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Wikipedia

Honorific

March 07, 2023

For guidelines on Wikipedia's use of honorifics, consult Wikipedia's Manual of Style under Biography Names.
For honorifics in Japanese and Korean grammar, see Honorifics (linguistics).

An honorific is a title that conveys esteem, courtesy, or respect for position or rank when used in addressing or referring to a person. Sometimes, the term "honorific" is used in a more specific sense to refer to an honorary academic title. It is also often conflated with systems of honorific speech in linguistics, which are grammatical or morphological ways of encoding the relative social status of speakers. Honorifics can be used as prefixes or suffixes depending on the appropriate occasion and presentation in accordance with style and customs.

Typically, honorifics are used as a style in the grammatical third person, and as a form of address in the second person. Use in the first person, by the honored dignitary, is uncommon or considered very rude and egotistical. Some languages have anti-honorific (despective or humilific) first person forms (expressions such as "your most humble servant" or "this unworthy person") whose effect is to enhance the relative honor accorded to the person addressed.

Modern English honorifics

Main article: English honorifics

The most common honorifics in modern English are usually placed immediately before a person's name. Honorifics used (both as style and as form of address) include, in the case of a man, "Mr." (irrespective of marital status), and, in the case of a woman, previously either of two depending on marital status: "Miss" if unmarried and "Mrs." if married, widowed, or divorced; more recently, a third, "Ms.", became the more prevalent norm, mainly owing to the desire to avoid identifying women by their marital status. Further considerations regarding identifying people by gender currently are raised with varying prevalence and details; in some environments, honorifics such as Mx, Ind. or Misc. may be used often or occasionally so as not to identify people by gender or at least those so requesting but without to date having broad general prevalence. In some environments, the honorific "Mstr" may be used for a boy who has not yet entered adult society; similar to this, "Miss" may be considered appropriate for a girl but inappropriate for a woman (but unless parallel to "Mstr" the reasoning is not explicit). Note: all the above terms but "Miss" are written as abbreviations—most were originally abbreviations (e.g., from "Mister", "Mistress"), others may be considered as coined to directly parallel them for consistency. Abbreviations that include the initial and final letters (a type of contraction) are typically written in most English dialects (British English, Australian English, South African English as examples) without full stops (periods) but in American English and Canadian English always end with a period.

Other honorifics may denote the honored person's occupation, for instance "Doctor", "Esquire", "Captain", "Coach", "Officer", "The Reverend" (for all Christian clergy) or "Father" (for a Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, or Anglican Christian priest), "Rabbi" for Jewish clergy, or Professor.[a] Holders of an academic doctorate, such as a PhD, are addressed as "Doctor" (abbreviated Dr).

Some honorifics act as complete replacements for a name, as "Sir" or "Ma'am", or "Your Honour/Honor". Subordinates will often use honorifics as punctuation before asking a superior a question or after responding to an order: "Yes, sir" or even "Sir, yes, sir."

Judges are often addressed as "Your Honour/Honor" when on the bench, the plural form is "Your Honours" and the style is "His/Her Honour". If the judge has a higher title, that may be the correct honorific to use, for example, for High Court Judges in England: "Your Lordship" or "My Lord". Members of the U.S. Supreme Court are addressed as "Justice".

Similarly, a monarch ranking as a king/queen or emperor and his/her consort may be addressed or referred to as "Your/His/Her Majesty", "Their Majesties", etc. (but there is no customary honorific accorded to a female monarch's consort, as he is usually granted a specific style). Monarchs below kingly rank are addressed as "Your/His/Her Highness", the exact rank being indicated by an appropriate modifier, e.g. "His Serene Highness" for a member of a princely dynasty, or "Her Grand Ducal Highness" for a member of a family that reigns over a grand duchy. Verbs with these honorifics as subject are conjugated in the third person (e.g. "you are going" vs. "Your Honour is going" or "Her Royal Highness is going".) Protocol for monarchs and aristocrats can be very complex, with no general rule; great offence can be given by using a form that is not exactly correct. There are differences between "Your Highness" and "Your Royal Highness"; between "Princess Margaret" and "The Princess Margaret". All these are correct, but apply to people of subtly different rank. An example of a non-obvious style is "Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother", which was an official style, but unique to one person.

In music, a distinguished conductor or virtuoso instrumentalist may be known as "Maestro".

In aviation, pilots in command of a larger civil aircraft are usually addressed as "Captain" plus their full name or surname. This tradition is slowly diminishing in the United States and most European Union countries.[citation needed] However, many countries, especially in Asia, follow this tradition and address airline pilots, military pilots, and flight instructors exclusively as "Captain" even outside of the professional environment. In addition, such countries' etiquette rules dictate that this title must be placed on all the official letters and social invitations, business cards, identification documents, etc. In the U.S., when addressing a pilot, common etiquette does not require the title "Captain" to be printed on official letters or invitations before the addressee's full name. However, this is optional (akin to "Esq" after an attorney's name, in the U.S.) and may be used where appropriate, especially when addressing airline pilots with many years of experience.

Occupants of state and political office may be addressed with an honorific. A president may be addressed as Your Excellency or Mr/Madam President, a minister or secretary of state as "Your Excellency" or Mr/Madam Secretary, etc. A prime minister may be addressed as "the Honorable". In the UK, members of the Privy Council are addressed as "the Right Honourable ...". A member of Parliament or other legislative body may have particular honorifics. A member of a Senate, for example, may be addressed as "Senator". The etiquette varies and most countries have protocol specifying the honorifics to be used for its state, judicial, military and other officeholders.

Former military officers are sometimes addressed by their last military rank, such as "Admiral", "Colonel", "General", etc. This is generally adopted only by those officers who served and at least obtained the rank equivalency of Major. In the U.S., veterans of all ranks who have served during wartime and were honorably discharged may 'bear the title' of the highest rank held, as codified in law, 10 USC 772e, both officer and enlisted.

Examples

Honorifics in other languages and cultures

Culturally specific usage

Africa

In areas of East Africa where the Bantu language Swahili is spoken, mzee is frequently used for an elder to denote respect by younger speakers. It is used in direct conversation and used in referring to someone in the third person. Other honorifics include mukubwa (for ministers, employers, and authorities), dada/kaka (for peers, friends, colleagues), and mama/baba (for parents and grandparents).[1] Additionally, some Arabic loanwords are used in coastal regions as honorifics, too, such as ami (paternal uncle) and haloo (maternal aunt), the familial roles for which are more often described elsewhere in the Swahili-speaking world as baba mkubwa/mdogo (older/younger father) or mama mkubwa/mdogo (older/younger mother).[2] Furthermore, parents are oftentimes addressed by a combination of their parental title and the name of a child, e.g. Baba Zekiyah refers to the father of Zekiyah. While Swahili is Bantu, it is highly influenced by Arabic and Hindi languages and cultures. Babu is a prefix honorific used with elders, similar to mzee, but may also mean grandfather. Other prefix honorifics are ndugu, for brother or a close male friend, and dada for a sister or close female friend; thus, John and Jane would be Ndugu John and Dada Jane, respectively.[3]

Amongst the Akan ethnic groups of West Africa's Ghana, the word nana is used as an aristocratic pre-nominal by chiefs and elders alike.

In Yorubaland, also in West Africa, the word ogbeni is used as a synonym for the English "mister". Titled members of the region's aristocracy are therefore called oloye instead, this being the word for "chief". Although the former of the two titles is only used by men, aristocrats of either gender are addressed using the latter of them.

Ancient Rome

Some honorifics used by Ancient Romans, such as Augustus, turned into titles over time.

China

Main article: Chinese honorifics

Chinese honorifics (敬語; Jìngyǔ) and honorific language are words, word constructs, and expressions in the Chinese language that convey self-deprecation, social respect, politeness, or deference.[4] During the ancient and imperial periods, Chinese honorifics varied greatly based on one's social status, but with the end of Imperial China, many of these distinctions fell out of favour due to the May Fourth Movement. As such, honorific usage today is mostly used in formal situations and business settings only.[5] Although Chinese honorifics have simplified to a large degree, many classical constructs are still occasionally employed to convey formality, humility, politeness or respect. Honorific language in Chinese is achieved by using honorific or beautifying alternatives, prefixing or suffixing a word with a polite complement, or by dropping casual-sounding words.[6]

In general, there are five distinct categories of honorific language:

  • Respectful Language (敬辭; Jìngcí), which is used when referring to others to show deference and politeness.
  • Humble Language (謙辭; Qiāncí), which is used when referring to oneself in a self-deprecating manner to show humbleness and humility.
  • Indirect Language (婉辭; Wǎncí), which is the use of euphemisms or tactful language to approach sensitive topics and show respect.
  • Courteous Language (客套語; Kètàoyǔ), which employs praising and laudatory words or phrases with the intent to flatter the addressee.
  • Elegant Language (雅語; Yáyǔ), which employs elegant and beautiful expressions and words in lieu of more casual words and phrases to describe people, objects, actions or concepts. It is often used on occasions where casual language may be deemed inappropriate. Due to the lack of equivalent expressions in English, translated phrases often do not convey the same sense of beauty or elegance.

India

Indian honorifics abound, covering formal and informal relationships for commercial, generational, social, and spiritual links. Honorifics may be prefix, suffix, or replacement types. There are many variations.

  • Prefix type: The most common honorifics in India are usually placed immediately before the name of the subject. Honorifics which can be used of any adult of the appropriate sex include Sri (also Romanised as Shri, abbreviation of Sriman), Smt (abbreviation of Srimati), and Kum (abbreviation of Kumari). In Punjab, Sardar is used for Sikh men and Sardarni for Sikh women. In Tamil, Thiru (abbreviation of Thiruvalar for men) and Thirumathi (for women) are used. In Telugu, Chi (abbreviation of 'chiranjeevi') is used for younger men and Chi.La.Sou (Chiranjeevini Lakshmi Soubhagyavathi) is prefixed for the names of younger women. In India, honorifics mostly come prior to the name of object.
  • Replacement type: Some honorifics, like Bhavān or Bhavatī, act as complete replacements for a name. For example, in Gujarati, for an uncle who is your mother's brother, the replacement honorific maama (long "a" then short "a") is used, and a male friend will often earn the suffix honorific of bhai.
  • Suffix type:
    • The traditional Hindi honorific is the suffix -ji. For example, M.K. Gandhi (the Mahatma) was often referred to as Gandhi-ji. (Hindi, like many languages, distinguishes between pronouns for persons older in age or status. Such a person is referred as aap; a person of same status is called tum (both translating as "you" in English, but similar in principle to the vous/tu distinction in French or the usted/tú distinction in Spanish). A similar distinction exists for third person pronouns. When honorifics are attached in Hindi, the verb matches the plural case.)
    • The traditional Bengali honorific for ordinary men is the suffix Babu (বাবু), used with the person's given (first) name. Thus, Shubhash Basu would be Shubhash-Babu. For men with whom one has a more formal relationship, the suffix Moshai (মশাই) (mohashoi (মহাশয়)) is used with the person's family (last) name. Thus, Shubhash Basu would be Basu-Moshai.
    • The traditional Kannada honorific is the suffix -avaru. For example, Visveswariah was referred to as Visveswariah-avaru.
    • The traditional Marathi honorific is the suffix -rao. For example, Madhav Scindia was referred to as Madhav-rao.
    • The traditional Mizo honorific for men and women are the prefix Pu and Pi respectively. For example, Pu Laldenga or Pi Ropuiliani. Additionally the prefix U may be used for elder siblings.
    • The traditional Tamil honorific is the suffix Avargal. Dalai Lama would become Dalai Lama Avargal.
    • The traditional Telugu honorific is the suffix Garu. Thus, Potti Sriramulu would be Potti Sriramulu Garu.

Italy

Italian honorifics are usually limited to formal situations. Professional titles like Ingegnere (engineer) are often substituted for the ordinary Signore / Signora (mister or Mrs.), while Dottore or Dottoressa (doctor) is used freely for any graduate of a university. For college professors on academic settings, the honorifics Professore or Professoressa prevail over Dottore or Dottoressa. Masculine honorifics lose their e ending when juxtaposed to a surname: e.g., Dottor Rossi, Cardinal Martini, Ragionier Fantozzi. Verbs are conjugated in the third person singular (as opposed to the second person singular) when addressing someone using an honorific and the formal pronoun Lei (with a capital L) is used instead of the informal tu.

Japan

Main article: Japanese honorifics
See also: Honorific speech in Japanese
 
Mi-rareta (Sonkeigo)

The word in Japanese for honorifics, keigo (敬語), is used in Japanese everyday conversations. Japanese honorifics are similar to English, with titles like "Mister" and "Miss", but in Japanese, which has many honorifics, their use is mandatory in many formal and informal social situations. Japanese grammar, as a whole, tends to function on hierarchy; honorific stems are appended to verbs and many nouns, primarily names, and in many cases one word may be exchanged for another word entirely with the same verb or noun meaning, but with different honorific connotations.

In Japan, there are three rough divisions of honorifics:

  • Teineigo (丁寧語), the most popular keigo that is used in daily life, used as a formal and polite way of speaking to others in general. It is usually used when the speaker does not know the other person well. Under teineigo there is also bikago (美化語, beautiful, clean language) which is used when people simply want to speak in a polite way regardless of the age or class of the other person.
  • Sonkeigo (尊敬語) is another type of keigo. It is used to make the person who is being spoken to in a higher position. It is mainly used at work and when speaking with teachers. In the past, this was a type of language that was formed based on the classes Japanese society used to have. Saikoukeigo (ja:最高敬語) is the highest sonkeigo that exists and it is used only for the Japanese emperor, his family members and equivalent foreign nobles.
  • Kenjougo (謙譲語) lowers the position of the speaker or the subject of the conversation, and is primarily used at the workplace and in academia. This is also specifically used when the person is much older or in a higher position than the speaker, or often when one apologizes to someone else.

Javanese

Indonesia's Javanese majority ethnicity has many honorifics.[7] For example:

  • Bang or Bung is a somewhat outdated, egalitarian term to refer to a brotherhood among men. Bang is Betawi language for Mas.
  • Bapak and its contraction Pak meaning: "Sir", "Mister", or literally "Father".
  • Bapak Cilik and its contraction Pak lik are used for a very familiar friend or sir; they literally meaning "small father" or a relative younger than one's father.
  • Bapak Gede and its contraction Pak de are used for a big father, uncle, or relative older than one's father, meaning literally "Grand Sir".
  • Bendara Raden Mas, Bendara Mas, or the contraction 'ndoro, meaning "Prince, flag-bearer 'His Highness'".
  • Eyang Putera Kakung and its contraction Eyang Kakung meaning "grandfather", literally "Grand Sir".
  • Eyang Puteri and its contraction Eyang meaning "grandmother", literally "Grand Lady".
  • Ibu and its contraction Bu meaning: "Madam", "Ma'am", "Ms.", or "Mrs.", and literally meaning "Mother".
  • I Gusti means "His or Her Royal Majesty".
  • Kyai is an honorific used with a highly respected Muslim cleric (same as mullah in Iran and maulana in South Asia).
  • Mbak yu and the more common mbak are derived from Surakarta court. Initially used to address unmarried women who are adolescents or of marriageable age, they are now used with all women, with no age or marital status connotation.
  • Mbok is not an honorific; it denotes an older woman of very low status, in some cases a mother (Common Language).
  • Raden Behi, contracted to Den Behi, means "Heir Apparent" and is now obsolete.
  • Raden Emas and its contraction Mas denote: "Mr." among colleagues, friends, and others of slightly higher age or social status, meaning literally "Golden Son", "Lord", or "Heir Apparent".
  • Raden Emas Behi, contracted to Mas Behi, means "Second Heir Apparent" and is now obsolete.

Korea

Main article: Korean honorifics

Korean honorifics are similar to Japanese honorifics, and similarly, their use is mandatory in many formal and informal social situations. Korean grammar as a whole tends to function on hierarchy; honorific stems are appended to verbs and some nouns, and in many cases, one word may be exchanged for another word entirely with the same verb or noun meaning, but with different honorific connotations. Linguists say there are six levels of honorifics in Korean but, in daily conversation, only four of them are widely used in contemporary Korean. Suffix -ssi-(씨) is used at most honorific verbs, but not always. It is considered very impolite and offensive not to use honorific sentences or words with someone who is older or has a higher social status, and most Koreans avoid using non-honorific sentences with someone they have met for the first time. In Korean, names, first or last, always precede a title, e.g., Park Sonsaengnim, Park Kwanjangnim, etc.

Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore

Main articles: Malay names and Malay styles and titles

A complex system of Titles and honorifics is extensively used in the Malay language-speaking cultures in Brunei and Malaysia. In contrast Singapore, whose Malay royalty was abolished by the British colonial government in 1891, has adopted civic titles for its leaders. Being Muslim, Malay people address high-ranking religious scholars as tok imam (grandpa imam). Tok dalang is a honorific used to address a village leader.

Pakistan

Pakistan has numerous honorific forms that may be used with or as a substitute for names. The most common honorifics in Pakistan are usually placed immediately before the name of the subject or immediately after the subject. There are many variations across Pakistan.

  • Prefix type: The traditional Urdu honorific in Pakistan for a man is the prefix Mohtaram.[8] For example, Syed Mohammad Jahangir would become Mohtaram Syed Mohammad Jahangir. The traditional Urdu honorific in Pakistan for a woman is the prefix Mohtarma.[9] For example, Shamim Ara would become Mohtarma Shamim Ara. These prefixes are, however, rarely used in formal and informal conversations and are almost entirely used as a title given to a national figure or when writing applications or letters.
  • Suffix type: The traditional Urdu honorific in Pakistan for a man is the suffix Sahab. For example, Syed Zaki Ahmed would become Syed Zaki Ahmed Sahab. The traditional Urdu honorific in Pakistan for a woman is the suffix Sahiba; for instance, Shamim Ara would become Shamim Ara Sahiba.
  • Hazrat is used before the names of religious leaders and scholars.
  • Hajji is used before the name of individuals who have completed Hajj
  • Sir and Ma'am/Madam have become increasingly common in formal professional settings. Baji/Appa/Behen (sister), Bhai (brother), Uncle (male elder), and Auntie (female elder) are used in vernacular Urdu and non-professional settings. These honorifics are usually said without the name of the individual. If specification is required, they are more regularly used as suffixes than prefixes (though both are used).

Persian cultures

Persian honorifics generally follow the second name, especially if they refer to gender or particular social statuses (e.g., Name Agha [= Mr. Name], Name Khanom [= Ms. Name], Name Ostad [teacher or cleric], Name Rayis [manager, leader or director]). Such honorifics are used in both formal and informal situations. A more formal honorific referring to gender would be Jenab [His Excellency], which precedes Name Agha [= Mr. Name] and Sarkar [= Her Excellency], which precedes Name Khanom [= Ms. Name]. A newer honorific is Arjomand [esteemed], which comes after other honorifics (except those referring to gender), and is not gender-specific (e.g., Ostad Arjomand Name Surname, or Rayis Arjomand Sarkar Khanom Name Surname). They are generally used in very formal situations.

Philippines

Main article: Filipino styles and honorifics

The usage of Filipino honorifics differs from person to person, though commonalities occur like the occasional insertion of the word po or ho in conversations, and their dependence on age-structured hierarchies. Though some have become obsolete, many are still widely used in order to denote respect, friendliness, or affection. Some new "honorifics", mainly used by teenagers, are experiencing surges in popularity.

The Filipino language has honorifics like Binibini/Ate ("Miss", "Big sister"), Ginang/Aling/Manang ("Mrs.", "Madam"), Ginoo/Mang/Manong/Kuya ("Mister", "Sir", "Big brother") that have roots in Chinese culture.

Depending on one's relation with the party being addressed, various honorifics may be used.

As such addressing a man who is older, has a higher rank at work or has a higher social standing, one may use Mr or Sir followed by the First/ last/ or full name. Addressing a woman in a similar situation as above one may use "Miss", or "Madam" and its contraction "Ma'am", followed by First/ last/ or full name. Older married women may prefer to be addressed as "Mrs." The use of Sir/Miss/Madam or Ma'am, followed by the first name, nickname, or surname is usually restricted to Filipino vernacular and social conversation, even in television and film. Despite this, non-Filipinos and naturalized Filipinos (such as expat students and professionals) also address older people in the Filipino way.

On a professional level, many use educational or occupational titles such as Architect, Engineer, Doctor, Attorney (often abbreviated as Arch./Archt./Ar., Engr., Dr. [or sometimes Dra. for female doctors], and Atty. respectively) on casual and even formal bases. Stricter etiquette systems frown upon this practise as a sign of Filipino professionals' obsession with flaunting their educational attainment and professional status.[10] Despite this, some of their clients (especially non-Filipinos) would address them as simply Mr. or Mrs./Ms. followed by their surnames (or even Sir/Ma'am) in conversation. It is very rare, however, for a Filipino (especially those born and educated abroad) to address Filipino architects, engineers, and lawyers, even mentioning and referring to their names, the non-Philippine (i.e. international standard) way.

Even foreigners who work in the Philippines or naturalized Filipino citizens, including foreign spouses of Filipinos, who hold some of these titles and descriptions (especially as instructors in Philippine colleges and universities) are addressed in the same way as their Filipino counterparts, although it may sound awkward or unnatural to some language purists who argue that the basic titles or either Sir or Ma'am/Madam are to be employed for simplicity, as they are unnecessary when he or she is included in a list of wedding sponsors, or when their name appears in the list of officials of a country club or similar organization. They are uncalled for in public donations, religious activities, parents–teachers association events, athletic competitions, society pages of newspapers, and in any activity that has nothing to do with one's title or educational attainment.[10] It is also acceptable to treat those titles and descriptions (except Doctor) as adjectival nouns (i.e., first letter not capitalized, e.g. architect (name)) instead.

Even though Doctor is really a title in standard English, the "created" titles Architect, Attorney, and Engineer (among other examples) are a result of vanity (titles herald achievement and success; they distinguish the title holder from the rest of society) and insecurity (the title holder's achievements and successes might be ignored unless announced to the public),[10] even due to historical usage of pseudo-titles in newspapers when Filipinos first began writing in English.[citation needed]

Possible reasons are firstly, the fact the English taught to Filipinos was the "egalitarian" English of the New World, and that the Americans who colonized the Philippines encountered lowland societies that already used Iberian linguistic class markers like "Don" and "Doña." Secondly, the fundamental contradiction of the American colonial project. The Americans who occupied the Philippines justified their actions through the rhetoric of "benevolent assimilation". In other words, they were only subjugating Filipinos to teach them values like American egalitarianism, which is the opposite of colonial anti-equality. Thirdly, the power of American colonialism lies in its emphasis on education—an education that supposedly exposed Filipinos to the "wonders" of the American way of life. Through education, the American colonial state bred a new elite of Filipinos trained in a new, more "modern", American system. People with advanced degrees like law or engineering were at the apex of this system. Their prestige, as such, not only rested on their purported intelligence, but also their mastery of the colonizer's way of life. This, Lisandro Claudio suspects, is the source of the magical and superstitious attachment Filipinos have to attorneys, architects and engineers. The language they use is still haunted by their colonial experience. They linguistically privilege professionals because their colonizers made them value a certain kind of white-collar work.[11] Again, even expatriate professionals in the Philippines were affected by these reasons when they resided and married a Filipino or were naturalized so it's not unusual for them to be addressed Filipino style.

Spanish-speaking cultures

Spanish has a number of honorific forms that may be used with or as substitutes for names, such as señor or caballero ("Mr.", "Sir", "Gentleman"); señora ("Madam", "Mrs.", "Lady", "ma'am") and señorita ("Miss", "young lady"); licenciado for a person with bachelor's or a professional degree (e.g., attorneys and engineers); maestro for a teacher, master mechanic, or person with a master's degree; doctor ("doctor"); etc. Also used is don (male) or doña (female) for people of rank or, in some Latin American countries (e.g., Puerto Rico), for any senior citizen. In some Latin American countries, like Colombia, "Doctor" is used for any respected figure regardless of whether they have a doctoral degree (for instance Colombian presidents are often referred to as Doctor ___); likewise "Maestro" is used for artistic masters, especially painters.

Additionally, older people and those with whom one would speak respectfully (e.g., one's boss or teacher), are often addressed as usted, abbreviated ud., a formal/respectful way of saying "you" (e.g. Dra. Polo, ¿cómo está usted? Dr. Polo, how are you?). The word usted historically comes from the honorific title vuestra merced (literally "your mercy"). This formal you is accompanied by verb conjugation that is different from the informal you tú. Intimate friends and relatives are addressed as tú. In some regions, addressing a relative stranger as tú can be considered disrespectful or provocative, except when it's directed to a person notably younger than the speaker, or in an especially informal context.

Pingelap

Pingelapese is a Micronesian language spoken on the Pingelap atoll and on two of the eastern Caroline Islands, called the high island of Pohnpei. Pingelapese does not employ many honorifics into their speech. Their society is structured in a way that everyone is seen as equal, most likely due to the fact that there are so few of them due to emigration. There is no structured hierarchy to enforce the use of honorific speech. There are not many polite vocabulary words and the language they use can be classified as a commoners' language.

However, among the Micronesian languages, Pohnpeian is the only language that uses a thoroughly developed honorific speech. This demonstrates that a highly structured hierarchical society was very important in their culture. There are multiple ways that Pohnpeic speakers show respect through their language. In the Pohnpeic language there is royal language, which is used for the two highest-ranking chiefs. Next, respect honorifics are used with other superiors and people who are considered respected equals. There is not only the use of honorifics, but humiliative language as well, which is used to lower oneself below higher-ranking people, showing respect and reverence. This speech was lost in Pingelap when Pohnpei speakers migrated to the Pingelap atoll and adapted their more casual way of speaking.

Even though the younger generation of Pingelapese speakers does not use honorific speech, elders in the language report being taught a form of 'language of respect'. This language was to be used to address elders and leaders in the community. Women were also told to use it towards their brothers and with their children. Phrases could be made polite by adding the second person singular possessive suffix -mwi. Other ways to utilize honorific speech is by changing words entirely.[12]

Thailand

According to Thai translator, Mui Poopoksakul, "The Thai language is absolutely immediate in its indication of the speaker and addressee's places in the society and their relationship to each other. Thai has honorifics as well as what I like to call 'dishonorifics': it has a multitude of pronouns that are extremely nuanced—for example, there are so many ways to say 'I', and most of them already indicate the speaker's gender and often their age and societal standing relative to the person they are speaking to."[13]

The most common Thai honorifics are used to differentiate age between friends, family, and peers. The most commonly used are:

  • คุณ (RTGS: khun) (mid tone) is used the same way as "mister" or "Mrs" or "Miss". It is a formal way to refer to persons not overly familiar. It is also used as a pronoun for the word "you".
  • พี่ (RTGS: phi) (falling tone) is used when speaking to or about an older sibling or friend. It is used for both men and women and can also be used when referring to oneself if one is older than the addressees.
  • น้อง (RTGS: nong) (high tone) is the exact opposite of the above. It is use when speaking to or about a younger sibling or friend. It is used between both men and women and can also be used when referring to oneself if the person speaking is younger than the addressees. It could be used by a babysitter to address the child she takes care of.
  • ครู (RTGS: khru) (mid tone) is used when addressing a teacher, translating literally to 'teacher'.
  • อาจารย์ (RTGS: achan) (mid-tone both syllables) is used to address a professor. It is used much in the same way as khru however achan carries more prestige. It generally refers to someone who is a master in their field. Many Theravada Buddhist scholars and those who have dedicated their lives to Theravada Buddhism assume this title among their followers.
  • พระ (RTGS: phra) (high tone) This is perhaps one of the highest honorifics in Thai culture. It is reserved for monks and priests. It is also allows for use when referring to a most revered place or object such as a temple or palace.

Turkey

Turkish honorifics generally follow the first name, especially if they refer to gender or particular social statuses (e.g. Name Bey [Mr.], Name Hanım [Ms.], Name Beyefendi [literally meaning "Lord Master"], Name Hanımefendi [literally meaning "Lady Master"], Name Hoca [teacher or cleric], Name Öğretmen [solely for teacher]), Name Agha [high official]. Such honorifics are used in both formal and informal situations. Another honorific is Sayın/Muhterem [esteemed], which precedes the surname or full name, and is not gender-specific. (e.g. Sayın/Muhterem Name Surname, or Sayın/Muhterem Surname). They are generally used in very formal situations.

Vietnam

Honorifics in Vietnamese are more complex compared to Chinese, where the origins of many of these pronouns can be traced, and many have fallen out of usage or have been replaced due to the changing times. An honorific, or a pronoun, in Vietnamese when referring to a person acts as a way to define two peoples' degree of relationship with one another. Examples of these pronouns include 'chị' older sister, 'ông' male elder and 'chú' younger uncle (younger brother of father/only used on father's side). The exclusive use of the Vietnamese words for 'I' and 'you' are considered informal and rude. Rather honorifics are used to refer to oneself and to others. These terms generally differ from province to province, or region to region. As with East Asian tradition, the surname is written prior to the given name (i.e., Hoang Khai Dinh: Hoang is the surname and Khai Dinh is the given name). This occurs in all formal situations. However, placing the surname last has become a commonality in order to cater to westerners, for example, on social media sites such as Facebook. When referring to a person as Mr or Mrs (teacher, painter, etc.) as in the English tradition of 'Mr Hoang', the given name is more commonly used e.g., "Mr Khai Dinh") in order not to cause confusion. This is due to many Vietnamese sharing the same surname (e.g., up to 40% of Vietnamese share the surname Nguyen).

Wuvulu-Aua

Further information: Wuvulu Island and Aua Island

Wuvulu-Aua does not normally incorporate honorifics as it is reserved for only the utmost respect. Originally without any honorifics, the semantics of pronouns change depending on the social context. In particular, the second person dual pronoun is used as an honorific address. The dual reference communicates that the second person is to be respected as two people. This honorific is typically reserved for in-laws. It is undocumented if any other honorifics exist beyond this one.[14]

Opposition and alternatives

People who have a strong sense of egalitarianism, such as Quakers and certain socialists, and others, eschew honorific titles. When addressing or referring to someone, they often use the person's name, an informal pronoun, or some other style implying social equality, such as "brother", "sister", "friend", or "comrade". This was also the practice in Revolutionary France and socialist countries which used Citoyen[ne] ("Citizen") as the manner of address.[citation needed] Also, some revolutionary governments abolished or banned the use of honorifics. One example is Turkey, which abolished honorifics and titles in 1934.[15] Although it was abolished, titles such as "ağa" (for landlords) and "paşa" (for high-ranking military officials) continued to be used by people.

Feminist criticism of the use of separate honorifics for married and unmarried women (Mrs. and Miss) has led to some women adopting the honorific "Ms."

See also

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ Note that U.S./Canadian usage of professor differs from most of the rest of the English-speaking world. See Professor for details.

Citations

  1. ^ Nassenstein, Nico (2018). "Politeness in Kisangani Swahili: Speakers' Pragmatic Strategies at the Fringes of the Kiswahili Speaking World". Afrikanistik-Ägyptolopgie-Online: 1–18.
  2. ^ Kraska-Szlenk, Iwona (2017). "Address Inversion in Swahili: Usage Patterns, Cognitive Motivation and Cultural Factors". Cognitive Linguistics. 29 (3): 545–583. doi:10.1515/cog-2017-0129. S2CID 149663204.
  3. ^ Habwe, John Hamu (2010). "Politeness Phenomena: A Case of Kiswahili Honorifics". Swahili Forum. 17 (1): 126–142.
  4. ^ ""尊稱"的解釋 | 漢典". www.zdic.net (in Chinese (China)). Retrieved 2022-10-18.
  5. ^ Chow, Tse-tsung (1960). The May Fourth Movement: Intellectual Revolution in Modern China. Stanford University Press.
  6. ^ "謙稱敬稱" (PDF). Civil Service Bureau (Hong Kong). p. 5. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  7. ^ Errington, James Joseph (1998). "Shifting languages: interaction and identity in Javanese Indonesia". Studies in the Social and Cultural Foundations of Language. Cambridge University Press (19). ISBN 0-521-63448-2.
  8. ^ "محترم English Meaning: Honorable Mohtaram Meaning, Urdu To English Dictionary". Darsaal. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
  9. ^ "Mohtarma Meaning in English - Madame Meaning In Roman Dictionary". UrduPoint. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
  10. ^ a b c Avecilla, Victor (12 April 2014). . the New Standard (formerly Manila Standard Today). Archived from the original on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
  11. ^ Claudio, Lisandro (6 September 2010). "The Honorable peculiarities of Filipino English". GMA News Online. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
  12. ^ Hattori, Ryoko (2012). Preverbal Particles in Pingelapese. Ann Arbor. pp. 41–42. ISBN 9781267817211.
  13. ^ Semel, Lindsay (2018-10-15). "In Conversation: Mui Poopoksakul". Asymptote. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  14. ^ Hafford, James A. Wuvulu Grammar and Vocabulary (PDF). pp. 59–60. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
  15. ^ https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.3.2590.pdf[bare URL PDF]

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Honorifics.

March 07, 2023
honorific, guidelines, wikipedia, honorifics, consult, wikipedia, manual, style, under, biography, names, honorifics, japanese, korean, grammar, linguistics, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, addin. For guidelines on Wikipedia s use of honorifics consult Wikipedia s Manual of Style under Biography Names For honorifics in Japanese and Korean grammar see Honorifics linguistics This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Honorific news newspapers books scholar JSTOR December 2009 Learn how and when to remove this template message An honorific is a title that conveys esteem courtesy or respect for position or rank when used in addressing or referring to a person Sometimes the term honorific is used in a more specific sense to refer to an honorary academic title It is also often conflated with systems of honorific speech in linguistics which are grammatical or morphological ways of encoding the relative social status of speakers Honorifics can be used as prefixes or suffixes depending on the appropriate occasion and presentation in accordance with style and customs Typically honorifics are used as a style in the grammatical third person and as a form of address in the second person Use in the first person by the honored dignitary is uncommon or considered very rude and egotistical Some languages have anti honorific despective or humilific first person forms expressions such as your most humble servant or this unworthy person whose effect is to enhance the relative honor accorded to the person addressed Contents 1 Modern English honorifics 1 1 Examples 2 Honorifics in other languages and cultures 2 1 Culturally specific usage 2 2 Africa 2 3 Ancient Rome 2 4 China 2 5 India 2 6 Italy 2 7 Japan 2 8 Javanese 2 9 Korea 2 10 Malaysia Brunei and Singapore 2 11 Pakistan 2 12 Persian cultures 2 13 Philippines 2 14 Spanish speaking cultures 2 15 Pingelap 2 16 Thailand 2 17 Turkey 2 18 Vietnam 2 19 Wuvulu Aua 3 Opposition and alternatives 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksModern English honorifics EditMain article English honorifics The most common honorifics in modern English are usually placed immediately before a person s name Honorifics used both as style and as form of address include in the case of a man Mr irrespective of marital status and in the case of a woman previously either of two depending on marital status Miss if unmarried and Mrs if married widowed or divorced more recently a third Ms became the more prevalent norm mainly owing to the desire to avoid identifying women by their marital status Further considerations regarding identifying people by gender currently are raised with varying prevalence and details in some environments honorifics such as Mx Ind or Misc may be used often or occasionally so as not to identify people by gender or at least those so requesting but without to date having broad general prevalence In some environments the honorific Mstr may be used for a boy who has not yet entered adult society similar to this Miss may be considered appropriate for a girl but inappropriate for a woman but unless parallel to Mstr the reasoning is not explicit Note all the above terms but Miss are written as abbreviations most were originally abbreviations e g from Mister Mistress others may be considered as coined to directly parallel them for consistency Abbreviations that include the initial and final letters a type of contraction are typically written in most English dialects British English Australian English South African English as examples without full stops periods but in American English and Canadian English always end with a period Other honorifics may denote the honored person s occupation for instance Doctor Esquire Captain Coach Officer The Reverend for all Christian clergy or Father for a Catholic Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox or Anglican Christian priest Rabbi for Jewish clergy or Professor a Holders of an academic doctorate such as a PhD are addressed as Doctor abbreviated Dr Some honorifics act as complete replacements for a name as Sir or Ma am or Your Honour Honor Subordinates will often use honorifics as punctuation before asking a superior a question or after responding to an order Yes sir or even Sir yes sir Judges are often addressed as Your Honour Honor when on the bench the plural form is Your Honours and the style is His Her Honour If the judge has a higher title that may be the correct honorific to use for example for High Court Judges in England Your Lordship or My Lord Members of the U S Supreme Court are addressed as Justice Similarly a monarch ranking as a king queen or emperor and his her consort may be addressed or referred to as Your His Her Majesty Their Majesties etc but there is no customary honorific accorded to a female monarch s consort as he is usually granted a specific style Monarchs below kingly rank are addressed as Your His Her Highness the exact rank being indicated by an appropriate modifier e g His Serene Highness for a member of a princely dynasty or Her Grand Ducal Highness for a member of a family that reigns over a grand duchy Verbs with these honorifics as subject are conjugated in the third person e g you are going vs Your Honour is going or Her Royal Highness is going Protocol for monarchs and aristocrats can be very complex with no general rule great offence can be given by using a form that is not exactly correct There are differences between Your Highness and Your Royal Highness between Princess Margaret and The Princess Margaret All these are correct but apply to people of subtly different rank An example of a non obvious style is Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother which was an official style but unique to one person In music a distinguished conductor or virtuoso instrumentalist may be known as Maestro In aviation pilots in command of a larger civil aircraft are usually addressed as Captain plus their full name or surname This tradition is slowly diminishing in the United States and most European Union countries citation needed However many countries especially in Asia follow this tradition and address airline pilots military pilots and flight instructors exclusively as Captain even outside of the professional environment In addition such countries etiquette rules dictate that this title must be placed on all the official letters and social invitations business cards identification documents etc In the U S when addressing a pilot common etiquette does not require the title Captain to be printed on official letters or invitations before the addressee s full name However this is optional akin to Esq after an attorney s name in the U S and may be used where appropriate especially when addressing airline pilots with many years of experience Occupants of state and political office may be addressed with an honorific A president may be addressed as Your Excellency or Mr Madam President a minister or secretary of state as Your Excellency or Mr Madam Secretary etc A prime minister may be addressed as the Honorable In the UK members of the Privy Council are addressed as the Right Honourable A member of Parliament or other legislative body may have particular honorifics A member of a Senate for example may be addressed as Senator The etiquette varies and most countries have protocol specifying the honorifics to be used for its state judicial military and other officeholders Former military officers are sometimes addressed by their last military rank such as Admiral Colonel General etc This is generally adopted only by those officers who served and at least obtained the rank equivalency of Major In the U S veterans of all ranks who have served during wartime and were honorably discharged may bear the title of the highest rank held as codified in law 10 USC 772e both officer and enlisted Examples Edit Your Highness Your Holiness Your Honor Your Grace Your Lordship Your Majesty Your WorshipHonorifics in other languages and cultures EditCulturally specific usage Edit Australian honorifics Canadian honorifics Chinese honorifics French honorifics German honorifics Honorifics in Judaism Indian honorifics Islamic honorifics Japanese honorifics Korean honorifics Kunya Arabic Thai royal ranks and titles Vietnamese honorificsAfrica Edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed July 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message In areas of East Africa where the Bantu language Swahili is spoken mzee is frequently used for an elder to denote respect by younger speakers It is used in direct conversation and used in referring to someone in the third person Other honorifics include mukubwa for ministers employers and authorities dada kaka for peers friends colleagues and mama baba for parents and grandparents 1 Additionally some Arabic loanwords are used in coastal regions as honorifics too such as ami paternal uncle and haloo maternal aunt the familial roles for which are more often described elsewhere in the Swahili speaking world as baba mkubwa mdogo older younger father or mama mkubwa mdogo older younger mother 2 Furthermore parents are oftentimes addressed by a combination of their parental title and the name of a child e g Baba Zekiyah refers to the father of Zekiyah While Swahili is Bantu it is highly influenced by Arabic and Hindi languages and cultures Babu is a prefix honorific used with elders similar to mzee but may also mean grandfather Other prefix honorifics are ndugu for brother or a close male friend and dada for a sister or close female friend thus John and Jane would be Ndugu John and Dada Jane respectively 3 Amongst the Akan ethnic groups of West Africa s Ghana the word nana is used as an aristocratic pre nominal by chiefs and elders alike In Yorubaland also in West Africa the word ogbeni is used as a synonym for the English mister Titled members of the region s aristocracy are therefore called oloye instead this being the word for chief Although the former of the two titles is only used by men aristocrats of either gender are addressed using the latter of them Ancient Rome Edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed July 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message Some honorifics used by Ancient Romans such as Augustus turned into titles over time China Edit Main article Chinese honorifics Chinese honorifics 敬語 Jingyǔ and honorific language are words word constructs and expressions in the Chinese language that convey self deprecation social respect politeness or deference 4 During the ancient and imperial periods Chinese honorifics varied greatly based on one s social status but with the end of Imperial China many of these distinctions fell out of favour due to the May Fourth Movement As such honorific usage today is mostly used in formal situations and business settings only 5 Although Chinese honorifics have simplified to a large degree many classical constructs are still occasionally employed to convey formality humility politeness or respect Honorific language in Chinese is achieved by using honorific or beautifying alternatives prefixing or suffixing a word with a polite complement or by dropping casual sounding words 6 In general there are five distinct categories of honorific language Respectful Language 敬辭 Jingci which is used when referring to others to show deference and politeness Humble Language 謙辭 Qianci which is used when referring to oneself in a self deprecating manner to show humbleness and humility Indirect Language 婉辭 Wǎnci which is the use of euphemisms or tactful language to approach sensitive topics and show respect Courteous Language 客套語 Ketaoyǔ which employs praising and laudatory words or phrases with the intent to flatter the addressee Elegant Language 雅語 Yayǔ which employs elegant and beautiful expressions and words in lieu of more casual words and phrases to describe people objects actions or concepts It is often used on occasions where casual language may be deemed inappropriate Due to the lack of equivalent expressions in English translated phrases often do not convey the same sense of beauty or elegance India Edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed July 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message Indian honorifics abound covering formal and informal relationships for commercial generational social and spiritual links Honorifics may be prefix suffix or replacement types There are many variations Prefix type The most common honorifics in India are usually placed immediately before the name of the subject Honorifics which can be used of any adult of the appropriate sex include Sri also Romanised as Shri abbreviation of Sriman Smt abbreviation of Srimati and Kum abbreviation of Kumari In Punjab Sardar is used for Sikh men and Sardarni for Sikh women In Tamil Thiru abbreviation of Thiruvalar for men and Thirumathi for women are used In Telugu Chi abbreviation of chiranjeevi is used for younger men and Chi La Sou Chiranjeevini Lakshmi Soubhagyavathi is prefixed for the names of younger women In India honorifics mostly come prior to the name of object Replacement type Some honorifics like Bhavan or Bhavati act as complete replacements for a name For example in Gujarati for an uncle who is your mother s brother the replacement honorific maama long a then short a is used and a male friend will often earn the suffix honorific of bhai Suffix type The traditional Hindi honorific is the suffix ji For example M K Gandhi the Mahatma was often referred to as Gandhi ji Hindi like many languages distinguishes between pronouns for persons older in age or status Such a person is referred as aap a person of same status is called tum both translating as you in English but similar in principle to the vous tu distinction in French or the usted tu distinction in Spanish A similar distinction exists for third person pronouns When honorifics are attached in Hindi the verb matches the plural case The traditional Bengali honorific for ordinary men is the suffix Babu ব ব used with the person s given first name Thus Shubhash Basu would be Shubhash Babu For men with whom one has a more formal relationship the suffix Moshai মশ ই mohashoi মহ শয is used with the person s family last name Thus Shubhash Basu would be Basu Moshai The traditional Kannada honorific is the suffix avaru For example Visveswariah was referred to as Visveswariah avaru The traditional Marathi honorific is the suffix rao For example Madhav Scindia was referred to as Madhav rao The traditional Mizo honorific for men and women are the prefix Pu and Pi respectively For example Pu Laldenga or Pi Ropuiliani Additionally the prefix U may be used for elder siblings The traditional Tamil honorific is the suffix Avargal Dalai Lama would become Dalai Lama Avargal The traditional Telugu honorific is the suffix Garu Thus Potti Sriramulu would be Potti Sriramulu Garu Italy Edit Italian honorifics are usually limited to formal situations Professional titles like Ingegnere engineer are often substituted for the ordinary Signore Signora mister or Mrs while Dottore or Dottoressa doctor is used freely for any graduate of a university For college professors on academic settings the honorifics Professore or Professoressa prevail over Dottore or Dottoressa Masculine honorifics lose their e ending when juxtaposed to a surname e g Dottor Rossi Cardinal Martini Ragionier Fantozzi Verbs are conjugated in the third person singular as opposed to the second person singular when addressing someone using an honorific and the formal pronoun Lei with a capital L is used instead of the informal tu Japan Edit Main article Japanese honorifics See also Honorific speech in Japanese Mi rareta Sonkeigo The word in Japanese for honorifics keigo 敬語 is used in Japanese everyday conversations Japanese honorifics are similar to English with titles like Mister and Miss but in Japanese which has many honorifics their use is mandatory in many formal and informal social situations Japanese grammar as a whole tends to function on hierarchy honorific stems are appended to verbs and many nouns primarily names and in many cases one word may be exchanged for another word entirely with the same verb or noun meaning but with different honorific connotations In Japan there are three rough divisions of honorifics Teineigo 丁寧語 the most popular keigo that is used in daily life used as a formal and polite way of speaking to others in general It is usually used when the speaker does not know the other person well Under teineigo there is also bikago 美化語 beautiful clean language which is used when people simply want to speak in a polite way regardless of the age or class of the other person Sonkeigo 尊敬語 is another type of keigo It is used to make the person who is being spoken to in a higher position It is mainly used at work and when speaking with teachers In the past this was a type of language that was formed based on the classes Japanese society used to have Saikoukeigo ja 最高敬語 is the highest sonkeigo that exists and it is used only for the Japanese emperor his family members and equivalent foreign nobles Kenjougo 謙譲語 lowers the position of the speaker or the subject of the conversation and is primarily used at the workplace and in academia This is also specifically used when the person is much older or in a higher position than the speaker or often when one apologizes to someone else Javanese Edit Indonesia s Javanese majority ethnicity has many honorifics 7 For example Bang or Bung is a somewhat outdated egalitarian term to refer to a brotherhood among men Bang is Betawi language for Mas Bapak and its contraction Pak meaning Sir Mister or literally Father Bapak Cilik and its contraction Pak lik are used for a very familiar friend or sir they literally meaning small father or a relative younger than one s father Bapak Gede and its contraction Pak de are used for a big father uncle or relative older than one s father meaning literally Grand Sir Bendara Raden Mas Bendara Mas or the contraction ndoro meaning Prince flag bearer His Highness Eyang Putera Kakung and its contraction Eyang Kakung meaning grandfather literally Grand Sir Eyang Puteri and its contraction Eyang meaning grandmother literally Grand Lady Ibu and its contraction Bu meaning Madam Ma am Ms or Mrs and literally meaning Mother I Gusti means His or Her Royal Majesty Kyai is an honorific used with a highly respected Muslim cleric same as mullah in Iran and maulana in South Asia Mbak yu and the more common mbak are derived from Surakarta court Initially used to address unmarried women who are adolescents or of marriageable age they are now used with all women with no age or marital status connotation Mbok is not an honorific it denotes an older woman of very low status in some cases a mother Common Language Raden Behi contracted to Den Behi means Heir Apparent and is now obsolete Raden Emas and its contraction Mas denote Mr among colleagues friends and others of slightly higher age or social status meaning literally Golden Son Lord or Heir Apparent Raden Emas Behi contracted to Mas Behi means Second Heir Apparent and is now obsolete Korea Edit Main article Korean honorifics Korean honorifics are similar to Japanese honorifics and similarly their use is mandatory in many formal and informal social situations Korean grammar as a whole tends to function on hierarchy honorific stems are appended to verbs and some nouns and in many cases one word may be exchanged for another word entirely with the same verb or noun meaning but with different honorific connotations Linguists say there are six levels of honorifics in Korean but in daily conversation only four of them are widely used in contemporary Korean Suffix ssi 씨 is used at most honorific verbs but not always It is considered very impolite and offensive not to use honorific sentences or words with someone who is older or has a higher social status and most Koreans avoid using non honorific sentences with someone they have met for the first time In Korean names first or last always precede a title e g Park Sonsaengnim Park Kwanjangnim etc Malaysia Brunei and Singapore Edit Main articles Malay names and Malay styles and titles A complex system of Titles and honorifics is extensively used in the Malay language speaking cultures in Brunei and Malaysia In contrast Singapore whose Malay royalty was abolished by the British colonial government in 1891 has adopted civic titles for its leaders Being Muslim Malay people address high ranking religious scholars as tok imam grandpa imam Tok dalang is a honorific used to address a village leader Pakistan Edit Pakistan has numerous honorific forms that may be used with or as a substitute for names The most common honorifics in Pakistan are usually placed immediately before the name of the subject or immediately after the subject There are many variations across Pakistan Prefix type The traditional Urdu honorific in Pakistan for a man is the prefix Mohtaram 8 For example Syed Mohammad Jahangir would become Mohtaram Syed Mohammad Jahangir The traditional Urdu honorific in Pakistan for a woman is the prefix Mohtarma 9 For example Shamim Ara would become Mohtarma Shamim Ara These prefixes are however rarely used in formal and informal conversations and are almost entirely used as a title given to a national figure or when writing applications or letters Suffix type The traditional Urdu honorific in Pakistan for a man is the suffix Sahab For example Syed Zaki Ahmed would become Syed Zaki Ahmed Sahab The traditional Urdu honorific in Pakistan for a woman is the suffix Sahiba for instance Shamim Ara would become Shamim Ara Sahiba Hazrat is used before the names of religious leaders and scholars Hajji is used before the name of individuals who have completed Hajj Sir and Ma am Madam have become increasingly common in formal professional settings Baji Appa Behen sister Bhai brother Uncle male elder and Auntie female elder are used in vernacular Urdu and non professional settings These honorifics are usually said without the name of the individual If specification is required they are more regularly used as suffixes than prefixes though both are used Persian cultures Edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed July 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message Persian honorifics generally follow the second name especially if they refer to gender or particular social statuses e g Name Agha Mr Name Name Khanom Ms Name Name Ostad teacher or cleric Name Rayis manager leader or director Such honorifics are used in both formal and informal situations A more formal honorific referring to gender would be Jenab His Excellency which precedes Name Agha Mr Name and Sarkar Her Excellency which precedes Name Khanom Ms Name A newer honorific is Arjomand esteemed which comes after other honorifics except those referring to gender and is not gender specific e g Ostad Arjomand Name Surname or Rayis Arjomand Sarkar Khanom Name Surname They are generally used in very formal situations Philippines Edit Main article Filipino styles and honorifics The usage of Filipino honorifics differs from person to person though commonalities occur like the occasional insertion of the word po or ho in conversations and their dependence on age structured hierarchies Though some have become obsolete many are still widely used in order to denote respect friendliness or affection Some new honorifics mainly used by teenagers are experiencing surges in popularity The Filipino language has honorifics like Binibini Ate Miss Big sister Ginang Aling Manang Mrs Madam Ginoo Mang Manong Kuya Mister Sir Big brother that have roots in Chinese culture Depending on one s relation with the party being addressed various honorifics may be used As such addressing a man who is older has a higher rank at work or has a higher social standing one may use Mr or Sir followed by the First last or full name Addressing a woman in a similar situation as above one may use Miss or Madam and its contraction Ma am followed by First last or full name Older married women may prefer to be addressed as Mrs The use of Sir Miss Madam or Ma am followed by the first name nickname or surname is usually restricted to Filipino vernacular and social conversation even in television and film Despite this non Filipinos and naturalized Filipinos such as expat students and professionals also address older people in the Filipino way On a professional level many use educational or occupational titles such as Architect Engineer Doctor Attorney often abbreviated as Arch Archt Ar Engr Dr or sometimes Dra for female doctors and Atty respectively on casual and even formal bases Stricter etiquette systems frown upon this practise as a sign of Filipino professionals obsession with flaunting their educational attainment and professional status 10 Despite this some of their clients especially non Filipinos would address them as simply Mr or Mrs Ms followed by their surnames or even Sir Ma am in conversation It is very rare however for a Filipino especially those born and educated abroad to address Filipino architects engineers and lawyers even mentioning and referring to their names the non Philippine i e international standard way Even foreigners who work in the Philippines or naturalized Filipino citizens including foreign spouses of Filipinos who hold some of these titles and descriptions especially as instructors in Philippine colleges and universities are addressed in the same way as their Filipino counterparts although it may sound awkward or unnatural to some language purists who argue that the basic titles or either Sir or Ma am Madam are to be employed for simplicity as they are unnecessary when he or she is included in a list of wedding sponsors or when their name appears in the list of officials of a country club or similar organization They are uncalled for in public donations religious activities parents teachers association events athletic competitions society pages of newspapers and in any activity that has nothing to do with one s title or educational attainment 10 It is also acceptable to treat those titles and descriptions except Doctor as adjectival nouns i e first letter not capitalized e g architect name instead Even though Doctor is really a title in standard English the created titles Architect Attorney and Engineer among other examples are a result of vanity titles herald achievement and success they distinguish the title holder from the rest of society and insecurity the title holder s achievements and successes might be ignored unless announced to the public 10 even due to historical usage of pseudo titles in newspapers when Filipinos first began writing in English citation needed Possible reasons are firstly the fact the English taught to Filipinos was the egalitarian English of the New World and that the Americans who colonized the Philippines encountered lowland societies that already used Iberian linguistic class markers like Don and Dona Secondly the fundamental contradiction of the American colonial project The Americans who occupied the Philippines justified their actions through the rhetoric of benevolent assimilation In other words they were only subjugating Filipinos to teach them values like American egalitarianism which is the opposite of colonial anti equality Thirdly the power of American colonialism lies in its emphasis on education an education that supposedly exposed Filipinos to the wonders of the American way of life Through education the American colonial state bred a new elite of Filipinos trained in a new more modern American system People with advanced degrees like law or engineering were at the apex of this system Their prestige as such not only rested on their purported intelligence but also their mastery of the colonizer s way of life This Lisandro Claudio suspects is the source of the magical and superstitious attachment Filipinos have to attorneys architects and engineers The language they use is still haunted by their colonial experience They linguistically privilege professionals because their colonizers made them value a certain kind of white collar work 11 Again even expatriate professionals in the Philippines were affected by these reasons when they resided and married a Filipino or were naturalized so it s not unusual for them to be addressed Filipino style Spanish speaking cultures Edit Spanish has a number of honorific forms that may be used with or as substitutes for names such as senor or caballero Mr Sir Gentleman senora Madam Mrs Lady ma am and senorita Miss young lady licenciado for a person with bachelor s or a professional degree e g attorneys and engineers maestro for a teacher master mechanic or person with a master s degree doctor doctor etc Also used is don male or dona female for people of rank or in some Latin American countries e g Puerto Rico for any senior citizen In some Latin American countries like Colombia Doctor is used for any respected figure regardless of whether they have a doctoral degree for instance Colombian presidents are often referred to as Doctor likewise Maestro is used for artistic masters especially painters Additionally older people and those with whom one would speak respectfully e g one s boss or teacher are often addressed as usted abbreviated ud a formal respectful way of saying you e g Dra Polo como esta usted Dr Polo how are you The word usted historically comes from the honorific title vuestra merced literally your mercy This formal you is accompanied by verb conjugation that is different from the informal you tu Intimate friends and relatives are addressed as tu In some regions addressing a relative stranger as tu can be considered disrespectful or provocative except when it s directed to a person notably younger than the speaker or in an especially informal context Pingelap Edit Pingelapese is a Micronesian language spoken on the Pingelap atoll and on two of the eastern Caroline Islands called the high island of Pohnpei Pingelapese does not employ many honorifics into their speech Their society is structured in a way that everyone is seen as equal most likely due to the fact that there are so few of them due to emigration There is no structured hierarchy to enforce the use of honorific speech There are not many polite vocabulary words and the language they use can be classified as a commoners language However among the Micronesian languages Pohnpeian is the only language that uses a thoroughly developed honorific speech This demonstrates that a highly structured hierarchical society was very important in their culture There are multiple ways that Pohnpeic speakers show respect through their language In the Pohnpeic language there is royal language which is used for the two highest ranking chiefs Next respect honorifics are used with other superiors and people who are considered respected equals There is not only the use of honorifics but humiliative language as well which is used to lower oneself below higher ranking people showing respect and reverence This speech was lost in Pingelap when Pohnpei speakers migrated to the Pingelap atoll and adapted their more casual way of speaking Even though the younger generation of Pingelapese speakers does not use honorific speech elders in the language report being taught a form of language of respect This language was to be used to address elders and leaders in the community Women were also told to use it towards their brothers and with their children Phrases could be made polite by adding the second person singular possessive suffix mwi Other ways to utilize honorific speech is by changing words entirely 12 Thailand Edit According to Thai translator Mui Poopoksakul The Thai language is absolutely immediate in its indication of the speaker and addressee s places in the society and their relationship to each other Thai has honorifics as well as what I like to call dishonorifics it has a multitude of pronouns that are extremely nuanced for example there are so many ways to say I and most of them already indicate the speaker s gender and often their age and societal standing relative to the person they are speaking to 13 The most common Thai honorifics are used to differentiate age between friends family and peers The most commonly used are khun RTGS khun mid tone is used the same way as mister or Mrs or Miss It is a formal way to refer to persons not overly familiar It is also used as a pronoun for the word you phi RTGS phi falling tone is used when speaking to or about an older sibling or friend It is used for both men and women and can also be used when referring to oneself if one is older than the addressees nxng RTGS nong high tone is the exact opposite of the above It is use when speaking to or about a younger sibling or friend It is used between both men and women and can also be used when referring to oneself if the person speaking is younger than the addressees It could be used by a babysitter to address the child she takes care of khru RTGS khru mid tone is used when addressing a teacher translating literally to teacher xacary RTGS achan mid tone both syllables is used to address a professor It is used much in the same way as khru however achan carries more prestige It generally refers to someone who is a master in their field Many Theravada Buddhist scholars and those who have dedicated their lives to Theravada Buddhism assume this title among their followers phra RTGS phra high tone This is perhaps one of the highest honorifics in Thai culture It is reserved for monks and priests It is also allows for use when referring to a most revered place or object such as a temple or palace Turkey Edit Turkish honorifics generally follow the first name especially if they refer to gender or particular social statuses e g Name Bey Mr Name Hanim Ms Name Beyefendi literally meaning Lord Master Name Hanimefendi literally meaning Lady Master Name Hoca teacher or cleric Name Ogretmen solely for teacher Name Agha high official Such honorifics are used in both formal and informal situations Another honorific is Sayin Muhterem esteemed which precedes the surname or full name and is not gender specific e g Sayin Muhterem Name Surname or Sayin Muhterem Surname They are generally used in very formal situations Vietnam Edit Honorifics in Vietnamese are more complex compared to Chinese where the origins of many of these pronouns can be traced and many have fallen out of usage or have been replaced due to the changing times An honorific or a pronoun in Vietnamese when referring to a person acts as a way to define two peoples degree of relationship with one another Examples of these pronouns include chị older sister ong male elder and chu younger uncle younger brother of father only used on father s side The exclusive use of the Vietnamese words for I and you are considered informal and rude Rather honorifics are used to refer to oneself and to others These terms generally differ from province to province or region to region As with East Asian tradition the surname is written prior to the given name i e Hoang Khai Dinh Hoang is the surname and Khai Dinh is the given name This occurs in all formal situations However placing the surname last has become a commonality in order to cater to westerners for example on social media sites such as Facebook When referring to a person as Mr or Mrs teacher painter etc as in the English tradition of Mr Hoang the given name is more commonly used e g Mr Khai Dinh in order not to cause confusion This is due to many Vietnamese sharing the same surname e g up to 40 of Vietnamese share the surname Nguyen Wuvulu Aua Edit Further information Wuvulu Island and Aua Island Wuvulu Aua does not normally incorporate honorifics as it is reserved for only the utmost respect Originally without any honorifics the semantics of pronouns change depending on the social context In particular the second person dual pronoun is used as an honorific address The dual reference communicates that the second person is to be respected as two people This honorific is typically reserved for in laws It is undocumented if any other honorifics exist beyond this one 14 Opposition and alternatives EditPeople who have a strong sense of egalitarianism such as Quakers and certain socialists and others eschew honorific titles When addressing or referring to someone they often use the person s name an informal pronoun or some other style implying social equality such as brother sister friend or comrade This was also the practice in Revolutionary France and socialist countries which used Citoyen ne Citizen as the manner of address citation needed Also some revolutionary governments abolished or banned the use of honorifics One example is Turkey which abolished honorifics and titles in 1934 15 Although it was abolished titles such as aga for landlords and pasa for high ranking military officials continued to be used by people Feminist criticism of the use of separate honorifics for married and unmarried women Mrs and Miss has led to some women adopting the honorific Ms See also EditList of titles Style manner of address The Honourable T V distinctionReferences EditFootnotes Note that U S Canadian usage of professor differs from most of the rest of the English speaking world See Professor for details Citations Nassenstein Nico 2018 Politeness in Kisangani Swahili Speakers Pragmatic Strategies at the Fringes of the Kiswahili Speaking World Afrikanistik Agyptolopgie Online 1 18 Kraska Szlenk Iwona 2017 Address Inversion in Swahili Usage Patterns Cognitive Motivation and Cultural Factors Cognitive Linguistics 29 3 545 583 doi 10 1515 cog 2017 0129 S2CID 149663204 Habwe John Hamu 2010 Politeness Phenomena A Case of Kiswahili Honorifics Swahili Forum 17 1 126 142 尊稱 的解釋 漢典 www zdic net in Chinese China Retrieved 2022 10 18 Chow Tse tsung 1960 The May Fourth Movement Intellectual Revolution in Modern China Stanford University Press 謙稱敬稱 PDF Civil Service Bureau Hong Kong p 5 Retrieved 18 October 2022 Errington James Joseph 1998 Shifting languages interaction and identity in Javanese Indonesia Studies in the Social and Cultural Foundations of Language Cambridge University Press 19 ISBN 0 521 63448 2 محترم English Meaning Honorable Mohtaram Meaning Urdu To English Dictionary Darsaal Retrieved 2020 06 25 Mohtarma Meaning in English Madame Meaning In Roman Dictionary UrduPoint Retrieved 2020 06 25 a b c Avecilla Victor 12 April 2014 What s in a title and a degree the New Standard formerly Manila Standard Today Archived from the original on 27 April 2014 Retrieved 27 April 2014 Claudio Lisandro 6 September 2010 The Honorable peculiarities of Filipino English GMA News Online Retrieved 10 June 2015 Hattori Ryoko 2012 Preverbal Particles in Pingelapese Ann Arbor pp 41 42 ISBN 9781267817211 Semel Lindsay 2018 10 15 In Conversation Mui Poopoksakul Asymptote Retrieved 7 April 2019 Hafford James A Wuvulu Grammar and Vocabulary PDF pp 59 60 Retrieved 10 February 2017 https www mevzuat gov tr MevzuatMetin 1 3 2590 pdf bare URL PDF External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Honorifics Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Honorific amp oldid 1142930013, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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