a story speaks to me even if it doesn t speak to any of my collaborators or any of my partners who look at me and scratch their heads and say Gee are you sure you wanna get into that trench for a year and a half I love people challenging me that way because it s a real test about my own convictions and whether I can be the standing man of my own life and take a stand on a subject that may not be popular but that I would be proud to add to the body of my work That s pretty much the litmus test that gets me to say Yeah I ll direct that one 328 Spielberg s films contain many similar themes throughout his work One of his most pertinent themes revolves around ordinary people in extraordinary circumstances 317 329 The ordinary people often have limitations but they succeed in becoming a hero 329 A consistent theme in his family friendly work is a childlike sense of wonder and faith and the goodness in humanity will prevail 329 He has also explored the importance of childhood loss of innocence and the need for parental figures 330 In exploring the parent child relationship there is usually a flawed or irresponsible father figure This theme personally resonates with Spielberg s childhood 331 Exploring extraterrestrial life is another aspect to his work Spielberg described himself as like an alien during childhood 332 and this interest came from his father a science fiction fan 333 Collaborators Michael Kahn has edited all but one of Spielberg s films since the 1970s Spielberg has also worked consistently with production designer Rick Carter and writer David Koepp The producer Kathleen Kennedy is one of Spielberg s longest serving collaborators 334 Spielberg also displays loyalty to his actors casting them repeatedly including Tom Hanks Harrison Ford Mark Rylance Richard Dreyfuss and Tom Cruise 335 336 337 Hanks has collaborated with Spielberg in various projects in both film and television He first worked with Spielberg in 1998 s Saving Private Ryan for which he received a nomination for Academy Award for Best Actor Hanks starred in four more films Catch Me if You Can 2002 The Terminal 2004 Bridge of Spies 2015 and The Post 2017 The pair also executive produced the war miniseries Band of Brothers 2001 and The Pacific 2010 both of which gained them Primetime Emmy Awards 338 339 Janusz Kaminski has served as a cinematographer on dozens of Spielberg s films 340 Kaminski s first collaboration with Spielberg started with the holocaust drama film Schindler s List 1993 for which Kaminski received the Academy Award for Best Cinematography The film used black and white cinematography As Spielberg s career evolved from action to drama films he and Kaminski adopted more handheld camerawork as evidenced in Schindler s List and Amistad 341 342 Kaminski would later receive his second Academy Award for cinematography on Saving Private Ryan 343 The film s opening sequence to re enact the invasion of Normandy was praised for realism Kaminski garnered three more Academy Award nominations for his work on War Horse 2011 the historical epic Lincoln 2015 and West Side Story 2021 344 345 Spielberg s long time partnership with composer John Williams began with The Sugarland Express 1974 346 Williams would return to compose all but five of Spielberg s feature films the exceptions are Twilight Zone The Movie The Color Purple Bridge of Spies Ready Player One and West Side Story Williams won three of his five Academy Awards for Best Original Score for his work on Spielberg s films which were Jaws 1975 E T the Extra Terrestrial 1982 and Schindler s List 1993 While making Schindler s List Spielberg approached Williams about composing the score After seeing a rough unedited cut Williams was impressed and said that composing would be too challenging He said to Spielberg You need a better composer than I am for this film Spielberg responded I know But they re all dead 347 In 2016 Spielberg presented Williams with the 44th AFI Life Achievement Award the first to be awarded to a composer 348 Williams scored Spielberg s latest film The Fabelmans 2022 his 29th film collaboration with Spielberg 349 Personal lifeSpielberg met actress Amy Irving in 1976 when she auditioned for Close Encounters of the Third Kind After meeting her Spielberg told his co producer Julia Phillips I met a real heartbreaker last night 350 Although she was too young for the role she and Spielberg began dating and she eventually moved into what she described as his bachelor funky house 351 They broke up in 1979 104 In 1984 they renewed their romance and married in November 1985 Their son Max had been born on June 13 of that year 352 In 1989 the couple divorced they agreed to live near each other to share custody of their son 132 Their divorce settlement is one of the most expensive in history 353 104 Spielberg met actress Kate Capshaw when he cast her in Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom They married on October 12 1991 Capshaw converted to Judaism before their marriage 354 355 Spielberg said he rediscovered the honor of being a Jew when they married 356 He said Kate is Protestant and she insisted on converting to Judaism She spent a year studying did the mikveh the whole thing She chose to do a full conversion before we were married in 1991 and she married me after becoming a Jew I think that more than anything else brought me back to Judaism 356 He credits her for the family s level of observance 357 This shiksa goddess has made me a better Jew than my own parents he said 358 He and his family live in Pacific Palisades California 359 and East Hampton New York 360 He has five children with Capshaw Sasha Rebecca Spielberg born May 14 1990 Sawyer Avery Spielberg born March 10 1992 361 and Destry Allyn Spielberg born December 1 1996 and two adopted children Theo Spielberg born August 21 1988 and Mikaela George born February 28 1996 102 He also has a stepdaughter Jessica Capshaw born August 9 1976 In 1997 a man named Jonathan Norman stalked and attempted to enter Spielberg s home Norman was jailed for 25 years 362 363 In 2001 Spielberg was stalked by conspiracy theorist and former social worker Diana Napolis She accused him and actress Jennifer Love Hewitt of installing a mind control device in her brain and being part of a satanic cult 364 Napolis was committed to a mental institution and pled guilty to stalking She was released on probation with a condition that she have no contact with either Spielberg or Hewitt 365 366 Spielberg was diagnosed with dyslexia at age 60 367 In 2013 Spielberg purchased the 282 foot 86 m mega yacht The Seven Seas for US 182 million He has put it up for sale and has made it available for charter At US 1 2 million per month it is one of the most expensive charters on the market He has ordered a new 300 foot 91 m yacht at a reported US 250 million 368 369 In 2022 Spielberg was diagnosed with COVID 19 at age 75 370 In December 2022 Spielberg was a guest on Desert Island Discs for BBC Radio 4 choosing for his luxury item an H 8 Bolex Camera 371 Political viewsSpielberg has usually supported U S Democratic Party candidates He has donated over 800 000 to the Democratic party and its nominees He has been a close friend of former president Bill Clinton and worked with the president for the USA Millennium celebrations He directed an 18 minute film for the project scored by John Williams and entitled The American Journey It was shown at America s Millennium Gala on December 31 1999 in the National Mall at the Reflecting Pool at the base of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D C 372 Spielberg endorsed Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election he donated 1 million to Priorities USA Action 373 Secretary of Defense William S Cohen escorts Spielberg through a military honor cordon into the Pentagon in 1999 Spielberg resigned as a member of the national advisory board of the Boy Scouts of America in 2001 because he disagreed with the organization s anti homosexuality stance 374 375 In 2007 the Arab League voted to boycott Spielberg s movies after he donated 1 million for relief efforts in Israel during the 2006 Lebanon War 376 377 On February 20 2007 Spielberg Jeffrey Katzenberg and David Geffen invited Democrats to a fundraiser for Barack Obama 378 In February 2008 Spielberg resigned as advisor to the 2008 Summer Olympics in response to the Chinese government s inaction over the War in Darfur 379 Spielberg said in a statement I find that my conscience will not allow me to continue business as usual Sudan s government bears the bulk of the responsibility for these on going crimes but the international community and particularly China should be doing more 380 The International Olympic Committee IOC respected Spielberg s decision but IOC president Jacques Rogge expressed disappointment Spielberg certainly would have brought a lot to the opening ceremony in terms of creativity 381 Chinese state media called Spielberg s comments unfair 382 In September 2008 Spielberg and his wife offered their support to same sex marriage in California by issuing a statement following their donation of 100 000 to the No on Proposition 8 campaign fund a figure equal to the amount of money Brad Pitt donated to the same campaign less than a week prior 383 In 2018 Spielberg and his wife donated 500 000 to the March for Our Lives student demonstration in favor of gun control in the United States 384 FilmographyMain article Steven Spielberg filmography Prolific in film since the 1960s Spielberg has directed 34 feature films and co produced many works Directed features Year Title Distributor1971 Duel Universal Pictures1974 The Sugarland Express1975 Jaws1977 Close Encounters of the Third Kind Columbia Pictures1979 1941 Universal Pictures Columbia Pictures1981 Raiders of the Lost Ark Paramount Pictures1982 E T the Extra Terrestrial Universal Pictures1984 Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom Paramount Pictures1985 The Color Purple Warner Bros 1987 Empire of the Sun1989 Always Universal PicturesIndiana Jones and the Last Crusade Paramount Pictures1991 Hook TriStar Pictures1993 Jurassic Park Universal PicturesSchindler s List1997 The Lost World Jurassic ParkAmistad DreamWorks Pictures1998 Saving Private Ryan DreamWorks Pictures Paramount Pictures2001 A I Artificial Intelligence Warner Bros Pictures DreamWorks Pictures2002 Minority Report 20th Century FoxCatch Me If You Can DreamWorks Pictures2004 The Terminal2005 War of the Worlds Paramount Pictures DreamWorks PicturesMunich Universal Pictures DreamWorks Pictures2008 Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull Paramount Pictures2011 The Adventures of Tintin Paramount Pictures Sony Pictures ReleasingWar Horse Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures2012 Lincoln Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures 20th Century Fox2015 Bridge of Spies2016 The BFG Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures2017 The Post 20th Century Fox2018 Ready Player One Warner Bros Pictures2021 West Side Story 20th Century Studios2022 The Fabelmans Universal PicturesAwards and recognitionSee also List of awards and nominations received by Steven Spielberg Spielberg receiving a public service award presented by U S Secretary of Defense William Cohen 1999 Spielberg s shoeprints and handprints in front of the Grauman s Chinese Theatre Spielberg has won three Academy Awards He received nine nominations for Best Director and won twice for Schindler s List and Saving Private Ryan 385 386 His third was in Best Picture for Schindler s List 153 In 1987 he was awarded the Irving G Thalberg Memorial Award for his work as a creative producer 387 Drawing from his own experiences in Scouting Spielberg helped the Boy Scouts of America develop a merit badge in cinematography to promote filmmaking as a marketable skill the badge was launched at the 1989 National Scout Jamboree 388 In 1989 Spielberg was presented with the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award 389 Spielberg received the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1995 390 In 1998 he was awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany The award was presented to him by President Roman Herzog in recognition of Schindler s List and work with the Shoah Foundation 391 Spielberg was awarded the Medal for Distinguished Public Service in 1999 in recognition for Saving Private Ryan 392 For the same film he also received an award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures by the Directors Guild of America 392 The next year he received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Directors Guild of America 393 Spielberg was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2003 located on 6801 Hollywood Boulevard 394 Additionally he was awarded the Blessed are the Peacemakers Award from the Catholic Theological Union in 2003 395 On July 15 2006 Spielberg was awarded the Gold Hugo Lifetime Achievement Award at the Summer Gala of the Chicago International Film Festival 396 and was awarded a Kennedy Center honor on December 3 397 The tribute to Spielberg featured a biographical short film narrated by Liam Neeson and a performance of the finale to Leonard Bernstein s Candide conducted by John Williams 398 The Science Fiction Hall of Fame inducted Spielberg in 2005 the first year it considered non literary contributors 399 400 He was a recipient of the Visual Effects Society Lifetime Achievement Award in February 2008 it is awarded for significant and lasting contributions to the art and science of the visual effects industry 401 In 2009 Spielberg was awarded the Cecil B DeMille Award by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association for outstanding contributions to the world of entertainment 393 In 2001 he was appointed as an honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire KBE by Queen Elizabeth II for services to the British film industry 402 403 In 2004 he was awarded France s highest civil honor the Legion d Honneur by President Jacques Chirac 404 In June 2008 Spielberg received Arizona State University s Hugh Downs Award for Communication Excellence 405 In October 2009 Spielberg received the Philadelphia Liberty Medal the prize was presented by former U S President Bill Clinton 406 407 In October 2011 he was made a Commander of the Order of the Belgian Crown one of Belgium s highest honors 408 On November 19 2013 Spielberg was honored by the National Archives and Records Administration with a Records of Achievement Award Spielberg was given two facsimiles of the 13th Amendment the first which passed in 1861 but was not ratified and the second signed by Abraham Lincoln in 1865 to abolish slavery The amendment and the process of passing it were the subject of his film Lincoln 409 On November 24 2015 Spielberg was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama at the White House 410 In July 2016 Spielberg was awarded a gold Blue Peter badge by the BBC children s television programme Blue Peter 411 Spielberg has honorary degrees from the University of Southern California 1994 412 Brown University 1999 413 Yale University 2002 394 Boston University 2009 414 and Harvard University 2016 415 Awards and nominations received by Spielberg s films Year Title Academy Awards BAFTA Awards Golden Globe AwardsNominations Wins Nominations Wins Nominations Wins1975 Jaws 4 3 7 1 4 11977 Close Encounters of the Third Kind 9 2 9 1 41979 1941 3 51981 Raiders of the Lost Ark 9 5 7 1 11982 E T the Extra Terrestrial 9 4 12 1 5 21984 Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom 2 1 4 11985 The Color Purple 11 1 5 11987 Empire of the Sun 6 6 3 21989 Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade 3 1 3 11991 Hook 5 11993 Jurassic Park 3 3 3 2Schindler s List 12 7 13 7 6 31997 The Lost World Jurassic Park 1Amistad 4 41998 Saving Private Ryan 11 5 10 2 5 22001 A I Artificial Intelligence 2 1 32002 Minority Report 1 1Catch Me If You Can 2 4 1 12005 War of the Worlds 3Munich 5 22008 Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull 12011 The Adventures of Tintin 1 2 1 1War Horse 6 5 22012 Lincoln 12 2 10 1 7 12015 Bridge of Spies 6 1 9 1 12016 The BFG 12017 The Post 2 62018 Ready Player One 1 12021 West Side Story 7 1 5 4 32022 The Fabelmans 7 1 5 2Total 147 35 116 22 75 16Legacy Spielberg at Cannes Film Festival in 2013 Spielberg s star on the Hollywood Walk of FameA figure of the New Hollywood era 416 Spielberg is one of the most influential and commercially successful film directors of all time 8 417 418 In 1996 Life magazine named Spielberg the most influential person of his generation 419 In 2003 Premiere magazine ranked him first place in the list of 100 Most Powerful People in Movies 8 In 2005 Empire magazine ranked him number one on a list of the greatest film directors of all time 420 In 2013 Time magazine listed him as one of the 100 most influential people 421 According to Forbes magazine of Most Influential Celebrities of 2014 Spielberg was ranked at first place 422 423 424 As of December 2022 Forbes estimates his net worth at 4 billion 425 His work is admired by many other directors including Robert Aldrich 426 Ingmar Bergman 427 Werner Herzog 428 Stanley Kubrick 429 David Lean 430 Sidney Lumet 431 Roman Polanski 432 Martin Scorsese 433 Francois Truffaut 434 Jean Renoir 435 and David Lynch 436 Spielberg s films have also influenced directors J J Abrams 437 Paul Thomas Anderson 438 Neill Blomkamp 439 Roland Emmerich 440 Peter Jackson 441 Kal Ng 442 Robert Rodriguez 443 John Sayles 444 Ridley Scott 445 John Singleton 446 Kevin Smith 447 Don Hertzfeldt 448 and Gareth Edwards 449 In 2004 film critic Tom Shone said of Spielberg If you have to point to any one director of the last twenty five years 1979 2004 in whose work the medium of film was most fully itself where we found out what it does best when left to its own devices it has to be that guy 450 Jess Cagle former editor of Entertainment Weekly called Spielberg arguably well who would argue the greatest filmmaker in history 451 Stephen Rowley writing for Senses of Cinema discussed Spielberg s strengths as a filmmaker saying there is a welcome complexity of tone and approach in these later films that defies the lazy stereotypes often bandied about his films and that Spielberg continues to take risks with his body of work continuing to grow more impressive and ambitious concluding that he has only received limited begrudging recognition from critics 452 In a 1999 Millennium Movies survey of British film fans run by the Sky Premier channel Spielberg had seven films in the top 100 which made him the most popular director 453 Critics of Spielberg have argued that his films are commonly sentimental and moralistic 454 455 452 In Easy Riders Raging Bulls Peter Biskind wrote that Spielberg is infantilizing the audience reconstituting the spectator as child then overwhelming him and her with sound and spectacle obliterating irony aesthetic self consciousness and critical reflection 456 Critic Ray Carney and actor Crispin Glover opined that Spielberg s works lack depth and do not take risks 457 458 Filmmaker Jean Luc Godard opined that Spielberg was partly responsible for the lack of artistic merit in mainstream cinema and accused Spielberg of using Schindler s List to profit from a tragedy 459 In defense of Spielberg critic Roger Ebert said Has Godard or any other director living or dead done more than Spielberg with his Holocaust Project to honor and preserve the memories of the survivors 460 Seven of his films have been inducted into the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally historically or aesthetically significant Jaws Close Encounters of the Third Kind Raiders of the Lost Ark E T Jurassic Park Schindler s List and Saving Private Ryan 4 See alsoDirectors with two films rated A by CinemaScore Steven Spielberg s unrealized projectsReferences a b McBride Joseph 2010 Steven Spielberg A Biography University Press of Mississippi ISBN 9781604738377 Top Grossing Director at the Worldwide Box Office The Numbers Retrieved December 25 2022 Kreps Daniel December 12 2018 Jurassic Park The Shining Monterey Pop Added to National Film Registry Rolling Stone Retrieved April 21 2022 a b Complete National Film Registry Listing Library of Congress Washington DC Archived from the original on March 5 2016 Retrieved December 16 2020 Caschetto Maurizio August 20 2022 History In The Making The Spielberg Williams Collaboration The Legacy of John Williams Retrieved December 24 2022 Keegan Rebecca January 8 2021 John Williams and Steven Spielberg mark 40 years of collaboration Los Angeles Times Retrieved December 24 2022 Top Lifetime Grosses Box Office Mojo Retrieved April 21 2022 a b c Parish 2004 p 1 Full List The World s 100 Most Influential People Time April 18 2013 ISSN 0040 781X Retrieved December 24 2022 Drew Barrymore and Ke Huy Quan Celebrate Steven Spielberg s Impact Time April 27 2023 Archived from the original on May 3 2023 McBride 1997 p 80 McBride 1997 p 35 Steven Spielberg s Mother fredbernstein com Doubleday 1986 Archived from the original on March 23 2013 Retrieved May 25 2012 Moreau Jordan August 26 2020 Arnold Spielberg Father of Steven Spielberg Dies at 103 Variety Archived from the original on January 1 2021 Retrieved December 17 2020 Gross Terry November 9 2022 Steven Spielberg was a fearful kid who found solace in storytelling Fresh Air Retrieved November 9 2022 Parish 2004 p 6 Baxter 1996 p 38 Tugend Tom June 13 2012 A close encounter with Steven Spielberg s dad The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles Retrieved March 9 2023 Gutfreund Debbie January 28 2017 Steven Spielberg s Jewish Roots Aish HaTorah Archived from the original on September 26 2022 Retrieved May 11 2018 Tugend Tom June 13 2012 A close encounter with Steven Spielberg s dad The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles Archived from the original on July 7 2017 Retrieved February 16 2022 a b c McBride 1997 p 22 Shmuel Spielberg 1873 1945 Geni com April 27 2022 Retrieved March 9 2023 Baxter 1996 p 16 McBride 1997 p 48 McBride 1997 p 53 Denby David January 16 2017 Steven Spielberg at Seventy The New Yorker Archived from the original on May 11 2018 Retrieved May 11 2018 Parish 2004 p 9 McBride 1997 p 36 a b Pogrebin 2005 p 30 Jungreis Wolff Slovie August 22 2015 Steven Spielberg E T and Growing Up Jewish Aish HaTorah 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