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Penguin Classics

December 17, 2023

Penguin Classics is an imprint of Penguin Books under which classic works of literature are published in English, Spanish, Portuguese, and Korean among other languages.[1] Literary critics see books in this series as important members of the Western canon, though many titles are translated or of non-Western origin; indeed, the series for decades since its creation included only translations, until it eventually incorporated the Penguin English Library imprint in 1986. The first Penguin Classic was E. V. Rieu's translation of The Odyssey, published in 1946, and Rieu went on to become general editor of the series. Rieu sought out literary novelists such as Robert Graves and Dorothy Sayers as translators, believing they would avoid "the archaic flavour and the foreign idiom that renders many existing translations repellent to modern taste".[2]

Penguin Classics
2002 design of Penguin Classics
Parent companyPenguin Books
Country of originUnited Kingdom
Headquarters locationLondon, England
Publication typesBooks
Official websitewww.penguinclassics.com
Celebrating their 80th anniversary in 2015, Penguin released 80 Little Black Classics

In 1964 Betty Radice and Robert Baldick succeeded Rieu as joint editors, with Radice becoming sole editor in 1974 and serving as an editor for 21 years.[3][4] As editor, Radice argued for the place of scholarship in popular editions, and modified the earlier Penguin convention of the plain text, adding line references, bibliographies, maps, explanatory notes and indexes.[5] She broadened the canon of the 'Classics', and encouraged and diversified their readership while upholding academic standards.[5]

Design edit

Penguin Books paid particular attention to the design of its books, recruiting German typographer Jan Tschichold in 1947. The early minimalist designs were modernised by Italian art director Germano Facetti, who joined Penguin in 1961.[2] The new classics were known as "Black Classics" for their black covers, which also featured artwork appropriate to the topic and period of the work. This design was revised in 1985 to have pale yellow covers with a black spine, colour-coded with a small mark to indicate language and period (red for English, purple for ancient Latin and Greek, yellow for medieval and continental European languages, and green for other languages).

In 2002, Penguin redesigned its entire catalogue. The redesign restored the black cover, adding a white stripe and orange lettering. The text page design was also overhauled to follow a more closely prescribed template, allowing for faster copyediting and typesetting, but reducing the options for individual design variations suggested by a text's structure or historical context (for example, in the choice of text typeface). Prior to 2002, the text page typography of each book in the Classics series had been overseen by a team of in-house designers; this department was drastically reduced in 2003 as part of the production cost reductions. The in-house text design department still exists, albeit much smaller than formerly. Recent design work includes the Penguin Little Black Classic series, which was released in 2015.

Penguin Classics collaborated with Bill Amberg in 2008 in the design of six books (A Room with a View, Breakfast at Tiffany's, The Big Sleep, The Great Gatsby, Brideshead Revisited, and The Picture of Dorian Gray).[6]

Series edit

Within the broader category of Classics, Penguin has issued specialized series with their own designs. These include:

  • Penguin Nature Classics, issued from 1987 onwards, with authors such as Peter Matthiessen, Mary Austin, Henry David Thoreau, and John Muir.[7]
  • Penguin Modern Classics, issued from 1961 onwards, with authors such as Truman Capote, James Joyce, George Orwell, Vladimir Nabokov, and Antoine de Saint Exupéry. Some titles come with critical apparatus. The series has gone through a number of redesigns, the most recent being in June 2017: see here here, and here.
    • The series was renamed Penguin 20th Century Classics in May 1989, but reverted to its old name in February 2000. 20th Century Classics feature full-page front cover art, with a light blue-green/eau de nil rear cover and spine.[8]
  • Penguin Enriched Classics, issued,[when?][9] such as Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Pride and Prejudice, The Scarlet Letter, and A Tale of Two Cities
  • Penguin Popular Classics, issued in 1994, are paperback editions of texts under the Classics imprints. They were a response to Wordsworth Classics, a series of very cheap reprints which imitated Penguin in using black as its signature color.[10]
  • Penguin Classics Deluxe Edition, issued from 1997 onward, are paperback editions of texts with matte paper covers, French flaps, deckled page edges and cover art often illustrated by renowned comic artists.[11]
  • Penguin Designer Classics, issued in 2007, is a set of five limited-edition books, with covers created by fashion designers to commemorate the series' 60th Anniversary
  • Penguin Mini Modern Classics, issued in 2011, is an assortment of fifty pocket-sized books from fifty different authors such as Franz Kafka, Italo Calvino, E. M. Forster, Virginia Woolf and Stefan Zweig. It has been released to celebrate the 50th Anniversary of the Penguin Modern Classics. It is currently out of print.
  • Penguin Little Black Classics, issued in 2015 a series of pocket-sized classics introduced to celebrate the 80th anniversary of Penguin Books.
  • Pocket Penguins, issued in 2016. The series echoes the style of the original Penguin Books, with smaller A-format size, and tri-band design.
    • The first 20 books were released in May 2016, and described by publishing director Simon Winder as "a mix of the famous and the unjustly overlooked".[12][13][14]
  • Penguin Clothbound Classics
  • Penguin Crime & Espionage, issued in 2023. An initial series of 10 paperback books

Bibliography edit

Further information: List of Penguin Classics

No definitive bibliography of Penguin Classics has yet been published, although several partial bibliographies have been issued. The earliest come from the Penguin Catalogues, published annually covering in-print editions. The 1963 catalogue, for example, lists 97 titles, although by then the series overall had produced 118 volumes. In the 1980s Penguin (UK) began publishing discrete catalogues of its Classics and Twentieth Century Classics series, listing all the titles then available in the UK (with prices in sterling).

The Penguin Collectors' Society have published two bibliographies of the early, pre-ISBN (referred to as 'L') editions: firstly in 1994, with an update in 2008.

Also in 2008, Penguin Books USA published a complete annotated listing of all Penguin Classics titles in a single paperback volume in the style of its Penguin Classics books. The list organises the collection multiple times: alphabetically by author, subject categories, authors by region, and a complete alphabetic title index. This compiled listing indicates there are over 1,300 titles, and more to be published. The final print version of this listing was issued in 2012, however a copy of the 2016 listing remains available on the Penguin website.[15]

In 2018 Penguin published The Penguin Classics Book, a celebratory survey of the volumes currently in print, listing works by author location and chronologically from antiquity to World War I. It includes an appendix with a selection of out-of-print titles.

In 2005, an incomplete collection of books in the series was sold on Amazon.com as "The Penguin Classics Library Complete Collection".[16] In 2005, the collection consisted of 1,082 different books (in multiple editions) and cost US$7,989.50. The collection weighed about 750 pounds (340 kg) and took about 77 linear feet (23.5 m) of shelf space; laid end-to-end the books would reach about 630 feet (192 m).

A feature of the World's Biggest Bookstore in Toronto, Ontario, from its inception in the 1970s, and for years thereafter, was that it stocked all of the Penguin Classics titles. The upper section of the second floor of the store was dedicated to Penguin exclusively.

60th Anniversary edit

In 2007, Penguin Classics released a set of five books limited to 1,000 copies each, known as the Designer Classics.[17][18] Each book was specially designed to celebrate Penguin Classics' Diamond Anniversary:

  • The cover for Crime and Punishment was created by graphic designers Stephen Sorrell and Damon Murray of Fuel,[19] who used Cyrillic and English type. Stephen explains: "This visual device echoes the mind games in the head of Raskolnikov as he battles with his voice of conscience. We want the design to form the shape and feel of the book as a whole not just its cover." They have screen printed the cover on the same brown craft paper used for the text. The book has a Perspex slipcase.
  • The Idiot was designed by industrial designer Ron Arad and has no cover, so the reader will pick it up and read the author's first words. It is stripped back to show the glue and thread in the spine, which is visible through an acrylic slipcase (with a lid) with a Fresnel lens, so the text appears to move as the lid is removed. Arad explains: "By not wanting to have a cover, it ended with the book becoming an amazing object that is alive, but which maintains its transparency. It became a glorious box with a book inside—almost like a monument."
  • The cover for Lady Chatterley's Lover was created by fashion designer Paul Smith.
  • The cover for Madame Bovary was designed by fashion designer Manolo Blahnik. The jacket features Blahnik's original painting of Emma with her lover, and the book is protected by a Perspex slipcase. He said: "I wanted to come up with something light, sensual... something frivolous, because this is a novel about the dangers of frivolity. And I wanted something sexy too, cheeky. I usually focus on one part of the foot—the shoe. For this project, I had to consider a whole scene, there had to be a context, which is new for me. But I managed to sneak in a pair of shoes anyway. She wore good shoes."
  • The cover for Tender Is the Night was designed by English filmmaker, photographer, and visual artist Sam Taylor-Wood, who used an ethereal black-and-white photograph printed onto tracing paper. An elegant, barefoot young man stands with his hands in his pocket, perfectly summing up the elegance and fragility of Nicole and Dick Diver's world. The book is wrapped in a cloth hardcover and has a Perspex slipcase.

In the public eye edit

In 2013, Penguin Classics published Morrissey's Autobiography. Concerns arose about the imprint's publishing a book too recently published to be an acknowledged classic, that such a book diluted the brand. Penguin argued that the autobiography was "a classic in the making".[20] The Independent's Boyd Tonkin wrote: "The droning narcissism of the [book] may harm [Morrissey's] name a little. It ruins that of his publisher... Morrissey will survive his unearned elevation. I doubt that the reputation of Penguin Classics will."[21]

Penguin Classics sold well during the 2019-2021 coronavirus pandemic when citizens in many countries, forced into lockdown as a preventive measure, found solace in books.[22]

See also edit

Notes and references edit

  1. ^ "Overview". Penguin.com. Retrieved 30 August 2009.
  2. ^ a b Cowley, Des; Williamson, Clare (2007). The World of the Book. Melbourne: Miegunyah Press. p. 81.
  3. ^ Radice, William; Reynolds, Barbara (1987). The Translator's Art. Essays in honour of Betty Radice. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin. p. 29. ISBN 0-14-009226-9.
  4. ^ Fowler, R (2016) 'Betty Radice and the survival of classics' in Wyles, R. and E. Hall (eds) Women Classical Scholars: Unsealing the Fountain from the Renaissance to Jacqueline de Romilly, Oxford. p.347-349
  5. ^ a b Fowler, R (2016) 'Betty Radice and the survival of classics' in Wyles, R. and E. Hall (eds) Women Classical Scholars: Unsealing the Fountain from the Renaissance to Jacqueline de Romilly, Oxford. p.347-349,358
  6. ^ Bumpus, Jessica (29 October 2008). "Designer Novels". Vogue. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
  7. ^ "Classic, Nature, Penguin". PenguinRandomhouse.com. Retrieved 2021-02-07.
  8. ^ "Designing Penguin Modern Classics (Part 2)". Penguin Newsletter. Penguin. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  9. ^ "Penguin Enriched eBooks". Penguin.com. Retrieved 30 August 2009.
  10. ^ "Classics on a budget". Times Education Supplement.
  11. ^ "Illustrated Collector's Guide to the Penguin Deluxe Classics". Beautiful Books. Retrieved 2022-08-14.
  12. ^ Cowdrey, Katherine (18 February 2016). "PRH launches new classics range, Pocket Penguins". The Bookseller. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  13. ^ Cooke, Rachel (31 May 2016). "What Penguins, donkeys and moles have in common". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  14. ^ Sinclair, Mark (19 February 2016). . Creative Review. Archived from the original on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  15. ^ "Annotated Catalog" (PDF). penguin.com. 2016.
  16. ^ Wyatt, Edward (14 November 2005). "One Well-Read Home Has Some New Pets: 1,082 Penguins". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved 30 August 2009.
  17. ^ "Five leading designers explain how they re-covered their favourite Penguins". The Guardian. London. 28 October 2006. Retrieved 12 December 2009.
  18. ^ Rawsthorn, Alice (28 October 2006). "How Penguin Classics books became design icons". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 12 December 2009.
  19. ^ "About". Fuel Design & Publishing.
  20. ^ "Penguin Classics: why are they publishing Morrissey's autobiography?". The Guardian. London. 13 October 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
  21. ^ "Autobiography by Morrissey – Droning narcissism and the whine of self-pity". The Independent. London. 17 October 2013. Archived from the original on 2022-05-25. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
  22. ^ Ferguson, Donna (26 April 2020). "Tolstoy, Steinbeck, Defoe – why are so many turning to classic novels?". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 April 2020.

External links edit

  • Official Penguin Classics website
  • The Penguin Archive Project-University of Bristol

December 17, 2023
penguin, classics, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, july, 20. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Penguin Classics news newspapers books scholar JSTOR July 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message Penguin Classics is an imprint of Penguin Books under which classic works of literature are published in English Spanish Portuguese and Korean among other languages 1 Literary critics see books in this series as important members of the Western canon though many titles are translated or of non Western origin indeed the series for decades since its creation included only translations until it eventually incorporated the Penguin English Library imprint in 1986 The first Penguin Classic was E V Rieu s translation of The Odyssey published in 1946 and Rieu went on to become general editor of the series Rieu sought out literary novelists such as Robert Graves and Dorothy Sayers as translators believing they would avoid the archaic flavour and the foreign idiom that renders many existing translations repellent to modern taste 2 Penguin Classics2002 design of Penguin ClassicsParent companyPenguin BooksCountry of originUnited KingdomHeadquarters locationLondon EnglandPublication typesBooksOfficial websitewww wbr penguinclassics wbr com Celebrating their 80th anniversary in 2015 Penguin released 80 Little Black ClassicsIn 1964 Betty Radice and Robert Baldick succeeded Rieu as joint editors with Radice becoming sole editor in 1974 and serving as an editor for 21 years 3 4 As editor Radice argued for the place of scholarship in popular editions and modified the earlier Penguin convention of the plain text adding line references bibliographies maps explanatory notes and indexes 5 She broadened the canon of the Classics and encouraged and diversified their readership while upholding academic standards 5 Contents 1 Design 2 Series 3 Bibliography 4 60th Anniversary 5 In the public eye 6 See also 7 Notes and references 8 External linksDesign editPenguin Books paid particular attention to the design of its books recruiting German typographer Jan Tschichold in 1947 The early minimalist designs were modernised by Italian art director Germano Facetti who joined Penguin in 1961 2 The new classics were known as Black Classics for their black covers which also featured artwork appropriate to the topic and period of the work This design was revised in 1985 to have pale yellow covers with a black spine colour coded with a small mark to indicate language and period red for English purple for ancient Latin and Greek yellow for medieval and continental European languages and green for other languages In 2002 Penguin redesigned its entire catalogue The redesign restored the black cover adding a white stripe and orange lettering The text page design was also overhauled to follow a more closely prescribed template allowing for faster copyediting and typesetting but reducing the options for individual design variations suggested by a text s structure or historical context for example in the choice of text typeface Prior to 2002 the text page typography of each book in the Classics series had been overseen by a team of in house designers this department was drastically reduced in 2003 as part of the production cost reductions The in house text design department still exists albeit much smaller than formerly Recent design work includes the Penguin Little Black Classic series which was released in 2015 Penguin Classics collaborated with Bill Amberg in 2008 in the design of six books A Room with a View Breakfast at Tiffany s The Big Sleep The Great Gatsby Brideshead Revisited and The Picture of Dorian Gray 6 Series editWithin the broader category of Classics Penguin has issued specialized series with their own designs These include Penguin Nature Classics issued from 1987 onwards with authors such as Peter Matthiessen Mary Austin Henry David Thoreau and John Muir 7 Penguin Modern Classics issued from 1961 onwards with authors such as Truman Capote James Joyce George Orwell Vladimir Nabokov and Antoine de Saint Exupery Some titles come with critical apparatus The series has gone through a number of redesigns the most recent being in June 2017 see here here and here The series was renamed Penguin 20th Century Classics in May 1989 but reverted to its old name in February 2000 20th Century Classics feature full page front cover art with a light blue green eau de nil rear cover and spine 8 Penguin Enriched Classics issued when 9 such as Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Pride and Prejudice The Scarlet Letter and A Tale of Two Cities Penguin Popular Classics issued in 1994 are paperback editions of texts under the Classics imprints They were a response to Wordsworth Classics a series of very cheap reprints which imitated Penguin in using black as its signature color 10 Penguin Classics Deluxe Edition issued from 1997 onward are paperback editions of texts with matte paper covers French flaps deckled page edges and cover art often illustrated by renowned comic artists 11 Penguin Designer Classics issued in 2007 is a set of five limited edition books with covers created by fashion designers to commemorate the series 60th Anniversary Penguin Mini Modern Classics issued in 2011 is an assortment of fifty pocket sized books from fifty different authors such as Franz Kafka Italo Calvino E M Forster Virginia Woolf and Stefan Zweig It has been released to celebrate the 50th Anniversary of the Penguin Modern Classics It is currently out of print Penguin Little Black Classics issued in 2015 a series of pocket sized classics introduced to celebrate the 80th anniversary of Penguin Books Pocket Penguins issued in 2016 The series echoes the style of the original Penguin Books with smaller A format size and tri band design The first 20 books were released in May 2016 and described by publishing director Simon Winder as a mix of the famous and the unjustly overlooked 12 13 14 Penguin Clothbound ClassicsPenguin Crime amp Espionage issued in 2023 An initial series of 10 paperback booksBibliography editFurther information List of Penguin Classics No definitive bibliography of Penguin Classics has yet been published although several partial bibliographies have been issued The earliest come from the Penguin Catalogues published annually covering in print editions The 1963 catalogue for example lists 97 titles although by then the series overall had produced 118 volumes In the 1980s Penguin UK began publishing discrete catalogues of its Classics and Twentieth Century Classics series listing all the titles then available in the UK with prices in sterling The Penguin Collectors Society have published two bibliographies of the early pre ISBN referred to as L editions firstly in 1994 with an update in 2008 Also in 2008 Penguin Books USA published a complete annotated listing of all Penguin Classics titles in a single paperback volume in the style of its Penguin Classics books The list organises the collection multiple times alphabetically by author subject categories authors by region and a complete alphabetic title index This compiled listing indicates there are over 1 300 titles and more to be published The final print version of this listing was issued in 2012 however a copy of the 2016 listing remains available on the Penguin website 15 In 2018 Penguin published The Penguin Classics Book a celebratory survey of the volumes currently in print listing works by author location and chronologically from antiquity to World War I It includes an appendix with a selection of out of print titles In 2005 an incomplete collection of books in the series was sold on Amazon com as The Penguin Classics Library Complete Collection 16 In 2005 the collection consisted of 1 082 different books in multiple editions and cost US 7 989 50 The collection weighed about 750 pounds 340 kg and took about 77 linear feet 23 5 m of shelf space laid end to end the books would reach about 630 feet 192 m A feature of the World s Biggest Bookstore in Toronto Ontario from its inception in the 1970s and for years thereafter was that it stocked all of the Penguin Classics titles The upper section of the second floor of the store was dedicated to Penguin exclusively 60th Anniversary editIn 2007 Penguin Classics released a set of five books limited to 1 000 copies each known as the Designer Classics 17 18 Each book was specially designed to celebrate Penguin Classics Diamond Anniversary The cover for Crime and Punishment was created by graphic designers Stephen Sorrell and Damon Murray of Fuel 19 who used Cyrillic and English type Stephen explains This visual device echoes the mind games in the head of Raskolnikov as he battles with his voice of conscience We want the design to form the shape and feel of the book as a whole not just its cover They have screen printed the cover on the same brown craft paper used for the text The book has a Perspex slipcase The Idiot was designed by industrial designer Ron Arad and has no cover so the reader will pick it up and read the author s first words It is stripped back to show the glue and thread in the spine which is visible through an acrylic slipcase with a lid with a Fresnel lens so the text appears to move as the lid is removed Arad explains By not wanting to have a cover it ended with the book becoming an amazing object that is alive but which maintains its transparency It became a glorious box with a book inside almost like a monument The cover for Lady Chatterley s Lover was created by fashion designer Paul Smith The cover for Madame Bovary was designed by fashion designer Manolo Blahnik The jacket features Blahnik s original painting of Emma with her lover and the book is protected by a Perspex slipcase He said I wanted to come up with something light sensual something frivolous because this is a novel about the dangers of frivolity And I wanted something sexy too cheeky I usually focus on one part of the foot the shoe For this project I had to consider a whole scene there had to be a context which is new for me But I managed to sneak in a pair of shoes anyway She wore good shoes The cover for Tender Is the Night was designed by English filmmaker photographer and visual artist Sam Taylor Wood who used an ethereal black and white photograph printed onto tracing paper An elegant barefoot young man stands with his hands in his pocket perfectly summing up the elegance and fragility of Nicole and Dick Diver s world The book is wrapped in a cloth hardcover and has a Perspex slipcase In the public eye editIn 2013 Penguin Classics published Morrissey s Autobiography Concerns arose about the imprint s publishing a book too recently published to be an acknowledged classic that such a book diluted the brand Penguin argued that the autobiography was a classic in the making 20 The Independent s Boyd Tonkin wrote The droning narcissism of the book may harm Morrissey s name a little It ruins that of his publisher Morrissey will survive his unearned elevation I doubt that the reputation of Penguin Classics will 21 Penguin Classics sold well during the 2019 2021 coronavirus pandemic when citizens in many countries forced into lockdown as a preventive measure found solace in books 22 See also editBantam Classic Book Series paperback reprints of classic books Barnes amp Noble Classics series Classic book Everyman s Library paperback Orion in the UK and Tuttle in the USA and hardback Alfred A Knopf in the US and Random House in the UK and reprints of classic literature Library of America a non profit publisher of classic American literature issued in hardback List of Radical Thinkers releases Modern Library Oxford World s Classics competitor to Penguin Classics focusing on reprints of classic and dramatic literature aimed at students and the general public in contrast to Penguin s general readership Penguin English Library the imprint under which English classics were published from 1963 until the series was merged with Classics in 1987 Signet Classics budget paperback reprints of classics and scholarly works Western canon Wordsworth s Classics budget paperback reprints of classicsNotes and references edit Overview Penguin com Retrieved 30 August 2009 a b Cowley Des Williamson Clare 2007 The World of the Book Melbourne Miegunyah Press p 81 Radice William Reynolds Barbara 1987 The Translator s Art Essays in honour of Betty Radice Harmondsworth UK Penguin p 29 ISBN 0 14 009226 9 Fowler R 2016 Betty Radice and the survival of classics in Wyles R and E Hall eds Women Classical Scholars Unsealing the Fountain from the Renaissance to Jacqueline de Romilly Oxford p 347 349 a b Fowler R 2016 Betty Radice and the survival of classics in Wyles R and E Hall eds Women Classical Scholars Unsealing the Fountain from the Renaissance to Jacqueline de Romilly Oxford p 347 349 358 Bumpus Jessica 29 October 2008 Designer Novels Vogue Retrieved 5 June 2014 Classic Nature Penguin PenguinRandomhouse com Retrieved 2021 02 07 Designing Penguin Modern Classics Part 2 Penguin Newsletter Penguin Retrieved 10 December 2023 Penguin Enriched eBooks Penguin com Retrieved 30 August 2009 Classics on a budget Times Education Supplement Illustrated Collector s Guide to the Penguin Deluxe Classics Beautiful Books Retrieved 2022 08 14 Cowdrey Katherine 18 February 2016 PRH launches new classics range Pocket Penguins The Bookseller Retrieved 1 June 2016 Cooke Rachel 31 May 2016 What Penguins donkeys and moles have in common The Guardian Retrieved 1 June 2016 Sinclair Mark 19 February 2016 Pocket Penguins in search of the perfect Classic Creative Review Archived from the original on 5 June 2016 Retrieved 1 June 2016 Annotated Catalog PDF penguin com 2016 Wyatt Edward 14 November 2005 One Well Read Home Has Some New Pets 1 082 Penguins The New York Times New York Retrieved 30 August 2009 Five leading designers explain how they re covered their favourite Penguins The Guardian London 28 October 2006 Retrieved 12 December 2009 Rawsthorn Alice 28 October 2006 How Penguin Classics books became design icons The Guardian London Retrieved 12 December 2009 About Fuel Design amp Publishing Penguin Classics why are they publishing Morrissey s autobiography The Guardian London 13 October 2013 Retrieved 17 October 2013 Autobiography by Morrissey Droning narcissism and the whine of self pity The Independent London 17 October 2013 Archived from the original on 2022 05 25 Retrieved 17 October 2013 Ferguson Donna 26 April 2020 Tolstoy Steinbeck Defoe why are so many turning to classic novels The Guardian Retrieved 28 April 2020 External links editOfficial Penguin Classics website The Penguin Archive Project University of Bristol Portals nbsp Companies nbsp Books Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Penguin Classics amp oldid 1189251432, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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