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Hajj

April 21, 2023

For other uses, see Hajj (disambiguation).
"Haj" redirects here. For other uses, see Haj (disambiguation).

Hajj (/hɑːdʒ/;[1] Arabic: حَجّ Ḥajj; sometimes also spelled Hadj, Hadji or Haj in English) is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia,[2] the holiest city for Muslims. Hajj is a mandatory religious duty for Muslims that must be carried out at least once in their lifetime by all adult Muslims who are physically and financially capable of undertaking the journey, and of supporting their family during their absence from home.[3][4][5]

Hajj
الحج
Pilgrims at the Al-Masjid Al-Haram Mosque in Mecca on Hajj in 2010
StatusActive
FrequencyAnnual
Location(s)Mecca
Coordinates21°25′22.3″N 39°49′32.6″E / 21.422861°N 39.825722°E / 21.422861; 39.825722
CountrySaudi Arabia
Attendance2,489,406 (2019)
(10,000 limit in 2020 due to COVID-19)
(60,000 limit in 2021 due to COVID-19)
1,000,000 (2022)
Air-conditioned tents in Mina city (Saudi Arabia), 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) away from Mecca.

In Islamic terminology, Hajj is a pilgrimage made to the Kaaba, the "House of Allah", in the sacred city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia. It is one of the Five Pillars of Islam, alongside Shahadah (oath to Allah & Muhammad "The messenger of Allah"), salat (prayer), zakat (almsgiving) and sawm (fasting of Ramadan). The Hajj is an annual practice when muslim brotherhood is on display and their solidarity with fellow Muslim people, and submission to God (Allah) is fulfilled.[6][7] The word Hajj means "pilgrimage made to the Kaaba" a long pious journey taken by Muslims to cleanse their souls of all worldly sins, which connotes both the outward act of a journey after death and the inward act of good intentions.[8] The rites of pilgrimage are performed over five to six days, extending from the 8th to the 12th or 13th[9] of Dhu al-Hijjah, the last month of the Islamic calendar.[10] Because the Islamic calendar is lunar and the Islamic year is about eleven days shorter than the Gregorian year, the Gregorian date of Hajj changes from year to year. In 2023 AD (1444 AH), Dhu al-Hijjah extends from 19 June to 18 July.

The Hajj is associated with the life of Islamic prophet Muhammad from the 7th century AD, but the ritual of pilgrimage to Mecca stated in Muslim sources stretch back to the time of Abraham. During Hajj, pilgrims join processions of millions of muslim people, who simultaneously converge on Mecca for the week of the Hajj, and perform a series of pre-Islamic rituals (reformed by Muhammad): each person wears a single piece of unstitched white clothing (Ihram), walks counter-clockwise seven times around the Kaaba (a cube-shaped building and the direction of prayer for Muslims), kiss the black stone mounted on the corner wall of Kaaba, walks briskly back and forth between the hills of Safa and Marwah seven times, then drinks from the Zamzam Well, goes to the plains of Mount Arafat to stand in vigil, spends a night in the plain of Muzdalifa, and performs symbolic Stoning of the Devil by throwing stones at three pillars. After the sacrifice of a cattle (which can be accomplished by using a voucher), the pilgrims then are required to either shave or trim their heads (if male) or trim the ends of their hair (if female). A celebration of the four-day global festival of Eid al-Adha proceeds afterwards.[11][12][13] Muslims may also undertake an Umrah (Arabic: عُمرَة), or "lesser pilgrimage" to Mecca at other times of the year. However, the Umrah is not a substitute for the Hajj and Muslims are still obligated to perform the Hajj at some other point in their lifetime if they have the means to do so.[14]

According to the official published statistics between 2000 and 2019,[15][16][17] the average number of attendees is 2,269,145 per year, of which 1,564,710 come from outside Saudi Arabia and 671,983 are local. The year 2012 marks the highest number of participants with 3,161,573.[18] In June 2020, while not cancelling the Hajj outright, the Saudi Government announced that they would only welcome "very limited numbers" of pilgrims who are residents of Saudi Arabia due to the global COVID-19 pandemic.[19] Similar restrictions applied in 2021, but women were permitted to attend without a male guardian (mehrem) provided they went in a trustworthy group.[20]

Etymology

The letter in Arabic: حج [ħædʒ, ħæɡ] is similar to the Hebrew: חג ḥag [χaɡ], which means "holiday", from the triliteral Semitic root ح-ج-ج. In the Temple, every festival would bring a sacrificial feast. Similarly in Islam, the person who commits the Hajj to Mecca has to circle around the Kaaba and offer sacrifices.[21]

History

Main article: History of Hajj
 
A Hajj certificate dated 602 AH (1205 CE).
 
A 1907 photograph of people praying near the Kaaba in the Great Mosque of Mecca
The Kaaba during Hajj

The present pattern of Hajj was established by Muhammad.[22] However, according to the Quran, elements of Hajj trace back to the time of Abraham. According to Islamic tradition, Abraham was ordered by God to leave his wife Hajar and his son Ishmael alone in the desert of ancient Mecca. In search of water, Hajar desperately ran seven times between the two hills of Safa and Marwah but found none. Returning in despair to Ishmael, she saw the baby scratching the ground with his leg and a water fountain sprang forth underneath his foot.[23] Later, Abraham was commanded to build the Kaaba (which he did with the help of Ishmael) and to invite people to perform pilgrimage there.[24] The Quran refers to these incidents in verses 2:124–127 and 22:27–30.[n 1] It is said that the archangel Gabriel brought the Black Stone from Heaven to be attached to the Kaaba.[24]

In pre-Islamic Arabia, a time known as Age of Ignorance, the Kaaba became surrounded by pagan idols.[25] In 630 AD, Muhammad led his followers from Medina to Mecca, cleansed the Kaaba by destroying all the pagan idols, and then consecrated the building to God.[26] In 632 AD, Muhammad performed his only and last pilgrimage with a large number of followers, and instructed them on the rites of Hajj.[27] It was from this point that Hajj became one of the five pillars of Islam.

During medieval times, pilgrims would gather in the big cities of Syria, Egypt, and Iraq to go to Mecca in groups and caravans comprising tens of thousands of pilgrims,[28] often under state patronage.[29] Hajj caravans, particularly with the advent of the Mamluk Sultanate and its successor, the Ottoman Empire, were escorted by a military force accompanied by physicians under the command of an amir al-hajj.[30][31] This was done to protect the caravan from Bedouin robbers or natural hazards,[n 2][30][31] and to ensure that the pilgrims were supplied with the necessary provisions.[30] Muslim travelers like Ibn Jubayr and Ibn Battuta have recorded detailed accounts of Hajj journeys in medieval times.[32] The caravans followed well-established routes called in Arabic darb al-hajj, lit. "pilgrimage road", which usually followed ancient routes such as the King's Highway.

Timing of Hajj

The date of Hajj is determined by the Islamic calendar (known as the Hijri calendar or AH), which is based on the lunar year.[33][34] Every year, the events of Hajj take place in a ten-day period, starting on 1 and ending on 10 Dhu al-Hijjah, the twelfth and last month of the Islamic calendar. Among these ten days, the 9th Dhul-Hijjah is known as Day of Arafah, and this day is called the day of Hajj. Because the Islamic calendar is lunar and the Islamic year is about eleven days shorter than the Gregorian year, the Gregorian date for Hajj changes from year to year. Thus, each year in the Gregorian calendar, the pilgrimage starts eleven days (sometimes ten days) earlier.[34][35] This makes it possible for the Hajj season to fall twice in one Gregorian year, and it does so every 33 years. The last time this phenomenon occurred was in 2006.[36]

The table below shows the Gregorian dates of Hajj in recent years (the dates correspond to 9 Dhul-Hijjah of the Hijri calendar). Prospective dates are approximate:

AH Gregorian date
1432 2011, 5 November[37]
1433 2012, 25 October
1434 2013, 14 October[38][39]
1435 2014, 3 October[40]
1436 2015, 23 September[41]
1437 2016, 11 September[42][43]
1438 2017, 31 August[44]
1439 2018, 20 August[45]
1440 2019, 10 August[45]
1441 2020, 30 July[45]
1442 2021, 19 July[45]
1443 2022, 8 July[45]
1444 2023, 27 June[45]

Rites

 
Diagram of the locations and rites of Hajj

Fiqh literature describes in detail the manners of carrying out the rites of Hajj, and pilgrims generally follow handbooks and expert guides to successfully fulfill the requirements of Hajj.[46] In performing the rites of Hajj, the pilgrims not only follow the model of Muhammad, but also commemorate the events associated with Abraham.[47]

Ihram

Main article: Ihram

Ihram is the name given to the special spiritual state, state of holiness, which marks the start of the ritual of Hajj for each person.[6][48] Ihram is initiated upon the arrival to the Miqat or prior to reaching it, depending on where they have come from.

When pilgrims enter into the state of Ihram, they are required to abstain from certain actions.[49] While in ihram, males are required to wear two white seamless cloths, with one wrapped around the waist reaching below the knee and the other draped over the left shoulder and tied at the right side. For females this involves wearing ordinary dress that fulfills the Islamic condition of public dress with hands and face uncovered;[50][page needed]. Other prohibitions include refraining from clipping nails, shaving any part of the body, having sexual relations; using perfumes, damaging plants, killing animals, covering the head (for men) or the face and hands (for women); getting married; or carrying weapons.[6][48]

The Ihram is meant to show equality of all pilgrims in front of God, with no difference between the rich and the poor.[47] Donning such unsewn white garments entirely is believed to distance man from material ostentation, and engross him in a world of purity and spirituality, since clothes are believed to show individuality and distinction and create superficial barriers that separate individuals. The garments of Ihram are seen as the antithesis of that individualism. Ihram clothing is also a reminder of shrouds worn after death.[51]

Tawaf and sa'ay

 
Direction of the tawaf around the Kaaba

The ritual of tawaf involves walking seven times counterclockwise around the Kaaba.[52] Upon arriving at Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām, pilgrims perform an arrival tawaf either as part of Umrah or as a welcome tawaf.[53] During tawaf, pilgrims also include Hateem – an area at the north side of the Kaaba – inside their path. Each circuit starts and ends with the kissing or touching of the Black Stone. Pilgrims also point to the stone and recite a prayer known as Talbiyah.[54] If kissing or touching the stone is not possible because of crowds, pilgrims may simply point towards the stone with their right hand on each circuit. Eating is not permitted but the drinking of water is permitted and encouraged, because of the risk of dehydration. Men are encouraged to perform the first three circuits at a hurried pace, known as Ramal, and the following four at a more leisurely pace.[50][page needed][54]

The completion of Tawaf is followed by two Rakaat prayers at the Place of Abraham (Muqam Ibrahim), a site near the Kaaba inside the mosque.[54][55] However, again because of large crowds during the days of Hajj, they may instead pray anywhere in the mosque. After prayer, pilgrims also drink water from the Zamzam well, which is made available in coolers throughout the Mosque.[56]

Although the circuits around the Kaaba are traditionally done on the ground level, tawaf is now also performed on the first floor and roof of the mosque because of the large crowds.

This rite is said to be the manifestation of Tawhid, the Oneness of God. The heart and soul of the pilgrim should move around Kaaba, the symbol of the House of God, in a way that no worldly attraction distracts him from this path. Only Tawhid should attract him. Tawaf also represents Muslims' unity. During tawaf, everyone encircles Kaaba collectively.[51]

Tawaf is followed by sa'ay, running or walking seven times between the hills of Safa and Marwah, located near the Kaaba.[52][55] Previously in the open air, the place is now entirely enclosed by the Sacred Mosque, and can be accessed via air-conditioned tunnels.[57] Pilgrims are advised to walk the circuit, though two green pillars mark a short section of the path where they run. There is also an internal "express lane" for elderly or disabled people. After sa'ay, male pilgrims shave or trim their hair and women generally clip a portion of their hair, which completes the Umrah.

  •  

    Sa'yee towards Safa

  •  

    Central section reserved for the elderly and the disabled. It is also divided into two directions of travel.

  •  

    Sa'yee returning from Safa

First day of Hajj: 8th Dhu al-Hijjah (Tarwiyah Day)

On the 8th Dhu al-Hijjah, the pilgrims are reminded of their duties. They again don the Ihram garments and confirm their intention to make the pilgrimage. The prohibitions of Ihram start now.

The name of Tarwiyah refers to a narration of Ja'far al-Sadiq. He described the reason that there was no water at Mount Arafat on the 8th day of Dhu al-Hijjah. If pilgrims wanted to stay at Arafat, he would have prepared water from Mecca and carried it by themselves there. So they told each other to drink enough. Finally, this day called Tarwiyah[58] that means to quench thirst in the Arabic language.[59] Tarwiyah Day is the first day of Hajj ritual. Also at this day, Husayn ibn Ali began to go to Karbala from Mecca.[60] Muhammad nominated to Tarwiyah Day as one of the four chosen days.[59]

Mina

 
Pilgrims wearing Ihram near Mount Arafat on the day of Hajj
 
Mount Arafat during Hajj

After the morning prayer on the 8th of Dhu al-Hijjah, the pilgrims proceed to Mina where they spend the whole day and offer noon (Note: On Friday, Friday Prayer is Offered, instead of Dhuhr Prayer, at Mina), afternoon, evening, and night prayers.[61] The next morning after morning prayer, they leave Mina to go to Arafat.

Second day: 9th Dhu al-Hijjah (Arafah Day)

The 9th Dhul-Hijjah is known as Day of Arafah, and this day is called the Day of Hajj.[43]

Arafat

Main article: Day of Arafah

On 9th Dhu al-Hijjah before noon, pilgrims arrive at Arafat, a barren and plain land some 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of Mecca,[62] where they stand in contemplative vigil: they offer supplications, repent on and atone for their past sins, and seek the mercy of God, and listen to the sermon from the Islamic scholars who deliver it from near Jabal al-Rahmah (The Mount of Mercy)[61] from where Muhammad is said to have delivered his last sermon. Lasting from noon through sunset,[62] this is known as 'standing before God' (wuquf), one of the most significant rites of Hajj.[6] At Masjid al-Namirah, pilgrims offer noon and afternoon prayers together at noontime.[61] A pilgrim's Hajj is considered invalid if they do not spend the afternoon on Arafat.[62]

Muzdalifah

 
Pilgrims at Muzdalifah

Pilgrims must leave Arafat for Muzdalifah after sunset without performing their maghrib (sunset) prayer at Arafat.[63] Muzdalifah is an area between Arafat and Mina. Upon reaching there, pilgrims perform Maghrib and Isha prayer jointly, spend the night praying and sleeping on the ground with open sky, and gather pebbles for the next day's ritual of the stoning of the Devil (Shaytan).[64]

Third day: 10th Dhu al-Hijjah (Qurban Day)

After the morning prayer, the Pilgrims move from Muzdalifah to Mina.

Ramy al-Jamarat

Main article: Stoning of the Devil
 
Pilgrims performing "Ramy Al-Jamarat" (Stoning of the Devil) ceremony during the 2006 Hajj

At Mina, the pilgrims perform symbolic Stoning of the Devil (Ramy al-Jamarat) by throwing seven stones from sunrise to sunset at only the largest of the three pillars, known as Jamrat al-Aqabah.[65][self-published source?] The remaining two pillars (jamarah) are not stoned on this day.[66] These pillars are said to represent Satan.[67] Pilgrims climb ramps to the multi-levelled Jamaraat Bridge, from which they can throw their pebbles at the jamarat. Because of safety reasons, in 2004 the pillars were replaced by long walls, with catch basins below to collect the pebbles.[68][69]

Animal Sacrificing

After the stoning of the Devil, cattle (Surah 22:34-36) are sacrificed to commemorate the story of Ibrahim and Ismael. Traditionally the pilgrims slaughtered the animal themselves or oversaw the slaughtering. Today many pilgrims buy a sacrifice voucher in Mecca before the greater Hajj begins, which allows an animal to be slaughtered in the name of God (Allah) on the 10th, without the pilgrim being physically present. Modern abattoirs complete the processing of the meat, which is then sent as a charity to poor people around the world.[57] At the same time as the sacrifices occur at Mecca, Muslims worldwide perform similar sacrifices, in a three-day global festival called Eid al-Adha.[12]

Hair removal

After sacrificing an animal, another important rite of Hajj is the shaving or trimming of head hair (known as Halak). All male pilgrims shave their head or trim their hair on the day of Eid al Adha and female pilgrims cut the tips of their hair.[70][71][72]

Tawaf Ziyarat/Ifadah

 
Pilgrims performing Tawaf around the Kaaba

On the same or the following day, the pilgrims re-visit the Sacred Mosque in Mecca for another tawaf, known as Tawaf al-Ifadah, an essential part of Hajj.[71] It symbolizes being in a hurry to respond to God and show love for Him, an obligatory part of Hajj. The night of the 10th is spent back at Mina.

Fourth day: 11th Dhu al-Hijjah

Starting from noon to sunset on the 11 Dhu al-Hijjah (and again the following day), the pilgrims again throw seven pebbles at each of the three pillars in Mina. This is commonly known as the "Stoning of the Devil".[65]

Fifth day: 12th Dhu al-Hijjah

On 12 Dhu al-Hijjah, the same process of the stoning of the pillars as of 11 Dhu al-Hijjah takes place.[65] Pilgrims may leave Mina for Mecca before sunset on the 12th.

Last day at Mina: 13th Dhu al-Hijjah

If unable to leave on the 12th before sunset or opt to stay longer, they must perform the stoning ritual again on the 13th before returning to Mecca.[65]

Tawaf al-Wadaa

Finally, before leaving Mecca, pilgrims perform a farewell tawaf called the Tawaf al-Wadaa. 'Wadaa' means 'to bid farewell'. The pilgrims circle the Kaaba seven times counter-clockwise, and if they can, attempt to touch or kiss the Kaaba.[73]

Journey to Medina

During their journey for Hajj, pilgrims traditionally also travel to the city of Medina (approximately 450 kilometres (280 mi) to the northeast), in particular to pray at the Al-Masjid an-Nabawi (Mosque of the Prophet),[74] which contains the tomb of prophet Muhammad.[57] The Quba Mosque and Masjid al-Qiblatayn are also usually visited.[75]

Significance

To Muslims, Hajj is associated with religious as well as social significance.[76] The obligation for performing this pilgrimage is only fulfilled if it is done on the eighth to twelfth day of the last month of the Islamic calendar. If in a given year, an adult Muslim is in good health and their life and wealth are safe, they must perform the Hajj in the same year. Delaying it is considered sinful unless the delay is caused by reasons beyond their control.[77]

Apart from being an obligatory religious duty, the Hajj is seen to have a spiritual merit that provides Muslims with an opportunity of self-renewal.[76] Hajj serves as a reminder of the Day of Judgment when Muslims believe people will stand before God.[78] Hadith literature (sayings of Muhammad) articulates various merits a pilgrim achieves upon successful completion of their Hajj.[n 3] After successful pilgrimage, pilgrims can prefix their names with the title 'Al-Hajji', and are held with respect in Muslim society.[79] However, Islamic scholars suggest Hajj should signify a Muslim's religious commitment, and should not be a measurement of their social status.[79] Hajj brings together and unites the Muslims from different parts of the world irrespective of their race, colour, and culture, which acts as a symbol of equality.[6][70]

A 2008 study on the impact of participating in the Islamic pilgrimage found that Muslim communities become more positive and tolerant after Hajj experience. Titled Estimating the Impact of the Hajj: Religion and Tolerance in Islam's Global Gathering and conducted in conjunction with Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government, the study noted that the Hajj "increases belief in equality and harmony among ethnic groups and Islamic sects and leads to more favourable attitudes toward women, including greater acceptance of female education and employment" and that "Hajjis show increased belief in peace, equality and harmony among adherents of different religions."[80]

Malcolm X, an American activist during the Civil Rights Movement, describes the sociological atmosphere he experienced at his Hajj in the 1960s as follows:

There were tens of thousands of pilgrims, from all over the world. They were of all colours, from blue-eyed blondes to black-skinned Africans. But we were all participating in the same ritual, displaying a spirit of unity and brotherhood that my experiences in America had led me to believe never could exist between the white and the non-white. America needs to understand Islam because this is the one religion that erases from its society the race problem. You may be shocked by these words coming from me. But on this pilgrimage, what I have seen, and experienced, has forced me to rearrange much of my thought-patterns previously held.[81]

Differences between Hajj and Umrah

Main article: Umrah
  • Both are Islamic pilgrimages, the main difference is their level of importance and the method of observance.[82]
  • Hajj is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. It is obligatory for every Muslim once in their lifetime, provided they are physically fit and financially capable.[83]
  • Hajj is performed over specific days during a designated Islamic month. However, Umrah can be performed at any time.
  • Although they share common rites, Umrah can be performed in less than a few hours while Hajj is more time-consuming, and involves more rituals.

Arrangement and facilities

 
A Saudi security officer on vigil

Most of the Hajj related issues are handled by Ministry of Hajj and Umrah. Making necessary arrangements each year for the growing number of pilgrims poses a logistic challenge for the government of Saudi Arabia, which has, since the 1950s, spent more than $100 billion to increase pilgrimage facilities.[29][33] Major issues like housing, transportation, sanitation, and health care have been addressed and improved greatly by the government by introducing various development programs, with the result that pilgrims now enjoy modern facilities and perform various rites at ease.[57] The Saudi government often sets quotas for various countries to keep the pilgrims' number at a manageable level, and arranges huge security forces and CCTV cameras to maintain overall safety during Hajj.[29][33][84][85] Various institutions and government programs, such as the Haj subsidy offered in Pakistan or the Tabung Haji based in Malaysia assist pilgrims in covering the costs of the journey.[86] For the 2014 Hajj, special Hajj information desks were set up at Pakistani airports to assist the pilgrims.[87] For the benefit of pilgrims from India and Pakistan, Urdu signs were also introduced at the mosques.[88]

Technology solutions

The Saudi government employs technology to protect the safety, and enhance the experience, of the pilgrim's journey. Recently, the Ministry of Hajj and Umrah has introduced the Hajj pilgrims' e-bracelet program that stores pilgrims' essential data and which helps to provide them with the necessary support.[89] In 2018, SAFCSP organized the Hajj Hackathon event in Jeddah, with 2,950 participants from over 100 countries. The event aims at exploring the use of technology to provide solutions for Hajj pilgrims.[90][91] In 2019, the "Fatwa Robot" service was launched to provide pilgrims with fatwas and other religious advice.[92] Two interactive apps were launched by Hajj authorities to provide pilgrims with a range of services through their smartphones. The services, which are available in nine languages, help pilgrims in finding emergency service centres, holy sites, currency exchanges, restaurants, and accommodation.[93]

Visa requirements

To enter Saudi Arabia to participate in the Hajj as a Muslim, visa requirements have to be satisfied.[94][95] Saudi Arabia's Ministry of Hajj and Umrah is planning to ease visas issuance by enabling Hajj and Umrah pilgrims to obtain e-visa within minutes through campaigns and companies.[96] For the upcoming Umrah season, visas can be electronically issued within 24 hours via a special platform established by the Ministry of Hajj and Umrah.[97] For passengers traveling from the United States, they must purchase a package from a licensed Hajj agency. People from Gulf Cooperation Council countries do not need a visa to enter Saudi Arabia and vice versa. People with Saudi visas are not allowed to enter the site unless they are Muslim.

Makkah Route Initiative

Makkah Route Initiative is an initiative made by the Saudi government to facilitate the pilgrims entries to Saudi Arabia by completing it in the airports of their countries. The initiative has been implemented since 2018 by The Saudi Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[98] In 2019, the initiative is planned to provide service to around 225,000 pilgrims from airports in Malaysia, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Tunisia.[99] The provided services include:

  1. Issuance of visas.
  2. Making sure that the pilgrims' health conditions comply with the requirements and to make certain that the potential pilgrims have taken preventive measures related to the epidemiological situation in the world.[100]
  3. Codifying and sorting luggage at the pilgrims' airports and delivering them to the pilgrims' hotels directly upon arrival.[99]

Transportation

Traditionally, the pilgrimage to Mecca was mainly an overland journey using camels as a means of transport. During the second half of the nineteenth century (after the 1850s), steamships began to be used in the pilgrimage journey to Mecca, and the number of pilgrims traveling on sea routes increased.[101] This continued for some time,[102] until air travel came to predominate; Egypt introduced the first airline service for Hajj pilgrims in 1937.[103][104] Today, many airlines and travel agents offer Hajj packages, and arrange for transportation and accommodation for the pilgrims.[105] King Abdulaziz International Airport in Jeddah and Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz Airport in Medina have dedicated pilgrim terminals to assist with the large numbers of pilgrims.[106][107] Other international airports around the world, such as Indira Gandhi Airport in New Delhi, Rajiv Gandhi International Airport in Hyderabad, Jinnah in Karachi and Soekarno-Hatta in Jakarta also have dedicated terminals or temporary facilities to service pilgrims as they depart for the Hajj and return home.[108] During Hajj, many airlines run extra flights to accommodate the large number of pilgrims.[33][106]

During official Hajj days, pilgrims travel between the different locations by metro, bus or on foot. The Saudi government strictly controls vehicles access into these heavily congested areas. However, the journey can take many hours due to heavy vehicular and pedestrian traffic. In 2010, the Saudi government started operating the Al Mashaaer Al Mugaddassah Metro line as an exclusive shuttle train for pilgrims between Arafat, Muzdalifa and Mina. The service, which operates only during the days of Hajj, shortens the travel time during the critical "Nafrah" from Arafat to Muzdalifah to minutes. Due to its limited capacity, the use of the metro is not open to all pilgrims.

Climate crisis

Rising global temperatures mean that in the future, people undertaking hajj could face "extreme danger" due to heat and humidity.[109][110][111] Projected temperature rises of 1.5° to 2° could have significant impacts the health of participants, many of whom are elderly.[112][113] In 2021 Ummah for Earth and Greenpeace Middle East published research which suggested climate actions which included adapting the Great Mosque for solar power.[114]

Green Hajj Camp

In 2011 Husna Ahmad created the first green guide to Hajj.[110] In 2019, Saudi Arabia launched an environment-friendly Hajj initiative under the auspices of the environmental technologist Magda Abu Ras.[115] One aspect discouraged the consumption of plastics and was entitled Hajj without Plastic.[115] The project is implemented in 30 camps in Mina where pilgrims are encouraged to sort out their wastes. Moreover, the proceeds are used for charitable purposes.[116] The project has a number of objectives as follows:

  1. Decreasing environmental harms.
  2. Improving the management system of solid waste.
  3. Preserving pilgrims' and camps' safety.[116]

Modern crowd-control problems

Main article: Incidents during the Hajj

Pilgrim numbers have greatly increased in recent years, which has led to numerous accidents and deaths due to overcrowding. The first major accident during Hajj in modern times occurred in 1990, when a tunnel stampede led to the death of 1,462 people.[117] Afterwards, various crowd-control techniques were adopted to improve safety. Because of large crowds, some of the rituals have become more symbolic. For example, it is no longer necessary to kiss the Black Stone. Instead, pilgrims simply point at it on each circuit around the Kaaba. Also, the large pillars used for pebble throwing were changed into long walls in 2004 with basins below to catch the stones.[68][69] Another example is that animal sacrifice is now done at slaughterhouses appointed by the Saudi authorities, without the pilgrims being present there.[50][118][119] In the 70s and 80s, a number of deaths occurred, this was because of a stampede or a siege.

Despite safety measures, incidents may happen during the Hajj as pilgrims are trampled or ramps collapse under the weight of the many visitors. During 2015 Hajj, a stampede resulted in 769 deaths and injuries to 934 others, according to the Saudi authorities.[120][121] A report from Associated Press totalled at least 2,411 deaths from official reports from other countries, making it the most deadly such episode to date.[122][120] Concerns were raised in 2013 and 2014 about the spread of MERS because of mass gatherings during the Hajj.[123][124] Saudi Health Minister Abdullah Al-Rabia said authorities have detected no cases of MERS among the pilgrims so far.[125] He also said that, despite few cases of MERS, Saudi Arabia was ready for the 2014 pilgrimage.[126][127][needs update]

In November 2017, Saudi authorities banned selfies at the two holy sites.[128]

In February 2020, Saudi Arabia temporarily banned foreign pilgrims from entering Mecca and Medina to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in the Kingdom.[129] It later temporarily suspended the pilgrimage of Umrah.[130] In June, the Saudi government announced that only "very limited numbers" of pilgrims already resident in Saudi Arabia would be permitted to participate in the Hajj.[19]

Hajj and the Saudi economy

In 2014, Saudi Arabia was expected to have earned up to $8.5 billion from Hajj.[131] Saudi Arabia's highest source of revenue after oil and gas is Hajj and the country is expected to depend more on Hajj as the amounts of available oil and gas for sale decline.[132]

Furthermore, the increase of religious tourism from about 12 million Muslims annually to almost 17 million by 2025 has given rise to increasing luxury hotel businesses in the area to accommodate pilgrims. The Abraj al-Bait firm intends to build hotels, shopping malls and apartments which is claimed to be an estimated value of three billion dollars.[133] According to The Embassy of Saudi Arabia, the Saudi government are working towards establishing programs which promote sanitation, housing, transportation, and welfare as the number of visiting pilgrims increases.

Most pilgrims, from countries such as the United States, Australia and the United Kingdom decide to purchase packages from licensed Hajj agencies in their countries. This helps direct the flow of traffic into the Kingdom and allows for pilgrims to work directly with a business responsible for their services instead of dealing directly with Saudi Arabia's government.[134]

In July 2020, the WSJ reported that following the COVID-19 pandemic, the Saudi authorities have curtailed the five-day event in Mecca to fewer than 10,000 people, already residing in the country. It also said that the hospitality and housing industries that rely entirely on Hajj revenue, will face severe loss of revenue.[135] (See also: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Hajj.)

Number of pilgrims per year

 
Pictographic world map comparing the largest periodic human migration events[136]

There has been a substantial increase in the number of pilgrims during the last 92 years, and the number of foreign pilgrims has increased by approximately 2,824 percent, from 58,584 in 1920 to 1,712,962 in 2012.[137] Because of development and expansion work at Masjid al-Haram, the authority restricted the number of pilgrims in 2013.[138][139]

Between 1940 and 1945, foreign pilgrims were restricted from arriving in Saudi Arabia as a result of World War II;[140] all pilgrimages from 2020 onwards will be severely restricted as the country deals with the COVID-19 pandemic.

The following number of pilgrims arrived in Saudi Arabia each year to perform Hajj:

Gregorian year Hijri year Local pilgrims Foreign pilgrims Total
1920 1338 58,584[137]
1921 1339 57,255[137]
1922 1340 56,319[137]
1950 1369 100,000 (approx.)[3]
1950s 150,000 (approx.)[141]
1960s 300,000 (approx.)[141]
1970s 700,000 (approx.)[141]
1980s 900,000 (approx.)[141]
1989 1409 774,600[142]
1990 1410 827,200[142]
1991 1411 720,100[142]
1992 1412 1,015,700[142]
1993 1413 992,800[142]
1994 1414 997,400[142]
1995 1415 1,046,307[142]
1996 1416 784,769 1,080,465[142][16] 1,865,234
1997 1417 774,260 1,168,591[142][16] 1,942,851
1998 1418 699,770 1,132,344 1,832,114[142][143]
1999 1419 775,268 1,056,730 1,831,998
2000 1420 466,430[144] 1,267,355 1,733,785[144]
2001 1421 440,808 1,363,992 1,804,800[145]
2002 1422 590,576 1,354,184 1,944,760
2003 1423 493,230 1,431,012 1,924,242[146]
2004 1424 473,004[147] 1,419,706[148] 1,892,710[147]
2005 1425 1,030,000 (approx.) 1,534,769 2,560,000 (approx.)[149]
2006 1426 573,147 1,557,447 2,130,594[150]
2006 1427 724,229 1,654,407 2,378,636[151]
2007 1428 746,511 1,707,814 2,454,325[152][153]
2008 1429 1,729,841[17]
2009 1430 154,000 1,613,000 2,521,000[154]
2010 1431 989,798 1,799,601 2,854,345[155]
2011 1432 1,099,522 1,828,195 2,927,717[156]
2012 1433 1,408,641 1,752,932 3,161,573[18]
2013 1434 600,718[157] 1,379,531[158] 1,980,249[157]
2014 1435 696,185[157] 1,389,053[159] 2,085,238[157]
2015 1436 567,876[157] 1,384,941[160] 1,952,817[157]
2016 1437 537,537[161] 1,325,372[161] 1,862,909[161]
2017 1438 600,108 1,752,014 2,352,122[15]
2018 1439 612,953 1,758,722 2,371,675[162]
2019 1440 634,379 1,855,027 2,489,406[163]
2020 1441 1,000[164]
2021 1442 58,745[165][166] 0[165] 58,745[166]
2022 1443 119,434[167] 779,919[167] 899,353[167]

Gallery

  •  

    Pilgrim in supplication at the Al-Masjid Al-Haram in Mecca.

  •  

    The largest Jamarah (pillar) these pillars depict the evils in Islam and are stoned by the devotees.

  •  

    Pilgrims visiting the well of Zamzam.

  •  

    Mount Safa within the Al-Masjid Al-Haram in Mecca.

  •  

    Mount Marwah within the Al-Masjid Al-Haram in Mecca.

  •  

    Tents at Mina.

  •  

    Mount Arafat during Ḥajj with Pilgrims supplicating.

  •  

    Mount Arafat, a few miles away from Mecca.

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ The verses read: "And remember that Abraham was tried by his Lord with certain commands, which he fulfilled.... Remember We made the House a place of assembly for men and a place of safety, and take ye the station of Abraham as a place of prayer; and We covenanted with Abraham and Ishmael, that they should sanctify My House for those who compass it round or use it as a retreat, or bow, or prostrate themselves (therein in prayer).... And remember Abraham and Ishmael raised the foundations of the House (2:124–127)" and "And proclaim the Pilgrimage among men: they will come to thee on foot and (mounted) on every kind of camel, through deep and distant mountain highways, that they may witness the benefits (provided) for them, and celebrate the name of Allah, through the Days appointed, over the cattle which He has provided for them (for sacrifice): then eat ye thereof and feed the distressed one, the needy. Then let them complete the rites prescribed for them, perform their vows, and (again) circumambulate the Ancient House." (22:27–29)
  2. ^ Ibn Jubayr noted the skeletons of the faithful who had died of thirst en route. In the 17th century, a group of Egyptian pilgrims lost over 1,500 people and 900 camels. In 1924 around one-fifth of a group of Syrian pilgrims died and two years later, 12,000 are thought to have died during the journey. [Islam in the World by Malise Ruthven. Granta Publications, 2006. p. 2. ISBN 1-86207-906-4.]
  3. ^ For example, one such Hadith says: Narrated Abu Huraira: The Prophet (p.b.u.h) said, "Whoever performs Hajj for God's pleasure and does not have sexual relations with his wife, and does not do evil or sins then he will return (after Hajj free from all sins) as if he were born anew." Sahih al-Bukhari,

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Further reading

  • Bianchi, Robert R. (2004). Guests of God: Pilgrimage and Politics in the Islamic World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517107-5.
  • Hammoudi, Abdellah (2006). A Season in Mecca: Narrative of a Pilgrimage. Hill and Wang. ISBN 978-0-8090-7609-3.
  • Khan, Qaisra (2014). "Hajj & 'Umra". In Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani (eds.). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God. Vol. I. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 239–245. OCLC 857754274.
  • Patler, Nicholas (2017). From Mecca to Selma: Malcolm X, Islam, and the Journey tnto the American Civil Rights Movement. The Islamic Monthly.
  • Trojanow, Ilija (2007). Mumbai to Mecca: A Pilgrimage to the Holy Sites of Islam. Haus Publishing. ISBN 978-1-904950-29-5.

External links

  • Hajj: a Cultural History – online exhibition
  • Mapping Faith: The Pilgrimage to Mecca – CNN interactive feature
  • Virtual Hajj by PBS
  • –Time magazine photo essay
  • Sequence of Hajj explained through Google Earth 20 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine

April 21, 2023
hajj, other, uses, disambiguation, redirects, here, other, uses, disambiguation, ɑː, arabic, Ḥajj, sometimes, also, spelled, hadj, hadji, english, annual, islamic, pilgrimage, mecca, saudi, arabia, holiest, city, muslims, mandatory, religious, duty, muslims, t. For other uses see Hajj disambiguation Haj redirects here For other uses see Haj disambiguation Hajj h ɑː dʒ 1 Arabic ح ج Ḥajj sometimes also spelled Hadj Hadji or Haj in English is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca Saudi Arabia 2 the holiest city for Muslims Hajj is a mandatory religious duty for Muslims that must be carried out at least once in their lifetime by all adult Muslims who are physically and financially capable of undertaking the journey and of supporting their family during their absence from home 3 4 5 HajjالحجPilgrims at the Al Masjid Al Haram Mosque in Mecca on Hajj in 2010StatusActiveFrequencyAnnualLocation s MeccaCoordinates21 25 22 3 N 39 49 32 6 E 21 422861 N 39 825722 E 21 422861 39 825722CountrySaudi ArabiaAttendance2 489 406 2019 10 000 limit in 2020 due to COVID 19 60 000 limit in 2021 due to COVID 19 1 000 000 2022 Air conditioned tents in Mina city Saudi Arabia 2 kilometres 1 2 mi away from Mecca In Islamic terminology Hajj is a pilgrimage made to the Kaaba the House of Allah in the sacred city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia It is one of the Five Pillars of Islam alongside Shahadah oath to Allah amp Muhammad The messenger of Allah salat prayer zakat almsgiving and sawm fasting of Ramadan The Hajj is an annual practice when muslim brotherhood is on display and their solidarity with fellow Muslim people and submission to God Allah is fulfilled 6 7 The word Hajj means pilgrimage made to the Kaaba a long pious journey taken by Muslims to cleanse their souls of all worldly sins which connotes both the outward act of a journey after death and the inward act of good intentions 8 The rites of pilgrimage are performed over five to six days extending from the 8th to the 12th or 13th 9 of Dhu al Hijjah the last month of the Islamic calendar 10 Because the Islamic calendar is lunar and the Islamic year is about eleven days shorter than the Gregorian year the Gregorian date of Hajj changes from year to year In 2023 AD 1444 AH Dhu al Hijjah extends from 19 June to 18 July The Hajj is associated with the life of Islamic prophet Muhammad from the 7th century AD but the ritual of pilgrimage to Mecca stated in Muslim sources stretch back to the time of Abraham During Hajj pilgrims join processions of millions of muslim people who simultaneously converge on Mecca for the week of the Hajj and perform a series of pre Islamic rituals reformed by Muhammad each person wears a single piece of unstitched white clothing Ihram walks counter clockwise seven times around the Kaaba a cube shaped building and the direction of prayer for Muslims kiss the black stone mounted on the corner wall of Kaaba walks briskly back and forth between the hills of Safa and Marwah seven times then drinks from the Zamzam Well goes to the plains of Mount Arafat to stand in vigil spends a night in the plain of Muzdalifa and performs symbolic Stoning of the Devil by throwing stones at three pillars After the sacrifice of a cattle which can be accomplished by using a voucher the pilgrims then are required to either shave or trim their heads if male or trim the ends of their hair if female A celebration of the four day global festival of Eid al Adha proceeds afterwards 11 12 13 Muslims may also undertake an Umrah Arabic ع مر ة or lesser pilgrimage to Mecca at other times of the year However the Umrah is not a substitute for the Hajj and Muslims are still obligated to perform the Hajj at some other point in their lifetime if they have the means to do so 14 According to the official published statistics between 2000 and 2019 15 16 17 the average number of attendees is 2 269 145 per year of which 1 564 710 come from outside Saudi Arabia and 671 983 are local The year 2012 marks the highest number of participants with 3 161 573 18 In June 2020 while not cancelling the Hajj outright the Saudi Government announced that they would only welcome very limited numbers of pilgrims who are residents of Saudi Arabia due to the global COVID 19 pandemic 19 Similar restrictions applied in 2021 but women were permitted to attend without a male guardian mehrem provided they went in a trustworthy group 20 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Timing of Hajj 4 Rites 4 1 Ihram 4 2 Tawaf and sa ay 4 3 First day of Hajj 8th Dhu al Hijjah Tarwiyah Day 4 3 1 Mina 4 4 Second day 9th Dhu al Hijjah Arafah Day 4 4 1 Arafat 4 4 2 Muzdalifah 4 5 Third day 10th Dhu al Hijjah Qurban Day 4 5 1 Ramy al Jamarat 4 5 2 Animal Sacrificing 4 5 3 Hair removal 4 5 4 Tawaf Ziyarat Ifadah 4 6 Fourth day 11th Dhu al Hijjah 4 7 Fifth day 12th Dhu al Hijjah 4 8 Last day at Mina 13th Dhu al Hijjah 4 8 1 Tawaf al Wadaa 5 Journey to Medina 6 Significance 7 Differences between Hajj and Umrah 8 Arrangement and facilities 8 1 Technology solutions 8 2 Visa requirements 8 3 Makkah Route Initiative 8 4 Transportation 9 Climate crisis 9 1 Green Hajj Camp 10 Modern crowd control problems 11 Hajj and the Saudi economy 12 Number of pilgrims per year 13 Gallery 14 See also 15 References 15 1 Notes 15 2 Citations 16 Further reading 17 External linksEtymology EditThe letter in Arabic حج ħaedʒ ħaeɡ is similar to the Hebrew חג ḥag xaɡ which means holiday from the triliteral Semitic root ح ج ج In the Temple every festival would bring a sacrificial feast Similarly in Islam the person who commits the Hajj to Mecca has to circle around the Kaaba and offer sacrifices 21 History EditMain article History of Hajj A Hajj certificate dated 602 AH 1205 CE A 1907 photograph of people praying near the Kaaba in the Great Mosque of Mecca source source source source source source source source The Kaaba during Hajj The present pattern of Hajj was established by Muhammad 22 However according to the Quran elements of Hajj trace back to the time of Abraham According to Islamic tradition Abraham was ordered by God to leave his wife Hajar and his son Ishmael alone in the desert of ancient Mecca In search of water Hajar desperately ran seven times between the two hills of Safa and Marwah but found none Returning in despair to Ishmael she saw the baby scratching the ground with his leg and a water fountain sprang forth underneath his foot 23 Later Abraham was commanded to build the Kaaba which he did with the help of Ishmael and to invite people to perform pilgrimage there 24 The Quran refers to these incidents in verses 2 124 127 and 22 27 30 n 1 It is said that the archangel Gabriel brought the Black Stone from Heaven to be attached to the Kaaba 24 In pre Islamic Arabia a time known as Age of Ignorance the Kaaba became surrounded by pagan idols 25 In 630 AD Muhammad led his followers from Medina to Mecca cleansed the Kaaba by destroying all the pagan idols and then consecrated the building to God 26 In 632 AD Muhammad performed his only and last pilgrimage with a large number of followers and instructed them on the rites of Hajj 27 It was from this point that Hajj became one of the five pillars of Islam During medieval times pilgrims would gather in the big cities of Syria Egypt and Iraq to go to Mecca in groups and caravans comprising tens of thousands of pilgrims 28 often under state patronage 29 Hajj caravans particularly with the advent of the Mamluk Sultanate and its successor the Ottoman Empire were escorted by a military force accompanied by physicians under the command of an amir al hajj 30 31 This was done to protect the caravan from Bedouin robbers or natural hazards n 2 30 31 and to ensure that the pilgrims were supplied with the necessary provisions 30 Muslim travelers like Ibn Jubayr and Ibn Battuta have recorded detailed accounts of Hajj journeys in medieval times 32 The caravans followed well established routes called in Arabic darb al hajj lit pilgrimage road which usually followed ancient routes such as the King s Highway Timing of Hajj EditThe date of Hajj is determined by the Islamic calendar known as the Hijri calendar or AH which is based on the lunar year 33 34 Every year the events of Hajj take place in a ten day period starting on 1 and ending on 10 Dhu al Hijjah the twelfth and last month of the Islamic calendar Among these ten days the 9th Dhul Hijjah is known as Day of Arafah and this day is called the day of Hajj Because the Islamic calendar is lunar and the Islamic year is about eleven days shorter than the Gregorian year the Gregorian date for Hajj changes from year to year Thus each year in the Gregorian calendar the pilgrimage starts eleven days sometimes ten days earlier 34 35 This makes it possible for the Hajj season to fall twice in one Gregorian year and it does so every 33 years The last time this phenomenon occurred was in 2006 36 The table below shows the Gregorian dates of Hajj in recent years the dates correspond to 9 Dhul Hijjah of the Hijri calendar Prospective dates are approximate AH Gregorian date1432 2011 5 November 37 1433 2012 25 October1434 2013 14 October 38 39 1435 2014 3 October 40 1436 2015 23 September 41 1437 2016 11 September 42 43 1438 2017 31 August 44 1439 2018 20 August 45 1440 2019 10 August 45 1441 2020 30 July 45 1442 2021 19 July 45 1443 2022 8 July 45 1444 2023 27 June 45 Rites Edit Diagram of the locations and rites of Hajj Fiqh literature describes in detail the manners of carrying out the rites of Hajj and pilgrims generally follow handbooks and expert guides to successfully fulfill the requirements of Hajj 46 In performing the rites of Hajj the pilgrims not only follow the model of Muhammad but also commemorate the events associated with Abraham 47 Ihram Edit Main article Ihram Ihram is the name given to the special spiritual state state of holiness which marks the start of the ritual of Hajj for each person 6 48 Ihram is initiated upon the arrival to the Miqat or prior to reaching it depending on where they have come from When pilgrims enter into the state of Ihram they are required to abstain from certain actions 49 While in ihram males are required to wear two white seamless cloths with one wrapped around the waist reaching below the knee and the other draped over the left shoulder and tied at the right side For females this involves wearing ordinary dress that fulfills the Islamic condition of public dress with hands and face uncovered 50 page needed Other prohibitions include refraining from clipping nails shaving any part of the body having sexual relations using perfumes damaging plants killing animals covering the head for men or the face and hands for women getting married or carrying weapons 6 48 The Ihram is meant to show equality of all pilgrims in front of God with no difference between the rich and the poor 47 Donning such unsewn white garments entirely is believed to distance man from material ostentation and engross him in a world of purity and spirituality since clothes are believed to show individuality and distinction and create superficial barriers that separate individuals The garments of Ihram are seen as the antithesis of that individualism Ihram clothing is also a reminder of shrouds worn after death 51 Tawaf and sa ay Edit Direction of the tawaf around the Kaaba The ritual of tawaf involves walking seven times counterclockwise around the Kaaba 52 Upon arriving at Al Masjid Al Ḥaram pilgrims perform an arrival tawaf either as part of Umrah or as a welcome tawaf 53 During tawaf pilgrims also include Hateem an area at the north side of the Kaaba inside their path Each circuit starts and ends with the kissing or touching of the Black Stone Pilgrims also point to the stone and recite a prayer known as Talbiyah 54 If kissing or touching the stone is not possible because of crowds pilgrims may simply point towards the stone with their right hand on each circuit Eating is not permitted but the drinking of water is permitted and encouraged because of the risk of dehydration Men are encouraged to perform the first three circuits at a hurried pace known as Ramal and the following four at a more leisurely pace 50 page needed 54 The completion of Tawaf is followed by two Rakaat prayers at the Place of Abraham Muqam Ibrahim a site near the Kaaba inside the mosque 54 55 However again because of large crowds during the days of Hajj they may instead pray anywhere in the mosque After prayer pilgrims also drink water from the Zamzam well which is made available in coolers throughout the Mosque 56 Although the circuits around the Kaaba are traditionally done on the ground level tawaf is now also performed on the first floor and roof of the mosque because of the large crowds This rite is said to be the manifestation of Tawhid the Oneness of God The heart and soul of the pilgrim should move around Kaaba the symbol of the House of God in a way that no worldly attraction distracts him from this path Only Tawhid should attract him Tawaf also represents Muslims unity During tawaf everyone encircles Kaaba collectively 51 Tawaf is followed by sa ay running or walking seven times between the hills of Safa and Marwah located near the Kaaba 52 55 Previously in the open air the place is now entirely enclosed by the Sacred Mosque and can be accessed via air conditioned tunnels 57 Pilgrims are advised to walk the circuit though two green pillars mark a short section of the path where they run There is also an internal express lane for elderly or disabled people After sa ay male pilgrims shave or trim their hair and women generally clip a portion of their hair which completes the Umrah Sa yee towards Safa Central section reserved for the elderly and the disabled It is also divided into two directions of travel Sa yee returning from SafaFirst day of Hajj 8th Dhu al Hijjah Tarwiyah Day Edit On the 8th Dhu al Hijjah the pilgrims are reminded of their duties They again don the Ihram garments and confirm their intention to make the pilgrimage The prohibitions of Ihram start now The name of Tarwiyah refers to a narration of Ja far al Sadiq He described the reason that there was no water at Mount Arafat on the 8th day of Dhu al Hijjah If pilgrims wanted to stay at Arafat he would have prepared water from Mecca and carried it by themselves there So they told each other to drink enough Finally this day called Tarwiyah 58 that means to quench thirst in the Arabic language 59 Tarwiyah Day is the first day of Hajj ritual Also at this day Husayn ibn Ali began to go to Karbala from Mecca 60 Muhammad nominated to Tarwiyah Day as one of the four chosen days 59 Mina Edit Pilgrims wearing Ihram near Mount Arafat on the day of Hajj Mount Arafat during Hajj After the morning prayer on the 8th of Dhu al Hijjah the pilgrims proceed to Mina where they spend the whole day and offer noon Note On Friday Friday Prayer is Offered instead of Dhuhr Prayer at Mina afternoon evening and night prayers 61 The next morning after morning prayer they leave Mina to go to Arafat Second day 9th Dhu al Hijjah Arafah Day Edit The 9th Dhul Hijjah is known as Day of Arafah and this day is called the Day of Hajj 43 Arafat Edit Main article Day of Arafah On 9th Dhu al Hijjah before noon pilgrims arrive at Arafat a barren and plain land some 20 kilometres 12 mi east of Mecca 62 where they stand in contemplative vigil they offer supplications repent on and atone for their past sins and seek the mercy of God and listen to the sermon from the Islamic scholars who deliver it from near Jabal al Rahmah The Mount of Mercy 61 from where Muhammad is said to have delivered his last sermon Lasting from noon through sunset 62 this is known as standing before God wuquf one of the most significant rites of Hajj 6 At Masjid al Namirah pilgrims offer noon and afternoon prayers together at noontime 61 A pilgrim s Hajj is considered invalid if they do not spend the afternoon on Arafat 62 Muzdalifah Edit Pilgrims at Muzdalifah Pilgrims must leave Arafat for Muzdalifah after sunset without performing their maghrib sunset prayer at Arafat 63 Muzdalifah is an area between Arafat and Mina Upon reaching there pilgrims perform Maghrib and Isha prayer jointly spend the night praying and sleeping on the ground with open sky and gather pebbles for the next day s ritual of the stoning of the Devil Shaytan 64 Third day 10th Dhu al Hijjah Qurban Day Edit After the morning prayer the Pilgrims move from Muzdalifah to Mina Ramy al Jamarat Edit Main article Stoning of the Devil Pilgrims performing Ramy Al Jamarat Stoning of the Devil ceremony during the 2006 Hajj At Mina the pilgrims perform symbolic Stoning of the Devil Ramy al Jamarat by throwing seven stones from sunrise to sunset at only the largest of the three pillars known as Jamrat al Aqabah 65 self published source The remaining two pillars jamarah are not stoned on this day 66 These pillars are said to represent Satan 67 Pilgrims climb ramps to the multi levelled Jamaraat Bridge from which they can throw their pebbles at the jamarat Because of safety reasons in 2004 the pillars were replaced by long walls with catch basins below to collect the pebbles 68 69 Animal Sacrificing Edit After the stoning of the Devil cattle Surah 22 34 36 are sacrificed to commemorate the story of Ibrahim and Ismael Traditionally the pilgrims slaughtered the animal themselves or oversaw the slaughtering Today many pilgrims buy a sacrifice voucher in Mecca before the greater Hajj begins which allows an animal to be slaughtered in the name of God Allah on the 10th without the pilgrim being physically present Modern abattoirs complete the processing of the meat which is then sent as a charity to poor people around the world 57 At the same time as the sacrifices occur at Mecca Muslims worldwide perform similar sacrifices in a three day global festival called Eid al Adha 12 Hair removal Edit After sacrificing an animal another important rite of Hajj is the shaving or trimming of head hair known as Halak All male pilgrims shave their head or trim their hair on the day of Eid al Adha and female pilgrims cut the tips of their hair 70 71 72 Tawaf Ziyarat Ifadah Edit Pilgrims performing Tawaf around the Kaaba On the same or the following day the pilgrims re visit the Sacred Mosque in Mecca for another tawaf known as Tawaf al Ifadah an essential part of Hajj 71 It symbolizes being in a hurry to respond to God and show love for Him an obligatory part of Hajj The night of the 10th is spent back at Mina Fourth day 11th Dhu al Hijjah Edit Starting from noon to sunset on the 11 Dhu al Hijjah and again the following day the pilgrims again throw seven pebbles at each of the three pillars in Mina This is commonly known as the Stoning of the Devil 65 Fifth day 12th Dhu al Hijjah Edit On 12 Dhu al Hijjah the same process of the stoning of the pillars as of 11 Dhu al Hijjah takes place 65 Pilgrims may leave Mina for Mecca before sunset on the 12th Last day at Mina 13th Dhu al Hijjah Edit If unable to leave on the 12th before sunset or opt to stay longer they must perform the stoning ritual again on the 13th before returning to Mecca 65 Tawaf al Wadaa Edit Finally before leaving Mecca pilgrims perform a farewell tawaf called the Tawaf al Wadaa Wadaa means to bid farewell The pilgrims circle the Kaaba seven times counter clockwise and if they can attempt to touch or kiss the Kaaba 73 Journey to Medina EditDuring their journey for Hajj pilgrims traditionally also travel to the city of Medina approximately 450 kilometres 280 mi to the northeast in particular to pray at the Al Masjid an Nabawi Mosque of the Prophet 74 which contains the tomb of prophet Muhammad 57 The Quba Mosque and Masjid al Qiblatayn are also usually visited 75 Significance EditTo Muslims Hajj is associated with religious as well as social significance 76 The obligation for performing this pilgrimage is only fulfilled if it is done on the eighth to twelfth day of the last month of the Islamic calendar If in a given year an adult Muslim is in good health and their life and wealth are safe they must perform the Hajj in the same year Delaying it is considered sinful unless the delay is caused by reasons beyond their control 77 Apart from being an obligatory religious duty the Hajj is seen to have a spiritual merit that provides Muslims with an opportunity of self renewal 76 Hajj serves as a reminder of the Day of Judgment when Muslims believe people will stand before God 78 Hadith literature sayings of Muhammad articulates various merits a pilgrim achieves upon successful completion of their Hajj n 3 After successful pilgrimage pilgrims can prefix their names with the title Al Hajji and are held with respect in Muslim society 79 However Islamic scholars suggest Hajj should signify a Muslim s religious commitment and should not be a measurement of their social status 79 Hajj brings together and unites the Muslims from different parts of the world irrespective of their race colour and culture which acts as a symbol of equality 6 70 A 2008 study on the impact of participating in the Islamic pilgrimage found that Muslim communities become more positive and tolerant after Hajj experience Titled Estimating the Impact of the Hajj Religion and Tolerance in Islam s Global Gathering and conducted in conjunction with Harvard University s John F Kennedy School of Government the study noted that the Hajj increases belief in equality and harmony among ethnic groups and Islamic sects and leads to more favourable attitudes toward women including greater acceptance of female education and employment and that Hajjis show increased belief in peace equality and harmony among adherents of different religions 80 Malcolm X an American activist during the Civil Rights Movement describes the sociological atmosphere he experienced at his Hajj in the 1960s as follows There were tens of thousands of pilgrims from all over the world They were of all colours from blue eyed blondes to black skinned Africans But we were all participating in the same ritual displaying a spirit of unity and brotherhood that my experiences in America had led me to believe never could exist between the white and the non white America needs to understand Islam because this is the one religion that erases from its society the race problem You may be shocked by these words coming from me But on this pilgrimage what I have seen and experienced has forced me to rearrange much of my thought patterns previously held 81 Differences between Hajj and Umrah EditMain article Umrah Both are Islamic pilgrimages the main difference is their level of importance and the method of observance 82 Hajj is one of the Five Pillars of Islam It is obligatory for every Muslim once in their lifetime provided they are physically fit and financially capable 83 Hajj is performed over specific days during a designated Islamic month However Umrah can be performed at any time Although they share common rites Umrah can be performed in less than a few hours while Hajj is more time consuming and involves more rituals Arrangement and facilities Edit A Saudi security officer on vigilMost of the Hajj related issues are handled by Ministry of Hajj and Umrah Making necessary arrangements each year for the growing number of pilgrims poses a logistic challenge for the government of Saudi Arabia which has since the 1950s spent more than 100 billion to increase pilgrimage facilities 29 33 Major issues like housing transportation sanitation and health care have been addressed and improved greatly by the government by introducing various development programs with the result that pilgrims now enjoy modern facilities and perform various rites at ease 57 The Saudi government often sets quotas for various countries to keep the pilgrims number at a manageable level and arranges huge security forces and CCTV cameras to maintain overall safety during Hajj 29 33 84 85 Various institutions and government programs such as the Haj subsidy offered in Pakistan or the Tabung Haji based in Malaysia assist pilgrims in covering the costs of the journey 86 For the 2014 Hajj special Hajj information desks were set up at Pakistani airports to assist the pilgrims 87 For the benefit of pilgrims from India and Pakistan Urdu signs were also introduced at the mosques 88 Technology solutions Edit The Saudi government employs technology to protect the safety and enhance the experience of the pilgrim s journey Recently the Ministry of Hajj and Umrah has introduced the Hajj pilgrims e bracelet program that stores pilgrims essential data and which helps to provide them with the necessary support 89 In 2018 SAFCSP organized the Hajj Hackathon event in Jeddah with 2 950 participants from over 100 countries The event aims at exploring the use of technology to provide solutions for Hajj pilgrims 90 91 In 2019 the Fatwa Robot service was launched to provide pilgrims with fatwas and other religious advice 92 Two interactive apps were launched by Hajj authorities to provide pilgrims with a range of services through their smartphones The services which are available in nine languages help pilgrims in finding emergency service centres holy sites currency exchanges restaurants and accommodation 93 Visa requirements Edit To enter Saudi Arabia to participate in the Hajj as a Muslim visa requirements have to be satisfied 94 95 Saudi Arabia s Ministry of Hajj and Umrah is planning to ease visas issuance by enabling Hajj and Umrah pilgrims to obtain e visa within minutes through campaigns and companies 96 For the upcoming Umrah season visas can be electronically issued within 24 hours via a special platform established by the Ministry of Hajj and Umrah 97 For passengers traveling from the United States they must purchase a package from a licensed Hajj agency People from Gulf Cooperation Council countries do not need a visa to enter Saudi Arabia and vice versa People with Saudi visas are not allowed to enter the site unless they are Muslim Makkah Route Initiative Edit Makkah Route Initiative is an initiative made by the Saudi government to facilitate the pilgrims entries to Saudi Arabia by completing it in the airports of their countries The initiative has been implemented since 2018 by The Saudi Ministry of Foreign Affairs 98 In 2019 the initiative is planned to provide service to around 225 000 pilgrims from airports in Malaysia Indonesia Pakistan Bangladesh and Tunisia 99 The provided services include Issuance of visas Making sure that the pilgrims health conditions comply with the requirements and to make certain that the potential pilgrims have taken preventive measures related to the epidemiological situation in the world 100 Codifying and sorting luggage at the pilgrims airports and delivering them to the pilgrims hotels directly upon arrival 99 Transportation Edit Traditionally the pilgrimage to Mecca was mainly an overland journey using camels as a means of transport During the second half of the nineteenth century after the 1850s steamships began to be used in the pilgrimage journey to Mecca and the number of pilgrims traveling on sea routes increased 101 This continued for some time 102 until air travel came to predominate Egypt introduced the first airline service for Hajj pilgrims in 1937 103 104 Today many airlines and travel agents offer Hajj packages and arrange for transportation and accommodation for the pilgrims 105 King Abdulaziz International Airport in Jeddah and Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz Airport in Medina have dedicated pilgrim terminals to assist with the large numbers of pilgrims 106 107 Other international airports around the world such as Indira Gandhi Airport in New Delhi Rajiv Gandhi International Airport in Hyderabad Jinnah in Karachi and Soekarno Hatta in Jakarta also have dedicated terminals or temporary facilities to service pilgrims as they depart for the Hajj and return home 108 During Hajj many airlines run extra flights to accommodate the large number of pilgrims 33 106 During official Hajj days pilgrims travel between the different locations by metro bus or on foot The Saudi government strictly controls vehicles access into these heavily congested areas However the journey can take many hours due to heavy vehicular and pedestrian traffic In 2010 the Saudi government started operating the Al Mashaaer Al Mugaddassah Metro line as an exclusive shuttle train for pilgrims between Arafat Muzdalifa and Mina The service which operates only during the days of Hajj shortens the travel time during the critical Nafrah from Arafat to Muzdalifah to minutes Due to its limited capacity the use of the metro is not open to all pilgrims Climate crisis EditRising global temperatures mean that in the future people undertaking hajj could face extreme danger due to heat and humidity 109 110 111 Projected temperature rises of 1 5 to 2 could have significant impacts the health of participants many of whom are elderly 112 113 In 2021 Ummah for Earth and Greenpeace Middle East published research which suggested climate actions which included adapting the Great Mosque for solar power 114 Green Hajj Camp Edit In 2011 Husna Ahmad created the first green guide to Hajj 110 In 2019 Saudi Arabia launched an environment friendly Hajj initiative under the auspices of the environmental technologist Magda Abu Ras 115 One aspect discouraged the consumption of plastics and was entitled Hajj without Plastic 115 The project is implemented in 30 camps in Mina where pilgrims are encouraged to sort out their wastes Moreover the proceeds are used for charitable purposes 116 The project has a number of objectives as follows Decreasing environmental harms Improving the management system of solid waste Preserving pilgrims and camps safety 116 Modern crowd control problems EditMain article Incidents during the Hajj Pilgrim numbers have greatly increased in recent years which has led to numerous accidents and deaths due to overcrowding The first major accident during Hajj in modern times occurred in 1990 when a tunnel stampede led to the death of 1 462 people 117 Afterwards various crowd control techniques were adopted to improve safety Because of large crowds some of the rituals have become more symbolic For example it is no longer necessary to kiss the Black Stone Instead pilgrims simply point at it on each circuit around the Kaaba Also the large pillars used for pebble throwing were changed into long walls in 2004 with basins below to catch the stones 68 69 Another example is that animal sacrifice is now done at slaughterhouses appointed by the Saudi authorities without the pilgrims being present there 50 118 119 In the 70s and 80s a number of deaths occurred this was because of a stampede or a siege Despite safety measures incidents may happen during the Hajj as pilgrims are trampled or ramps collapse under the weight of the many visitors During 2015 Hajj a stampede resulted in 769 deaths and injuries to 934 others according to the Saudi authorities 120 121 A report from Associated Press totalled at least 2 411 deaths from official reports from other countries making it the most deadly such episode to date 122 120 Concerns were raised in 2013 and 2014 about the spread of MERS because of mass gatherings during the Hajj 123 124 Saudi Health Minister Abdullah Al Rabia said authorities have detected no cases of MERS among the pilgrims so far 125 He also said that despite few cases of MERS Saudi Arabia was ready for the 2014 pilgrimage 126 127 needs update In November 2017 Saudi authorities banned selfies at the two holy sites 128 In February 2020 Saudi Arabia temporarily banned foreign pilgrims from entering Mecca and Medina to prevent the spread of COVID 19 in the Kingdom 129 It later temporarily suspended the pilgrimage of Umrah 130 In June the Saudi government announced that only very limited numbers of pilgrims already resident in Saudi Arabia would be permitted to participate in the Hajj 19 Hajj and the Saudi economy EditIn 2014 Saudi Arabia was expected to have earned up to 8 5 billion from Hajj 131 Saudi Arabia s highest source of revenue after oil and gas is Hajj and the country is expected to depend more on Hajj as the amounts of available oil and gas for sale decline 132 Furthermore the increase of religious tourism from about 12 million Muslims annually to almost 17 million by 2025 has given rise to increasing luxury hotel businesses in the area to accommodate pilgrims The Abraj al Bait firm intends to build hotels shopping malls and apartments which is claimed to be an estimated value of three billion dollars 133 According to The Embassy of Saudi Arabia the Saudi government are working towards establishing programs which promote sanitation housing transportation and welfare as the number of visiting pilgrims increases Most pilgrims from countries such as the United States Australia and the United Kingdom decide to purchase packages from licensed Hajj agencies in their countries This helps direct the flow of traffic into the Kingdom and allows for pilgrims to work directly with a business responsible for their services instead of dealing directly with Saudi Arabia s government 134 In July 2020 the WSJ reported that following the COVID 19 pandemic the Saudi authorities have curtailed the five day event in Mecca to fewer than 10 000 people already residing in the country It also said that the hospitality and housing industries that rely entirely on Hajj revenue will face severe loss of revenue 135 See also Impact of the COVID 19 pandemic on Hajj Number of pilgrims per year Edit Pictographic world map comparing the largest periodic human migration events 136 There has been a substantial increase in the number of pilgrims during the last 92 years and the number of foreign pilgrims has increased by approximately 2 824 percent from 58 584 in 1920 to 1 712 962 in 2012 137 Because of development and expansion work at Masjid al Haram the authority restricted the number of pilgrims in 2013 138 139 Between 1940 and 1945 foreign pilgrims were restricted from arriving in Saudi Arabia as a result of World War II 140 all pilgrimages from 2020 onwards will be severely restricted as the country deals with the COVID 19 pandemic The following number of pilgrims arrived in Saudi Arabia each year to perform Hajj Gregorian year Hijri year Local pilgrims Foreign pilgrims Total1920 1338 58 584 137 1921 1339 57 255 137 1922 1340 56 319 137 1950 1369 100 000 approx 3 1950s 150 000 approx 141 1960s 300 000 approx 141 1970s 700 000 approx 141 1980s 900 000 approx 141 1989 1409 774 600 142 1990 1410 827 200 142 1991 1411 720 100 142 1992 1412 1 015 700 142 1993 1413 992 800 142 1994 1414 997 400 142 1995 1415 1 046 307 142 1996 1416 784 769 1 080 465 142 16 1 865 2341997 1417 774 260 1 168 591 142 16 1 942 8511998 1418 699 770 1 132 344 1 832 114 142 143 1999 1419 775 268 1 056 730 1 831 9982000 1420 466 430 144 1 267 355 1 733 785 144 2001 1421 440 808 1 363 992 1 804 800 145 2002 1422 590 576 1 354 184 1 944 7602003 1423 493 230 1 431 012 1 924 242 146 2004 1424 473 004 147 1 419 706 148 1 892 710 147 2005 1425 1 030 000 approx 1 534 769 2 560 000 approx 149 2006 1426 573 147 1 557 447 2 130 594 150 2006 1427 724 229 1 654 407 2 378 636 151 2007 1428 746 511 1 707 814 2 454 325 152 153 2008 1429 1 729 841 17 2009 1430 154 000 1 613 000 2 521 000 154 2010 1431 989 798 1 799 601 2 854 345 155 2011 1432 1 099 522 1 828 195 2 927 717 156 2012 1433 1 408 641 1 752 932 3 161 573 18 2013 1434 600 718 157 1 379 531 158 1 980 249 157 2014 1435 696 185 157 1 389 053 159 2 085 238 157 2015 1436 567 876 157 1 384 941 160 1 952 817 157 2016 1437 537 537 161 1 325 372 161 1 862 909 161 2017 1438 600 108 1 752 014 2 352 122 15 2018 1439 612 953 1 758 722 2 371 675 162 2019 1440 634 379 1 855 027 2 489 406 163 2020 1441 1 000 164 2021 1442 58 745 165 166 0 165 58 745 166 2022 1443 119 434 167 779 919 167 899 353 167 Gallery Edit Pilgrim in supplication at the Al Masjid Al Haram in Mecca The largest Jamarah pillar these pillars depict the evils in Islam and are stoned by the devotees Pilgrims visiting the well of Zamzam Mount Safa within the Al Masjid Al Haram in Mecca Mount Marwah within the Al Masjid Al Haram in Mecca Tents at Mina Mount Arafat during Ḥajj with Pilgrims supplicating Mount Arafat a few miles away from Mecca See also EditDisavowal of Polytheists in Hajj Glossary of Islam Hajj Journey to the Heart of Islam Hajj and Pilgrimage Organization Iran Hejaz Incidents during the Hajj Khalili Collection of Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage List of largest peaceful gatheringsReferences EditNotes Edit The verses read And remember that Abraham was tried by his Lord with certain commands which he fulfilled Remember We made the House a place of assembly for men and a place of safety and take ye the station of Abraham as a place of prayer and We covenanted with Abraham and Ishmael that they should sanctify My House for those who compass it round or use it as a retreat or bow or prostrate themselves therein in prayer And remember Abraham and Ishmael raised the foundations of the House 2 124 127 and And proclaim the Pilgrimage among men they will come to thee on foot and mounted on every kind of camel through deep and distant mountain highways that they may witness the benefits provided for them and celebrate the name of Allah through the Days appointed over the cattle which He has provided for them for sacrifice then eat ye thereof and feed the distressed one the needy Then let them complete the rites prescribed for them perform their vows and again circumambulate the Ancient House 22 27 29 Ibn Jubayr noted the skeletons of the faithful who had died of thirst en route In the 17th century a group of Egyptian pilgrims lost over 1 500 people and 900 camels In 1924 around one fifth of a group of Syrian pilgrims died and two years later 12 000 are thought to have died during the journey Islam in the World by Malise Ruthven Granta Publications 2006 p 2 ISBN 1 86207 906 4 For example one such Hadith says Narrated Abu Huraira The Prophet p b u h said Whoever performs Hajj for God s pleasure and does not have sexual relations with his wife and does not do 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the original on 9 October 2014 Retrieved 7 October 2014 1 384 941 foreign pilgrims participated in Hajj Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia 22 September 2015 Archived from the original on 16 February 2017 Retrieved 15 February 2017 a b c Saudi Arabia says Hajj 2016 receives 1 8 million pilgrims Al Arabiya English 12 September 2016 Archived from the original on 9 October 2016 Retrieved 15 February 2017 Haj Statistics General Authority of Statistics Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 22 August 2018 Archived from the original on 18 April 2020 Retrieved 22 August 2018 Around 2 5 million pilgrims take part in Hajj this year Arab News 10 August 2019 Archived from the original on 16 August 2019 Retrieved 13 August 2019 Saudi Arabia to restrict domestic haj pilgrims amid coronavirus fears Reuters 23 June 2020 Archived from the original on 5 May 2022 Retrieved 5 May 2022 a b Saudi Arabia says hajj to be limited to 60 000 in kingdom Associated Press 12 June 2021 Archived from the original on 5 May 2022 Retrieved 5 May 2022 a b Hajj Statistics 1442 2021 PDF General Authority for Statistics a b c GASTAT A total of 899 353 pilgrims perform Hajj Saudi Gazette 8 July 2022 Retrieved 20 July 2022 Further reading EditBianchi Robert R 2004 Guests of God Pilgrimage and Politics in the Islamic World Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 517107 5 Hammoudi Abdellah 2006 A Season in Mecca Narrative of a Pilgrimage Hill and Wang ISBN 978 0 8090 7609 3 Khan Qaisra 2014 Hajj amp Umra In Fitzpatrick Coeli Walker Adam Hani eds Muhammad in History Thought and Culture An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God Vol I Santa Barbara ABC CLIO pp 239 245 OCLC 857754274 Patler Nicholas 2017 From Mecca to Selma Malcolm X Islam and the Journey tnto the American Civil Rights Movement The Islamic Monthly Trojanow Ilija 2007 Mumbai to Mecca A Pilgrimage to the Holy Sites of Islam Haus Publishing ISBN 978 1 904950 29 5 External links EditHajj at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Travel information from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Hajj a Cultural History online exhibition Mapping Faith The Pilgrimage to Mecca CNN interactive feature Virtual Hajj by PBS The Hajj Goes High Tech Time magazine photo essay Sequence of Hajj explained through Google Earth Archived 20 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hajj amp oldid 1148510925, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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