Foreign relations of Nepal
Though the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) is the government agency which is responsible for conducting the foreign relations of Nepal, historically, it is the Office of Prime Minister (PMO) which has exercised the authority to formulate the country's foreign policies. As a landlocked country wedged between two larger and far stronger powers, Nepal has tried to maintain good relations with both of its neighbors, People's Republic of China and Republic of India.[1] However, the relationship between Nepal and India was significantly hampered by the 2015 Nepal blockade when the Government of Nepal accused India of mimicking "Russia-Ukraine" tactics by using ethnically Indian residents of Nepal to cause unrest along Nepal's southern border. India denied the allegation and said the unrest were an internal affair.[2] For the most part though, Nepal has traditionally maintained a non-aligned policy and enjoys friendly relations with its neighboring countries and almost all the major countries of the world.
Overview edit
Constitutionally, Nepal's foreign policy is to be guided by "the principles of the United Nations Charter, nonalignment, Panchsheel (five principles of peaceful coexistence), international law and the value of world peace."[citation needed]
Nepal's most substantive international relations are perhaps with international economic institutions such as the Asian Development Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. Nepal also has strong bilateral relations with major providers of economic and military aid, such as France, Germany, Japan, South Korea, Switzerland, the United States, and particularly the United Kingdom, with whom military ties date back to the nineteenth century. The country's external relations are managed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Prime Minister's Office.
In its foreign policy, Nepal generally seeks to balance its relations with its large neighbors India and China in order to avoid dependency on either one.[3]: 215 Nepal's relation with China has seen a major upswing in the recent years with China now becoming Nepal's top 5 aid donor to Nepal.[4] In 2021, Indian government also announced increments of aid to Nepal by nearly 13% to $130 million, to counter China's growing footprint in Nepal. However, data on the actual disbursement of aid by the Indian government remains unclear.[5]
International disputes edit
In 1955, when Nepal joined the UN, Nepal had no border disputes with either of its neighbors. Both India and China without any objections, accepted the map of Nepal filed at the UN in 1955.
However, with degradation of relations between India and China during late 1950s, Indian government initiated a 'Forward Policy' along its northern frontiers which resulted in Indian military outposts being built in all unmanned areas along India's northern border. Successive Nepali government's from 1990 onwards, have continued their objection to Indian occupation of certain Nepali territories under the guise of India's 'Forward Policy'. A joint border commission continues to work on resolving the issue of removal of Indian military outpost from Nepal's Kalapani territory. As of 2017[update], Nepal has border disputes with India at Lipulekh and Kalapani between Darchula district and Uttarakhand and Susta in Bihar and Nawalpur district.[6] In 2018, EPG (Eminent Persons Group), a joint committee between Nepal and India finished a report on the disputed territories between these two countries. The report is yet to be submitted to the head of governments of both countries.
International trade edit
Nepal has been a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) since 11 September 2003[7] and on 24 January 2017 became the 108th WTO member to ratify the WTO's Trade Facilitation Agreement.[8]
Diplomatic relations edit
List of countries which Nepal maintains diplomatic relations with:
| # | Country | Date[9] |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | United Kingdom | 3 March 1816[10] |
| 2 | United States | 25 April 1947 |
| 3 | India | 13 June 1947 |
| 4 | France | 20 April 1949 |
| 5 | China | 1 August 1955 |
| 6 | Russia | 20 July 1956 |
| 7 | Japan | 1 September 1956 |
| 8 | Switzerland | 10 November 1956 |
| 9 | Sri Lanka | 1 July 1957 |
| 10 | Egypt | 16 July 1957 |
| 11 | Germany | 4 April 1958 |
| 12 | Austria | 15 August 1959 |
| 13 | Italy | 31 August 1959 |
| 14 | Serbia | 7 October 1959 |
| 15 | Poland | 25 November 1959 |
| 16 | Thailand | 30 November 1959 |
| 17 | Czech Republic | 26 December 1959[11] |
| 18 | Malaysia | 1 January 1960 |
| 19 | Philippines | 12 February 1960 |
| 20 | Australia | 15 February 1960 |
| 21 | Myanmar | 19 March 1960 |
| 22 | Pakistan | 20 March 1960 |
| 23 | Netherlands | 2 April 1960 |
| 24 | Laos | 20 May 1960 |
| 25 | Israel | 1 June 1960 |
| 26 | Sweden | 10 June 1960 |
| 27 | Indonesia | 25 December 1960 |
| 28 | Mongolia | 5 January 1961 |
| 29 | Hungary | 15 January 1961 |
| 30 | New Zealand | 1 May 1961 |
| 31 | Afghanistan | 1 July 1961 |
| 32 | Argentina | 1 January 1962 |
| 33 | Chile | 1962 |
| 34 | Greece | 2 February 1962 |
| 35 | Turkey | 15 November 1962 |
| 36 | Lebanon | 18 August 1963 |
| 37 | Belgium | 19 August 1963 |
| 38 | Iran | 14 December 1964 |
| 39 | Canada | 18 January 1965 |
| 40 | Jordan | 20 August 1965 |
| 41 | Denmark | 15 December 1967 |
| 42 | Bulgaria | 15 April 1968 |
| 43 | Romania | 20 April 1968 |
| 44 | Algeria | 29 April 1968 |
| 45 | Spain | 13 May 1968 |
| 46 | Iraq | 30 October 1968 |
| 47 | Singapore | 25 March 1969 |
| 48 | Sudan | 11 July 1969 |
| 49 | Syria | 26 February 1970 |
| 50 | Ethiopia | 15 April 1971 |
| 51 | Kuwait | 25 February 1972 |
| 52 | Bangladesh | 8 April 1972 |
| 53 | Albania | 23 May 1972 |
| 54 | Norway | 26 January 1973 |
| 55 | North Korea | 15 May 1974 |
| 56 | South Korea | 15 May 1974 |
| 57 | Finland | 21 September 1974 |
| 58 | Tanzania | 10 January 1975 |
| 59 | Morocco | 18 February 1975 |
| 60 | Cuba | 25 March 1975 |
| 61 | Cambodia | 18 April 1975 |
| 62 | Vietnam | 15 May 1975 |
| 63 | Kenya | 3 June 1975 |
| 64 | Mexico | 25 November 1975 |
| 65 | Luxembourg | 25 November 1975 |
| 66 | Nigeria | 20 December 1975 |
| 67 | Libya | 30 December 1975 |
| 68 | Peru | 28 January 1976 |
| 69 | Brazil | 7 February 1976 |
| 70 | Portugal | 1 September 1976 |
| 71 | Bahrain | 13 January 1977 |
| 72 | Oman | 21 January 1977 |
| 73 | Qatar | 21 January 1977 |
| 74 | United Arab Emirates | 22 January 1977 |
| 75 | Saudi Arabia | 15 March 1977 |
| 76 | Costa Rica | 16 August 1977 |
| 77 | Maldives | 1 August 1980 |
| 78 | Cyprus | 18 August 1980 |
| 79 | Mauritius | 12 February 1981 |
| 80 | Iceland | 25 May 1981 |
| 81 | Bhutan | 3 June 1983 |
| — | Holy See | 10 September 1983 |
| 82 | Malta | 25 September 1983 |
| 83 | Brunei | 3 February 1984 |
| 84 | Panama | 15 February 1984 |
| 85 | Tunisia | 14 April 1984 |
| 86 | Somalia | 24 October 1984 |
| 87 | Zimbabwe | 27 November 1984 |
| 88 | Gabon | 17 June 1985 |
| 89 | Yemen | 25 December 1985 |
| 90 | Fiji | 12 June 1986 |
| 91 | Zambia | 10 September 1986 |
| 92 | Mozambique | 30 September 1986 |
| 93 | Nicaragua | 5 October 1986 |
| 94 | Venezuela | 28 April 1987 |
| 95 | Colombia | 7 May 1987 |
| 96 | Bolivia | 21 May 1987 |
| 97 | Estonia | 20 April 1992 |
| 98 | Latvia | 20 April 1992 |
| 99 | Ukraine | 15 January 1993 |
| 100 | Armenia | 26 March 1993 |
| 101 | Kyrgyzstan | 26 March 1993 |
| 102 | Belarus | 19 July 1993 |
| 103 | Moldova | 20 July 1993 |
| 104 | Slovakia | 4 March 1994 |
| 105 | Guyana | 2 June 1994 |
| 106 | South Africa | 28 July 1994 |
| 107 | Azerbaijan | 28 February 1995 |
| 108 | Seychelles | 10 October 1996 |
| 109 | Slovenia | 2 December 1997 |
| 110 | North Macedonia | 6 January 1998 |
| 111 | Croatia | 6 February 1998 |
| 112 | Ireland | 19 August 1999 |
| 113 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 12 January 2000 |
| 114 | Lithuania | 8 February 2000 |
| 115 | San Marino | 10 August 2005 |
| 116 | Tajikistan | 13 September 2005 |
| 117 | Georgia | 22 September 2005 |
| 118 | Turkmenistan | 17 October 2005 |
| 119 | Ecuador | 21 June 2006 |
| 120 | Paraguay | 2 August 2006 |
| 121 | Guatemala | 8 August 2006 |
| 122 | Honduras | 18 August 2006 |
| 123 | Vanuatu | 19 September 2006 |
| 124 | Andorra | 22 September 2006 |
| 125 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 22 September 2006 |
| 126 | Haiti | 23 May 2007 |
| 127 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 27 September 2007 |
| 128 | Dominican Republic | 28 September 2007 |
| 129 | Botswana | 8 January 2009 |
| 130 | Mali | 19 November 2009 |
| 131 | Lesotho | 18 May 2010 |
| 132 | Montenegro | 18 July 2011 |
| 133 | Solomon Islands | 15 December 2011 |
| 134 | Uruguay | 18 April 2012 |
| 135 | Monaco | 15 May 2012 |
| 136 | Mauritania | 4 December 2012 |
| 137 | Tuvalu | 11 December 2012 |
| 138 | Samoa | 28 March 2013 |
| 139 | Papua New Guinea | 12 April 2013 |
| 140 | Kazakhstan | 30 June 2015 |
| 141 | Jamaica | 1 October 2015 |
| 142 | Guinea | 12 May 2016 |
| 143 | El Salvador | 21 September 2016 |
| 144 | Uganda | 12 June 2017 |
| 145 | Ivory Coast | 16 June 2017 |
| 146 | Djibouti | 14 July 2017 |
| 147 | Antigua and Barbuda | 25 July 2017 |
| 148 | Cape Verde | 3 August 2017 |
| 149 | Liberia | 17 August 2017 |
| 150 | Niger | 20 September 2017 |
| 151 | Eritrea | 31 October 2017 |
| 152 | Bahamas | 7 November 2017 |
| 153 | Liechtenstein | 24 November 2017 |
| 154 | Angola | 9 December 2017 |
| 155 | Burkina Faso | 29 December 2017 |
| 156 | Benin | 23 January 2018 |
| 157 | Uzbekistan | 26 January 2018 |
| 158 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 30 May 2018 |
| 159 | Burundi | 6 June 2018 |
| 160 | Rwanda | 20 July 2018 |
| 161 | Madagascar | 26 September 2018 |
| 162 | Suriname | 11 October 2018 |
| 163 | Togo | 22 March 2019 |
| 164 | Equatorial Guinea | 30 April 2019 |
| 165 | Eswatini | 9 May 2019 |
| 166 | Saint Lucia | 27 August 2019 |
| 167 | Ghana | 25 September 2019 |
| 168 | Dominica | 30 April 2021 |
| 169 | Gambia | 24 May 2021 |
| 170 | Sierra Leone | 29 June 2021 |
| 171 | Barbados | 8 December 2021 |
| 172 | East Timor | 11 February 2022 |
| 173 | Palau | 21 March 2022 |
| 174 | South Sudan | 28 March 2022 |
| 175 | Belize | 1 April 2022 |
| 176 | Trinidad and Tobago | 16 June 2022 |
| 177 | Malawi | 17 February 2023 |
| 178 | Nauru | 4 May 2023 |
| 179 | Cameroon | 22 June 2023 |
| 180 | Marshall Islands | 23 June 2023 |
| 181 | Tonga | 1 March 2024 |
Bilateral relations edit
Afghanistan edit
Austria edit
Bangladesh edit
Nepal welcomed Bangladesh's independence on 16 January 1972.[12] The turning point for the two nations occurred in April 1976, when the two nations signed, a four-point agreement on technical cooperation, trade, transit and civil aviation. They both seek cooperation in the fields of power generation and development of water resources. In 1986, relations further improved when Bangladesh insisted Nepal should be included on a deal regarding the distribution of water from the Ganges River. Also recently Nepal and Bangladesh had signed MOU's that Nepal would sell 10,000 MW of electricity to Bangladesh once its larger projects are completed.[13]
Bhutan edit
Relations with Bhutan have been strained since 1992 over the nationality and possible repatriation of refugees from Bhutan.[14]
Canada edit
Many Nepalese politicians and government officials criticized Canadian diplomats in the aftermath of the Kabul attack on Canadian Embassy guards in which the majority of victims were Nepalese citizens. Members of Parliament were among those who were critical of the way that Canada treated its security contractors at the embassy, leading to meetings in Ottawa between Nepalese and Canadian diplomats, including ambassador Nadir Patel.[15]
China edit
Nepal formally established relations with the People's Republic of China on August 1, 1955.[16] The two countries share 1414 kilometers long border in the Himalayan range along the northern side of Nepal.[16] Nepal has established its embassy in Beijing, opened consulates general in Lhasa, Hong Kong and Guangzhou and appointed an honorary consul in Shanghai.[16]
Nepal's relations with China have grown closer following China's Belt and Road Initiative.[3]: 215
Denmark edit
European Union edit
France edit
Nepal and the French Republic entered into diplomatic relations on 20 April 1949.[17] Bilateral economic cooperation programme commenced in February 1981 when the two countries signed the First Protocol amounting to French Franc 50 million loan which was converted into debt in 1989.[17] Food aid and the counterpart funds that it generated have been the main form of aid since 1991.[17] Main areas of cooperation are national seismologic network, petroleum exploration, restructuring of Water Supply Corporation, the Kavre Integrated Project and Gulmi and Arghakhanchi Rural Development Project, rehabilitation of airports, 'food for work', and others.[17]
Nepal and France have signed an agreement concerning Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investment in 1983.[17] The major areas of French investment are hotels, restaurants, medicine, aluminium windows and doors, vehicle body building sectors.[17] Alcatelhad became the leading supplier of the Nepal Telecommunication Corporation, with 200,000 lines installed, and fibre optic cables.[17] Cegelec secured a 24 million dollars contract in respect of the construction of Kali Gandaki hydroelectric project.[17]
The Government of Nepal awarded a contract to Oberthur Technologies of France in 2010, for printing, supply, and delivery of Machine Readable Passports.[17] A significant number of French tourists (24,097 in 2014, 16, 405 in 2015, and, 20,863 in 2016) arrive in Nepal from France each year.[17]
India edit
Israel edit
Nepal was the first and until recently the only nation in South and Central Asia to establish diplomatic ties with Israel. The bilateral relation between the two countries has been good. Traditionally, Nepal votes in favor of Israel at the UN and abstains from resolution opposed by the Israeli government barring few exceptions. Israel-Nepal relations are based on mutual security concerns.[18]
Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala, Prime Minister of Nepal from 1959 to 1960, had a strongly pro-Israel foreign policy. King Mahendra visited Israel in 1963 and maintained Koirala's special relationship.[19]
Japan edit
Nepal-Japan relations date back to the late eighteenth century.[20] The relationship became formal with the establishment of diplomatic relations on 1 September 1956.[20] The Embassy of Nepal was established in Tokyo in 1965 and Japan established its embassy in Kathmandu in 1967. Nepal has honorary consulates in Osaka and Fukuoka. Japan is one of the largest aid donors to Nepal.[21][22]
Japan is the 2nd most preferred destination for abroad study to the Nepali students.[20]
Malaysia edit
Malaysia has an embassy in Kathmandu,[23] and Nepal has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.[24] Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 January 1960,[25] with bilateral relations between Malaysia and Nepal have developed from historic grounds.[26]
Mexico edit
Both nations established diplomatic relations in 1975.
- Mexico is accredited to Nepal from its embassy in New Delhi, India and maintains an honorary consulate in Kathmandu.[27]
- Nepal is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States and maintains an honorary consulate in Mexico City.[28]
Norway edit
Diplomatic relations were established on 26 January 1973. Norway established an embassy in Kathmandu in 2000.[29][30] Norway's aid to Nepal was around 32 million USD in 2017. Norwegian aid prioritizes education, good governance and energy.[31]
In 2008, Norwegian Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg and Minister of the Environment and International Development Erik Solheim visited Nepal.[32] In 2009, Prime Minister Prachanda visited Norway.[33] In May 2008, a small bomb exploded outside the Norwegian embassy in Kathmandu. No one was injured.[34][35]
Pakistan edit
The bilateral relations between Nepal and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan were fully established between 1962 and 1963.[36]
Russia edit
Serbia edit
- A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[37]
Spain edit
South Korea edit
In addition to the in-kind and monetary donations and emergency relief workers sent by the government of the Republic of Korea immediately after the latest earthquake in Nepal[38] the Korean government provided grant aid worth 10 million US dollars to assist with Nepal's recovery and reconstruction efforts.[39]
Turkey edit
United Kingdom edit
United States edit
Nepal and the United States established the diplomatic relations between them on 25 April 1947.[40]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ "China is Our 'All Weather Friend', Says Nepal Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli".
- ^ Pokharel, Krishna (26 November 2015). "The Two-Month Blockade of Nepal Explained". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
- ^ a b Alfred, Gerstl (2023). "China in its Immediate Neighborhood". In Kironska, Kristina; Turscanyi, Richard Q. (eds.). Contemporary China: a New Superpower?. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-03-239508-1.
- ^ "China increases aid, FDI significantly to Nepal". Business Standard India. 18 March 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
- ^ "India raises Nepal grant by nearly 13 percent to Rs15.87 billion". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
- ^ Groves, Stephen. "India and Nepal Tackle Border Disputes". The Diplomat. Retrieved 28 March 2017.
- ^ WTO, WTO Ministerial Conference approves Nepal's membership, 11 September 2003, accessed 25 January 2017
- ^ Nepal ratifies the Trade Facilitation Agreement, 24 January 2017
- ^ "Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Nepal. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
- ^ Landon, P. (1976). Nepal. Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar. p. 151.
- ^ Petruf, Pavol. Československá zahraničná politika 1945 – 1992 (in Slovak). pp. 99–119.
- ^ "Bangladesh Gains in Favor". Sarasota, Florida, US. United Press International. 17 January 1972.
- ^ "Nepal And Bangladesh, A Strong Relationship". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
- ^ http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Nepal.pdf This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Pandey, Lekhanath (26 June 2016). "Nepal seeks answers from Canada on Kabul suicide bombing attack". The Himalayan Times. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
- ^ a b c "Nepal-China Relations - Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal MOFA". mofa.gov.np. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Nepal - France Relations - Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal MOFA". mofa.gov.np. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
- ^ Visit to Israel of Honorable Mrs. Sahana Pradhan, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Nepal Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- ^ Abadi, Jacob. Israel's Quest for Recognition and Acceptance in Asia: Garrison State Diplomacy, 2004. Page 318.
- ^ a b c "Nepal-Japan Relations - Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal MOFA". mofa.gov.np. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
- ^ Anbarasan, Ethirajan (22 September 2004). "Analysis: India's Security Council seat bid". BBC News. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
- ^ "Japan writes off Nepalese debt". BBC News. 12 October 2004. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
- ^ "Official Website of Embassy of Malaysia, Kathmandu". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
- ^ . Embassy of Nepal, Kuala Lumpur. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
- ^ . Embassy of Nepal, Kuala Lumpur. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
- ^ . Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Nepal. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
- ^ "Embassy of Mexico in India".
- ^ "Embassy of Nepal in the United States".
- ^ . Archived from the original on 6 September 2009. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 3 May 2009. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
- ^ "Development Cooperation". Norgesportalen. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
- ^ Nepal's Prime Minister visits Norway April 10, 2009
- ^ . Archived from the original on 24 December 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
- ^ "Politics/Nation". The Times Of India. 17 May 2008.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 4 September 2009. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
- ^ "Nepal – Pakistan and Bangladesh". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 31 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ . www.mofa.go.kr. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
- ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Press Releases". from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
- ^ "Nepal - US Relations - Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal MOFA".
External links edit
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Nepal
- Permanent Mission of the Kingdom of Nepal to the United Nations