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Wikipedia

Coach (sport)

August 19, 2023

An athletic coach is a person coaching in sport, involved in the direction, instruction, and training of a sports team or athlete.

Coach
New York Yankees' manager Joe Torre (far right) with coaches (from left to right) Kevin Long, Ron Guidry, and Don Mattingly
Occupation
NamesAthletic coach, sports coach
Activity sectors
Physical education, determinacy
Description
Fields of
employment
Schools
Related jobs
Teacher, sports agent

History

The original sense of the word coach is that of a horse-drawn carriage, deriving ultimately from the Hungarian city of Kocs where such vehicles were first made. Students at the University of Oxford in the early nineteenth century used the slang word to refer to a private tutor who would drive a less able student through his examinations just like horse driving.[1]

Britain took the lead in upgrading the status of sports in the 19th century. For sports to become professionalized, "coacher" had to become established. It gradually professionalized in the Victorian era and the role was well established by 1914. In the First World War, military units sought out the coaches to supervise physical conditioning and develop morale-building teams.[2]

Effectiveness

John Wooden had a philosophy of coaching that encouraged planning, organization, and understanding,[3] and that knowledge was important but not everything when being an effective coach.[4] Traditionally coaching expertise or effectiveness has been measured by win–loss percentage, satisfaction of players, or years of coaching experience,[5] but like in teacher expertise those metrics are highly ambiguous.[6] Coaching expertise or effectiveness describes good coaching,[7] which looks at coaching behaviour,[8] dispositions, education, experience,[9] and knowledge.[10]

A widely used definition of effective coaching is "the consistent application of integrated professional, interpersonal, and intrapersonal knowledge, to improve athletes competence, confidence, connection, and character in specific coaching contexts".[5][11]

Knowledge

Coaches require descriptive knowledge and procedural knowledge that relate to all aspects of coaching, with expert coaches using tacit knowledge more freely.[12] Teachers knowledge has been categorized,[13] like coaches knowledge with various terms being used.[14] Many categories falling under content knowledge, pedagogical knowledge, pedagogical-content knowledge.[15] When considering the need to build relationships with others[16] and athletes,[17] interpersonal knowledge has been included.[18] Then when considering professional development requiring the skills to learn from experience[19] while utilizing reflective practice,[20] intrapersonal knowledge has been included.[18]

It is rare in professional sport for a team not to hire a former professional player, but playing and coaching have different knowledge bases.[21] The combination of professional, interpersonal, and intrapersonal knowledge can lead to good thinking habits, maturity,[22] wisdom,[23] and capacity to make reasonable judgements.[5]

Professionalism

The subject, sport, curricular, and pedagogical knowledge all fall under this category of professional coaches knowledge.[18] Including the "ologies" of sports science like;[24] sport psychology, sport biomechanics, sport nutrition, exercise physiology, motor control, critical thinking, sociology, strength and conditioning, and sporting tactics,[25] with all the associated sub areas of knowledge.[26] This category of knowledge is what most coach education has been focused on [27] but this alone is not enough to be an effective coach.[28]

Coaching is not just about sport specific skills [29] and education,[30] especially when taking a holistic approach.[31] Keeping sports people safe,[32] and healthy [33] while participating are responsibilities of a coach as well as awareness of social factors like the relative age effect.

Interpersonality

Much of coaching involves interacting with players, staff, community, opposition, and then family members in youth sport.[18] The relationships built in a sports team influence the social interactions which can affect player performance and development, fan culture,[34] and in professional sport, financial backing. Effective coaches have knowledge that helps in all social contexts to make the best of each situation,[35] with the coach–athlete relationship.[36] being one of the most crucial to get right.[37]

Excellent communication skills are imperative for coaches in order to provide their athletes with the adequate skills, knowledge and mental as well as tactical ability.[38][39]

Intrapersonality

A coaches ability to improve relies on professional development in continued learning which uses a combination of evaluation and reflective practice.[40] Their recognition of personal ethical views and disposition are also elements of intrapersonal knowledge.[18] The understanding of oneself and ability to use introspection and reflection are skills that take time to develop,[41] using deliberate practice in each changing context.[42] Coaching expertise requires this knowledge much like teachers [6] as each experience can confirm or contradict a prior belief in player performance.[43] The internal and external framing of a coaches role can impact their reflection,[44] suggesting perspective can be a limitation promoting the idea of a coaching community for feedback.

Athlete outcomes

The coaching behavior assessment system has been used [45] to show that coaching knowledge and behavior have significant influence on participants psychological profile affecting self-esteem, motivation,[46] satisfaction, attitudes,[17] perceived competence,[5] and performance.[47] For a coach to be seen as effective, the people they work with should be improving,[48] with expert coaches being able to sustain that over an extended period of time.[7] There are various areas of development that can be categorized, which was first done with a 5 C's model: competence, confidence, connection, character and compassion [49] and was then later shortened to a 4 C's model by combining character and compassion.[29]

People's competence can relate to their sport-specific technical and tactical skills, performance skills, improved health and fitness, and overall training habits. Their confidence relating to an internal sense of overall positive self-worth. Having a good connections is the positive bonds and social relationships with people inside and outside of the sporting context. Then character is respect for the sport and other participating showing good levels of morality, integrity, empathy, and responsibility.[5]

The competence of a person is linked to leadership[47] and centered around becoming a self-reliant member of a sports team and society in the coaching context.[29] Competencies have guided much of sport psychology[50] supporting positive youth development.[51]

The self-determination theory suggests an environment that supports autonomous decision making, can help develop competence, confidence, and connection to others affecting motivation.[52] Effective coaches therefore create supportive environments [53] while building good relationships with the people they coach.[54]

Support staff

In professional sports, a coach is usually supported by one or more assistant coaches and a specialist team including sports scientists. The staff may include coordinators, a strength and conditioning coach, sport psychologist, physiotherapist, nutritionist, biomechanist, or sports analyst.

Context

The sport, environment, and context of coaching changes just like teaching.[55] It is critical to understand the differences in sport [56] with recreational, developmental, and elite have been 3 suggested categories.[27] This has been reduced to participation and performance by some.[7] These different coaching context alter the trajectories of long term athlete development, affecting the prescription of training patterns and management of social influences [57]

When integrating the suggested participation and performance contexts with age, 4 categories have been suggested to represent the various coaching contexts. The sampling years which are participation coaches for children. The recreational years which are participation coaches for adolescents and adults. The specializing years which are performance coaches for young adolescents. Then the investment years which are the coaches for older adolescents and adults.[58]

Association football

See also: Manager (association football)
 
The coaching team of the Liverpool Football Club monitoring players during a training session

In association football, the roles of a coach can vary depending on the level of seniority they are coaching at, the professional level that they're coaching at, and the country they are coaching in, amongst others.[59] In youth football, the duties of a coach is primarily to aid in the development of technical skills.[60] Additional skills that are important for a coach to help youth players develop is motor skills, stamina and the ability to read the game of play accordingly.

A solid foundation of tactical awareness is imperative for youth players to develop, because by the time they reach senior level (aged 18 and over), they are expected to know the tactical basis of the game - first team coaches at senior level do not actively teach tactics, they mainly just implement them. Therefore, youth coaches need to have a solid understanding of the tactics of the game, so that they can facilitate, as a pedagogue, for their players' growth also on the tactical level.

In professional football, the role of the coach or trainer is focused on the training and development of a club's first team.[61] This means that the head coach is responsible for the first team strategy, development, training session schedule and player development. The head coach is accompanied by one or more assistant coaches, and is also assisted by medical staff and athletic trainers. A first team coach at a professional level is expecting of players to already be well-versed into the (general) tactics of football, so that he or she can instead focus on implementing their version of football tactics (style of play) into the team.

In English football, the director of a professional football team is commonly awarded the position of manager, a role that combines the duties of coach and sporting director.

All coaches of association football teams need to carefully consider the tactical ability and skill level of their teams when selecting tactics and strategy for games as well as practice.

United Kingdom

Sports coaching in the UK follows a highly structured pattern in principle, but is delivered by a workforce which is largely volunteer-based. Recognising the pivotal role played by coaches in increasing participation and performance in sport, each of the UK's Home Country Sports Councils has a coaching strategy aligned to their overall strategy.

In June 2008, the Sports Councils together with the national governing bodies of sport (NGBs) formally adopted the UK Coaching Framework at the UK Coaching Summit in Coventry.

More than thirty sports have their coach education programmes endorsed as meeting the standards of the UK Coaching Certificate (UKCC) as an indication of quality assurance. Typically, such programmes classify coaches within Levels 1–4, with Level 2 being the minimum standard for someone to coach unaccompanied. Coach education programmes are usually organised centrally by the NGBs but delivered locally to meet the needs of volunteer coaches. For anyone wanting to become a coach in a particular sport, the NGB website provides the first point of contact for further information.

Each of the counties in England has a County Sports Partnership (CSP) funded by Sport England which supports local coaching networks to bring coaches from different sports together to share best practice and gain further continuing professional development (CPD). Similar arrangements exist across Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales.

The safeguarding and protection of children in sport has been a major focus for sports coach UK and the NSPCC for many years. Short workshops on safeguarding are the most popular of all CPD sessions organised by sports coach UK and delivered across the CSP network.

The UK government, through DCMS, highlighted the need for detailed research into sports coaching patterns. As a result, major tracking studies have been completed. These confirm that three in every four coaches are volunteers, typically giving up three hours a week to coach their sport. Fewer than 5% of coaches in the UK are full-time professionals, in stark contrast to the USA.

Cricket

Main category: Cricket coaches

Coaches have much less of a role in cricket matches than in other sports, with the team captain making most strategic decisions for their team. During the game, cricket coaches generally focus on occasionally sending out messages or feedback to the team, especially during breaks in the play such as time-outs; otherwise, most coaches have an auxiliary role in helping the players practice, with each one generally specializing in improving the batting and bowling skills of the players.[62][63][64] In recent years, fielding coaches have received more priority, as the shorter formats of the game have made good fielding more valuable.[65]

United States

 
 
Left: A U.S. high school girls' water polo team (with their male coaches in background) posing with their trophy. Right: A U.S. university girl practicing a difficult gymnastics manoeuvre under the watchful eyes of her coach.

All major U.S. collegiate sports have associations for their coaches to engage in professional development activities, but some sports' professional coaches have less formal associations, without developing into a group resembling a union in the way that athletic players in many leagues have.

U.S. collegiate coaching contracts require termination without the payment of a settlement if the coach is found to be in serious violation of named rules, usually with regard to the recruiting or retention of players in violation of amateur status.

The NFL head coaches have an association, called NFL Coaches Association (NFLCA), which includes all the coaches in the NFL, except New England Patriots head coach Bill Belichick.[66]

Many coaching contracts allow the termination of the coach with little notice and without specific cause, usually in the case of high-profile coaches with the payment of a financial settlement. Coaching is a very fickle profession, and a reversal of the team's fortune often finds last year's "Coach of the Year" to be seeking employment in the next. Many coaches are former players of the sport themselves, and coaches of professional sports teams are sometimes retired players.

On some teams, the principal coach (usually referred to as the head coach) has little to do with the development of details such as techniques of play or placement of players on the playing surface, leaving this to assistants while concentrating on larger issues such as recruitment and organizational development.

Successful coaches often become as well or even better-known than the athletes they coach, and in recent years[when?] have come to command high salaries and have agents of their own to negotiate their contracts with the teams. Often the head coach of a well-known team has his or her own radio and television programs and becomes the primary "face" associated with the team.

Both the collegiate and professional-level coaches may have contracts for millions of dollars a year. The head coach at the professional level has more time to devote to tactics and playbooks, which are combed over by staff that are usually paid more than at the college level. The pro level head coaching, due to the extensive time on the road and long hours, is a very stressful job. Since the money is good at high levels, many coaches retire in their early fifties. Also, professional staffs are not limited in the number of assistants which can be hired, NCAA Division I FBS teams are limited to ten full-time assistant coaches.

Many factors are part of NFL coaches' contracts. These involve the NFL's $11 billion as the highest-revenue sport in North America, topping Major League Baseball's (MLB) $7 billion, while holding a non-taxpaying exemption that the MLB does not. The unusual distinction of being a tax-exempt multibillion-dollar corporation and a tax-exempt monopoly[67] that can move teams from one city to another, is combined with stadiums sometimes built through tax-free borrowing by the cities, which every American taxpayer pays for in public subsidies.[68] The NFL's coaches are the highest-paid professional coaches[69] with professional football topping the list in Forbes' highest-paid sports coaches. Bill Belichick was[when?] in the top spot for the second year in a row[70] with no MLB or National Hockey League coaches making the list.

Another major element of NFL coaches' contracts, negotiated between coaches, teams and owners, are NFL-demanded provisions in the coaches' employment contracts, that authorize the employing NFL teams to withhold part of a coach's salary when league operations are suspended, such as during lockouts or television contract negotiations.[71]

American baseball

Main article: Coach (baseball)
See also: Manager (baseball)

At baseball's professional level in North America, the person who heads the coaching staff does not use the title of "head coach", but is instead called the field manager. Baseball "coaches" at that level are members of the coaching staff under the overall supervision of the manager, with each coach having a specialized role. The baseball field manager is essentially equivalent a head coach in other American professional sports leagues; player transactions are handled by the general manager. The term manager used without qualification almost always refers to the field manager, while the general manager is often called the GM.

At amateur levels, the terminology is more similar to that of other sports. The person known as the "manager" in professional leagues is generally called the "head coach" in amateur leagues; this terminology is standard in U.S. college baseball.

American football

In American football, like many other sports, there are many coaches and assistant coaches. American football includes a head coach, associate/assistant head coach, an offensive coordinator, a defensive coordinator, a special teams coordinator, position coaches, among other assistant coaches which can include passing game coordinator, running game coordinator, and advisors. They're support staff such as strength and conditioning coach, quality control, analyst, and recruiting coaches.[72]

See also

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August 19, 2023
coach, sport, athletic, coach, person, coaching, sport, involved, direction, instruction, training, sports, team, athlete, coachnew, york, yankees, manager, torre, right, with, coaches, from, left, right, kevin, long, guidry, mattinglyoccupationnamesathletic, . An athletic coach is a person coaching in sport involved in the direction instruction and training of a sports team or athlete CoachNew York Yankees manager Joe Torre far right with coaches from left to right Kevin Long Ron Guidry and Don MattinglyOccupationNamesAthletic coach sports coachActivity sectorsPhysical education determinacyDescriptionFields ofemploymentSchoolsRelated jobsTeacher sports agent Contents 1 History 2 Effectiveness 2 1 Knowledge 2 2 Professionalism 2 3 Interpersonality 2 4 Intrapersonality 3 Athlete outcomes 3 1 Support staff 4 Context 5 Association football 6 United Kingdom 6 1 Cricket 7 United States 7 1 American baseball 7 2 American football 8 See also 9 ReferencesHistory EditThe original sense of the word coach is that of a horse drawn carriage deriving ultimately from the Hungarian city of Kocs where such vehicles were first made Students at the University of Oxford in the early nineteenth century used the slang word to refer to a private tutor who would drive a less able student through his examinations just like horse driving 1 Britain took the lead in upgrading the status of sports in the 19th century For sports to become professionalized coacher had to become established It gradually professionalized in the Victorian era and the role was well established by 1914 In the First World War military units sought out the coaches to supervise physical conditioning and develop morale building teams 2 Effectiveness EditJohn Wooden had a philosophy of coaching that encouraged planning organization and understanding 3 and that knowledge was important but not everything when being an effective coach 4 Traditionally coaching expertise or effectiveness has been measured by win loss percentage satisfaction of players or years of coaching experience 5 but like in teacher expertise those metrics are highly ambiguous 6 Coaching expertise or effectiveness describes good coaching 7 which looks at coaching behaviour 8 dispositions education experience 9 and knowledge 10 A widely used definition of effective coaching is the consistent application of integrated professional interpersonal and intrapersonal knowledge to improve athletes competence confidence connection and character in specific coaching contexts 5 11 Knowledge Edit Coaches require descriptive knowledge and procedural knowledge that relate to all aspects of coaching with expert coaches using tacit knowledge more freely 12 Teachers knowledge has been categorized 13 like coaches knowledge with various terms being used 14 Many categories falling under content knowledge pedagogical knowledge pedagogical content knowledge 15 When considering the need to build relationships with others 16 and athletes 17 interpersonal knowledge has been included 18 Then when considering professional development requiring the skills to learn from experience 19 while utilizing reflective practice 20 intrapersonal knowledge has been included 18 It is rare in professional sport for a team not to hire a former professional player but playing and coaching have different knowledge bases 21 The combination of professional interpersonal and intrapersonal knowledge can lead to good thinking habits maturity 22 wisdom 23 and capacity to make reasonable judgements 5 Professionalism Edit The subject sport curricular and pedagogical knowledge all fall under this category of professional coaches knowledge 18 Including the ologies of sports science like 24 sport psychology sport biomechanics sport nutrition exercise physiology motor control critical thinking sociology strength and conditioning and sporting tactics 25 with all the associated sub areas of knowledge 26 This category of knowledge is what most coach education has been focused on 27 but this alone is not enough to be an effective coach 28 Coaching is not just about sport specific skills 29 and education 30 especially when taking a holistic approach 31 Keeping sports people safe 32 and healthy 33 while participating are responsibilities of a coach as well as awareness of social factors like the relative age effect Interpersonality Edit Much of coaching involves interacting with players staff community opposition and then family members in youth sport 18 The relationships built in a sports team influence the social interactions which can affect player performance and development fan culture 34 and in professional sport financial backing Effective coaches have knowledge that helps in all social contexts to make the best of each situation 35 with the coach athlete relationship 36 being one of the most crucial to get right 37 Excellent communication skills are imperative for coaches in order to provide their athletes with the adequate skills knowledge and mental as well as tactical ability 38 39 Intrapersonality Edit A coaches ability to improve relies on professional development in continued learning which uses a combination of evaluation and reflective practice 40 Their recognition of personal ethical views and disposition are also elements of intrapersonal knowledge 18 The understanding of oneself and ability to use introspection and reflection are skills that take time to develop 41 using deliberate practice in each changing context 42 Coaching expertise requires this knowledge much like teachers 6 as each experience can confirm or contradict a prior belief in player performance 43 The internal and external framing of a coaches role can impact their reflection 44 suggesting perspective can be a limitation promoting the idea of a coaching community for feedback Athlete outcomes EditThe coaching behavior assessment system has been used 45 to show that coaching knowledge and behavior have significant influence on participants psychological profile affecting self esteem motivation 46 satisfaction attitudes 17 perceived competence 5 and performance 47 For a coach to be seen as effective the people they work with should be improving 48 with expert coaches being able to sustain that over an extended period of time 7 There are various areas of development that can be categorized which was first done with a 5 C s model competence confidence connection character and compassion 49 and was then later shortened to a 4 C s model by combining character and compassion 29 People s competence can relate to their sport specific technical and tactical skills performance skills improved health and fitness and overall training habits Their confidence relating to an internal sense of overall positive self worth Having a good connections is the positive bonds and social relationships with people inside and outside of the sporting context Then character is respect for the sport and other participating showing good levels of morality integrity empathy and responsibility 5 The competence of a person is linked to leadership 47 and centered around becoming a self reliant member of a sports team and society in the coaching context 29 Competencies have guided much of sport psychology 50 supporting positive youth development 51 The self determination theory suggests an environment that supports autonomous decision making can help develop competence confidence and connection to others affecting motivation 52 Effective coaches therefore create supportive environments 53 while building good relationships with the people they coach 54 Support staff Edit In professional sports a coach is usually supported by one or more assistant coaches and a specialist team including sports scientists The staff may include coordinators a strength and conditioning coach sport psychologist physiotherapist nutritionist biomechanist or sports analyst Context EditThe sport environment and context of coaching changes just like teaching 55 It is critical to understand the differences in sport 56 with recreational developmental and elite have been 3 suggested categories 27 This has been reduced to participation and performance by some 7 These different coaching context alter the trajectories of long term athlete development affecting the prescription of training patterns and management of social influences 57 When integrating the suggested participation and performance contexts with age 4 categories have been suggested to represent the various coaching contexts The sampling years which are participation coaches for children The recreational years which are participation coaches for adolescents and adults The specializing years which are performance coaches for young adolescents Then the investment years which are the coaches for older adolescents and adults 58 Association football EditSee also Manager association football The coaching team of the Liverpool Football Club monitoring players during a training sessionIn association football the roles of a coach can vary depending on the level of seniority they are coaching at the professional level that they re coaching at and the country they are coaching in amongst others 59 In youth football the duties of a coach is primarily to aid in the development of technical skills 60 Additional skills that are important for a coach to help youth players develop is motor skills stamina and the ability to read the game of play accordingly A solid foundation of tactical awareness is imperative for youth players to develop because by the time they reach senior level aged 18 and over they are expected to know the tactical basis of the game first team coaches at senior level do not actively teach tactics they mainly just implement them Therefore youth coaches need to have a solid understanding of the tactics of the game so that they can facilitate as a pedagogue for their players growth also on the tactical level In professional football the role of the coach or trainer is focused on the training and development of a club s first team 61 This means that the head coach is responsible for the first team strategy development training session schedule and player development The head coach is accompanied by one or more assistant coaches and is also assisted by medical staff and athletic trainers A first team coach at a professional level is expecting of players to already be well versed into the general tactics of football so that he or she can instead focus on implementing their version of football tactics style of play into the team In English football the director of a professional football team is commonly awarded the position of manager a role that combines the duties of coach and sporting director All coaches of association football teams need to carefully consider the tactical ability and skill level of their teams when selecting tactics and strategy for games as well as practice United Kingdom EditThis section possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed May 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message Sports coaching in the UK follows a highly structured pattern in principle but is delivered by a workforce which is largely volunteer based Recognising the pivotal role played by coaches in increasing participation and performance in sport each of the UK s Home Country Sports Councils has a coaching strategy aligned to their overall strategy In June 2008 the Sports Councils together with the national governing bodies of sport NGBs formally adopted the UK Coaching Framework at the UK Coaching Summit in Coventry More than thirty sports have their coach education programmes endorsed as meeting the standards of the UK Coaching Certificate UKCC as an indication of quality assurance Typically such programmes classify coaches within Levels 1 4 with Level 2 being the minimum standard for someone to coach unaccompanied Coach education programmes are usually organised centrally by the NGBs but delivered locally to meet the needs of volunteer coaches For anyone wanting to become a coach in a particular sport the NGB website provides the first point of contact for further information Each of the counties in England has a County Sports Partnership CSP funded by Sport England which supports local coaching networks to bring coaches from different sports together to share best practice and gain further continuing professional development CPD Similar arrangements exist across Northern Ireland Scotland and Wales The safeguarding and protection of children in sport has been a major focus for sports coach UK and the NSPCC for many years Short workshops on safeguarding are the most popular of all CPD sessions organised by sports coach UK and delivered across the CSP network The UK government through DCMS highlighted the need for detailed research into sports coaching patterns As a result major tracking studies have been completed These confirm that three in every four coaches are volunteers typically giving up three hours a week to coach their sport Fewer than 5 of coaches in the UK are full time professionals in stark contrast to the USA Cricket Edit Main category Cricket coaches Coaches have much less of a role in cricket matches than in other sports with the team captain making most strategic decisions for their team During the game cricket coaches generally focus on occasionally sending out messages or feedback to the team especially during breaks in the play such as time outs otherwise most coaches have an auxiliary role in helping the players practice with each one generally specializing in improving the batting and bowling skills of the players 62 63 64 In recent years fielding coaches have received more priority as the shorter formats of the game have made good fielding more valuable 65 United States EditThis section possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed May 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message Left A U S high school girls water polo team with their male coaches in background posing with their trophy Right A U S university girl practicing a difficult gymnastics manoeuvre under the watchful eyes of her coach All major U S collegiate sports have associations for their coaches to engage in professional development activities but some sports professional coaches have less formal associations without developing into a group resembling a union in the way that athletic players in many leagues have U S collegiate coaching contracts require termination without the payment of a settlement if the coach is found to be in serious violation of named rules usually with regard to the recruiting or retention of players in violation of amateur status The NFL head coaches have an association called NFL Coaches Association NFLCA which includes all the coaches in the NFL except New England Patriots head coach Bill Belichick 66 Many coaching contracts allow the termination of the coach with little notice and without specific cause usually in the case of high profile coaches with the payment of a financial settlement Coaching is a very fickle profession and a reversal of the team s fortune often finds last year s Coach of the Year to be seeking employment in the next Many coaches are former players of the sport themselves and coaches of professional sports teams are sometimes retired players On some teams the principal coach usually referred to as the head coach has little to do with the development of details such as techniques of play or placement of players on the playing surface leaving this to assistants while concentrating on larger issues such as recruitment and organizational development Successful coaches often become as well or even better known than the athletes they coach and in recent years when have come to command high salaries and have agents of their own to negotiate their contracts with the teams Often the head coach of a well known team has his or her own radio and television programs and becomes the primary face associated with the team Both the collegiate and professional level coaches may have contracts for millions of dollars a year The head coach at the professional level has more time to devote to tactics and playbooks which are combed over by staff that are usually paid more than at the college level The pro level head coaching due to the extensive time on the road and long hours is a very stressful job Since the money is good at high levels many coaches retire in their early fifties Also professional staffs are not limited in the number of assistants which can be hired NCAA Division I FBS teams are limited to ten full time assistant coaches Many factors are part of NFL coaches contracts These involve the NFL s 11 billion as the highest revenue sport in North America topping Major League Baseball s MLB 7 billion while holding a non taxpaying exemption that the MLB does not The unusual distinction of being a tax exempt multibillion dollar corporation and a tax exempt monopoly 67 that can move teams from one city to another is combined with stadiums sometimes built through tax free borrowing by the cities which every American taxpayer pays for in public subsidies 68 The NFL s coaches are the highest paid professional coaches 69 with professional football topping the list in Forbes highest paid sports coaches Bill Belichick was when in the top spot for the second year in a row 70 with no MLB or National Hockey League coaches making the list Another major element of NFL coaches contracts negotiated between coaches teams and owners are NFL demanded provisions in the coaches employment contracts that authorize the employing NFL teams to withhold part of a coach s salary when league operations are suspended such as during lockouts or television contract negotiations 71 American baseball Edit Main article Coach baseball See also Manager baseball At baseball s professional level in North America the person who heads the coaching staff does not use the title of head coach but is instead called the field manager Baseball coaches at that level are members of the coaching staff under the overall supervision of the manager with each coach having a specialized role The baseball field manager is essentially equivalent a head coach in other American professional sports leagues player transactions are handled by the general manager The term manager used without qualification almost always refers to the field manager while the general manager is often called the GM At amateur levels the terminology is more similar to that of other sports The person known as the manager in professional leagues is generally called the head coach in amateur leagues this terminology is standard in U S college baseball American football Edit In American football like many other sports there are many coaches and assistant coaches American football includes a head coach associate assistant head coach an offensive coordinator a defensive coordinator a special teams coordinator position coaches among other assistant coaches which can include passing game coordinator running game coordinator and advisors They re support staff such as strength and conditioning coach quality control analyst and recruiting coaches 72 See also EditHead coach American football Fitness professional Manager association football Coach baseball Manager baseball Coach basketball Manager Gaelic games Coach ice hockey Player coach Player manager Coaching staff Coaching tree Coach of the Year Personal trainer Sports trainer Strength and conditioning coachReferences Edit The origin of the word Coach 2016 02 27 Retrieved 2022 09 20 Dave Day Professionals Amateurs and Performance Sports Coaching in England 1789 1914 2012 Gallimore Ronald Tharp Roland 2004 06 01 What a Coach Can Teach a Teacher 1975 2004 Reflections and Reanalysis of John Wooden s Teaching Practices The Sport Psychologist 18 2 119 137 doi 10 1123 tsp 18 2 119 ISSN 0888 4781 Gilbert Wade D Trudel Pierre 2004 Analysis of coaching science 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1 17 doi 10 1123 jsep 17 1 1 ISSN 1543 2904 APA PsycNet content apa org Retrieved 2021 11 15 Sports coaching professionalisation and practice John Lyle Chris Cushion Edinburgh Churchill Livingstone 2010 ISBN 978 0 7020 3054 3 OCLC 455871432 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Nash Christine Collins Dave 2006 11 01 Tacit Knowledge in Expert Coaching Science or Art Quest 58 4 465 477 doi 10 1080 00336297 2006 10491894 ISSN 0033 6297 S2CID 28081721 SHULMAN LEE S 1986 02 01 Those Who Understand Knowledge Growth in Teaching Educational Researcher 15 2 4 14 doi 10 3102 0013189X015002004 ISSN 0013 189X S2CID 1673489 BERLINER DAVID C 1986 08 01 In Pursuit of the Expert Pedagogue Educational Researcher 15 7 5 13 doi 10 3102 0013189X015007007 ISSN 0013 189X S2CID 10099407 Berliner David C 1991 03 01 Educational Psychology and Pedagogical Expertise New Findings and New Opportunities for Thinking About Training Educational Psychologist 26 2 145 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TRUDEL PIERRE GILBERT WADE 2006 Coaching and Coach Education Handbook of Physical Education London SAGE Publications Ltd pp 516 539 retrieved 2021 11 16 Rieke Micah Hammermeister Jon Chase Matthew 2008 06 01 Servant Leadership in Sport A New Paradigm for Effective Coach Behavior International Journal of Sports Science amp Coaching 3 2 227 239 doi 10 1260 174795408785100635 ISSN 1747 9541 S2CID 53520328 a b c Smoll Frank L 2002 Children and Youth in Sport A Biopsychosocial Perspective Kendall Hunt Pub ISBN 978 0 7872 8223 3 Drewe Sheryle Bergmann 2000 02 01 An Examination of the Relationship Between Coaching and Teaching Quest 52 1 79 88 doi 10 1080 00336297 2000 10491702 ISSN 0033 6297 S2CID 144582950 Potrac Paul Brewer Clive Jones Robyn Armour Kathleen Hoff Jan 2000 05 01 Toward an Holistic Understanding of the Coaching Process Quest 52 2 186 199 doi 10 1080 00336297 2000 10491709 ISSN 0033 6297 S2CID 145773702 Kliff Sarah 2009 10 19 Heading Off Sports Injuries Newsweek 5 February 2010 Newsweek com Retrieved 2018 02 26 Baker Mark Oregon Senate Bill 348 Special registerguard com Retrieved 2018 02 26 JONES ROBYN L WALLACE MIKE 2006 The coach as orchestrator more realistically managing the complex coaching context The Sports Coach as Educator Routledge doi 10 4324 9780203020074 16 ISBN 978 0 203 02007 4 retrieved 2021 11 16 Cushion Christopher J Armour Kathleen M Jones Robyn L 2006 02 01 Locating the coaching process in practice models for and of coaching Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy 11 1 83 99 doi 10 1080 17408980500466995 ISSN 1740 8989 S2CID 144627986 Bruner Mark W Erickson Karl McFadden Kimberley Cote Jean 2009 03 01 Tracing the origins of athlete development models in sport a citation path analysis International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology 2 1 23 37 doi 10 1080 17509840802687631 hdl 1974 14394 ISSN 1750 984X S2CID 144242608 Bowes Imornefe Jones Robyn L 2006 06 01 Working at the Edge of Chaos Understanding Coaching as a Complex 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4 399 421 doi 10 1111 1467 9485 00170 Retrieved 23 May 2022 Support staff and their roles in cricket teams CricTracker 2017 11 02 Retrieved 2020 12 19 What Makes A Good Cricket Coach Almanack Wisden Cricket Wisden 2020 04 21 Retrieved 2020 12 19 Jones Dean 2018 02 09 Why cricket coaches need to have more say The Sydney Morning Herald Retrieved 2020 12 19 How T20 has juiced fielding ESPNcricinfo Retrieved 2020 12 19 Why Bill Belichick and some players are not depicted in Madden NFL or other video games CBSSports com Retrieved 2023 03 10 NPQ Nonprofit Quarterly Promoting an active and engaged democracy Nonprofitquarterly org 14 August 2008 Retrieved 3 October 2012 In Stadium Building Spree U S Taxpayers Lose 4 Billion Businessweek Archived from the original on September 10 2012 Retrieved 3 October 2012 Dosh Kristi 29 September 2012 Bill Belichick highest paid coach again Sports Business News Analysis Dollars Blog ESPN Playbook ESPN Espn go com Retrieved 3 October 2012 The Highest Paid Coaches In Sports Forbes com 18 May 2011 Retrieved 3 October 2012 NFL Coaches Association brief End the lockout CBSSports com Retrieved 3 October 2012 Coaches PhiladelphiaEagles com Retrieved 30 November 2013 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Coach sport amp oldid 1169841603, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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