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Hafez

January 18, 2023

This article is about the 14th century Persian poet. For other uses of this name, see Hafiz.

Khwāje Shams-od-Dīn Moḥammad Ḥāfeẓ-e Shīrāzī (Persian: خواجه شمس‌‌الدین محمّد حافظ شیرازی), known by his pen name Hafez (حافظ, Ḥāfeẓ, 'the memorizer; the (safe) keeper'; 1325–1390) and as "Hafiz",[1] was a Persian lyric poet,[2][3] whose collected works are regarded by many Iranians as a pinnacle of Persian literature. His works are often found in the homes of people in the Persian-speaking world, who learn his poems by heart and use them as everyday proverbs and sayings. His life and poems have become the subjects of much analysis, commentary and interpretation, influencing post-14th century Persian writing more than any other Persian author.[4][5]

Hafez
A fictional painting of Hafez by Abolhassan Sadighi.
Spiritual poet, mystic
Borncirca. 1325
Shiraz, Muzaffarid Persia
Died1390 (aged 64–65)
Shiraz, Timurid Empire (present-day Iran)
Major shrineTomb of Hafez, Shiraz, Iran
InfluencesIbn Arabi, Khwaju, Al-Hallaj, Sanai, Anvari, Nizami, Sa'di, Khaqani, Attar
InfluencedSubsequent Persian lyric poets, Goethe
Tradition or genre
Mystic poetry (Ghazal, Irfan)
Major worksThe Divān of Hafez

Hafez is best known for his Divan of Hafez, a collection of his surviving poems probably compiled after his death. His works can be described as "antinomian"[6] and with the medieval use of the term "theosophical"; the term "theosophy" in the 13th and 14th centuries was used to indicate mystical work by "authors only inspired by the holy books" (as distinguished from theology). Hafez primarily wrote in the literary genre of lyric poetry or ghazals, that is the ideal style for expressing the ecstasy of divine inspiration in the mystical form of love poems. He was a Sufi.[1]

Themes of his ghazals include the beloved, faith and exposing hypocrisy. In his ghazals he deals with love, wine and taverns, all presenting ecstasy and freedom from restraint, whether in actual worldly release or in the voice of the lover[7] speaking of divine love.[8][self-published source] His influence on Persian speakers appears in divination by his poems (Persian: فال حافظ, fāl-e hāfez, somewhat similar to the Roman tradition of sortes vergilianae) and in the frequent use of his poems in Persian traditional music, visual art and Persian calligraphy. His tomb is located in his birthplace of Shiraz. Adaptations, imitations and translations of his poems exist in all major languages.

Life

 
Tomb of Hafez in Shiraz
 
Doublures inside a 19th-century copy of the Divān of Hafez. The front doublure shows Hafez offering his work to a patron.

Hafez was born in Shiraz, Iran. Few details of his life are known. Accounts of his early life rely upon traditional anecdotes. Early tazkiras (biographical sketches) mentioning Hafez are generally considered unreliable.[9] At an early age, he memorized the Quran and was given the title of Hafez, which he later used as his pen name.[10][self-published source][11] The preface of his Divān, in which his early life is discussed, was written by an unknown contemporary whose name may have been Moḥammad Golandām.[12] Two of the most highly regarded modern editions of Hafez's Divān are compiled by Moḥammad Ghazvini and Qāsem Ḡani (495 ghazals) and by Parviz Natel-Khanlari (486 ghazals).[13][14] Hafez was a Sufi Muslim.[1]

Modern scholars generally agree that he was born either in 1315 or 1317. According to an account by Jami, Hafez died in 1390.[12][15] Hafez was supported by patronage from several successive local regimes: Shah Abu Ishaq, who came to power while Hafez was in his teens; Timur at the end of his life; and even the strict ruler Shah Mubariz ud-Din Muhammad (Mubariz Muzaffar). Though his work flourished most under the 27-year rule of Jalal ud-Din Shah Shuja (Shah Shuja),[16] it is claimed Hāfez briefly fell out of favor with Shah Shuja for mocking inferior poets (Shah Shuja wrote poetry himself and may have taken the comments personally), forcing Hāfez to flee from Shiraz to Isfahan and Yazd, but no historical evidence is available.[16] Hafez also exchanged letters and poetry with Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah, the Sultan of Bengal, who invited him to Sonargaon though he could not make it.[17][18][19][20]

Twenty years after his death, a tomb, the Hafezieh, was erected to honor Hafez in the Musalla Gardens in Shiraz. The current mausoleum was designed by André Godard, a French archeologist and architect, in the late 1930s, and the tomb is raised up on a dais amidst rose gardens, water channels, and orange trees. Inside, Hafez's alabaster sarcophagus bears the inscription of two of his poems.[citation needed]

Legends

Many semi-miraculous mythical tales were woven around Hafez after his death. It is said that by listening to his father's recitations, Hafez had accomplished the task of learning the Quran by heart at an early age (that is the meaning of the word Hafez). At the same time, he is said to have known by heart the works of Rumi (Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Balkhi), Saadi, Farid ud-Din, and Nizami.

According to one tradition, before meeting his self-chosen Sufi master Hajji Zayn al-Attar, Hafez had been working in a bakery, delivering bread to a wealthy quarter of the town. There, he first saw Shakh-e Nabat, a woman of great beauty, to whom some of his poems are addressed. Ravished by her beauty but knowing that his love for her would not be requited, he allegedly held his first mystic vigil in his desire to realize this union. Still, he encountered a being of surpassing beauty who identified himself as an angel, and his further attempts at union became mystic; a pursuit of spiritual union with the divine.

At 60, he is said to have begun a Chilla-nashini, a 40-day-and-night vigil by sitting in a circle that he had drawn for himself. On the 40th day, he once again met with Zayn al-Attar on what is known to be their fortieth anniversary and was offered a cup of wine. It was there where he is said to have attained "Cosmic Consciousness". He hints at this episode in one of his verses in which he advises the reader to attain "clarity of wine" by letting it "sit for 40 days".

In one tale, Tamerlane (Timur) angrily summoned Hafez to account for one of his verses:

Samarkand was Tamerlane's capital and Bokhara was the kingdom's finest city. "With the blows of my lustrous sword", Timur complained, "I have subjugated most of the habitable globe... to embellish Samarkand and Bokhara, the seats of my government; and you would sell them for the black mole of some girl in Shiraz!"

Hafez, the tale goes, bowed deeply and replied, "Alas, O Prince, it is this prodigality which is the cause of the misery in which you find me". So surprised and pleased was Timur with this response that he dismissed Hafez with handsome gifts.[16]

Influence

Intellectual and artistic legacy

Hafez was acclaimed throughout the Islamic world during his lifetime, with other Persian poets imitating his work, and offers of patronage from Baghdad to India.[16]

His work was first translated into English in 1771 by William Jones. It would leave a mark on such Western writers as Thoreau, Goethe, W. B. Yeats, in his prose anthology book of essays, Discoveries,[21] as well as gaining a positive reception within West Bengal, in India, among some of the most prolific religious leaders and poets in this province, Debendranath Tagore, Rabindranath Tagore's father, who knew Persian and used to recite from Hafez's Divans and in this line, Gurudev himself, who, during his visit to Persia in 1932, also made a homage visit to Hafez's tomb in Shiraz[22][23] and Ralph Waldo Emerson (the last referred to him as "a poet's poet").[24][25] Sir Arthur Conan Doyle has his character Sherlock Holmes state that "there is as much sense in Hafiz as in Horace, and as much knowledge of the world" (in A Case of Identity). Friedrich Engels mentioned him in an 1853 letter to Karl Marx.[26]

There is no definitive version of his collected works (or Dīvān); editions vary from 573 to 994 poems. Only since the 1940s has a sustained scholarly attempt (by Mas'ud Farzad, Qasim Ghani and others in Iran) been made to authenticate his work and to remove errors introduced by later copyists and censors. However, the reliability of such work has been questioned,[27] and in the words of Hāfez scholar Iraj Bashiri, "there remains little hope from there (i.e.: Iran) for an authenticated diwan".[28]

In contemporary Iranian culture

Hafez is the most popular poet in Iran, and his works can be found in almost every Iranian home.[29] In fact, October 12 is celebrated as Hafez Day in Iran.[30]

 
President Mohammad Khatami with actress Fatemeh Motamed-Aria in 2007 Yalda night use Divan of Hafez for fortune telling.

His tomb is "crowded with devotees" who visit the site and the atmosphere is "festive" with visitors singing and reciting their favorite Hafez poems.[29]

Many Iranians use Divan of Hafez for fortune telling.[31] Iranian families usually have a Divan of Hafez in their house, and when they get together during the Nowruz or Yaldā holidays, they open the Divan to a random page and read the poem on it, which they believe to be an indication of things that will happen in the future.[32]

In Iranian music

In the genre of Persian classical music Hafez along with Sa'di have been the most popular poets in the art of āvāz, non-metered form of singing. Also the form 'Sāqi-Nāmeh' in the radif of Persian music is based on the same title by Hafez. A number of contemporary composers such as Parviz Meshkatian (Sheydaie), Hossein Alizadeh (Ahu-ye Vahshi), Mohammad Reza Lotfi (Golestān), and Siamak Aghaie (Yād Bād) have composed metric songs (tasnif) based on ghazals of Hafez which have become very popular in the genre of classical music. Hayedeh performed the song "Padeshah-e Khooban", with music by Farid Zoland. The Ottoman composer Buhurizade Mustafa Itri composed his magnum opus Neva Kâr based upon one of Hafez's poems. The Polish composer Karol Szymanowski composed The Love Songs of Hafiz based upon a German translation of Hafez poems.[citation needed]

In Afghan music

Many Afghan singers, including Ahmad Zahir and Sarban, have composed songs such as "Ay Padeshah-e Khooban", "Gar-Zulfe Parayshanat".[citation needed]

Interpretation

The question of whether his work is to be interpreted literally, mystically, or both has been a source of contention among western scholars.[33] On the one hand, some of his early readers such as William Jones saw in him a conventional lyricist similar to European love poets such as Petrarch.[34] Others scholars such as Henry Wilberforce Clarke saw him as purely a poet of didactic, ecstatic mysticism in the manner of Rumi, a view that a minority of twentieth century critics and literary historians have come to challenge.[35] Ralph Waldo Emerson rejected the Sufistic view of wine in Hafez's poems.[36]

This confusion stems from the fact that, early in Persian literary history, the poetic vocabulary was usurped by mystics, who believed that the ineffable could be better approached in poetry than in prose. In composing poems of mystic content, they imbued every word and image with mystical undertones, causing mysticism and lyricism to converge into a single tradition. As a result, no fourteenth-century Persian poet could write a lyrical poem without having a flavor of mysticism forced on it by the poetic vocabulary itself.[37][38] While some poets, such as Ubayd Zakani, attempted to distance themselves from this fused mystical-lyrical tradition by writing satires, Hafez embraced the fusion and thrived on it. Wheeler Thackston has said of this that Hafez "sang a rare blend of human and mystic love so balanced... that it is impossible to separate one from the other".[39]

For reasons such as that, the history of the translation of Hāfez is fraught with complications, and few translations into western languages have been wholly successful.

One of the figurative gestures for which he is most famous (and which is among the most difficult to translate) is īhām or artful punning. Thus, a word such as gowhar, which could mean both "essence, truth" and "pearl", would take on both meanings at once as in a phrase such as "a pearl/essential truth outside the shell of superficial existence".

Hafez often took advantage of the aforementioned lack of distinction between lyrical, mystical, and panegyric writing by using highly intellectualized, elaborate metaphors and images to suggest multiple possible meanings. For example, a couplet from one of Hafez's poems reads:[citation needed]

Last night, from the cypress branch, the nightingale sang,
In Old Persian tones, the lesson of spiritual stations.

The cypress tree is a symbol both of the beloved and of a regal presence; the nightingale and birdsong evoke the traditional setting for human love. The "lessons of spiritual stations" suggest, obviously, a mystical undertone as well (though the word for "spiritual" could also be translated as "intrinsically meaningful"). Therefore, the words could signify at once a prince addressing his devoted followers, a lover courting a beloved, and the reception of spiritual wisdom.[40]

Satire, religion, and politics

 
Hafez-Goethe monument in Weimar, Germany

Though Hafez is well known for his poetry, he is less commonly recognized for his intellectual and political contributions.[41] A defining feature of Hafez' poetry is its ironic tone and the theme of hypocrisy, widely believed to be a critique of the religious and ruling establishments of the time.[42][43] Persian satire developed during the 14th century, within the courts of the Mongol Empire. In this period, Hafez and other notable early satirists, such as Ubayd Zakani, produced a body of work that has since become a template for the use of satire as a political device. Many of his critiques are believed to be targeted at the rule of Mubariz al-Din Muhammad, specifically, towards the disintegration of important public and private institutions.[42][43][44]

His work, particularly his imaginative references to monasteries, convents, Shahneh, and muhtasib, ignored the religious taboos of his period, and he found humor in some of his society's religious doctrines.[43][44] Employing humor polemically has since become a common practice in Iranian public discourse and satire is now perhaps the de facto language of Iranian social commentary.[43]

Modern English editions

A standard modern English edition of Hafez is Faces of Love (2012) translated by Dick Davis for Penguin Classics.[45] Beloved: 81 poems from Hafez (Bloodaxe Books, 2018) is a recent English selection noted by Fatemeh Keshavarz (Roshan Institute for Persian studies, University of Maryland) for preserving "that audacious and multilayered richness one finds in the originals".[46]

Peter Avery translated a complete edition of Hafez in English, The Collected Lyrics of Hafiz of Shiraz, published in 2007.[47] It was awarded Iran's Farabi prize.[48] Avery's translations are published with notes explaining allusions in the text and filling in what the poets would have expected their readers to know.[48] An abridged version exists, titled Hafiz of Shiraz: Thirty Poems: An Introduction to the Sufi Master.

Divan-e-Hafez

 
Bangladeshi scholar Sultan Ahmad Nanupuri reciting a poem from the Divan of Hafez.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

Divan Hafez is a book containing all the remaining poems of Hafez. Most of these poems are in Persian and the most crucial part of this Divan is ghazals. There are poems in other poetic formats such as piece, ode, Masnavi and quatrain in this Divan.

There is no evidence that most of Hafez's poems were destroyed. In addition, Hafez was very famous during his lifetime; Therefore, the small number of poetry in the court indicates that he was not a prolific poet.

Hafez's Divan was probably compiled for the first time by Mohammad Glendam after his death. Of course, some unconfirmed reports indicate that Hafez published his court in 770 AH. that is, edited more than twenty years before his death.[40]

Death and the tomb

The year of Hafez's death is 791 AH. Hafez was buried in the prayer hall of Shiraz called hafezieh. In 855 AH, after the conquest of Shiraz by Abolghasem Babar Teymouri, they built a tomb under the command of his minister, Maulana Mohammad Mamaei.[8]

Poems by Hafez

The number in the edition by Muhammad Qazvini and Qasem Ghani (1941) is given, as well as that of Parviz Nātel-Khānlari (2nd ed. 1983):

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Ḥāfeẓ | Persian author", Encyclopedia Britannica, retrieved 2018-08-06
  2. ^ Encyclopaedia Iranica. "HAFEZ". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2018-08-06.
  3. ^ de Fouchécour, Charles-Henri (2018-07-01). "Ḥāfiẓ". Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad Ḥāfiẓ was a Persian lyric poet who lived in Shiraz from about 715/1315 to 792/1390.
  4. ^ Yarshater. Accessed 25 July 2010.
  5. ^ Aga Khan III, "Hafiz and the Place of Iranian Culture in the World", November 9, 1936 London.
  6. ^ "Hafez's Poetic Art". Encyclopaedia Iranica. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hafez-iii Accessed August 23, 2016.
  7. ^ "Hafez's Poetic Art" Thematics and Imagery". Encyclopaedia Iranica. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hafez-iii Accessed 2016-08-23. Also Shaida, Khalid Hameed (2014). Hafiz, Drunk with God: Selected Odes. Xlibris Corporation. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4653-7091-4. Accessed 2016-08-23.
  8. ^ a b Shaida, Khalid Hameed (2014). Hafiz, Drunk with God: Selected Odes. Xlibris Corporation. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4653-7091-4. Retrieved 2016-08-23.[self-published source]
  9. ^ Lit. Hist. Persia III, pp. 271-73
  10. ^ Shaida, Khalid Hameed (2014). Hafiz, Drunk with God: Selected Odes. Xlibris Corporation. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4653-7091-4. Retrieved 2015-03-21.[self-published source]
  11. ^ Jonathan, Bloom (2002). Islam: A Thousand Years of Faith and Power. Yale University Press. p. 166. ISBN 0-300-09422-1. Retrieved 2015-03-21.
  12. ^ a b Khorramshahi. Accessed 25 July 2010
  13. ^ Lewisohn, p. 69.
  14. ^ Gray, pp. 11-12. Gray notes that Ghazvini's and Gani's compilation in 1941 relied on the earliest texts known at that time and that none of the four texts they used were related to each other. Since then, she adds, more than 14 earlier texts have been found, but their relationships to each other have not been studied.
  15. ^ Lewisohn, p. 67
  16. ^ a b c d Gray, pp. 2-4.
  17. ^ Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin (2012). "Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah". In Islam, Sirajul; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
  18. ^ Haider, MH (3 July 2015). "The Persian candy". The Daily Star (Bangladesh).
  19. ^ Jafri, Sardar. “Hafiz Shirazi (1312-1387-89).” Social Scientist, vol. 28, no. 1/2, 2000, pp. 12–31. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3518055. Accessed 31 Jan. 2021.
  20. ^ Rabindranath Tagore (1932). Journey to Persia and Iraq. p. 47.
  21. ^ Discoveries
  22. ^ The autobiography of Maharshi Devendranath Tagore
  23. ^ RABINDRANATH TAGORE
  24. ^ Kane, Paul (Spring 2009). "EMERSON AND HAFIZ: THE FIGURE OF THE RELIGIOUS POET". Religion & Literature. 41 (1): 111–139.; "that Emerson claims for the domain of poetry Hafiz may turn out to be a poet's poet"
  25. ^ Delphi Collected Poetical Works of Hafez. Delphi Classics. 2017. p. 10. ISBN 978-1786562104.
  26. ^ "Letters: Marx-Engels correspondence". Retrieved 15 January 2012.
  27. ^ Michael Hillmann in Rahnema-ye Ketab, 13 (1971), "Kusheshha-ye Jadid dar Shenakht-e Divan-e Sahih-e Hafez"
  28. ^ . Archived from the original on 2014-03-01. Retrieved 2013-08-19.
  29. ^ a b Darke, Diana (1 November 2014). "The book in every Iranian home". BBC.
  30. ^ Hossein Kaji, "Hafez’s incomparable position in Iranian culture: October 12 is Hafez Day in Iran" 2007-10-15 at the Wayback Machine, Mehrnews. Tehran Times Opinion Column, October 12, 2006.
  31. ^ Massoud Khalili#September 9, 2001 Massoud Khalili speaking to BBC correspondent Lyse Doucet
  32. ^ fa:حافظ
  33. ^ Schroeder, Eric, "The Wild Deer Mathnavi" in The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Vol. 11, No. 2, Special Issue on Oriental Art and Aesthetics (December 1952), p.118
  34. ^ Jones, William (1772) "Preface" in Poems, Consisting Chiefly of Translations from the Asiatick Tongues p. iv
  35. ^ Dick Davis: Hafez Faces of Love and the Poets of Shiraz, introduction
  36. ^ "EMERSON, RALPH WALDO – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  37. ^ Thackston, Wheeler: A Millennium of Classical Persian Poetry, Ibex Publishers Inc. 1994, p. ix in "Introduction"
  38. ^ Davis, Dick, "On Not Translating Hafez" in the New England Review 25:1-2 [2004]: 310-18
  39. ^ Thackston, Wheeler, A Millennium of Classical Persian Poetry, Ibex Publishers Inc.' 1994, p.64
  40. ^ a b Meisami, Julie Scott. "Allegorical Gardens in the Persian Poetic Tradition: Nezami, Rumi, Hafez." International Journal of Middle East Studies 17(2) (May 1985), 229-260
  41. ^ Hafez, singing love Mahmood Soree, Golbarg magazine, mehr 1382, number 43
  42. ^ a b Yavari, Neguin; Potter, Lawrence G.; Oppenheim, Jean-Marc Ran (November 24, 2004). Views from the Edge: Essays in Honor of Richard W. Bulliet. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231509367 – via Google Books.
  43. ^ a b c d "طنز حافظ". Aftabir.com.
  44. ^ a b "مائده جان رسید ( بخش سوم)".
  45. ^ Washington Post Book World: ‘Faces of Love,’ translations of Persian poetry reviewed by Michael Dirda
  46. ^ "Beloved | Bloodaxe Books".
  47. ^ ISBN 1-901383-26-1 hb; ISBN 1-901383-09-1 pb
  48. ^ a b "Obituary: Peter Avery", The Daily Telegraph, (14 October 2008), page 29, (not online 19 October 2008)

Sources

 
Wikisource has original works by or about:
Hafez
  • Bashiri, Iraj (1979). . Bashiri's Working Papers: Central Asia and Iran. Archived from the original on 2014-03-01. Retrieved 2013-08-19.
  • Peter Avery, The Collected Lyrics of Hafiz of Shiraz, 603 p. (Cambridge: Archetype, 2007). ISBN 1-901383-09-1
    Translated from Divān-e Hāfez, Vol. 1, The Lyrics (Ghazals), edited by Parviz Natel-Khanlari (Tehran, Iran, 1362 AH/1983-4).
  • Loloi, Parvin, Hafiz, Master of Persian Poetry: A Critical Bibliography - English Translations Since the Eighteenth Century (2004. I.B. Tauris)
  • Browne, E. G., Literary History of Persia. (Four volumes, 2,256 pages, and twenty-five years in the writing with a new introduction by J.T.P De Bruijn). 1997. ISBN 978-0-936347-66-0
  • Will Durant, The Reformation. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1957
  • Erkinov, A., “Manuscripts of the works by classical Persian authors (Hāfiz, Jāmī, Bīdil): Quantitative Analysis of 17th-19th c. Central Asian Copies”. Iran: Questions et connaissances. Actes du IVe Congrès Européen des études iraniennes organisé par la Societas Iranologica Europaea, Paris, 6-10 Septembre 1999. vol. II: Périodes médiévale et moderne. [Cahiers de Studia Iranica. 26], M.Szuppe (ed.). Association pour l`avancement des études iraniennes-Peeters Press. Paris-Leiden, 2002, pp. 213–228.
  • Hafez, The Poems of Hafez. Trans. Reza Ordoubadian. Ibex Publishers, 2006 ISBN 978-1-58814-019-7
  • Hafez, The Green Sea of Heaven: Fifty ghazals from the Diwan of Hafiz. Trans. Elizabeth T. Gray, Jr. White Cloud Press, 1995 ISBN 1-883991-06-4
  • Hafez, The Angels Knocking on the Tavern Door: Thirty Poems of Hafez. Trans. Robert Bly and Leonard Lewisohn. HarperCollins, 2008, p. 69. ISBN 978-0-06-113883-6
  • Hafez, Divan-i-Hafiz, translated by Henry Wilberforce-Clarke, Ibex Publishers, Inc., 2007. ISBN 0-936347-80-5
  • Khorramshahi, Bahaʾ-al-Din (2002). "Hafez II: Life and Times". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  • Yarshater, Ehsan (2002). . Encyclopædia Iranica. Archived from the original on 17 May 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  • Jan Rypka, History of Iranian Literature. Reidel Publishing Company. 1968 OCLC 460598. ISBN 90-277-0143-1
  • Chopra, R. M., "Great Poets of Classical Persian", June 2014, Sparrow Publication, Kolkata, ISBN 978-81-89140-99-1.
  • Khorramshahi, Bahaʾ-al-Din (2012). "HAFEZ ii. HAFEZ'S LIFE AND TIMES". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XI, Fasc. 5. pp. 465–469.
  • Perry, John R. (2011). "Karim Khan Zand". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XV, Fasc. 6. pp. 561–564.
  • Limbert, John W. (2011). Shiraz in the Age of Hafez: The Glory of a Medieval Persian City. University of Washington Press. pp. 1–192. ISBN 9780295802886.
  • Loloi, Parvin (2004). Hafiz, Master of Persian Poetry: A Critical Bibliography. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–392. ISBN 9781860649233.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hafez.
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Hafez.

English translations of Poetry by Hafez

  • Hafiz Selections of his poetry on Allspirit
  • Hafez in English from Poems Found in Translation website
  • Poems by Hafez from Blackcat Poems website

Persian texts and resources

  • Scan of 1560 Dīwān Hāfiz manuscript on archive.org
  • An online Flash application of his poems in Persian.
  • A light-weight website ranked 1 on search engines for Fal e Hafez.
  • Fale Hafez iPhone App an iPhone application for reading poems and taking 'faal'.

English language resources

Other

  • Photos.
  • One Day with Hafez at Leiden University, The Netherlands on YouTube

January 18, 2023
hafez, this, article, about, 14th, century, persian, poet, other, uses, this, name, hafiz, khwāje, shams, dīn, moḥammad, Ḥāfeẓ, shīrāzī, persian, خواجه, شمس, الدین, محم, حافظ, شیرازی, known, name, حافظ, Ḥāfeẓ, memorizer, safe, keeper, 1325, 1390, hafiz, persia. This article is about the 14th century Persian poet For other uses of this name see Hafiz Khwaje Shams od Din Moḥammad Ḥafeẓ e Shirazi Persian خواجه شمس الدین محم د حافظ شیرازی known by his pen name Hafez حافظ Ḥafeẓ the memorizer the safe keeper 1325 1390 and as Hafiz 1 was a Persian lyric poet 2 3 whose collected works are regarded by many Iranians as a pinnacle of Persian literature His works are often found in the homes of people in the Persian speaking world who learn his poems by heart and use them as everyday proverbs and sayings His life and poems have become the subjects of much analysis commentary and interpretation influencing post 14th century Persian writing more than any other Persian author 4 5 HafezA fictional painting of Hafez by Abolhassan Sadighi Spiritual poet mysticBorncirca 1325Shiraz Muzaffarid PersiaDied1390 aged 64 65 Shiraz Timurid Empire present day Iran Major shrineTomb of Hafez Shiraz IranInfluencesIbn Arabi Khwaju Al Hallaj Sanai Anvari Nizami Sa di Khaqani AttarInfluencedSubsequent Persian lyric poets GoetheTradition or genreMystic poetry Ghazal Irfan Major worksThe Divan of HafezHafez is best known for his Divan of Hafez a collection of his surviving poems probably compiled after his death His works can be described as antinomian 6 and with the medieval use of the term theosophical the term theosophy in the 13th and 14th centuries was used to indicate mystical work by authors only inspired by the holy books as distinguished from theology Hafez primarily wrote in the literary genre of lyric poetry or ghazals that is the ideal style for expressing the ecstasy of divine inspiration in the mystical form of love poems He was a Sufi 1 Themes of his ghazals include the beloved faith and exposing hypocrisy In his ghazals he deals with love wine and taverns all presenting ecstasy and freedom from restraint whether in actual worldly release or in the voice of the lover 7 speaking of divine love 8 self published source His influence on Persian speakers appears in divination by his poems Persian فال حافظ fal e hafez somewhat similar to the Roman tradition of sortes vergilianae and in the frequent use of his poems in Persian traditional music visual art and Persian calligraphy His tomb is located in his birthplace of Shiraz Adaptations imitations and translations of his poems exist in all major languages Contents 1 Life 2 Legends 3 Influence 3 1 Intellectual and artistic legacy 3 2 In contemporary Iranian culture 3 3 In Iranian music 3 4 In Afghan music 4 Interpretation 5 Satire religion and politics 6 Modern English editions 7 Divan e Hafez 8 Death and the tomb 9 Poems by Hafez 10 See also 11 References 11 1 Sources 12 External linksLife Edit Tomb of Hafez in Shiraz Doublures inside a 19th century copy of the Divan of Hafez The front doublure shows Hafez offering his work to a patron Hafez was born in Shiraz Iran Few details of his life are known Accounts of his early life rely upon traditional anecdotes Early tazkiras biographical sketches mentioning Hafez are generally considered unreliable 9 At an early age he memorized the Quran and was given the title of Hafez which he later used as his pen name 10 self published source 11 The preface of his Divan in which his early life is discussed was written by an unknown contemporary whose name may have been Moḥammad Golandam 12 Two of the most highly regarded modern editions of Hafez s Divan are compiled by Moḥammad Ghazvini and Qasem Ḡani 495 ghazals and by Parviz Natel Khanlari 486 ghazals 13 14 Hafez was a Sufi Muslim 1 Modern scholars generally agree that he was born either in 1315 or 1317 According to an account by Jami Hafez died in 1390 12 15 Hafez was supported by patronage from several successive local regimes Shah Abu Ishaq who came to power while Hafez was in his teens Timur at the end of his life and even the strict ruler Shah Mubariz ud Din Muhammad Mubariz Muzaffar Though his work flourished most under the 27 year rule of Jalal ud Din Shah Shuja Shah Shuja 16 it is claimed Hafez briefly fell out of favor with Shah Shuja for mocking inferior poets Shah Shuja wrote poetry himself and may have taken the comments personally forcing Hafez to flee from Shiraz to Isfahan and Yazd but no historical evidence is available 16 Hafez also exchanged letters and poetry with Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah the Sultan of Bengal who invited him to Sonargaon though he could not make it 17 18 19 20 Twenty years after his death a tomb the Hafezieh was erected to honor Hafez in the Musalla Gardens in Shiraz The current mausoleum was designed by Andre Godard a French archeologist and architect in the late 1930s and the tomb is raised up on a dais amidst rose gardens water channels and orange trees Inside Hafez s alabaster sarcophagus bears the inscription of two of his poems citation needed Legends EditMany semi miraculous mythical tales were woven around Hafez after his death It is said that by listening to his father s recitations Hafez had accomplished the task of learning the Quran by heart at an early age that is the meaning of the word Hafez At the same time he is said to have known by heart the works of Rumi Jalal ad Din Muhammad Balkhi Saadi Farid ud Din and Nizami According to one tradition before meeting his self chosen Sufi master Hajji Zayn al Attar Hafez had been working in a bakery delivering bread to a wealthy quarter of the town There he first saw Shakh e Nabat a woman of great beauty to whom some of his poems are addressed Ravished by her beauty but knowing that his love for her would not be requited he allegedly held his first mystic vigil in his desire to realize this union Still he encountered a being of surpassing beauty who identified himself as an angel and his further attempts at union became mystic a pursuit of spiritual union with the divine At 60 he is said to have begun a Chilla nashini a 40 day and night vigil by sitting in a circle that he had drawn for himself On the 40th day he once again met with Zayn al Attar on what is known to be their fortieth anniversary and was offered a cup of wine It was there where he is said to have attained Cosmic Consciousness He hints at this episode in one of his verses in which he advises the reader to attain clarity of wine by letting it sit for 40 days In one tale Tamerlane Timur angrily summoned Hafez to account for one of his verses agar an Tork e Sirazi be dast arad del e ma ra be khal e Hendu yas baxsam Samarqand ō Boxara ra If that Shirazi Turk accepts my heart in their hand for their Indian mole I will give Samarkand and Bukhara Samarkand was Tamerlane s capital and Bokhara was the kingdom s finest city With the blows of my lustrous sword Timur complained I have subjugated most of the habitable globe to embellish Samarkand and Bokhara the seats of my government and you would sell them for the black mole of some girl in Shiraz Hafez the tale goes bowed deeply and replied Alas O Prince it is this prodigality which is the cause of the misery in which you find me So surprised and pleased was Timur with this response that he dismissed Hafez with handsome gifts 16 Influence EditIntellectual and artistic legacy Edit Hafez was acclaimed throughout the Islamic world during his lifetime with other Persian poets imitating his work and offers of patronage from Baghdad to India 16 His work was first translated into English in 1771 by William Jones It would leave a mark on such Western writers as Thoreau Goethe W B Yeats in his prose anthology book of essays Discoveries 21 as well as gaining a positive reception within West Bengal in India among some of the most prolific religious leaders and poets in this province Debendranath Tagore Rabindranath Tagore s father who knew Persian and used to recite from Hafez s Divans and in this line Gurudev himself who during his visit to Persia in 1932 also made a homage visit to Hafez s tomb in Shiraz 22 23 and Ralph Waldo Emerson the last referred to him as a poet s poet 24 25 Sir Arthur Conan Doyle has his character Sherlock Holmes state that there is as much sense in Hafiz as in Horace and as much knowledge of the world in A Case of Identity Friedrich Engels mentioned him in an 1853 letter to Karl Marx 26 There is no definitive version of his collected works or Divan editions vary from 573 to 994 poems Only since the 1940s has a sustained scholarly attempt by Mas ud Farzad Qasim Ghani and others in Iran been made to authenticate his work and to remove errors introduced by later copyists and censors However the reliability of such work has been questioned 27 and in the words of Hafez scholar Iraj Bashiri there remains little hope from there i e Iran for an authenticated diwan 28 In contemporary Iranian culture Edit Hafez is the most popular poet in Iran and his works can be found in almost every Iranian home 29 In fact October 12 is celebrated as Hafez Day in Iran 30 President Mohammad Khatami with actress Fatemeh Motamed Aria in 2007 Yalda night use Divan of Hafez for fortune telling His tomb is crowded with devotees who visit the site and the atmosphere is festive with visitors singing and reciting their favorite Hafez poems 29 Many Iranians use Divan of Hafez for fortune telling 31 Iranian families usually have a Divan of Hafez in their house and when they get together during the Nowruz or Yalda holidays they open the Divan to a random page and read the poem on it which they believe to be an indication of things that will happen in the future 32 In Iranian music Edit In the genre of Persian classical music Hafez along with Sa di have been the most popular poets in the art of avaz non metered form of singing Also the form Saqi Nameh in the radif of Persian music is based on the same title by Hafez A number of contemporary composers such as Parviz Meshkatian Sheydaie Hossein Alizadeh Ahu ye Vahshi Mohammad Reza Lotfi Golestan and Siamak Aghaie Yad Bad have composed metric songs tasnif based on ghazals of Hafez which have become very popular in the genre of classical music Hayedeh performed the song Padeshah e Khooban with music by Farid Zoland The Ottoman composer Buhurizade Mustafa Itri composed his magnum opus Neva Kar based upon one of Hafez s poems The Polish composer Karol Szymanowski composed The Love Songs of Hafiz based upon a German translation of Hafez poems citation needed In Afghan music Edit Many Afghan singers including Ahmad Zahir and Sarban have composed songs such as Ay Padeshah e Khooban Gar Zulfe Parayshanat citation needed Interpretation EditThe question of whether his work is to be interpreted literally mystically or both has been a source of contention among western scholars 33 On the one hand some of his early readers such as William Jones saw in him a conventional lyricist similar to European love poets such as Petrarch 34 Others scholars such as Henry Wilberforce Clarke saw him as purely a poet of didactic ecstatic mysticism in the manner of Rumi a view that a minority of twentieth century critics and literary historians have come to challenge 35 Ralph Waldo Emerson rejected the Sufistic view of wine in Hafez s poems 36 This confusion stems from the fact that early in Persian literary history the poetic vocabulary was usurped by mystics who believed that the ineffable could be better approached in poetry than in prose In composing poems of mystic content they imbued every word and image with mystical undertones causing mysticism and lyricism to converge into a single tradition As a result no fourteenth century Persian poet could write a lyrical poem without having a flavor of mysticism forced on it by the poetic vocabulary itself 37 38 While some poets such as Ubayd Zakani attempted to distance themselves from this fused mystical lyrical tradition by writing satires Hafez embraced the fusion and thrived on it Wheeler Thackston has said of this that Hafez sang a rare blend of human and mystic love so balanced that it is impossible to separate one from the other 39 For reasons such as that the history of the translation of Hafez is fraught with complications and few translations into western languages have been wholly successful One of the figurative gestures for which he is most famous and which is among the most difficult to translate is iham or artful punning Thus a word such as gowhar which could mean both essence truth and pearl would take on both meanings at once as in a phrase such as a pearl essential truth outside the shell of superficial existence Hafez often took advantage of the aforementioned lack of distinction between lyrical mystical and panegyric writing by using highly intellectualized elaborate metaphors and images to suggest multiple possible meanings For example a couplet from one of Hafez s poems reads citation needed Last night from the cypress branch the nightingale sang In Old Persian tones the lesson of spiritual stations The cypress tree is a symbol both of the beloved and of a regal presence the nightingale and birdsong evoke the traditional setting for human love The lessons of spiritual stations suggest obviously a mystical undertone as well though the word for spiritual could also be translated as intrinsically meaningful Therefore the words could signify at once a prince addressing his devoted followers a lover courting a beloved and the reception of spiritual wisdom 40 Satire religion and politics Edit Hafez Goethe monument in Weimar Germany Though Hafez is well known for his poetry he is less commonly recognized for his intellectual and political contributions 41 A defining feature of Hafez poetry is its ironic tone and the theme of hypocrisy widely believed to be a critique of the religious and ruling establishments of the time 42 43 Persian satire developed during the 14th century within the courts of the Mongol Empire In this period Hafez and other notable early satirists such as Ubayd Zakani produced a body of work that has since become a template for the use of satire as a political device Many of his critiques are believed to be targeted at the rule of Mubariz al Din Muhammad specifically towards the disintegration of important public and private institutions 42 43 44 His work particularly his imaginative references to monasteries convents Shahneh and muhtasib ignored the religious taboos of his period and he found humor in some of his society s religious doctrines 43 44 Employing humor polemically has since become a common practice in Iranian public discourse and satire is now perhaps the de facto language of Iranian social commentary 43 Modern English editions EditA standard modern English edition of Hafez is Faces of Love 2012 translated by Dick Davis for Penguin Classics 45 Beloved 81 poems from Hafez Bloodaxe Books 2018 is a recent English selection noted by Fatemeh Keshavarz Roshan Institute for Persian studies University of Maryland for preserving that audacious and multilayered richness one finds in the originals 46 Peter Avery translated a complete edition of Hafez in English The Collected Lyrics of Hafiz of Shiraz published in 2007 47 It was awarded Iran s Farabi prize 48 Avery s translations are published with notes explaining allusions in the text and filling in what the poets would have expected their readers to know 48 An abridged version exists titled Hafiz of Shiraz Thirty Poems An Introduction to the Sufi Master Divan e Hafez Edit Bangladeshi scholar Sultan Ahmad Nanupuri reciting a poem from the Divan of Hafez source Problems playing this file See media help Divan Hafez is a book containing all the remaining poems of Hafez Most of these poems are in Persian and the most crucial part of this Divan is ghazals There are poems in other poetic formats such as piece ode Masnavi and quatrain in this Divan There is no evidence that most of Hafez s poems were destroyed In addition Hafez was very famous during his lifetime Therefore the small number of poetry in the court indicates that he was not a prolific poet Hafez s Divan was probably compiled for the first time by Mohammad Glendam after his death Of course some unconfirmed reports indicate that Hafez published his court in 770 AH that is edited more than twenty years before his death 40 Death and the tomb EditThe year of Hafez s death is 791 AH Hafez was buried in the prayer hall of Shiraz called hafezieh In 855 AH after the conquest of Shiraz by Abolghasem Babar Teymouri they built a tomb under the command of his minister Maulana Mohammad Mamaei 8 Poems by Hafez EditThe number in the edition by Muhammad Qazvini and Qasem Ghani 1941 is given as well as that of Parviz Natel Khanlari 2nd ed 1983 Ala ya ayyoha s saqi QG 1 PNK 1 Dus didam ke mala ek QG 184 PNK 179 Gofta borun sodi QG 406 PNK 398 Mazra e sabz e falak QG 407 PNK 399 Naqdha ra bovad aya QG 185 PNK 180 Salha del talab e jam QG 142 Ganjoor 143 PNK 136 Shirazi Turk QG 3 PNK 3 Sine malamal QG 470 PNK 461 Zolf asofte QG 26 PNK 22See also Edit Poetry portalDiwan poetry List of Persian poets and authors Persian metres Persian mysticism Rumi Persian poet Persian literature The Love Songs of Hafiz West ostlicher DiwanReferences Edit a b c Ḥafeẓ Persian author Encyclopedia Britannica retrieved 2018 08 06 Encyclopaedia Iranica HAFEZ www iranicaonline org Retrieved 2018 08 06 de Fouchecour Charles Henri 2018 07 01 Ḥafiẓ Encyclopaedia of Islam THREE Shams al Din Muḥammad Ḥafiẓ was a Persian lyric poet who lived in Shiraz from about 715 1315 to 792 1390 Yarshater Accessed 25 July 2010 Aga Khan III Hafiz and the Place of Iranian Culture in the World November 9 1936 London Hafez s Poetic Art Encyclopaedia Iranica http www iranicaonline org articles hafez iii Accessed August 23 2016 Hafez s Poetic Art Thematics and Imagery Encyclopaedia Iranica http www iranicaonline org articles hafez iii Accessed 2016 08 23 Also Shaida Khalid Hameed 2014 Hafiz Drunk with God Selected Odes Xlibris Corporation p 5 ISBN 978 1 4653 7091 4 Accessed 2016 08 23 a b Shaida Khalid Hameed 2014 Hafiz Drunk with God Selected Odes Xlibris Corporation p 5 ISBN 978 1 4653 7091 4 Retrieved 2016 08 23 self published source Lit Hist Persia III pp 271 73 Shaida Khalid Hameed 2014 Hafiz Drunk with God Selected Odes Xlibris Corporation p 5 ISBN 978 1 4653 7091 4 Retrieved 2015 03 21 self published source Jonathan Bloom 2002 Islam A Thousand Years of Faith and Power Yale University Press p 166 ISBN 0 300 09422 1 Retrieved 2015 03 21 a b Khorramshahi Accessed 25 July 2010 Lewisohn p 69 Gray pp 11 12 Gray notes that Ghazvini s and Gani s compilation in 1941 relied on the earliest texts known at that time and that none of the four texts they used were related to each other Since then she adds more than 14 earlier texts have been found but their relationships to each other have not been studied Lewisohn p 67 a b c d Gray pp 2 4 Ahmed ABM Shamsuddin 2012 Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah In Islam Sirajul Miah Sajahan Khanam Mahfuza Ahmed Sabbir eds Banglapedia the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh Online ed Dhaka Bangladesh Banglapedia Trust Asiatic Society of Bangladesh ISBN 984 32 0576 6 OCLC 52727562 Retrieved 17 January 2023 Haider MH 3 July 2015 The Persian candy The Daily Star Bangladesh Jafri Sardar Hafiz Shirazi 1312 1387 89 Social Scientist vol 28 no 1 2 2000 pp 12 31 JSTOR www jstor org stable 3518055 Accessed 31 Jan 2021 Rabindranath Tagore 1932 Journey to Persia and Iraq p 47 Discoveries The autobiography of Maharshi Devendranath Tagore RABINDRANATH TAGORE Kane Paul Spring 2009 EMERSON AND HAFIZ THE FIGURE OF THE RELIGIOUS POET Religion amp Literature 41 1 111 139 that Emerson claims for the domain of poetry Hafiz may turn out to be a poet s poet Delphi Collected Poetical Works of Hafez Delphi Classics 2017 p 10 ISBN 978 1786562104 Letters Marx Engels correspondence Retrieved 15 January 2012 Michael Hillmann in Rahnema ye Ketab 13 1971 Kusheshha ye Jadid dar Shenakht e Divan e Sahih e Hafez Hafiz Shirazi Turk A Structuralist s Point of View Archived from the original on 2014 03 01 Retrieved 2013 08 19 a b Darke Diana 1 November 2014 The book in every Iranian home BBC Hossein Kaji Hafez s incomparable position in Iranian culture October 12 is Hafez Day in Iran Archived 2007 10 15 at the Wayback Machine Mehrnews Tehran Times Opinion Column October 12 2006 Massoud Khalili September 9 2001 Massoud Khalili speaking to BBC correspondent Lyse Doucet fa حافظ Schroeder Eric The Wild Deer Mathnavi in The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism Vol 11 No 2 Special Issue on Oriental Art and Aesthetics December 1952 p 118 Jones William 1772 Preface in Poems Consisting Chiefly of Translations from the Asiatick Tongues p iv Dick Davis Hafez Faces of Love and the Poets of Shiraz introduction EMERSON RALPH WALDO Encyclopaedia Iranica www iranicaonline org Retrieved 26 April 2020 Thackston Wheeler A Millennium of Classical Persian Poetry Ibex Publishers Inc 1994 p ix in Introduction Davis Dick On Not Translating Hafez in the New England Review 25 1 2 2004 310 18 Thackston Wheeler A Millennium of Classical Persian Poetry Ibex Publishers Inc 1994 p 64 a b Meisami Julie Scott Allegorical Gardens in the Persian Poetic Tradition Nezami Rumi Hafez International Journal of Middle East Studies 17 2 May 1985 229 260 Hafez singing love Mahmood Soree Golbarg magazine mehr 1382 number 43 a b Yavari Neguin Potter Lawrence G Oppenheim Jean Marc Ran November 24 2004 Views from the Edge Essays in Honor of Richard W Bulliet Columbia University Press ISBN 9780231509367 via Google Books a b c d طنز حافظ Aftabir com a b مائده جان رسید بخش سوم Washington Post Book World Faces of Love translations of Persian poetry reviewed by Michael Dirda Beloved Bloodaxe Books ISBN 1 901383 26 1 hb ISBN 1 901383 09 1 pb a b Obituary Peter Avery The Daily Telegraph 14 October 2008 page 29 not online 19 October 2008 Sources Edit Wikisource has original works by or about Hafez Bashiri Iraj 1979 Hafiz Shirazi Turk A Structuralist s Point of View Bashiri s Working Papers Central Asia and Iran Archived from the original on 2014 03 01 Retrieved 2013 08 19 Peter Avery The Collected Lyrics of Hafiz of Shiraz 603 p Cambridge Archetype 2007 ISBN 1 901383 09 1 Translated from Divan e Hafez Vol 1 The Lyrics Ghazals edited by Parviz Natel Khanlari Tehran Iran 1362 AH 1983 4 Loloi Parvin Hafiz Master of Persian Poetry A Critical Bibliography English Translations Since the Eighteenth Century 2004 I B Tauris Browne E G Literary History of Persia Four volumes 2 256 pages and twenty five years in the writing with a new introduction by J T P De Bruijn 1997 ISBN 978 0 936347 66 0 Will Durant The Reformation New York Simon amp Schuster 1957 Erkinov A Manuscripts of the works by classical Persian authors Hafiz Jami Bidil Quantitative Analysis of 17th 19th c Central Asian Copies Iran Questions et connaissances Actes du IVe Congres Europeen des etudes iraniennes organise par la Societas Iranologica Europaea Paris 6 10 Septembre 1999 vol II Periodes medievale et moderne Cahiers de Studia Iranica 26 M Szuppe ed Association pour l avancement des etudes iraniennes Peeters Press Paris Leiden 2002 pp 213 228 Hafez The Poems of Hafez Trans Reza Ordoubadian Ibex Publishers 2006 ISBN 978 1 58814 019 7 Hafez The Green Sea of Heaven Fifty ghazals from the Diwan of Hafiz Trans Elizabeth T Gray Jr White Cloud Press 1995 ISBN 1 883991 06 4 Hafez The Angels Knocking on the Tavern Door Thirty Poems of Hafez Trans Robert Bly and Leonard Lewisohn HarperCollins 2008 p 69 ISBN 978 0 06 113883 6 Hafez Divan i Hafiz translated by Henry Wilberforce Clarke Ibex Publishers Inc 2007 ISBN 0 936347 80 5 Khorramshahi Bahaʾ al Din 2002 Hafez II Life and Times Encyclopaedia Iranica Retrieved 25 July 2010 Yarshater Ehsan 2002 Hafez I An Overview Encyclopaedia Iranica Archived from the original on 17 May 2012 Retrieved 25 July 2010 Jan Rypka History of Iranian Literature Reidel Publishing Company 1968 OCLC 460598 ISBN 90 277 0143 1 Chopra R M Great Poets of Classical Persian June 2014 Sparrow Publication Kolkata ISBN 978 81 89140 99 1 Khorramshahi Bahaʾ al Din 2012 HAFEZ ii HAFEZ S LIFE AND TIMES Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol XI Fasc 5 pp 465 469 Perry John R 2011 Karim Khan Zand Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol XV Fasc 6 pp 561 564 Limbert John W 2011 Shiraz in the Age of Hafez The Glory of a Medieval Persian City University of Washington Press pp 1 192 ISBN 9780295802886 Loloi Parvin 2004 Hafiz Master of Persian Poetry A Critical Bibliography I B Tauris pp 1 392 ISBN 9781860649233 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hafez Wikiquote has quotations related to Hafez English translations of Poetry by Hafez Hafiz Selections of his poetry on Allspirit Hafez in English from Poems Found in Translation website Poems by Hafez from Blackcat Poems website Life and Poetry of Hafez from Hafiz on Love website Hafez Poems translated G BellPersian texts and resources Hafez Divan with readings in Persian Scan of 1560 Diwan Hafiz manuscript on archive org Fall e Hafez An online Flash application of his poems in Persian Text Based Fal e Hafez A light weight website ranked 1 on search engines for Fal e Hafez Fale Hafez iPhone App an iPhone application for reading poems and taking faal Radio Programs on Hafez s life and poetry English language resources Works by Hafez at Project Gutenberg The Collected Lyrics of Hafiz of Shiraz a translation of the Divan i Hafiz by Peter Avery published by Archetype 2007 ISBN 1 901383 26 1 hb ISBN 1 901383 09 1 pb Hafez Shirazi Turk A Structuralist s Point of View by Iraj Bashiri University of Minnesota Hafiz Shams al Din Muhammad A Biography by Iraj Bashiri Hafiz and the Sufic Ghazal 1979 by Iraj Bashiri Comprehensive set of scholarly entries about Hafez on the Encyclopaedia Iranica Columbia University HAFEZ Encyclopaedia Iranica Works by or about Hafez at Internet Archive Works by Hafez at LibriVox public domain audiobooks Other Hafez Tomb in 2012 Nowruz Celebration Photos One Day with Hafez at Leiden University The Netherlands on YouTube Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hafez amp oldid 1129042950, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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