Lough Neagh
Lough Neagh (/lɒx ˈneɪ/ lokh NAY) is a freshwater lake in Northern Ireland and is the largest lake in the island of Ireland, the United Kingdom and the British Isles. It has a surface area of 151 square miles (392 square kilometres) and supplies 40% of Northern Ireland's water.[4][5] Its main inflows come from the Upper River Bann and River Blackwater, and its main outflow is the Lower River Bann. Its name comes from Irish Loch nEachach [ˌl̪ˠɔx ˈn̠ʲahəx], meaning "Eachaidh's lake".[6] The lough is owned by the Earl of Shaftesbury[7] and managed by Lough Neagh Partnership Ltd.[8]
| Lough Neagh | |
|---|---|
ESA Sentinel-2 image | |
Lough Neagh | |
| Location | Northern Ireland, UK |
| Coordinates | 54°37′06″N 6°23′43″W / 54.61833°N 6.39528°WCoordinates: 54°37′06″N 6°23′43″W / 54.61833°N 6.39528°W |
| Type | Fresh Water Lough/Lake |
| Native name | |
| Primary inflows | Upper Bann, Six Mile Water, Glenavy River, Crumlin River, Blackwater, Moyola River, Ballinderry River, River Main[2] |
| Primary outflows | Lower Bann |
| Catchment area | 1,760 sq mi (4,550 km2) |
| Basin countries |
|
| Max. length | 19 mi (30 km) |
| Max. width | 9.3 mi (15 km) |
| Surface area | 151 sq mi (392 km2) |
| Average depth | 30 ft (9 m) |
| Max. depth | 82 ft (25 m) |
| Water volume | 7.76×1011 imp gal (3.528 km3) |
| Shore length1 | 78 mi (125 km) |
| Surface elevation | 48.0 ft (14.63 m) |
| Islands | (see below) |
| Official name | Lough Neagh & Lough Beg |
| Designated | 5 January 1976 |
| Reference no. | 74[3] |
| 1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. | |
Lough Neagh serves various recreational and commercial purposes. Traditional working boats and navigation routes were established for transport and trade, with only the Lower Bann remaining open today. The lough is also a popular destination for birdwatching, has diverse flora, and is known for its eel fishing industry. Lough Neagh Rescue, a voluntary service, provides search and rescue assistance around the lough.
Geography
With an area of 151 square miles (392 km2), it is the British Isles' largest lake[4][5] by area and is ranked 33rd in the list of largest lakes of Europe. Located 20 miles (32 km) west of Belfast, it is about 20 miles (32 km) long and 9 miles (14 km) wide. It is very shallow around the margins and the average depth in the main body of the lake is about 30 feet (9 m), although at its deepest the lough is about 80 feet (24 m) deep.
Geology
Geologically the Lough Neagh Basin is a depression, built from many tectonic events dating back as far as 400 million years ago. These tectonic events are responsible for a NE-SW bedrock structure which has controlled many subsequent events. During the Paleozoic era, the Lough Neagh Basin was a depositional graben.[9]
Hydrology
Of the 1,760-square-mile (4,550 km2) catchment area, around 9% lies in the Republic of Ireland and 91% in Northern Ireland;[10] altogether 43% of the land area of Northern Ireland is drained into the lough,[11] which itself flows out northwards to the sea via the River Bann. As one of its sources is the Upper Bann, the Lough can itself be considered as part of the Bann. Lough Neagh is fed by many tributaries including the rivers Main (34 mi, 55 km), Six Mile Water (21 mi, 34 km), Upper Bann (40 mi, 64 km), Blackwater (57 mi, 92 km), Ballinderry (29 mi, 47 km) and Moyola (31 mi, 50 km)[12]
Islands and peninsulas
- Coney Island
- Coney Island Flat
- Croaghan Flat
- Derrywarragh Island
- Kinturk Flat
- Oxford Island (peninsula)
- Padian
- Ram's Island
- Phil Roe's Flat
- The Shallow Flat
- Traad (peninsula)
Towns and villages
Towns and villages near the Lough include Craigavon, Antrim, Crumlin, Randalstown, Toomebridge, Ballyronan, Ballinderry, Moortown, Ardboe, Brockagh, Maghery, Lurgan and Magherafelt.
Counties
Five of the six counties of Northern Ireland have shores on the Lough (only Fermanagh does not), and its area is split among them. The counties are listed clockwise:
- Antrim (eastern side and northern shore of the lake)
- Down (small part in the south-east)
- Armagh (south)
- Tyrone (west)
- Londonderry (northern part of west shore)
Local government districts
The area of the lake is split between four local government districts of Northern Ireland, which are listed clockwise:[13]
- 3 Antrim and Newtownabbey, in the north-east
- 4 Lisburn and Castlereagh, in the east
- 6 Armagh, Banbridge and Craigavon, in the south
- 9 Mid Ulster, in the west
Management
Lough Neagh is managed by Lough Neagh Partnership Ltd, a stakeholder group made up of elected representatives, land-owners, fishermen, sand traders and local community representatives. Lough Neagh Partnership is responsible for the lough's conservation, promotion and sustainable development together with navigation of the Lough.
Uses
Although the Lough is used for a variety of recreational and commercial activities, it is exposed and tends to get extremely rough very quickly in windy conditions.[14]
Water supply
The lough is used by Northern Ireland Water as a source of fresh water. The lough supplies 40% of the region's drinking water. There have long been plans to increase the amount of water drawn from the lough, through a new water treatment works at Hog Park Point, but these are yet to materialise.
The lough's ownership by the Earl of Shaftesbury has implications for planned changes to state-run domestic water services in Northern Ireland,[15] as the lough is also used as a sewage outfall, and this arrangement is only permissible through British Crown immunity.[citation needed] In 2012, it was reported that the Earl is considering transferring ownership of the Lough to the Northern Ireland Assembly.[16]
Traditional working boats on Lough Neagh include wide-beamed 4.9-to-6.4-metre (16 to 21 ft) clinker-built, sprit-rigged working boats and smaller flat-bottomed "cots" and "flats". Barges, here called "lighters", were used until the 1940s to transport coal over the lough and adjacent canals. Until the 17th century, log boats (coití) were the main means of transport. Few traditional boats are left now, but a community-based group on the southern shore of the lough is rebuilding a series of working boats.[17]
In the 19th century, three canals were constructed, using the lough to link various ports and cities: the Lagan Navigation provided a link from the city of Belfast, the Newry Canal linked to the port of Newry, and the Ulster Canal led to the Lough Erne navigations, providing a navigable inland route via the River Shannon to Limerick, Dublin and Waterford. The Lower Bann was also navigable to Coleraine and the Antrim coast, and the short Coalisland Canal provided a route for coal transportation. Of these waterways, only the Lower Bann remains open today, although a restoration plan for the Ulster Canal is currently in progress.
Lough Neagh Rescue provides a search and rescue service 24 hours a day and has 3 stations, situated around the lough. These are at Antrim, Ardboe and Kinnego Marinas, Kinnego being its headquarters and founding station. It is a voluntary service funded by the district councils bordering the Lough. Its members are highly trained and are a declared facility for the Maritime and Coastguard Agency which co-ordinates rescues on Lough Neagh.
Bird watching
Lough Neagh attracts birdwatchers from many nations due to the number and variety of birds which winter and summer in the boglands and shores around the lough.
Flora
The flora of the north-east of Northern Ireland includes the algae: Chara aspera, Chara globularis var. globularis, Chara globularis var. virgate, Chara vulgaris var. vulgaris, Chara vulgaris var. papillata, Tolypella nidifica var. glomerata.[18] Records of Angiospermae include: Ranunculus flammula var. pseudoreptans, Ranunculus auricomus, Ranunculatus sceleratus, Ranunculatus circinatus, Ranunculatus peltatus, Thalictrum flavum, Thalictrum minus subsp. minus, Nymphaea alba, Ceratophyllum demersum, Subularia aquatic, Erophila verna sub. verna, Cardamine pratensis, Cardamine impatiens, Cardamine flexuosa, Rorippa palustris, Rorippa amphibia, Reseda luteola, Viola odorata, Viola reichenbachiana, Viola tricolor ssp. Violoa tricolor ssp. curtissi, Hypericum androsaemum, Hypericum maculatum, Elatine hydropiper, Silene vulgaris, Silene dioica, Saponaria officinalis, Cerastium arvense, Cerastium semidecandrum, Cerastium diffusum, Sagina nodosa, Spergularia rubra, Spergulaia rupicola, Chenopodium bonus-henricus, Chenopodium polyspermum.[18]
Fishing
Eel fishing has been a major industry in Lough Neagh for centuries. These European eels make their way from the Sargasso Sea in the Atlantic Ocean, some 4,000 miles (6,000 km) along the Gulf Stream to the mouth of the River Bann, and then make their way into the lough. They remain there for some 10 to 15 years, maturing, before returning to the Sargasso to spawn. Today Lough Neagh eel fisheries export their eels to restaurants all over the world, and the Lough Neagh Eel has been granted Protected Geographical Status under European Union law.[19]
Nobel laureate Seamus Heaney produced a collection of poems A Lough Neagh Sequence celebrating the eel-fishermen's traditional techniques and the natural history of their catch.[20]
Other fish species in the lake include dollaghan —a variety of brown trout native to the lake, salmon, trout, perch and pollan; bream, gudgeon, pike and rudd are also found, but are less common.[21]
Human history
Name
The lough's English name derives from Irish: Loch nEachach, meaning 'Eachaidh's lake'.[6] After the Plantation of Ulster, the English attempted to re-name the lake 'Lough Sydney' and 'Lough Chichester', in honour of the Lord Deputies, but these did not supplant the older name.[22]
Mythology and folklore
In the Irish mythical tale Cath Maige Tuired ("the Battle of Moytura"), Lough Neagh is called one of the twelve chief loughs of Ireland.[23] The origin of the lake and its name is explained in an Irish tale that was written down in the Middle Ages, but is likely pre-Christian.[24][25] According to the tale, the lake is named after Echaid (modern spelling: Eochaidh or Eachaidh), who was the son of Mairid (Mairidh), a king of Munster. Echaid falls in love with his stepmother, a young woman named Ébliu (Ébhlinne). They try to elope, accompanied by many of their retainers, but someone kills their horses. In some versions, the horses are killed by Midir (Midhir), which may be another name for Ébliu's husband Mairid. Óengus (Aonghus) then appears and gives them an enormous horse that can carry all their belongings. Óengus warns that they must not let the horse rest or it will be their doom. However, after reaching Ulster the horse stops and urinates, and a spring rises from the spot. Echaid builds a house there and covers the spring with a capstone to stop its overflowing. One night, the capstone is not replaced and the spring overflows, drowning Echaid and most of his family, and creating Loch n-Echach (Loch nEachach, the lake of Eachaidh).[24][25]
The character Echaid refers to the Dagda, a god of the ancient Irish who was also known as Echaid Ollathair (meaning "horseman, father of all").[25] Ébliu, Midir and Óengus were also names of deities. Dáithí Ó hÓgáin writes that the idea of a supernatural being creating the landscape with its own body is an ancient one common to many pre-Christian cultures.[25] A Gaelic sept called the Uí Echach ("descendants of Echaid") dwelt in the area and it is likely their name comes from the cult of the god.[24] They gave their name to the territory of Iveagh.
Another tale tells how the lake was formed when Ireland's legendary giant Fionn mac Cumhaill (Finn McCool) scooped up a chunk of earth and tossed it at a Scottish rival. It fell into the Irish Sea, forming the Isle of Man, while the crater left behind filled with water to form Lough Neagh.[26]
History
In 839 the Vikings based a fleet on Lough Neagh, where they over-wintered in 840-1.[27]
Sir Hugh Clotworthy settled from England near Antrim town in the reign of Elizabeth I and was granted the office of "Captain of Lough Neagh", with a stipend in return for maintaining boats on the lake to enforce royal authority. Clotworthy's successors as captain were his son and grandson-in-law, the first and second Viscounts Massereene.[28][29] In 1660 Charles II gave the first Viscount the rights to the fish and bed of the lake.[28]
Gallery
Lough Neagh at Killywoolaghan, County Tyrone
Lough Neagh near Ardmore Point
Lough Neagh at Shane's Castle, County Antrim
Lough Neagh at Gawley's Gate, County Antrim
Lough Neagh at Maghery, County Armagh
Lough Neagh at Ballyronan, County Londonderry
See also
- List of loughs in Ireland
- Lough Beg
- Portmore Lough
- Lí Ban (mermaid) - another legend about the creation of the Lough
References
- ^ Naijural Heirship: Peat Mosses 6 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine NI Environment and Heritage Service.
- ^ "Flora of Northern Ireland". www.habitas.org.uk.
- ^ "Lough Neagh & Lough Beg". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ^ a b . Archived from the original on 18 July 2011.
- ^ a b "Lough Neagh | lake, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom". Encyclopedia Britannica.
- ^ a b Deirdre Flanagan and Laurance Flanagan, Irish Placenames, (Gill & Macmillan Ltd, 1994)
- ^ "Lough Neagh's future still up in air after owner meets minister". Belfasttelegraph – via www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk.
- ^ "Home - Lough Neagh Partnership".
- ^ R.B. Wood & R.V. Smith eds. Lough Neagh: The Ecology of a Multipurpose Water Resource, Springer Science, 1993.
- ^ "Lough Neagh". UK Environmental Change Network. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ^ "Lough Neagh levels | Department for Infrastructure". Department for Infrastructure. 26 April 2015 – via www.infrastructure-ni.gov.uk.
- ^ Ordnance Survey of Ireland: Rivers and their Catchment Basins 1958 (Table of Reference)
- ^ Agency, Northern Ireland Statistics and Research. "statistics". www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk.
- ^ "Lough Neagh: Ulster's 'inland sea' can be a truly treacherous body of water". belfasttelegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
- ^ "Sudden death may impact NI water". BBC News. 19 May 2005.
- ^ "Earl of Shaftesbury does not rule out Lough Neagh sale". BBC News. 5 October 2012.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 22 January 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ a b Hackney, P. 1992. Stewart & Corry's Flora of the North-east of Ireland. Third Edition. The Institute of Irish Studies, The Queen's University of Belfast. ISBN 0 85389 446 9
- ^ "DOOR". ec.europa.eu.
- ^ Heaney, Seamus (1969). A Lough Neagh Sequence. Didsbury, England: Phoenix Pamphlet Poets Press. OCLC 1985783.
- ^ "Fishing & Boats".
- ^ William Shaw Mason A Statistical Account, Or Parochial Survey of Ireland, Volume II (1816), p219
- ^ Augusta, Lady Gregory. Part I Book III: The Great Battle of Magh Tuireadh. Gods and Fighting Men (1904) at Sacred-Texts.com.
- ^ a b c Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí. Myth, Legend & Romance: An encyclopaedia of the Irish folk tradition. Prentice Hall Press, 1991. p.181
- ^ a b c d Mary McGrath, Joan C. Griffith. The Irish Draught Horse: A History. Collins, 2005. p.44
- ^ . Lough Neagh Heritage. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Roesdahl, Else (2016). The Vikings (Third ed.). Penguin Books. p. 232. ISBN 978-0-141-98476-6.
- ^ a b Falkiner, Caesar Litton; Ball, Francis Elrington, eds. (1904). "Draft of a Letter relating to the Captain of Lough Neagh". Calendar of the manuscripts of the Marquess of Ormonde, K. P., preserved at Kilkenny castle; N.S. Vol. III. Command papers. Vol. Cd.1963. London: HMSO. pp. 246–248. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
- ^ P. (17 April 1841). Hall, S. C.; Carleton, William; Doyle, Martin; Petrie, George (eds.). "Antrim Castle". The Irish Penny Journal. Dublin: James Duffy: 329–330.
Further reading
- Wood, R.B.; Smith, R.V., eds. (1993). Lough Neagh: The Ecology of a Multipurpose Water Resource. Monographiae Biologicae. Vol. 69. Springer. ISBN 9780792321125.
External links
- Discover Lough Neagh
- Lough Neagh Heritage
- Lough Neagh Rescue
- BBC News on pollution
- BBC News on ownership of Lough Neagh