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Wikipedia

Düsseldorf

May 03, 2024

This article is about the city in Germany. For the album, see Düsseldorf (album). For the cargo ship, see SS Düsseldorf (1909). For the fishing vessel and vorpostenboot, see German trawler V 607 Düsseldorf.

Düsseldorf (/ˈdʊsəldɔːrf/ DUUSS-əl-dorf, US also /ˈdjuːs-/ DEWSS-,[4][5][6] German: [ˈdʏsl̩dɔʁf] ⓘ; Low Franconian and Ripuarian:[a] Düsseldörp [ˈdʏsəldœʀ(ə)p];[tone?] archaic Dutch: Dusseldorp [ˈdʏsəlˌdɔr(ə)p]) is the capital city of North Rhine-Westphalia, the most populous state of Germany. It is the second-largest city in the state after Cologne, and the seventh-largest city in Germany,[b] with a 2022 population of 629,047.[7]

Düsseldorf
City
nightly view of Düsseldorf with illuminated Rhine Tower and Rheinkniebrücke
Neuer Zollhof
Kö-Bogen
Ständehaus
Königsallee
Girardet Bridge
Gardens of Benrath Palace
Flag
Coat of arms
Location of Düsseldorf
Düsseldorf
Düsseldorf
Coordinates: 51°14′N 6°47′E / 51.233°N 6.783°E / 51.233; 6.783
CountryGermany
StateNorth Rhine-Westphalia
Admin. regionDüsseldorf
Subdivisions10 boroughs, 50 quarters
Government
 • Lord mayor (2020–25) Stephan Keller[1] (CDU)
 • Governing partiesCDU / Greens
Area
 • City217.41 km2 (83.94 sq mi)
Elevation
38 m (125 ft)
Population
 (2022-12-31)[3]
 • City629,047
 • Density2,900/km2 (7,500/sq mi)
 • Urban
1,220,000[2]
 • Metro
11,300,000 (Rhine-Ruhr)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
Postal codes
40210–40629
Dialling codes0211, 0203, 02104
Vehicle registrationD
Websitewww.duesseldorf.de
Banner
Logo of the city of Düsseldorf

The Düssel, from which the city and the borough of Düsseltal take their name, divides into four separate branches within the city,[c] each with its own mouth into the Rhine. Most of Düsseldorf lies on the right bank of the Rhine, and the city has grown together with Neuss, Ratingen, Meerbusch, Erkrath and Monheim am Rhein. Düsseldorf is the central city of the metropolitan region Rhine-Ruhr, the second biggest metropolitan region by GDP in the European Union, that stretches from Bonn via Cologne and Düsseldorf to the Ruhr (from Duisburg via Essen to Dortmund).

The -dorf suffix means "village" in German (English cognate: thorp); its use is unusual for a settlement as large as Düsseldorf. Linguistically, Düsseldorf is the largest city in the German part of the Low Franconian area, dialects that are closely related to Dutch. Düsseldorf Airport is Germany's fourth-busiest airport, serving as the most important international airport for the population of the densely populated Ruhr, Germany's largest urban area.

Mercer's 2012 Quality of Living survey ranked Düsseldorf the sixth most livable city in the world.[8][9] Düsseldorf is an international business and financial centre, renowned for its fashion and trade fairs,[10][11][12] and is headquarters to one Fortune Global 500 and two DAX companies. Messe Düsseldorf organises nearly one fifth of premier trade shows.[13] As second largest city of the Rhineland, Düsseldorf holds Rhenish Carnival celebrations every year in February/March, the Düsseldorf carnival celebrations being the third most popular in Germany after those held in Cologne and Mainz.[14]

There are 22 institutions of higher education in the city including the Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, the university of applied sciences (Hochschule Düsseldorf), the academy of arts (Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, whose members include Joseph Beuys, Emanuel Leutze, August Macke, Gerhard Richter, Sigmar Polke, and Andreas Gursky), and the university of music (Robert-Schumann-Musikhochschule Düsseldorf). The city is also known for its influence on electronic/experimental music (Kraftwerk) and its Japanese community. Düsseldorf is classified as a GaWC Beta+ world city.

History edit

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Düsseldorf.

Early development edit

When the Roman Empire was strengthening its position throughout Europe, a few Germanic tribes clung on in marshy territory off the eastern banks of the Rhine.[15] In the 7th and 8th centuries, the odd farming or fishing settlement could be found at the point where the small river Düssel flows into the Rhine. It was from such settlements that the city of Düsseldorf grew.

 
Düsseldorf in 1647
 
View of Düsseldorf with the church of St. Andrew in the centre, 1667. The architectural elements were painted by Jan van der Heyden and the figures by Adriaen van de Velde.
 
Bond of the town Düsseldorf, issued 26. July 1899[16]

The first written mention of Düsseldorf (then called Dusseldorp in the local Low Rhenish dialect) dates back to 1135. Under Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa the small town of Kaiserswerth to the north of Düsseldorf became a well-fortified outpost, where soldiers kept a watchful eye on every movement on the Rhine. Kaiserswerth eventually became a suburb of Düsseldorf in 1929. In 1186, Düsseldorf came under the rule of the Counts of Berg. 14 August 1288 is one of the most important dates in the history of Düsseldorf. On this day the sovereign Count Adolf VIII of Berg granted the village on the banks of the Düssel town privileges. Before this, a bloody struggle for power had taken place between the Archbishop of Cologne and the count of Berg, culminating in the Battle of Worringen.[citation needed]

 
The state parliament, seen from the top of the Rheinturm
 
Rheinturm Düsseldorf 70th Anniversary of the NRW state, illumination with Rheinkomet
Various scenes around Düsseldorf in December, 2014

The Archbishop of Cologne's forces were wiped out by the forces of the count of Berg who were supported by citizens and farmers of Cologne and Düsseldorf, paving the way for Düsseldorf's elevation to city status, which is commemorated today by a monument on the Burgplatz. The custom of turning cartwheels is credited to the children of Düsseldorf. There are variations of the origin[citation needed] of the cartwheeling children. Today the symbol (Der Radschläger)[citation needed] represents the story and every year the Düsseldorfers celebrate by having a cartwheeling contest. After this battle the relationship between the four cities deteriorated, because they were commercial rivals; it is often said that there is a kind of hostility between the citizens of Cologne and Düsseldorf. Today, it finds its expression mainly in a humorous form (especially during the Rhineland Karneval) and in sports.[citation needed]

A market square sprang up on the banks of the Rhine and the square was protected by city walls on all four sides. In 1380, the dukes of Berg moved their seat to the town and Düsseldorf was made regional capital of the Duchy of Berg. During the following centuries several famous landmarks were built, including the Collegiate Church of St Lambertus [de]. In 1609, the ducal line of the United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg died out, and after a virulent struggle over succession, Jülich and Berg fell to the Wittelsbach Counts of Palatinate-Neuburg, who made Düsseldorf their main domicile, even after they inherited the Electorate of the Palatinate, in 1685, becoming now Prince-electors as Electors Palatine.[citation needed]

Under the art-loving Johann Wilhelm II (r. 1690–1716), a vast art gallery with a huge selection of paintings and sculptures, were housed in the Stadtschloss (city castle). After his death, the city fell on hard times again, especially after Elector Charles Theodore inherited Bavaria and moved the electoral court to Munich. With him he took the art collection, which became part of what is now the Alte Pinakothek in Munich. Destruction and poverty struck Düsseldorf after the Napoleonic Wars. Napoleon made Berg a Grand Duchy and Düsseldorf its capital. Johann Devaranne, a leader of Solingen's resistance to Napoleon's conscription decrees, was executed here in 1813. After Napoleon's defeat, the whole Rhineland including Berg was given to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1815. The Rhine Province's parliament was established in Düsseldorf.[when?] By the mid-19th century, Düsseldorf enjoyed a revival thanks to the Industrial Revolution as the city boasted 100,000 inhabitants by 1882; the figure doubled in 1892.

World War I edit

During World War I the Royal Naval Air Service (RNS) undertook the first Entente strategic bombing missions on 22 September 1914, when it bombed the Zeppelin bases in Düsseldorf.[17]

Weimar Republic edit

In 1920, Düsseldorf became the centre of the General Strike. On 15 April 1920, 45 delegates of the German Miners Union were murdered by the Freikorps.[18]

World War II edit

See also: Gau Düsseldorf and Bombing of Düsseldorf in World War II

During World War II, Düsseldorf was the location of a Nazi prison with several forced labour subcamps,[19] five subcamps of the Buchenwald concentration camp for mostly Polish and Russian prisoners, but also French, Dutch, Belgian, Czech, Italian, Yugoslavian,[20] and a camp for Sinti and Romani people (see Romani Holocaust).[21]

The Rabbi of the Düsseldorf Jewish Community fled to the Netherlands and died in KZ Auschwitz in 1943.[22] The city was a target of strategic bombing during World War II, particularly during the RAF bombing campaign in 1943 when over 700 bombers were used in a single night. Raids continued late into the war. As part of the campaign against German oil facilities, the RAF raid of 20–21 February on the Rhenania Ossag refinery in the Reisholz district of the city halted oil production there. The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Düsseldorf in mid-April 1945. The United States 97th Infantry Division easily captured the city on 18 April 1945,[23] after the local German Resistance group launched Aktion Rheinland.

German Federal Republic edit

In 1946, Düsseldorf was made capital of the new federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The city's reconstruction proceeded at a frantic pace and the economic transformation guided Düsseldorf's economic growth.[citation needed]

Geography edit

Physical geography edit

 
The course of the Düssel from its source in the Düssel Hill Country (Düsselhügelland) (de) through the Neandertal to Düsseldorf, where it forms three bifurcations, dividing into the four branches (from north to south) Kittelbach, Nördliche Düssel, Südliche Düssel and Brückerbach
 
Düsseldorf skyline

Düsseldorf lies at the centre of the Lower Rhine basin, where the delta of the Düssel flows into the Rhine. The city lies on the east side of the Rhine, except District 4 (Oberkassel, Niederkassel, Heerdt and Lörick). Across the Rhine, the city of Neuss stands on the delta of the Erft. Düsseldorf lies southwest of the Ruhr urban area, and in the middle of the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region.

Düsseldorf is built entirely on alluvium, mud, sand, clay and occasionally gravel. The highest point in Düsseldorf is the top of Sandberg in the far eastern part of the city (Hubbelrath borough) at 165 metres (541 ft). The lowest point is at the far northern end in Wittlaer borough where the Schwarzbach enters the Rhine, with an average elevation of 28 metres (92 ft).

Adjacent cities and districts edit

The following districts and cities border Düsseldorf (clockwise starting from the north): the City of Duisburg, the District of Mettmann (Ratingen, Mettmann, Erkrath, Hilden, Langenfeld, and Monheim), and the District of Neuss (Dormagen, Neuss, and Meerbusch).

Climate edit

The city has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb, mild in relation to East Germany).[24] Like the rest of the lower Rhineland, Düsseldorf experiences moderate winters with little snowfall and mild to warm summers. The average annual temperature is 11.0 °C (52 °F) with an average yearly precipitation of 751 millimetres (30 in). The dominant wind direction is from the west with velocities in the range of 3 to 4 m/s (7–9 mph), with gusts of 3.5 −4.8 m/s (8–10.7 mph). The wind is calm (defined as being under 2 m/s or 4.5 mph) about 35% of the time, more frequently at night and in the winter.[25][26]

Climate data for Düsseldorf (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.4
(61.5) 		21.0
(69.8) 		23.8
(74.8) 		28.8
(83.8) 		33.8
(92.8) 		36.8
(98.2) 		40.7
(105.3) 		38.5
(101.3) 		34.0
(93.2) 		27.7
(81.9) 		20.4
(68.7) 		16.3
(61.3) 		40.7
(105.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.0
(42.8) 		7.2
(45.0) 		11.1
(52.0) 		15.6
(60.1) 		19.4
(66.9) 		22.5
(72.5) 		24.7
(76.5) 		24.2
(75.6) 		20.1
(68.2) 		15.2
(59.4) 		10.0
(50.0) 		6.6
(43.9) 		15.2
(59.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 3.4
(38.1) 		4.0
(39.2) 		6.9
(44.4) 		10.5
(50.9) 		14.3
(57.7) 		17.3
(63.1) 		19.4
(66.9) 		18.9
(66.0) 		15.3
(59.5) 		11.2
(52.2) 		7.1
(44.8) 		4.2
(39.6) 		11.0
(51.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 0.5
(32.9) 		0.7
(33.3) 		2.6
(36.7) 		5.0
(41.0) 		8.7
(47.7) 		11.7
(53.1) 		14.0
(57.2) 		13.7
(56.7) 		10.7
(51.3) 		7.5
(45.5) 		3.9
(39.0) 		1.5
(34.7) 		6.7
(44.1)
Record low °C (°F) −20.8
(−5.4) 		−15.4
(4.3) 		−16.1
(3.0) 		−6.3
(20.7) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		2.4
(36.3) 		4.8
(40.6) 		5.0
(41.0) 		0.7
(33.3) 		−6.2
(20.8) 		−9.4
(15.1) 		−15.3
(4.5) 		−20.8
(−5.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 61.5
(2.42) 		56.5
(2.22) 		54.1
(2.13) 		46.4
(1.83) 		61.1
(2.41) 		65.7
(2.59) 		73.2
(2.88) 		77.0
(3.03) 		60.3
(2.37) 		61.2
(2.41) 		63.8
(2.51) 		70.0
(2.76) 		750.7
(29.56)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 17.5 15.9 16.1 12.5 13.9 14.1 14.6 14.7 14.2 15.5 17.2 18.8 185.1
Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) 3.4 2.3 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 1.8 8.5
Average relative humidity (%) 81.6 78.6 73.5 68.2 68.5 69.3 68.8 70.8 76.5 80.5 83.6 84.3 75.4
Mean monthly sunshine hours 56.9 73.1 125.0 172.6 202.0 199.3 208.2 193.9 149.5 109.8 62.5 47.1 1,610.6
Source 1: NOAA[27]
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst [28]

Demographics edit

See also: Japanese community of Düsseldorf
Historical population
YearPop.±%
15553,500—    
17037,000+100.0%
180012,102+72.9%
187169,365+473.2%
1895175,985+153.7%
1905253,274+43.9%
1919407,338+60.8%
1925432,633+6.2%
1933498,600+15.2%
1939541,410+8.6%
1950500,516−7.6%
1956654,850+30.8%
1961703,255+7.4%
1970662,809−5.8%
1980590,479−10.9%
1990575,794−2.5%
2000569,364−1.1%
2010588,735+3.4%
2015612,178+4.0%
2019621,877+1.6%
2022653,253+5.0%
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions. Source:[29]
Largest groups of foreign residents

[30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]

Nationality Population (31.12.2022)
  Turkey 12,707
  Greece 10,388
  Poland 9,316
  Japan 8,329
  Italy 7,799
  Ukraine 7,566
  Syria 5,230
  Romania 4,856
  Morocco 4,741
  Spain 4,477
  Russia 4,430
  China 4,175
  North Macedonia 3,842
  Croatia 3,720
  France 3,328
  Iran 3,162
  Iraq 2,879
  Netherlands 2,542
  United Kingdom 2,469
  Serbia 2,308

With a population of 653,253 within the city boundaries (31 December 2022),[38] Düsseldorf is Germany's sixth largest city. Its population surpassed the threshold of 100,000 inhabitants during the height of industrialisation in 1882, and peaked at just over 705,000 in 1962. The city then began to lose residents with many moving into neighbouring municipalities. However, since the late 1990s, the city's population has been slowly rising again.

A total of 109,883[39] (18%) of Düsseldorf's population are foreigners (31 December 2008), the majority of whom come from within Europe (81,742). The largest national minorities are Turks, Greeks, and Poles. Düsseldorf and its surroundings have the third-largest Japanese community in Europe and the largest in Germany (about 11,000 people).[40][41]

By 2019, the foreign population of Düsseldorf would grow to 152,255, or 23.6% of the population.[42] 272,982 people, or 42.6% of residents had a migration background as of 2019.[43]


Düsseldorf has the third-largest Jewish community in Germany, with about 7,000 members.[44][45][46]

Government edit

Boroughs edit

Main article: Boroughs of Düsseldorf
 

Since 1975, Düsseldorf is divided into ten administrative boroughs. Each borough (Stadtbezirk) has its own elected borough council (Bezirksvertretung) and its own borough mayor (Bezirksvorsteher). The borough councils are advisory only. Each borough is further subdivided into quarters (Stadtteile). There are 50 quarters in Düsseldorf.[47]

Mayor edit

See also: List of mayors of Düsseldorf
 
Results of the second round of the 2020 mayoral election

The current Mayor of Düsseldorf is Stephan Keller of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), who was elected in 2020.

The most recent mayoral election was held on 13 September 2020, with a runoff held on 27 September, and the results were as follows:

Candidate Party First round Second round
Votes % Votes %
Stephan Keller Christian Democratic Union 83,425 34.1 118,308 56.0
Thomas Geisel Social Democratic Party 64,203 26.3 92,999 44.0
Stefan Engstfeld Alliance 90/The Greens 42,463 17.4
Marie-Agnes Strack-Zimmermann Free Democratic Party 30,584 12.5
Florian Josef Hoffmann Alternative for Germany 6,564 2.7
Udo Adam Bonn The Left 5,257 2.2
Dominique Mirus Die PARTEI 3,039 1.2
Mark Schenk Volt Germany 2,255 0.9
Claudia Krüger Animal Welfare Here! 1,939 0.8
Hans-Joachim Grumbach Free Voters 1,192 0.5
Celine Coldewe Climate List Düsseldorf 954 0.4
Michael Baumeister Independent 947 0.4
Marc Olejak Pirate Party Germany 792 0.3
Markus Brakonier German Sport Party 383 0.2
Andre Maniera The Republicans 325 0.1
Valid votes 244,322 98.8 211,307 99.3
Invalid votes 3,008 1.2 1,571 0.7
Total 247,330 100.0 212,878 100.0
Electorate/voter turnout 470,511 52.6 470,312 45.3
Source: State Returning Officer

City council edit

 
Results of the 2020 city council election

The Düsseldorf city council (Düsseldorfer Stadtrat) governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 13 September 2020, and the results were as follows:

Party Votes % +/- Seats +/-
Christian Democratic Union (CDU) 81,833 33.4   3.3 30   1
Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne) 58,881 24.0   10.3 22   11
Social Democratic Party (SPD) 43,949 17.9   11.4 16   8
Free Democratic Party (FDP) 22,453 9.2   2.2 8   2
The Left (Die Linke) 9,951 4.1   1.1 4 ±0
Alternative for Germany (AfD) 8,776 3.6   0.6 3   1
Volt Germany (Volt) 4,512 1.8 New 2 New
Die PARTEI (PARTEI) 4,371 1.8 New 2 New
Animal Welfare Here! (Tierschutz hier!) 3,437 1.4 New 1 New
Free Voters (FW) 2,212 0.9   0.3 1 ±0
Climate List Düsseldorf (Klimaliste) 2,124 0.9 New 1 New
Pirate Party Germany (Piraten) 1,464 0.6   1.1 0   1
German Sport Party (DSP) 642 0.3 New 0 New
The Republicans (REP) 586 0.2   0.4 0   1
RESISTANCE 2020 We for Düsseldorf 76 0.0 New 0 New
Valid votes 245,271 99.2
Invalid votes 2,085 0.8
Total 247,356 100.0 90   8
Electorate/voter turnout 470,511 52.6   3.4
Source: State Returning Officer

Economy edit

 
Rheinturm and Gehry-buildings Der Neue Zollhof in Hafen
 
Königsallee in Stadtmitte
 
Since 2021 the central street Immermannstraße has bilingual (German/Japanese) signs.

Düsseldorf has become one of the top telecommunications centres in Germany. With two of the four big German providers of mobile frequencies, D2 Vodafone and E-Plus, Düsseldorf leads the German mobile phone market. There are many foreign information and communication technology companies in Düsseldorf such as Huawei, NTT, Ericsson, Oppo, Vivo and Xiaomi.[48] There are 18 internet service providers located in the capital of North Rhine-Westphalia. There are two airlines with headquarters in the city: Eurowings and formerly independent LTU International.[49]

Many of the internet companies in Düsseldorf have their roots in the world of advertising: there are 400 advertising agencies in Düsseldorf, among them three of the largest in Germany: BBDO Group, Grey Global Group and Publicis. A number of affiliates of foreign agencies deserve mention as well, such as Ogilvy & Mather, Dentsu, Hakuhodo, TBWA, and DDB. There are also about 200 publishing houses in Düsseldorf.

Peek & Cloppenburg (fashion); Uniper (electricity generation); L'Oréal Germany (Cosmetics and Beauty); Henkel AG & Co. KGaA (Branded Consumer Goods and Industrial technologies); Metro (wholesale, retail); Ceconomy (retail); Esprit Holdings (fashion, headquarters in Ratingen near Düsseldorf); BASF Personal Care & Nutrition (formerly Cognis – chemicals, headquarters in Monheim near Düsseldorf, but production mainly in Düsseldorf).[citation needed]

Daimler AG builds the Mercedes-Benz Sprinter light commercial vehicles in Düsseldorf. Since the 1960s, there has been a strong relationship between the city and Japan. Many Japanese banks and corporations have their European headquarters in Düsseldorf – so many that Düsseldorf has the third largest Japanese community in Europe, after London and Paris.[40][41]

The "Kö", which stands for Königsallee ("King's Avenue"), is a shopping destination. Some jewellery shops, designer labels, and galleries have their stores here. The Kö has among the highest rents for retail and office space in Germany.[50]

Financial center edit

The city is an important financial center.[51] More than 30,000 people work for the financial and insurance sector in Düsseldorf.[52] There are around 170 national and international financial institutions, and about 130 insurance agencies, and one of Germany's eight stock exchanges. HSBC has its German headquarters in Düsseldorf and employs 3.000 people. NRW.BANK is a development bank of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia and the largest state development bank in Germany. NRW.BANK was spun off from WestLB in 2002. Today Deutsche Bank and Commerzbank have major branches in Düsseldorf with about 2.000 employees. Düsseldorf is also the most important German financial center for Japanese credit institutions. MUFG Bank, SMBC and Mizuho have their German headquarters in Düsseldorf. Also Santander has its German headquarters in the Düsseldorf region. Some major insurance companies like ERGO, a subsidiary of Munich Re, and ARAG are located in the city. Several other major financial service companies have their headquarters in the city.

Media edit

Important newspapers and journals such as Handelsblatt, Rheinische Post, Wirtschaftswoche, Deutsches Wirtschaftsblatt and VDI-Nachrichten are published in Düsseldorf. Almost all of these papers are available online. Renowned filmmaking companies, such as Germany's biggest cinema enterprise, the Riech Group, and TV channels such as WDR and QVC are located in Düsseldorf. The Film- und Medienstiftung NRW foundation supports the production of film and new media.[citation needed]

With regard to movies and movie theatres in Düsseldorf, moviegoers are able to view movies in a range of different languages. Many mainstream movies are shown in English, Spanish, French, and German.[53]

Transport edit

Düsseldorf Airport edit

 
Düsseldorf Airport

Düsseldorf Airport, also referred to as Rhein-Ruhr Airport, is located eight kilometres (5 miles) north of the city centre and can easily be reached by train or the S-Bahn urban railway. There is a long-distance train station served by regional and national services, which is linked to the airport by the SkyTrain, an automatic people mover. Another station situated under the terminal building carries the S-Bahn line (S11) to Düsseldorf Central Station, and to Cologne as well as a few selected night services. After those of Frankfurt, Munich and Berlin, Düsseldorf Airport is Germany's fourth largest commercial airport, with 25.5 million passengers annually (2019).[54] The airport offers 180 destinations on 4 continents, and is served by 70 airlines. The airport buildings were partly destroyed by a devastating fire caused by welding works in 1996, killing 17 people. It was completely rebuilt and the Skytrain installed.

Railway edit

 
Düsseldorf Straßenbahn and Düsseldorf Stadtbahn network, part of the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr

The city is a major hub in the Deutsche Bahn (DB) railway network. More than 1,000 trains stop in Düsseldorf daily. Düsseldorf Central Station at Konrad-Adenauer-Platz is located in Düsseldorf-Stadtmitte. Several Rhein-Ruhr S-Bahn lines connect Düsseldorf to other cities of Rhine-Ruhr. Local Düsseldorf Straßenbahn and light rail Düsseldorf Stadtbahn traffic, as well as local bus traffic, is carried out by the city-owned Rheinbahn which operates within the VRR public transport system. The light rail system also serves neighbouring cities and is partially operated underground. The Central Station and the Airport Station (Flughafen-Bahnhof) are connected to the national and European high-speed systems (Intercity/Eurocity, IC/EC and InterCityExpress).

Taxi edit

 
Officially licensed taxis are always ivory coloured.

In Düsseldorf there are 1320 officially licensed Taxis. According to the regulations, the cars are always in ivory colour. On the back window you always find a black number on a yellow patch. Credit card payment has to be accepted at the Taxi stands at Airport of Düsseldorf. The supply of taxis in Düsseldorf is over the German average.[citation needed] Two taxi organisations cover the market.[citation needed] "Taxi-Düsseldorf" offers more than 1180 cabs in different sizes for max. 8 Passengers. The smaller one is "Rhein-Taxi" with more than 120 cabs. It is obligatory to carry out any journeys to destinations in the city and directly neighbouring cities.[55]

Carsharing edit

In addition to stationary car sharing, where vehicles must be returned to their original location after use, one-way carsharing vehicles have also been available for hire since 2012. These vehicles, which can be parked anywhere where parking is normally allowed within Düsseldorf, can be rented from Car2go, Greenwheels, Stadtmobil and DriveNow.[56]

Autobahn edit

North Rhine-Westphalia has the densest network of autobahns in Germany and Düsseldorf is directly accessible via the A3, A44, A46, A52, A57, A59 and A524.

Cycling edit

Düsseldorf is connected to some national and international cycling paths, including EV15 The Rhine Cycle Route.

The city of Düsseldorf is a member of the German North Rhine-Westphalia District, Municipality and City Friends of Pedestrians and Cyclists Working Group, who bestowed upon Düsseldorf the title of "Friend of Cyclists City" in 2007, although the city still has a few gaps in the network of cycle paths in the eyes of many of its citizens.

Culture and recreation edit

Elector Jan Wellem and his wife Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici of Tuscany, were patrons of Düsseldorf's first significant cultural activities in the 17th and 18th centuries. Heinrich Heine, whose 200th birthday was celebrated in 1997 and who originally had a proposed memorial in the city dedicated to him; Clara and Robert Schumann; and Felix Mendelssohn, are the most prominent artists related to the city, which is home to a distinguished Academy of Fine Arts.

The Düsseldorf cultural scene comprises traditional and avant-garde, classical and glamorous. The world-famous state art collection of North Rhine-Westphalia, the highly acclaimed Deutsche Oper am Rhein (opera), and the Düsseldorfer Schauspielhaus (theatre), artistic home of Gustaf Gründgens, are major elements of Düsseldorf's reputation as a centre of the fine arts.

Beer edit

Düsseldorf is well known for its Altbier,[57] a hoppy beer which translates as old [style] beer, a reference to the pre-lager brewing method of using a warm top-fermenting yeast like British pale ales.[58] Over time the Alt yeast adjusted to lower temperatures, and the Alt brewers would store or lager the beer after fermentation, leading to a cleaner, crisper beer. The name "altbier" first appeared in the 19th century to differentiate the beers of Düsseldorf from the new pale lager that was gaining a hold on Germany.[59]

Brewers in Düsseldorf used the pale malts that were used for the modern pale lagers, but retained the old ("alt") method of using warm fermenting yeasts. The first brewery to use the name Alt was Schumacher which opened in 1838.[60] The founder, Mathias Schumacher, allowed the beer to mature in cool conditions in wooden casks for longer than normal, and laid the foundation for the modern alt – amber coloured and lagered.[61] The result is a pale beer that has some of the lean dryness of a lager but with fruity notes as well.[62]

There are five pub-breweries in Düsseldorf which brew Altbier on the premises: Füchschen, Schumacher, Schlüssel, Uerige and Brauerei Kürzer. Four of the five are in the historic centre of Düsseldorf (Altstadt); the other (Schumacher), between the Altstadt and Düsseldorf Central railway station (Hauptbahnhof), also maintains an establishment in the Altstadt, Im Goldenen Kessel, across the street from Schlüssel.

Each (except Brauerei Kürzer) produces a special, secret, seasonal "Sticke" version in small quantities, though the names vary: Schlüssel spells it "Stike", without the "c", while Schumacher calls its special beer "Latzenbier", meaning "slat beer", possibly because the kegs from which it was poured had been stored on raised shelves.[63] Füchschen's seasonal is its Weihnachtsbier (Christmas beer), available in bottles starting mid-November, and served in the brewpub on Christmas Eve.[64]

Music and nightlife edit

 
Sensation White New Year's Eve party, Esprit Arena

Düsseldorf has been home to a number of influential music artists and bands, particularly in the electronic and krautrock genres, with Kraftwerk being the most prominent example. As one source describes, "This is the place where Neu! conceived the motorik beat, Harmonia dreamed up ambient, Die Krupps expanded the idea of industrial, and where those brilliant mensch-maschines Kraftwerk, declared: 'We are the robots'."[65]

Since the 1950s the "Kom(m)ödchen" has been one of the most prominent political cabarets of Germany. The city's best-known contribution to the culture of modern popular music is the influential avant-garde electronic band Kraftwerk. Formed by two Düsseldorf-born musicians, Kraftwerk is internationally known as the most significant band in the history of post-war German music and as pioneers in electronic music.[66]

Other influential musical groups originating from Düsseldorf include Neu!, formed in 1971 by Klaus Dinger and Michael Rother, after their split from Kraftwerk,[67] and La Düsseldorf, also formed by Dinger in 1976 shortly after Neu! disbanded. Both groups had a significant influence on a variety of subsequent rock, post-punk, and electronic music artists.[68]

Internationally known power metal band Warlock was formed in Düsseldorf in 1982. Its frontwoman, Doro Pesch, had a successful solo career in Europe and Asia since Warlock ended. The punk band Die Toten Hosen, the electronic act D.A.F., as well as the electronic/industrial pioneers Die Krupps, all originated in Düsseldorf.

Düsseldorf appears in several songs, including Düsseldorf by the British indie band Teleman and Wärst du doch in Düsseldorf geblieben by Danish singer Dorthe Kollo.

Fashion edit

Düsseldorf has been the fashion capital of Germany for decades (it is also a major cultural center for the art and fashion scenes). Berlin, Germany's 'fashion capital' until 1945, lost its position because of its special location within the Soviet occupation zone. After the monetary reform of June 20, 1948, fashionable clothes trends gained importance. Igedo organised fashion shows staged in Düsseldorf starting in March 1949.[69] There are a number of schools dedicated to fashion design in Düsseldorf, among them Akademie Mode & Design (de), Design Department, and Mode Design College.[70]

Carnival edit

Main article: Carnival in Germany, Switzerland and Austria § Rhineland
 
Carnival in Düsseldorf

One of the biggest cultural events in Düsseldorf is the Karneval (also referred to as the "fifth season") which starts every year on 11 November at 11:11 a.m., and reaches its climax on Rosenmontag (Rose Monday), featuring a huge parade through the streets of Düsseldorf. Karneval ends on Aschermittwoch (Ash Wednesday).

Düsseldorf's cartwheeler edit

Main article: Düsseldorf's cartwheeler

The Düsseldorfer Radschläger (boy who does cartwheels) is said to be the city's oldest tradition. The symbol of the cartwheeler can be found on souvenirs and various things in Düsseldorf have cartwheelers to thank for their names.[citation needed]

Legends of its origin and history edit

The tradition cannot be linked to one specific historical event. Instead, there are several stories surrounding the beginnings of the Düsseldorf cartwheelers. Probably the most well known version is the Battle of Worringen. In the battle of 1288, Count Adolf devastatingly defeated the Archbishop of Cologne. As a consequence of this victory, Düsseldorf obtained town privileges. Inhabitants, especially children, ran joyfully on the streets and performed cartwheels.

Another story talks about a wedding procession during which one of the wheels of the wedding carriage broke. In order to fend off the threat of bad luck, a boy supposedly jumped up to the carriage, took hold of the wheel and thus became a living part of the wheel. Whether the story is about the marriage of Jan Wellem and Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici or the wedding of Margravine Jakobea of Baden and Johann Wilhelm is debatable.

Another story gives an account of the wedding between Margrave Jacobe von Baden and Johann Wilhelm, in 1585. According to legend, she felt miserable about her marriage, but the cartwheelers who displayed their skills next to her carriage were able to make her smile. Numerous travelers were attracted to the city by great exhibitions – the forerunner of today's fairs – between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. During this time the children who did cartwheels found out that it was a profitable source of income. The bourgeoisie accepted this in good humour as a symbolic act of local patriotism. In the beginning the lads shouted "för eene Penning schlage ich das Rad“ (a cartwheel for a penny). The Jan Wellem monument returned to Düsseldorf at the end of the Second World War. The procession was accompanied by torches, fanfares and cartwheeling boys.

Cartwheelers in the cityscape edit

Cartwheelers can be found at several fountains within the city and near many small landmarks. The most famous is Cartwheeler's Fountain in Burgplatz (de) with an inscription of a quote by Hans Müller-Schlösser: "Radschläger wolle mer blieve, wie jeck et de Minschen och drieve" (We will always remain cartwheelers, however crazy it drives people.) The fountain was designed by Alfred Zschorsch in 1954 and donated by Heimatverein Düsseldorfer Jonges, which is a club devoted to the maintenance of local and regional traditions. There are other cartwheelers that decorate storm drains and the door knocker on the Church of Lambertus, designed by Friedrich Becker. He created the cartwheeler in front of the Schadow Arcades.[citation needed]

The tradition has been kept alive by the Alde Düsseldorfer Bürgergesellschaft von 1920 e. V., a society founded in 1920, which organized the first cartwheeler competition on 17 October 1937. This event has been held annually since 1971[71] in cooperation with the Stadtsparkasse (a local bank). Formerly held in the Königsallee, it has taken place since 2006 on the Rheinwerft, near the old part of town. This is a fixed date in the city's calendar of events. About 500 boys regularly participate in the event and girls have also taken part since 1971. In an art project Radschläger-Kunst (Cartwheeler Art) launched in 2001, over 100 cartwheeler sculptures were designed by various artists. The door knocker on the Church of Lambertus[72][circular reference] served as a model for the sculptures that are 2 metres (6 feet 7 inches) high, 2 metres (6 feet 7 inches) wide and 30 cm (12 in) deep. They were positioned around the city centre. Some of the sculptures have been auctioned off to companies and private owners.[citation needed]

Christmas market edit

Every Christmas, the city of Düsseldorf uses the city centre to host one of the largest Christmas gatherings in Germany. The Christmas festival occurs every year from 17 November until 23 December. This Christmas fest brings Düsseldorf a large portion of tourism every year as many people from nearby areas come to the city to drink mulled wine and hot chocolate and watch craftsman blow glass and create art. The event contains many small wooden buildings all clustered in the middle of the city for all the citizens to enjoy. The event, to many visitors, has an old European feel, but is very lively.

Cuisine edit

 
Himmel un Äd, "Heaven and Earth"

Traditional meals in the region are Rheinischer Sauerbraten (a beef roast and sometimes horse marinated for a few days in vinegar and spices served with gravy and raisins) and Heaven and Earth (Himmel und Äd; black pudding with stewed apples mixed with mashed potatoes). In winter the people like to eat Muscheln Rheinischer Art (Rhenish-style mussels) as well as Reibekuchen (fried potato pancake served with apple sauce). Also a special meal: Düsseldorfer Senfrostbraten (Steaks roasted with Düsseldorf mustard on top).

Düsseldorf is known for its strong Dijon-like mustard served in a traditional pot called "Mostertpöttche", which was eternalised in a still life by Vincent van Gogh in 1884.[73]

The Rhine Metropolis is one of the most diverse areas in terms of culinary diversity. Düsseldorf, with the third largest Japanese community in Europe, not only provides a wide range of culinary cuisine but also has a solid foundation of Authentic Asian food in the city. Düsseldorf's exceptional culinary cuisine has been recognized and visited by the Worldwide leading travel guide of Lonely Planet. Along with a broad range of diverse cultural cuisine, Düsseldorf is also home to various Michelin starred restaurants that are world renowned.[74]

Halve Hahn – this dish is made from a half a double rye roll, which is another of the specialties of Düsseldorf, buttered, with a thick slice of aged Gouda cheese, onions, mustard, ground paprika and sour pickles.

Himmel un Aad – a dish of mashed potatoes and apples along with slices of blutwurst. Caramelized onions are usually served with this meal.

Reibekuchen is another famous dish from Düsseldorf; this dish is usually drizzled with Rübensyrup (beet syrup) and is served on pumpernickel slices along with applesauce.[75]

Literature edit

The Förderpreis für Literatur der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf is a German Literary award donated by the City of Düsseldorf in Northrhine-Westphalia.[76] The Prize for Literature in support of the City of Düsseldorf is awarded since 1972 by the Council of the City due to the decisions of the courts.[77]

The Förderpreis für Literatur der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf is given once a year to artists and groups, especially to the areas of poetry, writing, review and translation.[78]

Rivalry with Cologne edit

Main article: Rivalry between Cologne and Düsseldorf

Düsseldorf and Cologne have had a "fierce regional rivalry".[79] The rivalry includes carnival parades, football, ice hockey and beer.[79] People in Cologne prefer Kölsch while people in Düsseldorf prefer Altbier.[79] Some Waiters and patrons will "scorn" and make a "mockery" of people who order Alt beer in Cologne and Kölsch in Düsseldorf.[79] The rivalry has been described as a "love-hate relationship".[79]

Theatres edit

 
Düsseldorf Schauspielhaus
 
Düsseldorf Tonhalle

Museums, arts and history institutes, and other attractions edit

 
Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen – K20 (Grabbeplatz)
 
Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen – K21 (Ständehaus)
 
Düsseldorf AquaZoo
 
Rheinturm
 
Building of the Folk high school (Volkshochschule) and the central library (Zentalbibliothek der Stadtbibliothek) of Düsseldorf
  • Akademie-Galerie (exhibition space of the Art Academy Düsseldorf)
  • Andreaskirche
  • Aquazoo-Löbbecke-Museum (aquarium and zoological museum)[80]
  • TvTower[81]
  • BRAUSE – Vereinsheim des Metzgerei Schnitzel Kunstvereins e.V.
  • Film museum[82]
  • Filmstiftung NRW (NRW Film Foundation)
  • Forum NRW
  • Goethe-Museum
  • Heinrich-Heine-Institut
  • Heinrich Heine Birth-house
  • Hetjens Museum (German museum of ceramics)
  • Imai – inter media art institute
  • Institut Français Düsseldorf
  • Institut für Kunstdokumentation und Szenografie[83] (Institute for Art Documentation and Scenography)
  • Julia Stoschek Collection[84] (video art)
  • KAI 10|Raum für Kunst[85]
  • Kulturbahnhof Eller[86]
  • Kunstarchiv Kaiserswerth (works of Bernd and Hilla Becher/Kahmen Collection)
  • Kunst im Tunnel (KIT)[87]
  • Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen (Art Collection Northrhine-Westphalia) – K20 (Grabbeplatz) and K21 (Ständehaus)
  • Kunsthalle Düsseldorf
  • Kunstverein für die Rheinlande und Westfalen (Society for the Promotion of the Fine Arts)
  • Museum Kunstpalast
  • Mahn- und Gedenkstätte für die Opfer des Nationalsozialmus (Memorial museum for victims of Nationalsocialism)
  • Onomato[88]
  • Polnisches Institut Düsseldorf[89]
  • Puppentheater an der Helmholtzstraße
  • Rathaus
  • Reinraum e.V. – Verein zur Förderung von Kunst und Kultur
  • Rheinturm (Rhine Tower; highest building and landmark of Düsseldorf)
  • Collegiate Church of St Lambertus [de]
  • Schiffahrt Museum
  • Schloss Jägerhof
  • Schlossturm
  • Schloss und Park Benrath (palace and park of Benrath)
  • Stadtbibliothek
  • Stadtmuseum (City history museum)
  • Statue of Jan Wellem
  • Theatermuseum, Düsseldorf
  • Triton Museum
  • Volkshochschule
  • Zakk[90] – cultural centre with concerts, readings, debates and party
 
Königsallee

Parks and gardens edit

Sports and live events edit

  •  
    The ISS-Dome, an ice hockey stadium, opened in 2006.
  •  
    The Merkur Spiel-Arena (formerly LTU Arena)
  •  
    Logo during Eurovision Song Contest 2011 ESC
  •  
    Racecourse, general view from the east
  •  
    Main Tribune of the Racecourse for horses/Galopprennbahn Düsseldorf

Düsseldorf's main football team Fortuna Düsseldorf won the 1933 German championship, the German Cup in 1979 and 1980, and were finalists in the European Cup Winners Cup in 1979. They currently play in the 2. Bundesliga, after being relegated from the Bundesliga in 2020. They play their matches in the Merkur Spiel-Arena (formerly known as the 'ESPIRIT arena'), a multi-functional stadium with a capacity of 54,500. Düsseldorf was one of nine host cities for the 1974 FIFA World Cup, and will be one of ten venues to stage the 2024 UEFA European Championship. The Rochusclub Düsseldorf has hosted the tennis World Team Cup from 1978 till 2012.[91] Düsseldorf also held the Grand Départ for the Tour de France in July 2017.[92]

Other sports in Düsseldorf are ice hockey (the Düsseldorfer EG which play in the PSD Bank Dome) and American football. The Düsseldorf Panther are one of the most successful teams in Germany with six German Bowl titles and the Eurobowl victory in 1995. In addition the Junior-Team is the most successful youth department in Germany with fifteen Junior Bowl victories. Rhine Fire Düsseldorf was an established team of the NFL Europe and won the World Bowl two times in 1998 and 2000. Düsseldorf has a successful rugby union team (Düsseldorf Dragons), who as of 2017/18 play in the western division of the 2. Bundesliga, the second tier of German rugby.[93]

Table tennis is also played (Borussia Düsseldorf – the most successful team in Germany with Timo Boll), as are handball (HSG Düsseldorf), basketball (Düsseldorf Giants), baseball (Düsseldorf Senators) and dancing (Rot-Weiß Düsseldorf). Düsseldorf also has a Cricket team, the Düsseldorf Blackcaps, who play in the regional NRW league.[94]

The city hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2011.

Education edit

Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf is located in the southern part of the city. It has about 30,000 students and a wide range of subjects in natural sciences, mathematics, computer sciences, philosophy, social sciences, arts, languages, medicine, pharmacy, economy and the law.

Other academic institutions include:

International primary and secondary schools:

Notable buildings edit

 
The Neuer Zollhof at Medienhafen
 
Köbogen building

Notable places edit

 
Benrath Palace, Corp de Logis
  • Königsallee, a shopping street with luxuries shops
  • Schloss Benrath, rococo castle
  • Altstadt (Düsseldorf), literally "old town", the historic town centre with the town hall Altes Rathaus from 1573. Nowadays Düsseldorf's entertainment district with hundreds of pubs and restaurants, and proverbially known by Germans as "the longest bar in the world".
  • Düsseldorf-Hafen; the harbour is a modern build district.
  • Kaiserswerth, historical district with the ruined castle of Barbarossa Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor
  • Schloss Heltorf, the biggest palace in Düsseldorf, since 1662 homestead of the noble family Grafen von Spee
  • Hofgarten, old city park
  • Schloss Jägerhof, an old hunting lodge at the Hofgarten, today a Goethe Museum

Twin towns – sister cities edit

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany

Düsseldorf is twinned with:[102]

Friendship and cooperation edit

Düsseldorf also cooperates with:[105]

Notable people edit

Born before 1850 edit

 
Heinrich Heine 1831
 
Johann Georg Jacobi

Born 1851–1900 edit

 
Georg Wenker

Born after 1900 edit

 
Helmut Käutner 1960

Joseph H. Heinen (1903-1981), founder, Heinen's Grocery Stores, Cleveland, Ohio

Associated with Düsseldorf edit

See also edit

References edit

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Bibliography edit

See also: Bibliography of the history of Düsseldorf

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Düsseldorf.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Düsseldorf.
  • "Düsseldorf" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911.
  • The Wiki for Düsseldorf
  • Düsseldorf Official website
  • visitduesseldorf.de Official Düsseldorf Tourist Board
  • dusseldorf.guide 1 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine Unofficial Düsseldorf Guide
  • Düsseldorf City Panoramas
  • . Archived from the original on 13 January 2007. Retrieved 13 March 2006.
  • The Lost City WW2 Bomb Damage 1942/3

May 03, 2024
düsseldorf, this, article, about, city, germany, album, album, cargo, ship, 1909, fishing, vessel, vorpostenboot, german, trawler, ɔːr, duuss, dorf, also, dewss, german, ˈdʏsl, dɔʁf, franconian, ripuarian, düsseldörp, ˈdʏsəldœʀ, tone, archaic, dutch, dusseldor. This article is about the city in Germany For the album see Dusseldorf album For the cargo ship see SS Dusseldorf 1909 For the fishing vessel and vorpostenboot see German trawler V 607 Dusseldorf Dusseldorf ˈ d ʊ s el d ɔːr f DUUSS el dorf US also ˈ dj uː s DEWSS 4 5 6 German ˈdʏsl dɔʁf Low Franconian and Ripuarian a Dusseldorp ˈdʏseldœʀ e p tone archaic Dutch Dusseldorp ˈdʏselˌdɔr e p is the capital city of North Rhine Westphalia the most populous state of Germany It is the second largest city in the state after Cologne and the seventh largest city in Germany b with a 2022 population of 629 047 7 DusseldorfCitynightly view of Dusseldorf with illuminated Rhine Tower and RheinkniebruckeNeuer ZollhofKo BogenStandehausKonigsalleeGirardet BridgeGardens of Benrath PalaceFlagCoat of armsLocation of DusseldorfDusseldorfShow map of GermanyDusseldorfShow map of North Rhine WestphaliaCoordinates 51 14 N 6 47 E 51 233 N 6 783 E 51 233 6 783CountryGermanyStateNorth Rhine WestphaliaAdmin regionDusseldorfSubdivisions10 boroughs 50 quartersGovernment Lord mayor 2020 25 Stephan Keller 1 CDU Governing partiesCDU GreensArea City217 41 km2 83 94 sq mi Elevation38 m 125 ft Population 2022 12 31 3 City629 047 Density2 900 km2 7 500 sq mi Urban1 220 000 2 Metro11 300 000 Rhine Ruhr Time zoneUTC 01 00 CET Summer DST UTC 02 00 CEST Postal codes40210 40629Dialling codes0211 0203 02104Vehicle registrationDWebsitewww wbr duesseldorf wbr de Banner Logo of the city of Dusseldorf The Dussel from which the city and the borough of Dusseltal take their name divides into four separate branches within the city c each with its own mouth into the Rhine Most of Dusseldorf lies on the right bank of the Rhine and the city has grown together with Neuss Ratingen Meerbusch Erkrath and Monheim am Rhein Dusseldorf is the central city of the metropolitan region Rhine Ruhr the second biggest metropolitan region by GDP in the European Union that stretches from Bonn via Cologne and Dusseldorf to the Ruhr from Duisburg via Essen to Dortmund The dorf suffix means village in German English cognate thorp its use is unusual for a settlement as large as Dusseldorf Linguistically Dusseldorf is the largest city in the German part of the Low Franconian area dialects that are closely related to Dutch Dusseldorf Airport is Germany s fourth busiest airport serving as the most important international airport for the population of the densely populated Ruhr Germany s largest urban area Mercer s 2012 Quality of Living survey ranked Dusseldorf the sixth most livable city in the world 8 9 Dusseldorf is an international business and financial centre renowned for its fashion and trade fairs 10 11 12 and is headquarters to one Fortune Global 500 and two DAX companies Messe Dusseldorf organises nearly one fifth of premier trade shows 13 As second largest city of the Rhineland Dusseldorf holds Rhenish Carnival celebrations every year in February March the Dusseldorf carnival celebrations being the third most popular in Germany after those held in Cologne and Mainz 14 There are 22 institutions of higher education in the city including the Heinrich Heine Universitat Dusseldorf the university of applied sciences Hochschule Dusseldorf the academy of arts Kunstakademie Dusseldorf whose members include Joseph Beuys Emanuel Leutze August Macke Gerhard Richter Sigmar Polke and Andreas Gursky and the university of music Robert Schumann Musikhochschule Dusseldorf The city is also known for its influence on electronic experimental music Kraftwerk and its Japanese community Dusseldorf is classified as a GaWC Beta world city Contents 1 History 1 1 Early development 1 2 World War I 1 3 Weimar Republic 1 4 World War II 1 5 German Federal Republic 2 Geography 2 1 Physical geography 2 2 Adjacent cities and districts 2 3 Climate 3 Demographics 4 Government 4 1 Boroughs 4 2 Mayor 4 3 City council 5 Economy 5 1 Financial center 5 2 Media 6 Transport 6 1 Dusseldorf Airport 6 2 Railway 6 3 Taxi 6 4 Carsharing 6 5 Autobahn 6 6 Cycling 7 Culture and recreation 7 1 Beer 7 2 Music and nightlife 7 3 Fashion 7 4 Carnival 7 5 Dusseldorf s cartwheeler 7 5 1 Legends of its origin and history 7 5 1 1 Cartwheelers in the cityscape 7 6 Christmas market 7 7 Cuisine 7 8 Literature 7 9 Rivalry with Cologne 7 10 Theatres 7 11 Museums arts and history institutes and other attractions 7 12 Parks and gardens 8 Sports and live events 9 Education 10 Notable buildings 11 Notable places 12 Twin towns sister cities 12 1 Friendship and cooperation 13 Notable people 13 1 Born before 1850 13 2 Born 1851 1900 13 3 Born after 1900 13 4 Associated with Dusseldorf 14 See also 15 References 16 Bibliography 17 External linksHistory editFor a chronological guide see Timeline of Dusseldorf Early development edit When the Roman Empire was strengthening its position throughout Europe a few Germanic tribes clung on in marshy territory off the eastern banks of the Rhine 15 In the 7th and 8th centuries the odd farming or fishing settlement could be found at the point where the small river Dussel flows into the Rhine It was from such settlements that the city of Dusseldorf grew nbsp Dusseldorf in 1647 nbsp View of Dusseldorf with the church of St Andrew in the centre 1667 The architectural elements were painted by Jan van der Heyden and the figures by Adriaen van de Velde nbsp Bond of the town Dusseldorf issued 26 July 1899 16 The first written mention of Dusseldorf then called Dusseldorp in the local Low Rhenish dialect dates back to 1135 Under Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa the small town of Kaiserswerth to the north of Dusseldorf became a well fortified outpost where soldiers kept a watchful eye on every movement on the Rhine Kaiserswerth eventually became a suburb of Dusseldorf in 1929 In 1186 Dusseldorf came under the rule of the Counts of Berg 14 August 1288 is one of the most important dates in the history of Dusseldorf On this day the sovereign Count Adolf VIII of Berg granted the village on the banks of the Dussel town privileges Before this a bloody struggle for power had taken place between the Archbishop of Cologne and the count of Berg culminating in the Battle of Worringen citation needed nbsp The state parliament seen from the top of the Rheinturm nbsp Rheinturm Dusseldorf 70th Anniversary of the NRW state illumination with Rheinkomet source source source source source source source source Various scenes around Dusseldorf in December 2014 The Archbishop of Cologne s forces were wiped out by the forces of the count of Berg who were supported by citizens and farmers of Cologne and Dusseldorf paving the way for Dusseldorf s elevation to city status which is commemorated today by a monument on the Burgplatz The custom of turning cartwheels is credited to the children of Dusseldorf There are variations of the origin citation needed of the cartwheeling children Today the symbol Der Radschlager citation needed represents the story and every year the Dusseldorfers celebrate by having a cartwheeling contest After this battle the relationship between the four cities deteriorated because they were commercial rivals it is often said that there is a kind of hostility between the citizens of Cologne and Dusseldorf Today it finds its expression mainly in a humorous form especially during the Rhineland Karneval and in sports citation needed A market square sprang up on the banks of the Rhine and the square was protected by city walls on all four sides In 1380 the dukes of Berg moved their seat to the town and Dusseldorf was made regional capital of the Duchy of Berg During the following centuries several famous landmarks were built including the Collegiate Church of St Lambertus de In 1609 the ducal line of the United Duchies of Julich Cleves Berg died out and after a virulent struggle over succession Julich and Berg fell to the Wittelsbach Counts of Palatinate Neuburg who made Dusseldorf their main domicile even after they inherited the Electorate of the Palatinate in 1685 becoming now Prince electors as Electors Palatine citation needed Under the art loving Johann Wilhelm II r 1690 1716 a vast art gallery with a huge selection of paintings and sculptures were housed in the Stadtschloss city castle After his death the city fell on hard times again especially after Elector Charles Theodore inherited Bavaria and moved the electoral court to Munich With him he took the art collection which became part of what is now the Alte Pinakothek in Munich Destruction and poverty struck Dusseldorf after the Napoleonic Wars Napoleon made Berg a Grand Duchy and Dusseldorf its capital Johann Devaranne a leader of Solingen s resistance to Napoleon s conscription decrees was executed here in 1813 After Napoleon s defeat the whole Rhineland including Berg was given to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1815 The Rhine Province s parliament was established in Dusseldorf when By the mid 19th century Dusseldorf enjoyed a revival thanks to the Industrial Revolution as the city boasted 100 000 inhabitants by 1882 the figure doubled in 1892 World War I edit During World War I the Royal Naval Air Service RNS undertook the first Entente strategic bombing missions on 22 September 1914 when it bombed the Zeppelin bases in Dusseldorf 17 Weimar Republic edit In 1920 Dusseldorf became the centre of the General Strike On 15 April 1920 45 delegates of the German Miners Union were murdered by the Freikorps 18 World War II edit See also Gau Dusseldorf and Bombing of Dusseldorf in World War II During World War II Dusseldorf was the location of a Nazi prison with several forced labour subcamps 19 five subcamps of the Buchenwald concentration camp for mostly Polish and Russian prisoners but also French Dutch Belgian Czech Italian Yugoslavian 20 and a camp for Sinti and Romani people see Romani Holocaust 21 The Rabbi of the Dusseldorf Jewish Community fled to the Netherlands and died in KZ Auschwitz in 1943 22 The city was a target of strategic bombing during World War II particularly during the RAF bombing campaign in 1943 when over 700 bombers were used in a single night Raids continued late into the war As part of the campaign against German oil facilities the RAF raid of 20 21 February on the Rhenania Ossag refinery in the Reisholz district of the city halted oil production there The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Dusseldorf in mid April 1945 The United States 97th Infantry Division easily captured the city on 18 April 1945 23 after the local German Resistance group launched Aktion Rheinland German Federal Republic edit In 1946 Dusseldorf was made capital of the new federal state of North Rhine Westphalia The city s reconstruction proceeded at a frantic pace and the economic transformation guided Dusseldorf s economic growth citation needed Geography editPhysical geography edit nbsp The course of the Dussel from its source in the Dussel Hill Country Dusselhugelland de through the Neandertal to Dusseldorf where it forms three bifurcations dividing into the four branches from north to south Kittelbach Nordliche Dussel Sudliche Dussel and Bruckerbach nbsp Dusseldorf skyline Dusseldorf lies at the centre of the Lower Rhine basin where the delta of the Dussel flows into the Rhine The city lies on the east side of the Rhine except District 4 Oberkassel Niederkassel Heerdt and Lorick Across the Rhine the city of Neuss stands on the delta of the Erft Dusseldorf lies southwest of the Ruhr urban area and in the middle of the Rhine Ruhr metropolitan region Dusseldorf is built entirely on alluvium mud sand clay and occasionally gravel The highest point in Dusseldorf is the top of Sandberg in the far eastern part of the city Hubbelrath borough at 165 metres 541 ft The lowest point is at the far northern end in Wittlaer borough where the Schwarzbach enters the Rhine with an average elevation of 28 metres 92 ft Adjacent cities and districts edit The following districts and cities border Dusseldorf clockwise starting from the north the City of Duisburg the District of Mettmann Ratingen Mettmann Erkrath Hilden Langenfeld and Monheim and the District of Neuss Dormagen Neuss and Meerbusch Climate edit The city has an oceanic climate Koppen Cfb mild in relation to East Germany 24 Like the rest of the lower Rhineland Dusseldorf experiences moderate winters with little snowfall and mild to warm summers The average annual temperature is 11 0 C 52 F with an average yearly precipitation of 751 millimetres 30 in The dominant wind direction is from the west with velocities in the range of 3 to 4 m s 7 9 mph with gusts of 3 5 4 8 m s 8 10 7 mph The wind is calm defined as being under 2 m s or 4 5 mph about 35 of the time more frequently at night and in the winter 25 26 Climate data for Dusseldorf 1991 2020 normals extremes 1981 present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high C F 16 4 61 5 21 0 69 8 23 8 74 8 28 8 83 8 33 8 92 8 36 8 98 2 40 7 105 3 38 5 101 3 34 0 93 2 27 7 81 9 20 4 68 7 16 3 61 3 40 7 105 3 Mean daily maximum C F 6 0 42 8 7 2 45 0 11 1 52 0 15 6 60 1 19 4 66 9 22 5 72 5 24 7 76 5 24 2 75 6 20 1 68 2 15 2 59 4 10 0 50 0 6 6 43 9 15 2 59 4 Daily mean C F 3 4 38 1 4 0 39 2 6 9 44 4 10 5 50 9 14 3 57 7 17 3 63 1 19 4 66 9 18 9 66 0 15 3 59 5 11 2 52 2 7 1 44 8 4 2 39 6 11 0 51 8 Mean daily minimum C F 0 5 32 9 0 7 33 3 2 6 36 7 5 0 41 0 8 7 47 7 11 7 53 1 14 0 57 2 13 7 56 7 10 7 51 3 7 5 45 5 3 9 39 0 1 5 34 7 6 7 44 1 Record low C F 20 8 5 4 15 4 4 3 16 1 3 0 6 3 20 7 1 1 30 0 2 4 36 3 4 8 40 6 5 0 41 0 0 7 33 3 6 2 20 8 9 4 15 1 15 3 4 5 20 8 5 4 Average precipitation mm inches 61 5 2 42 56 5 2 22 54 1 2 13 46 4 1 83 61 1 2 41 65 7 2 59 73 2 2 88 77 0 3 03 60 3 2 37 61 2 2 41 63 8 2 51 70 0 2 76 750 7 29 56 Average precipitation days 0 1 mm 17 5 15 9 16 1 12 5 13 9 14 1 14 6 14 7 14 2 15 5 17 2 18 8 185 1 Average snowy days 1 0 cm 3 4 2 3 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 8 8 5 Average relative humidity 81 6 78 6 73 5 68 2 68 5 69 3 68 8 70 8 76 5 80 5 83 6 84 3 75 4 Mean monthly sunshine hours 56 9 73 1 125 0 172 6 202 0 199 3 208 2 193 9 149 5 109 8 62 5 47 1 1 610 6 Source 1 NOAA 27 Source 2 Deutscher Wetterdienst 28 Demographics editSee also Japanese community of Dusseldorf Historical populationYearPop 15553 500 17037 000 100 0 180012 102 72 9 187169 365 473 2 1895175 985 153 7 1905253 274 43 9 1919407 338 60 8 1925432 633 6 2 1933498 600 15 2 1939541 410 8 6 1950500 516 7 6 1956654 850 30 8 1961703 255 7 4 1970662 809 5 8 1980590 479 10 9 1990575 794 2 5 2000569 364 1 1 2010588 735 3 4 2015612 178 4 0 2019621 877 1 6 2022653 253 5 0 Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions Source 29 Largest groups of foreign residents 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Nationality Population 31 12 2022 nbsp Turkey 12 707 nbsp Greece 10 388 nbsp Poland 9 316 nbsp Japan 8 329 nbsp Italy 7 799 nbsp Ukraine 7 566 nbsp Syria 5 230 nbsp Romania 4 856 nbsp Morocco 4 741 nbsp Spain 4 477 nbsp Russia 4 430 nbsp China 4 175 nbsp North Macedonia 3 842 nbsp Croatia 3 720 nbsp France 3 328 nbsp Iran 3 162 nbsp Iraq 2 879 nbsp Netherlands 2 542 nbsp United Kingdom 2 469 nbsp Serbia 2 308 With a population of 653 253 within the city boundaries 31 December 2022 38 Dusseldorf is Germany s sixth largest city Its population surpassed the threshold of 100 000 inhabitants during the height of industrialisation in 1882 and peaked at just over 705 000 in 1962 The city then began to lose residents with many moving into neighbouring municipalities However since the late 1990s the city s population has been slowly rising again A total of 109 883 39 18 of Dusseldorf s population are foreigners 31 December 2008 the majority of whom come from within Europe 81 742 The largest national minorities are Turks Greeks and Poles Dusseldorf and its surroundings have the third largest Japanese community in Europe and the largest in Germany about 11 000 people 40 41 By 2019 the foreign population of Dusseldorf would grow to 152 255 or 23 6 of the population 42 272 982 people or 42 6 of residents had a migration background as of 2019 43 Dusseldorf has the third largest Jewish community in Germany with about 7 000 members 44 45 46 Government editBoroughs edit Main article Boroughs of Dusseldorf nbsp Since 1975 Dusseldorf is divided into ten administrative boroughs Each borough Stadtbezirk has its own elected borough council Bezirksvertretung and its own borough mayor Bezirksvorsteher The borough councils are advisory only Each borough is further subdivided into quarters Stadtteile There are 50 quarters in Dusseldorf 47 Borough 1 Stadtbezirk 1 Altstadt Carlstadt Derendorf Golzheim Pempelfort Stadtmitte Borough 2 Stadtbezirk 2 Dusseltal Flingern Nord Flingern Sud Borough 3 Stadtbezirk 3 Bilk Flehe Friedrichstadt Hafen Hamm Oberbilk Unterbilk Volmerswerth Borough 4 Stadtbezirk 4 Heerdt Lorick Niederkassel Oberkassel Borough 5 Stadtbezirk 5 Angermund Kaiserswerth Kalkum Lohausen Stockum Wittlaer Borough 6 Stadtbezirk 6 Lichtenbroich Morsenbroich Rath Unterrath Borough 7 Stadtbezirk 7 Gerresheim Grafenberg Hubbelrath Knittkuhl Ludenberg Borough 8 Stadtbezirk 8 Eller Lierenfeld Unterbach Vennhausen Borough 9 Stadtbezirk 9 Benrath Hassels Himmelgeist Holthausen Itter Reisholz Urdenbach Wersten Borough 10 Stadtbezirk 10 Garath Hellerhof Mayor edit See also List of mayors of Dusseldorf nbsp Results of the second round of the 2020 mayoral election The current Mayor of Dusseldorf is Stephan Keller of the Christian Democratic Union CDU who was elected in 2020 The most recent mayoral election was held on 13 September 2020 with a runoff held on 27 September and the results were as follows Candidate Party First round Second round Votes Votes Stephan Keller Christian Democratic Union 83 425 34 1 118 308 56 0 Thomas Geisel Social Democratic Party 64 203 26 3 92 999 44 0 Stefan Engstfeld Alliance 90 The Greens 42 463 17 4 Marie Agnes Strack Zimmermann Free Democratic Party 30 584 12 5 Florian Josef Hoffmann Alternative for Germany 6 564 2 7 Udo Adam Bonn The Left 5 257 2 2 Dominique Mirus Die PARTEI 3 039 1 2 Mark Schenk Volt Germany 2 255 0 9 Claudia Kruger Animal Welfare Here 1 939 0 8 Hans Joachim Grumbach Free Voters 1 192 0 5 Celine Coldewe Climate List Dusseldorf 954 0 4 Michael Baumeister Independent 947 0 4 Marc Olejak Pirate Party Germany 792 0 3 Markus Brakonier German Sport Party 383 0 2 Andre Maniera The Republicans 325 0 1 Valid votes 244 322 98 8 211 307 99 3 Invalid votes 3 008 1 2 1 571 0 7 Total 247 330 100 0 212 878 100 0 Electorate voter turnout 470 511 52 6 470 312 45 3 Source State Returning Officer City council edit nbsp Results of the 2020 city council election The Dusseldorf city council Dusseldorfer Stadtrat governs the city alongside the Mayor The most recent city council election was held on 13 September 2020 and the results were as follows Party Votes Seats Christian Democratic Union CDU 81 833 33 4 nbsp 3 3 30 nbsp 1 Alliance 90 The Greens Grune 58 881 24 0 nbsp 10 3 22 nbsp 11 Social Democratic Party SPD 43 949 17 9 nbsp 11 4 16 nbsp 8 Free Democratic Party FDP 22 453 9 2 nbsp 2 2 8 nbsp 2 The Left Die Linke 9 951 4 1 nbsp 1 1 4 0 Alternative for Germany AfD 8 776 3 6 nbsp 0 6 3 nbsp 1 Volt Germany Volt 4 512 1 8 New 2 New Die PARTEI PARTEI 4 371 1 8 New 2 New Animal Welfare Here Tierschutz hier 3 437 1 4 New 1 New Free Voters FW 2 212 0 9 nbsp 0 3 1 0 Climate List Dusseldorf Klimaliste 2 124 0 9 New 1 New Pirate Party Germany Piraten 1 464 0 6 nbsp 1 1 0 nbsp 1 German Sport Party DSP 642 0 3 New 0 New The Republicans REP 586 0 2 nbsp 0 4 0 nbsp 1 RESISTANCE 2020 We for Dusseldorf 76 0 0 New 0 New Valid votes 245 271 99 2 Invalid votes 2 085 0 8 Total 247 356 100 0 90 nbsp 8 Electorate voter turnout 470 511 52 6 nbsp 3 4 Source State Returning OfficerEconomy edit nbsp Rheinturm and Gehry buildings Der Neue Zollhof in Hafen nbsp Konigsallee in Stadtmitte nbsp Since 2021 the central street Immermannstrasse has bilingual German Japanese signs Dusseldorf has become one of the top telecommunications centres in Germany With two of the four big German providers of mobile frequencies D2 Vodafone and E Plus Dusseldorf leads the German mobile phone market There are many foreign information and communication technology companies in Dusseldorf such as Huawei NTT Ericsson Oppo Vivo and Xiaomi 48 There are 18 internet service providers located in the capital of North Rhine Westphalia There are two airlines with headquarters in the city Eurowings and formerly independent LTU International 49 Many of the internet companies in Dusseldorf have their roots in the world of advertising there are 400 advertising agencies in Dusseldorf among them three of the largest in Germany BBDO Group Grey Global Group and Publicis A number of affiliates of foreign agencies deserve mention as well such as Ogilvy amp Mather Dentsu Hakuhodo TBWA and DDB There are also about 200 publishing houses in Dusseldorf Peek amp Cloppenburg fashion Uniper electricity generation L Oreal Germany Cosmetics and Beauty Henkel AG amp Co KGaA Branded Consumer Goods and Industrial technologies Metro wholesale retail Ceconomy retail Esprit Holdings fashion headquarters in Ratingen near Dusseldorf BASF Personal Care amp Nutrition formerly Cognis chemicals headquarters in Monheim near Dusseldorf but production mainly in Dusseldorf citation needed Daimler AG builds the Mercedes Benz Sprinter light commercial vehicles in Dusseldorf Since the 1960s there has been a strong relationship between the city and Japan Many Japanese banks and corporations have their European headquarters in Dusseldorf so many that Dusseldorf has the third largest Japanese community in Europe after London and Paris 40 41 The Ko which stands for Konigsallee King s Avenue is a shopping destination Some jewellery shops designer labels and galleries have their stores here The Ko has among the highest rents for retail and office space in Germany 50 Financial center edit The city is an important financial center 51 More than 30 000 people work for the financial and insurance sector in Dusseldorf 52 There are around 170 national and international financial institutions and about 130 insurance agencies and one of Germany s eight stock exchanges HSBC has its German headquarters in Dusseldorf and employs 3 000 people NRW BANK is a development bank of the State of North Rhine Westphalia and the largest state development bank in Germany NRW BANK was spun off from WestLB in 2002 Today Deutsche Bank and Commerzbank have major branches in Dusseldorf with about 2 000 employees Dusseldorf is also the most important German financial center for Japanese credit institutions MUFG Bank SMBC and Mizuho have their German headquarters in Dusseldorf Also Santander has its German headquarters in the Dusseldorf region Some major insurance companies like ERGO a subsidiary of Munich Re and ARAG are located in the city Several other major financial service companies have their headquarters in the city Media edit Important newspapers and journals such as Handelsblatt Rheinische Post Wirtschaftswoche Deutsches Wirtschaftsblatt and VDI Nachrichten are published in Dusseldorf Almost all of these papers are available online Renowned filmmaking companies such as Germany s biggest cinema enterprise the Riech Group and TV channels such as WDR and QVC are located in Dusseldorf The Film und Medienstiftung NRW foundation supports the production of film and new media citation needed With regard to movies and movie theatres in Dusseldorf moviegoers are able to view movies in a range of different languages Many mainstream movies are shown in English Spanish French and German 53 Transport editDusseldorf Airport edit nbsp Dusseldorf Airport Dusseldorf Airport also referred to as Rhein Ruhr Airport is located eight kilometres 5 miles north of the city centre and can easily be reached by train or the S Bahn urban railway There is a long distance train station served by regional and national services which is linked to the airport by the SkyTrain an automatic people mover Another station situated under the terminal building carries the S Bahn line S11 to Dusseldorf Central Station and to Cologne as well as a few selected night services After those of Frankfurt Munich and Berlin Dusseldorf Airport is Germany s fourth largest commercial airport with 25 5 million passengers annually 2019 54 The airport offers 180 destinations on 4 continents and is served by 70 airlines The airport buildings were partly destroyed by a devastating fire caused by welding works in 1996 killing 17 people It was completely rebuilt and the Skytrain installed Railway edit nbsp Dusseldorf Strassenbahn and Dusseldorf Stadtbahn network part of the Verkehrsverbund Rhein Ruhr The city is a major hub in the Deutsche Bahn DB railway network More than 1 000 trains stop in Dusseldorf daily Dusseldorf Central Station at Konrad Adenauer Platz is located in Dusseldorf Stadtmitte Several Rhein Ruhr S Bahn lines connect Dusseldorf to other cities of Rhine Ruhr Local Dusseldorf Strassenbahn and light rail Dusseldorf Stadtbahn traffic as well as local bus traffic is carried out by the city owned Rheinbahn which operates within the VRR public transport system The light rail system also serves neighbouring cities and is partially operated underground The Central Station and the Airport Station Flughafen Bahnhof are connected to the national and European high speed systems Intercity Eurocity IC EC and InterCityExpress Taxi edit nbsp Officially licensed taxis are always ivory coloured In Dusseldorf there are 1320 officially licensed Taxis According to the regulations the cars are always in ivory colour On the back window you always find a black number on a yellow patch Credit card payment has to be accepted at the Taxi stands at Airport of Dusseldorf The supply of taxis in Dusseldorf is over the German average citation needed Two taxi organisations cover the market citation needed Taxi Dusseldorf offers more than 1180 cabs in different sizes for max 8 Passengers The smaller one is Rhein Taxi with more than 120 cabs It is obligatory to carry out any journeys to destinations in the city and directly neighbouring cities 55 Carsharing edit In addition to stationary car sharing where vehicles must be returned to their original location after use one way carsharing vehicles have also been available for hire since 2012 These vehicles which can be parked anywhere where parking is normally allowed within Dusseldorf can be rented from Car2go Greenwheels Stadtmobil and DriveNow 56 Autobahn edit North Rhine Westphalia has the densest network of autobahns in Germany and Dusseldorf is directly accessible via the A3 A44 A46 A52 A57 A59 and A524 Cycling edit Dusseldorf is connected to some national and international cycling paths including EV15 The Rhine Cycle Route The city of Dusseldorf is a member of the German North Rhine Westphalia District Municipality and City Friends of Pedestrians and Cyclists Working Group who bestowed upon Dusseldorf the title of Friend of Cyclists City in 2007 although the city still has a few gaps in the network of cycle paths in the eyes of many of its citizens Culture and recreation editThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed December 2014 Learn how and when to remove this message Elector Jan Wellem and his wife Anna Maria Luisa de Medici of Tuscany were patrons of Dusseldorf s first significant cultural activities in the 17th and 18th centuries Heinrich Heine whose 200th birthday was celebrated in 1997 and who originally had a proposed memorial in the city dedicated to him Clara and Robert Schumann and Felix Mendelssohn are the most prominent artists related to the city which is home to a distinguished Academy of Fine Arts The Dusseldorf cultural scene comprises traditional and avant garde classical and glamorous The world famous state art collection of North Rhine Westphalia the highly acclaimed Deutsche Oper am Rhein opera and the Dusseldorfer Schauspielhaus theatre artistic home of Gustaf Grundgens are major elements of Dusseldorf s reputation as a centre of the fine arts Beer edit This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed December 2014 Learn how and when to remove this message Dusseldorf is well known for its Altbier 57 a hoppy beer which translates as old style beer a reference to the pre lager brewing method of using a warm top fermenting yeast like British pale ales 58 Over time the Alt yeast adjusted to lower temperatures and the Alt brewers would store or lager the beer after fermentation leading to a cleaner crisper beer The name altbier first appeared in the 19th century to differentiate the beers of Dusseldorf from the new pale lager that was gaining a hold on Germany 59 Brewers in Dusseldorf used the pale malts that were used for the modern pale lagers but retained the old alt method of using warm fermenting yeasts The first brewery to use the name Alt was Schumacher which opened in 1838 60 The founder Mathias Schumacher allowed the beer to mature in cool conditions in wooden casks for longer than normal and laid the foundation for the modern alt amber coloured and lagered 61 The result is a pale beer that has some of the lean dryness of a lager but with fruity notes as well 62 There are five pub breweries in Dusseldorf which brew Altbier on the premises Fuchschen Schumacher Schlussel Uerige and Brauerei Kurzer Four of the five are in the historic centre of Dusseldorf Altstadt the other Schumacher between the Altstadt and Dusseldorf Central railway station Hauptbahnhof also maintains an establishment in the Altstadt Im Goldenen Kessel across the street from Schlussel Each except Brauerei Kurzer produces a special secret seasonal Sticke version in small quantities though the names vary Schlussel spells it Stike without the c while Schumacher calls its special beer Latzenbier meaning slat beer possibly because the kegs from which it was poured had been stored on raised shelves 63 Fuchschen s seasonal is its Weihnachtsbier Christmas beer available in bottles starting mid November and served in the brewpub on Christmas Eve 64 Music and nightlife edit nbsp Sensation White New Year s Eve party Esprit Arena Dusseldorf has been home to a number of influential music artists and bands particularly in the electronic and krautrock genres with Kraftwerk being the most prominent example As one source describes This is the place where Neu conceived the motorik beat Harmonia dreamed up ambient Die Krupps expanded the idea of industrial and where those brilliant mensch maschines Kraftwerk declared We are the robots 65 Since the 1950s the Kom m odchen has been one of the most prominent political cabarets of Germany The city s best known contribution to the culture of modern popular music is the influential avant garde electronic band Kraftwerk Formed by two Dusseldorf born musicians Kraftwerk is internationally known as the most significant band in the history of post war German music and as pioneers in electronic music 66 Other influential musical groups originating from Dusseldorf include Neu formed in 1971 by Klaus Dinger and Michael Rother after their split from Kraftwerk 67 and La Dusseldorf also formed by Dinger in 1976 shortly after Neu disbanded Both groups had a significant influence on a variety of subsequent rock post punk and electronic music artists 68 Internationally known power metal band Warlock was formed in Dusseldorf in 1982 Its frontwoman Doro Pesch had a successful solo career in Europe and Asia since Warlock ended The punk band Die Toten Hosen the electronic act D A F as well as the electronic industrial pioneers Die Krupps all originated in Dusseldorf Dusseldorf appears in several songs including Dusseldorf by the British indie band Teleman and Warst du doch in Dusseldorf geblieben by Danish singer Dorthe Kollo Fashion edit Dusseldorf has been the fashion capital of Germany for decades it is also a major cultural center for the art and fashion scenes Berlin Germany s fashion capital until 1945 lost its position because of its special location within the Soviet occupation zone After the monetary reform of June 20 1948 fashionable clothes trends gained importance Igedo organised fashion shows staged in Dusseldorf starting in March 1949 69 There are a number of schools dedicated to fashion design in Dusseldorf among them Akademie Mode amp Design de Design Department and Mode Design College 70 Carnival edit Main article Carnival in Germany Switzerland and Austria Rhineland nbsp Carnival in Dusseldorf One of the biggest cultural events in Dusseldorf is the Karneval also referred to as the fifth season which starts every year on 11 November at 11 11 a m and reaches its climax on Rosenmontag Rose Monday featuring a huge parade through the streets of Dusseldorf Karneval ends on Aschermittwoch Ash Wednesday Dusseldorf s cartwheeler edit Main article Dusseldorf s cartwheeler The Dusseldorfer Radschlager boy who does cartwheels is said to be the city s oldest tradition The symbol of the cartwheeler can be found on souvenirs and various things in Dusseldorf have cartwheelers to thank for their names citation needed Legends of its origin and history edit This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed December 2014 Learn how and when to remove this message The tradition cannot be linked to one specific historical event Instead there are several stories surrounding the beginnings of the Dusseldorf cartwheelers Probably the most well known version is the Battle of Worringen In the battle of 1288 Count Adolf devastatingly defeated the Archbishop of Cologne As a consequence of this victory Dusseldorf obtained town privileges Inhabitants especially children ran joyfully on the streets and performed cartwheels Another story talks about a wedding procession during which one of the wheels of the wedding carriage broke In order to fend off the threat of bad luck a boy supposedly jumped up to the carriage took hold of the wheel and thus became a living part of the wheel Whether the story is about the marriage of Jan Wellem and Anna Maria Luisa de Medici or the wedding of Margravine Jakobea of Baden and Johann Wilhelm is debatable Another story gives an account of the wedding between Margrave Jacobe von Baden and Johann Wilhelm in 1585 According to legend she felt miserable about her marriage but the cartwheelers who displayed their skills next to her carriage were able to make her smile Numerous travelers were attracted to the city by great exhibitions the forerunner of today s fairs between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century During this time the children who did cartwheels found out that it was a profitable source of income The bourgeoisie accepted this in good humour as a symbolic act of local patriotism In the beginning the lads shouted for eene Penning schlage ich das Rad a cartwheel for a penny The Jan Wellem monument returned to Dusseldorf at the end of the Second World War The procession was accompanied by torches fanfares and cartwheeling boys Cartwheelers in the cityscape edit Cartwheelers can be found at several fountains within the city and near many small landmarks The most famous is Cartwheeler s Fountain in Burgplatz de with an inscription of a quote by Hans Muller Schlosser Radschlager wolle mer blieve wie jeck et de Minschen och drieve We will always remain cartwheelers however crazy it drives people The fountain was designed by Alfred Zschorsch in 1954 and donated by Heimatverein Dusseldorfer Jonges which is a club devoted to the maintenance of local and regional traditions There are other cartwheelers that decorate storm drains and the door knocker on the Church of Lambertus designed by Friedrich Becker He created the cartwheeler in front of the Schadow Arcades citation needed The tradition has been kept alive by the Alde Dusseldorfer Burgergesellschaft von 1920 e V a society founded in 1920 which organized the first cartwheeler competition on 17 October 1937 This event has been held annually since 1971 71 in cooperation with the Stadtsparkasse a local bank Formerly held in the Konigsallee it has taken place since 2006 on the Rheinwerft near the old part of town This is a fixed date in the city s calendar of events About 500 boys regularly participate in the event and girls have also taken part since 1971 In an art project Radschlager Kunst Cartwheeler Art launched in 2001 over 100 cartwheeler sculptures were designed by various artists The door knocker on the Church of Lambertus 72 circular reference served as a model for the sculptures that are 2 metres 6 feet 7 inches high 2 metres 6 feet 7 inches wide and 30 cm 12 in deep They were positioned around the city centre Some of the sculptures have been auctioned off to companies and private owners citation needed Christmas market edit Every Christmas the city of Dusseldorf uses the city centre to host one of the largest Christmas gatherings in Germany The Christmas festival occurs every year from 17 November until 23 December This Christmas fest brings Dusseldorf a large portion of tourism every year as many people from nearby areas come to the city to drink mulled wine and hot chocolate and watch craftsman blow glass and create art The event contains many small wooden buildings all clustered in the middle of the city for all the citizens to enjoy The event to many visitors has an old European feel but is very lively Cuisine edit nbsp Himmel un Ad Heaven and Earth Traditional meals in the region are Rheinischer Sauerbraten a beef roast and sometimes horse marinated for a few days in vinegar and spices served with gravy and raisins and Heaven and Earth Himmel und Ad black pudding with stewed apples mixed with mashed potatoes In winter the people like to eat Muscheln Rheinischer Art Rhenish style mussels as well as Reibekuchen fried potato pancake served with apple sauce Also a special meal Dusseldorfer Senfrostbraten Steaks roasted with Dusseldorf mustard on top Dusseldorf is known for its strong Dijon like mustard served in a traditional pot called Mostertpottche which was eternalised in a still life by Vincent van Gogh in 1884 73 The Rhine Metropolis is one of the most diverse areas in terms of culinary diversity Dusseldorf with the third largest Japanese community in Europe not only provides a wide range of culinary cuisine but also has a solid foundation of Authentic Asian food in the city Dusseldorf s exceptional culinary cuisine has been recognized and visited by the Worldwide leading travel guide of Lonely Planet Along with a broad range of diverse cultural cuisine Dusseldorf is also home to various Michelin starred restaurants that are world renowned 74 Halve Hahn this dish is made from a half a double rye roll which is another of the specialties of Dusseldorf buttered with a thick slice of aged Gouda cheese onions mustard ground paprika and sour pickles Himmel un Aad a dish of mashed potatoes and apples along with slices of blutwurst Caramelized onions are usually served with this meal Reibekuchen is another famous dish from Dusseldorf this dish is usually drizzled with Rubensyrup beet syrup and is served on pumpernickel slices along with applesauce 75 Literature edit The Forderpreis fur Literatur der Landeshauptstadt Dusseldorf is a German Literary award donated by the City of Dusseldorf in Northrhine Westphalia 76 The Prize for Literature in support of the City of Dusseldorf is awarded since 1972 by the Council of the City due to the decisions of the courts 77 The Forderpreis fur Literatur der Landeshauptstadt Dusseldorf is given once a year to artists and groups especially to the areas of poetry writing review and translation 78 Rivalry with Cologne edit Main article Rivalry between Cologne and Dusseldorf Dusseldorf and Cologne have had a fierce regional rivalry 79 The rivalry includes carnival parades football ice hockey and beer 79 People in Cologne prefer Kolsch while people in Dusseldorf prefer Altbier 79 Some Waiters and patrons will scorn and make a mockery of people who order Alt beer in Cologne and Kolsch in Dusseldorf 79 The rivalry has been described as a love hate relationship 79 Theatres edit nbsp Dusseldorf Schauspielhaus nbsp Dusseldorf Tonhalle Apollo variete circus shows do not require knowledge of German language Capitol musicals Deutsche Oper am Rhein Opera Ballet Dusseldorfer Schauspielhaus the theatre started with theatrical performances in 1585 Dusseldorfer Marionetten Theater Merkur Spiel Arena Venue of the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 FFT Forum Freies Theater intimate theatre Junges Theater in der Altstadt Klangraum 20th century classical music Kom m odchen Political cabaret Komodie Dusseldorf Palais Wittgenstein Puppentheater an der Helmholtzstrasse puppetry Robert Schumann Saal Savoy Theater Seniorentheater in der Altstadt Tanzhaus NRW theatre for dance Tonhalle Dusseldorf concert hall for classical music jazz pop cabaret Theater an der Ko Theater an der Luegallee Theateratelier Takelgarn Theater Flin Theater Glorreich Museums arts and history institutes and other attractions edit nbsp Kunstsammlung Nordrhein Westfalen K20 Grabbeplatz nbsp Kunstsammlung Nordrhein Westfalen K21 Standehaus nbsp Dusseldorf AquaZoo nbsp Rheinturm nbsp Building of the Folk high school Volkshochschule and the central library Zentalbibliothek der Stadtbibliothek of Dusseldorf Akademie Galerie exhibition space of the Art Academy Dusseldorf Andreaskirche Aquazoo Lobbecke Museum aquarium and zoological museum 80 TvTower 81 BRAUSE Vereinsheim des Metzgerei Schnitzel Kunstvereins e V Film museum 82 Filmstiftung NRW NRW Film Foundation Forum NRW Goethe Museum Heinrich Heine Institut Heinrich Heine Birth house Hetjens Museum German museum of ceramics Imai inter media art institute Institut Francais Dusseldorf Institut fur Kunstdokumentation und Szenografie 83 Institute for Art Documentation and Scenography Julia Stoschek Collection 84 video art KAI 10 Raum fur Kunst 85 Kulturbahnhof Eller 86 Kunstarchiv Kaiserswerth works of Bernd and Hilla Becher Kahmen Collection Kunst im Tunnel KIT 87 Kunstsammlung Nordrhein Westfalen Art Collection Northrhine Westphalia K20 Grabbeplatz and K21 Standehaus Kunsthalle Dusseldorf Kunstverein fur die Rheinlande und Westfalen Society for the Promotion of the Fine Arts Museum Kunstpalast Mahn und Gedenkstatte fur die Opfer des Nationalsozialmus Memorial museum for victims of Nationalsocialism Onomato 88 Polnisches Institut Dusseldorf 89 Puppentheater an der Helmholtzstrasse Rathaus Reinraum e V Verein zur Forderung von Kunst und Kultur Rheinturm Rhine Tower highest building and landmark of Dusseldorf Collegiate Church of St Lambertus de Schiffahrt Museum Schloss Jagerhof Schlossturm Schloss und Park Benrath palace and park of Benrath Stadtbibliothek Stadtmuseum City history museum Statue of Jan Wellem Theatermuseum Dusseldorf Triton Museum Volkshochschule Zakk 90 cultural centre with concerts readings debates and party nbsp Konigsallee Parks and gardens edit Botanischer Garten Dusseldorf a modern botanical garden Hofgarten The Nordpark with the Aquazoo The Sudfriedhof The South Cemetery Volksgarten adjacent to SudparkSports and live events edit nbsp The ISS Dome an ice hockey stadium opened in 2006 nbsp The Merkur Spiel Arena formerly LTU Arena nbsp Logo during Eurovision Song Contest 2011 ESC nbsp Racecourse general view from the east nbsp Main Tribune of the Racecourse for horses Galopprennbahn Dusseldorf Dusseldorf s main football team Fortuna Dusseldorf won the 1933 German championship the German Cup in 1979 and 1980 and were finalists in the European Cup Winners Cup in 1979 They currently play in the 2 Bundesliga after being relegated from the Bundesliga in 2020 They play their matches in the Merkur Spiel Arena formerly known as the ESPIRIT arena a multi functional stadium with a capacity of 54 500 Dusseldorf was one of nine host cities for the 1974 FIFA World Cup and will be one of ten venues to stage the 2024 UEFA European Championship The Rochusclub Dusseldorf has hosted the tennis World Team Cup from 1978 till 2012 91 Dusseldorf also held the Grand Depart for the Tour de France in July 2017 92 Other sports in Dusseldorf are ice hockey the Dusseldorfer EG which play in the PSD Bank Dome and American football The Dusseldorf Panther are one of the most successful teams in Germany with six German Bowl titles and the Eurobowl victory in 1995 In addition the Junior Team is the most successful youth department in Germany with fifteen Junior Bowl victories Rhine Fire Dusseldorf was an established team of the NFL Europe and won the World Bowl two times in 1998 and 2000 Dusseldorf has a successful rugby union team Dusseldorf Dragons who as of 2017 18 play in the western division of the 2 Bundesliga the second tier of German rugby 93 Table tennis is also played Borussia Dusseldorf the most successful team in Germany with Timo Boll as are handball HSG Dusseldorf basketball Dusseldorf Giants baseball Dusseldorf Senators and dancing Rot Weiss Dusseldorf Dusseldorf also has a Cricket team the Dusseldorf Blackcaps who play in the regional NRW league 94 The city hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 Education editHeinrich Heine University Dusseldorf is located in the southern part of the city It has about 30 000 students and a wide range of subjects in natural sciences mathematics computer sciences philosophy social sciences arts languages medicine pharmacy economy and the law Other academic institutions include the Clara Schumann Musikschule music school the Robert Schumann Hochschule the Kunstakademie Dusseldorf 95 Academy of Fine Arts which is famous for high profile artists like Joseph Beuys Paul Klee Nam June Paik Gerhard Richter the Bechers and Andreas Gursky the Hochschule Dusseldorf 96 University of Applied Sciences the AMD Academy of Fashion and Design 97 the Max Planck Institute for Iron Research 98 the Goethe Institute 99 Verwaltungs und Wirtschafts Akademie Dusseldorf WHU Otto Beisheim School of Management Dusseldorf Campus International primary and secondary schools International School of Dusseldorf Lycee francais de Dusseldorf Japanische Internationale Schule in DusseldorfNotable buildings edit nbsp The Neuer Zollhof at Medienhafen nbsp Kobogen building Rheinturm TV tower the city s landmark 1982 234 m 768 ft since 2004 240 50 m 789 0 ft the lights of which comprise the world s largest digital clock The Frank Gehry designed Neuer Zollhof in the Dusseldorf media harbour The Colorium an 18 storey tower designed by Alsop and Partners also in the Dusseldorf media harbour The Benrather Schloss Benrath palace The Grupello Haus probably designed by the Italian architect Matteo Alberti architect de in 1706 for Duke Johann Wilhelm The Wilhelm Marx House of 1922 24 at twelve storeys high it was Germany s first high rise building The Stahlhof of 1906 the administrative centre of Germany s steel economy until 1945 The Stummhaus of 1925 another early German high rise building Gerresheim Basilica 100 St Suitbertus Dusseldorf Kaiserswerth de 101 Hotel Romischer Kaiser built in 1903 04 DRV Tower 120 metre high 394 ft tower constructed in 1978 GAP 15 an 85 metre high 279 ft building constructed in 2005 near Konigsallee ARAG Tower at 131 m 430 ft in height it is Dusseldorf s highest office building designed by Sir Norman Foster Eight bridges span the Rhine at Dusseldorf they too are city landmarks Eastern pylon of Reisholz Rhine Powerline Crossing an electricity pylon under whose legs runs a rail Johanneskirche DusseldorfNotable places edit nbsp Benrath Palace Corp de Logis Konigsallee a shopping street with luxuries shops Schloss Benrath rococo castle Altstadt Dusseldorf literally old town the historic town centre with the town hall Altes Rathaus from 1573 Nowadays Dusseldorf s entertainment district with hundreds of pubs and restaurants and proverbially known by Germans as the longest bar in the world Dusseldorf Hafen the harbour is a modern build district Kaiserswerth historical district with the ruined castle of Barbarossa Frederick I Holy Roman Emperor Schloss Heltorf the biggest palace in Dusseldorf since 1662 homestead of the noble family Grafen von Spee Hofgarten old city park Schloss Jagerhof an old hunting lodge at the Hofgarten today a Goethe MuseumTwin towns sister cities editSee also List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany Dusseldorf is twinned with 102 nbsp Reading England UK 1988 nbsp Chemnitz Germany 1988 nbsp Haifa Israel 1988 nbsp Warsaw Poland 1989 nbsp Chongqing China 2004 nbsp Palermo Italy 2016 nbsp Chiba Prefecture Japan 2019 nbsp Chernivtsi Ukraine 2022 nbsp Moscow Russia 1992 103 suspended due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 104 Friendship and cooperation edit Dusseldorf also cooperates with 105 nbsp Toulouse France 2003 nbsp Tenerife Spain 2003 nbsp Shenyang China 2004 nbsp Guangzhou China 2006 nbsp Montreal Canada 2015 Notable people editBorn before 1850 edit nbsp Heinrich Heine 1831 nbsp Johann Georg Jacobi Anne Of Cleves 1515 1557 Married to Henry VIII Francois Charles de Velbruck 1719 1784 Prince Bishop of Liege Helena Curtens 1722 1738 last victim of the witch trials in the Lower Rhine Johann Georg Jacobi 1740 1814 writer Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi 1743 1819 philosopher and writer Peter von Cornelius 1783 1867 painter Heinrich Heine 1797 1856 poet and writer Lorenz Clasen 1812 1899 painter Wilhelm Camphausen 1818 1885 painter Louise Strantz 1823 1909 composer and singer Paul von Hatzfeldt 1831 1901 diplomat Anton Josef Reiss 1835 1900 sculptor Eugen Richter 1838 1906 politician and publicist Arnold Forstmann 1842 1914 landscape painter Peter Janssen 1844 1908 painter professor at the Art Academy Karl Rudolf Sohn 1845 1908 painter Felix Klein 1849 1925 mathematician Born 1851 1900 edit nbsp Georg Wenker Georg Wenker 1852 1911 linguist founder of linguistic atlas of the German Reich Wenkeratlas Karl Janssen 1855 1927 sculptor professor at the Art Academy Leopold Graf von Kalckreuth 1855 1928 painter Maria Countess von Kalckreuth 1857 1897 painter Fritz Reiss 1857 1915 lithographer illustrator graphic artist and painter Bruno Schmitz 1858 1916 architect Otto Hupp 1859 1949 signature graphic artist engraver Albert Herzfeld 1865 1943 painter and author Agnes Elisabeth Overbeck 1870 1919 composer and pianist Hanns Heinz Ewers 1871 1943 writer and filmmaker Wilhelm Levison 1876 1947 historian Elly Ney 1882 1968 world famous concert pianist Carl Maria Weber 1890 1953 writer Willy Reetz 1892 1963 painter Dusseldorf School Hermann Knufken 1893 1976 marine soldier revolutionary union activist resistance fighter and secret agent Ludwig Gehre 1895 1945 officer and resistance fighter Hans Globke 1898 1973 jurist National Socialist from 1949 Assistant Secretary then Secretary of State in the Federal Chancellery 1953 1963 Karl von Appen 1900 1981 stage designer Born after 1900 edit nbsp Helmut Kautner 1960 Max Lorenz 1901 1975 tenor Joseph H Heinen 1903 1981 founder Heinen s Grocery Stores Cleveland Ohio Toni Ulmen 1906 1976 motorcycle and car race driver Karl Pschigode 1907 1971 actor and theatre director Helmut Kautner 1908 1980 film director and actor Hilarius Gilges 1909 1933 Afro German actor victim of Nazism Ernst Klusen 1909 1988 musicologist Luise Rainer 1910 2014 actress Josef Peters 1914 2001 racing driver Ursula Benser 1915 2001 painter Fred Beckey 1923 2017 rock climber mountaineer author Jurgen Habermas born 1929 philosopher and sociologist Carl Ludwig Wagner 1930 2012 politician CDU Wim Wenders born 1945 filmmaker playwright author Carmen Thomas born 1946 journalist radio and television presenter author and lecturer Marius Muller Westernhagen born 1948 actor and musician Heiner Koch born 1954 Roman Catholic bishop Andreas Gursky born 1955 photographer Bettina Bottinger born 1956 TV presenter Birgitt Bender born 1956 politician The Greens Member of Landtag and Bundestag Tommi Stumpff born 1958 musician Bettina Hoffmann born 1959 musician and musicologist Andreas Frege born 1962 Campino singer in the band Die Toten Hosen Rene Obermann born 1963 manager husband of Maybrit Illner Jorg Schmadtke born 1964 football manager Andre Olbrich born 1967 guitarist in the band Blind Guardian Michael Preetz born 1967 footballer Svenja Schulze born 1968 politician SPD Heike Makatsch born 1971 actress and singer Tetsuya Kakihara born 1982 voice actor and singer Erika Ikuta born 1997 Japanese actress a former member of Nogizaka46 Associated with Dusseldorf edit William Thomas Mulvany 1806 1885 in Dusseldorf entrepreneur Robert Schumann 1810 1856 composer 1850 1854 urban music director in Dusseldorf Alfred Rethel 1816 1859 in Dusseldorf history painter Christian Eduard Boettcher 1818 1889 painter who lived worked and died in Dusseldorf Clara Schumann 1819 1896 pianist and composer wife of Robert Schumann frequent host of Johannes Brahms in Dusseldorf 1850 1854 Emanuel Leutze 1824 1868 painter Dusseldorf School Louise Dumont 1862 1932 in Dusseldorf actress and 1904 founder of the Schauspielhaus Dusseldorf Johanna Mother Ey 1864 1947 in Dusseldorf gallery owner Peter Behrens 1868 1940 architect and director of the Dusseldorf Art Academy Wilhelm Kreis 1873 1955 architect and director of the School of Applied Arts Dusseldorf Peter Kurten 1883 1931 called The Vampire of Dusseldorf committed in Dusseldorf during the period between February and November 1929 series of sexual homicides Adolf Uzarski 1885 1970 in Dusseldorf writer painter and graphic artist Emil Fahrenkamp 1885 1966 architect and director of Dusseldorf Art Academy 1937 1945 Betty Knox 1906 1963 dancer with variety act Wilson Keppel and Betty and war correspondent She lived in the city during her later years and died there 106 Ernest Martin born 1932 theatre director theatre manager and actor in DusseldorfSee also edit nbsp Germany portal nbsp Europe portal nbsp Geography portal Japan Day in Dusseldorf OPENCities 2017 Dusseldorf axe attackReferences edit Ripuarian dialects are only spoken in the very south of the city south of the Benrath line after Berlin Hamburg Munich Cologne Frankfurt and Stuttgart From north to south Kittelbach Nordliche Dussel Sudliche Dussel Bruckerbach Wahlergebnisse in NRW Kommunalwahlen 2020 Archived 17 May 2022 at the Wayback Machine Land Nordrhein Westfalen accessed 19 June 2021 Amt fur Statistik und Wahlen Demografie Monitoring Dusseldorf 2013 bis 2018 in German Archived from the original PDF on 21 January 2010 Retrieved 7 March 2019 Bevolkerung der Gemeinden Nordrhein Westfalens am 31 Dezember 2022 Fortschreibung des Bevolkerungsstandes auf Basis des Zensus vom 9 Mai 2011 in German Landesbetrieb Information und Technik NRW Retrieved 20 June 2023 Dusseldorf Collins English Dictionary HarperCollins Archived from the original on 1 March 2019 Retrieved 2 February 2023 Dusseldorf Merriam Webster com Dictionary Retrieved 2 February 2023 Dusseldorf Definition amp Meaning Dictionary com Archived from the original on 3 February 2023 Retrieved 2 February 2023 1 525 029 inhabitants for the Dusseldorf Larger Urban Zone Mercer s 2011 Quality of Living survey highlights Global Mercer 15 June 2011 Archived from the original on 13 May 2011 Retrieved 15 June 2011 Woolsey Matt 28 April 2009 World s 20 Best Places To Live Forbes com Archived from the original on 8 November 2017 Retrieved 26 August 2017 Communla Administration of Dusseldorf 28 of July 2008 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 6 August 2009 Retrieved 16 April 2010 Immobilien Zeitung Mehr Raume fur die grosse Modenschau vom 28 August 2008 1 March 2009 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 18 July 2011 Retrieved 16 April 2010 Cushman amp Wakefield European Cities Monitor PDF Archived from the original PDF on 4 May 2012 Retrieved 4 June 2011 Messe Dusseldorf Annual Report PDF Archived from the original PDF on 13 July 2011 Retrieved 4 June 2011 2010 survey by Jones Lang LaSalle Archived 24 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine accessed 8 December 2014 in German Weidenhaupt Hugo Kleine Geschichte der Stadt Dusseldorf Triltsch Verlag Dusseldorf 1979 ISBN 3 7998 0000 X in German Jorg Nimmergut Historische Wertpapiere Sinnvoll sammeln garantiert gewinnen p 144 145 ISBN 3894410426 Madison Rodney 2005 Air Warfare Strategic Bombing The Encyclopedia of World War I A Political Social and Military History Vol 1 Santa Barbara ABC CLIO pp 45 46 ISBN 1851094202 Tilford Earl H Jr 1996 Air Warfare Strategic Bombing The European Powers in the First World War An Encyclopedia Santa Barbara ABC CLIO pp 13 15 ISBN 0 81533 351 X Birchall Ian H Pierre Broue Brian Pearce The German Revolution 1917 1923 p 278 Strafgefangnis und Untersuchungshaftanstalt Dusseldorf Derendorf Bundesarchiv de in German Retrieved 31 March 2024 Megargee Geoffrey P 2009 The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933 1945 Volume I Indiana University Press United States Holocaust Memorial Museum pp 330 336 ISBN 978 0 253 35328 3 Lager fur Sinti und Roma Dusseldorf Bundesarchiv de in German Retrieved 31 March 2024 Israel National News 1 August 2021 Archived from the original on 3 August 2021 Retrieved 3 August 2021 Stanton Shelby World War II Order of Battle An Encyclopedic Reference to U S Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division 1939 1946 Revised Edition 2006 Stackpole Books p 174 Dusseldorf Germany Koppen Climate Classification Weatherbase Weatherbase Archived from the original on 8 March 2021 Retrieved 13 November 2018 Bezirksregierung Dusseldorf Luftreinhalteplan 2004 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 22 September 2006 Retrieved 1 June 2016 Klimaatlas NRW 1989 Der Minister fur Umwelt Raumordnung und Landwirtschaft des Landes Nordrhein Westfalens Dusseldorf Dusseldorf Climate Normals 1991 2020 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Archived from the original on 16 September 2023 Retrieved 16 September 2023 Monatswerte Dusseldorf Deutscher Wetterdienst 2020 Archived from the original on 28 September 2023 Retrieved 14 December 2020 IT NRW Statistisches Landesamt Nordrhein Westfalen Landesbetrieb IT NRW Archived from the original on 16 June 2019 Retrieved 16 July 2019 Statistische Informationen PDF Amt 12 Archived PDF from the original on 23 April 2022 Retrieved 20 June 2018 Statistische Informationen PDF Amt 12 Archived PDF from the original on 23 April 2022 Retrieved 20 June 2018 Statistische Informationen PDF Amt 12 Archived PDF from the original on 23 April 2022 Retrieved 20 June 2018 Statistische Informationen PDF Amt 12 Archived PDF from the original on 9 June 2022 Retrieved 20 June 2018 Statistische Informationen PDF Amt 12 Archived PDF from the original on 23 April 2022 Retrieved 20 June 2018 Statistische Informationen PDF Amt 12 Archived PDF from the original on 27 March 2022 Retrieved 20 June 2018 Statistische Informationen PDF Amt 12 Archived PDF from the original on 23 April 2022 Retrieved 20 June 2018 EU Auslander in Duesseldorf PDF Archived PDF from the original on 20 January 2022 Retrieved 20 June 2018 Amtliche Bevolkerungszahlen Information und Technik Nordrhein Westfalen Archived from the original on 14 July 2016 Retrieved 6 October 2017 Statistisches Jahrbuch der Landeshauptstadt Dusseldorf Bevolkerung nach Nationalitat PDF Duesseldorf de Archived PDF from the original on 25 March 2018 Retrieved 13 July 2017 a b Japanese Dusseldorf VirtualTourist com 11 February 2003 Archived from the original on 19 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Wayback Machine Landeshauptstadt Dusseldorf Retrieved 3 November 2022 in German Strengthening the IT and digital location Three Chinese tech corporations move to North Rhine Westphalia www nrwinvest com Archived from the original on 14 August 2020 Retrieved 8 June 2020 Kontakt Archived from the original on 6 June 2000 Retrieved 30 March 2017 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link LTU International retrieved 21 June 2009 Modemetropole Mit Internationalem Chic PDF Archived from the original PDF on 9 August 2007 Retrieved 6 December 2014 Finke Tobias Rafael 2016 Deutschland deine Finanzplatze Die Bank Zeitschrift fur Bankpolitik und Praxis 8 18 22 Regionalreport uber Beschaftigte Kreise und Agenturen fur Arbeit 2019 Archived from the original on 2 November 2019 Retrieved 2 November 2019 Garry Movie theatres and cinemas showing original language films and movies OV OmU in Dusseldorf on Amazing Dusseldorf Amazing Capitals www amazingcapitals com Archived from the original on 9 October 2016 Retrieved 9 November 2016 derwesten de DerWesten 8 September 2021 Grosste Flughafen in Deutschland DAS sind die Airports mit den meisten Passagieren in der Bundesrepublik www derwesten de in German Archived from the original on 27 July 2022 Retrieved 27 July 2022 Landeshauptstadt Dusseldorf Verordnung uber die Beforderungsentgelte und Beforderungsbedingungen im Gelegenheitsverkehr mit den in der Landeshauptstadt Dusseldorf zugelassenen Taxen Taxentarifordnung Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 6 November 2015 Verordnung uber die Beforderungsentgelte und Beforderungsbedingungen im Gelegenheitsverkehr mit den in der Landeshauptstadt Dusseldorf zugelassenen Taxen Taxentarifordnung German Dusseldorf Landeshauptstadt CarSharing www duesseldorf de Archived from the original on 28 October 2019 Retrieved 28 October 2019 Unknown Altbier Brauer bund de Archived from the original on 29 April 2007 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of modern electronica The Sydney Morning Herald Retrieved 9 February 2024 Desperately seeking Kraftwerk Archived 26 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine Kraftwerk was so far ahead of its time that the rest of the world spent 25 years inventing new musical genres in an attempt to catch up Another famous Synth pop band to come from the city was Propaganda House techno hip hop trip hop synth pop trance electroclash Kraftwerk s influence looms over all of them It s difficult to imagine what rock and pop music would sound like today if Kraftwerk had never existed The Guardian 24 July 2003 accessed 8 December 2014 Strong Martin Charles 2002 The Great Rock Discography Canongate p 687 ISBN 978 1 84195 312 0 Neu Biography amp History AllMusic AllMusic Archived from the original on 5 May 2019 Retrieved 5 January 2017 Verkaufs und Modewoche Dusseldorf source Der Spiegel 2 1950 Archived 24 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine Fashion Schools www duesseldorf tourismus de Archived from the original on 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Incorporated 2010 p 1427 Benutzername E Mail 7 December 2011 Dusseldorf vergibt Kulturpreise Rp online de Archived from the original on 28 September 2023 Retrieved 8 December 2014 a b c d e Giving beer a home in the Rhineland The Local 28 July 2011 Archived from the original on 28 October 2011 Retrieved 28 July 2011 File Dusseldorf AquaZoo Entrance jpg Wikimedia Commons Commons wikimedia org 31 July 2010 Archived from the original on 23 April 2014 Retrieved 17 August 2014 File Dusseldorf Tv Tower2 JPG Wikimedia Commons Commons wikimedia org 20 August 2010 Archived from the original on 28 September 2023 Retrieved 17 August 2014 Filmmuseum Duesseldorf de Archived from the original on 28 September 2011 Retrieved 8 December 2014 iks medienarchiv de iks medienarchiv de Archived from the original on 28 September 2023 Retrieved 8 December 2014 Julia Stoschek Collection Archived 10 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine KAI 10 Raum fur Kunst Kaistrasse10 de Archived from the original on 20 December 2014 Retrieved 8 December 2014 Kulturbahnhof Eller Kultur bahnhof eller de Archived from the original on 17 December 2014 Retrieved 8 December 2014 KIT Kunst im tunnel de Archived from the original on 18 September 2013 Retrieved 8 December 2014 onomato kunstlerverein Onomato verein de Archived from the original on 25 June 2012 Retrieved 8 December 2014 Polnisches Institut Dusseldorf Polnisches institut de Archived from the original on 28 September 2023 Retrieved 8 December 2014 zakk Zakk de Archived from the original on 16 December 2014 Retrieved 8 December 2014 Tennis ATP fuhrt World Team Cup wieder ein RP ONLINE in German July 2018 Archived from the original on 28 November 2019 Retrieved 28 November 2019 Site officiel du Tour de France 2018 www letour com Archived from the original on 5 October 2017 Retrieved 29 July 2018 RugbyWeb Spielplane BL2W RugbyWeb de Archived from the original on 26 January 2018 Retrieved 26 January 2018 Official Homepage Dusseldorf Blackcaps Archived from 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Archived from the original on 27 June 2018 Retrieved 12 February 2021 Moskau duesseldorf de in German Dusseldorf Archived from the original on 14 March 2019 Retrieved 12 February 2021 Konsequenzen fur die Stadtepartnerschaft mit Moskau duesseldorf de in German Dusseldorf Archived from the original on 28 March 2022 Retrieved 12 February 2021 Stadtefreundschaften amp Kooperationen duesseldorf de in German Dusseldorf Archived from the original on 1 May 2021 Retrieved 12 February 2021 Wilson Keppel and Betty Curios That s Entertainment Archived from the original on 21 May 2018 Retrieved 20 May 2018 Bibliography editSee also Bibliography of the history of DusseldorfExternal links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dusseldorf nbsp Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Dusseldorf Dusseldorf Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 8 11th ed 1911 Wikidus de The Wiki for Dusseldorf Dusseldorf Official website visitduesseldorf de Official Dusseldorf Tourist Board dusseldorf guide Archived 1 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine Unofficial Dusseldorf Guide Dusseldorf City Panoramas Burrying sic the Hoppeditz Carnival in Dusseldorf Archived from the original on 13 January 2007 Retrieved 13 March 2006 The Lost City WW2 Bomb Damage 1942 3 Portal nbsp North Rhine Westphalia Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Dusseldorf amp oldid 1221823419, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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