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Sinti

January 09, 2023

For the Thracian people of antiquity, see Sintians.
Not to be confused with Sindhis an ethnic group in South Asia.

The Sinti (also Sinta or Sinte; masc. sing. Sinto; fem. sing. Sintesa) are a subgroup of Romani people mostly found in Germany and Central Europe that number around 200,000 people.[2][1][3] They were traditionally itinerant, but today only a small percentage of Sinti remain unsettled. In earlier times, they frequently lived on the outskirts of communities. The Sinti of Central Europe (mostly Germany) are closely related to the group known as Manouche in France.[4] They speak the Sinti-Manouche variety of Romani, which exhibits strong German influence.[1][4] The origin of the Sinti people, as with the broader Romani people, lies generally in the Indian subcontinent; while people from the western Indian subcontinent's region of Sindh were mentioned in 1100 by the Arab chronicler Meidani, it is unclear if the Sindhi people are the ancestors of modern-day Sinti, though what is clear is that the Sinti, as with other Romani people, generally originate in the northern Indian subcontinent.[5][6]

Sinti
Total population
≈ 200,000[1]
Languages
Sinte Romani
Related ethnic groups
other Indo-Aryan peoples
Sinti people in Rhine Province, Germany 1935.

Etymology and origin

The origin of the name is disputed.[7] Scholar Jan Kochanowski, and many Sinti themselves, believed it derives from Sindhi, the name of a people of Sindh in medieval India (a region now in southeast Pakistan).[5][8] Scholar Yaron Matras argued that "Sinti" is a later term in use by the Sinti from only the 18th century on, and is likely a European loanword.[9][8] Romani linguist Ronald Lee stated that the name's origin probably lies in the German word 'Reisende' ('travellers').[10]

A recent study by Estonian and Indian researchers found genetic similarities between European Romani men and Indian men in their sample.[11] Linguist N.B.G. Kazi stated that all Romani people are from Sindh.[12]

History

The Sinti are a subgroup of Romani people mostly found in Germany.[2] They arrived in Austria and Germany in the Late Middle Ages as part of the Romani emigration from the Indian Subcontinent,[13] eventually splitting into two groups: Eftavagarja ("the Seven Caravans") and Estraxarja ("from Austria").[14] They arrived in Germany before 1540.[15] The two groups expanded, the Eftavagarja into France, Portugal and Brazil, where they are called "Manouches", and the Estraxarja into Italy and Central Europe, mainly what are now Croatia, Slovenia, Hungary, Romania, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, eventually adopting various regional names.[16]

The Holocaust

 
Johann Trollmann, a German Sinti boxer, 1928
Main article: Romani genocide

The Sinti migrated to Germany in the early 15th century. Despite their long presence, they were still generally regarded as beggars and thieves, and, by 1899, the police kept a central register on Sinti, Roma, and Yenish peoples. Nazi Germany considered them racially inferior (see Nazism and race), and persecuted them throughout Germany during the Nazi period – the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 often being interpreted to apply to them as well as the Jews.[17]

Adolf Eichmann recommended that Nazi Germany solve the "Gypsy Question" simultaneously with the Jewish Question, resulting in the deportation of the Sinti to clear room to build homes for ethnic Germans.[18] Some were sent to Poland, or elsewhere (including some deported to Yugoslavia by the Hamburg Police in 1939[19]) others were confined to designated areas, and many were eventually murdered in gas chambers.[20] Many Sinti and Roma were taken to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where they were put in a special section, called the "gypsy camp". Josef Mengele often performed some of his infamous experiments on Sinti and Roma. On 2 August 1944 the "gypsy camp" was closed, and approximately 4,000 Sinti and Roma were gassed during the night of 2–3 August and burnt in the crematoria. 2 August is commemorated as Roma and Sinti Holocaust Remembrance Day.[21]

 
Memorial in Nuremberg opposite Frauentorgraben 49, where on the 15 September 1935 the Nuremberg Laws were adopted in the ballroom of the Industrial & Cultural Association clubhouse

In the concentration camps, the Sinti were forced to wear either a black triangle, indicating their classification as "asocial",[22] or a brown triangle, specifically reserved for Sinti, Roma, and Yenish peoples.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Grimes, Barbara F. (May 2003). "Central Indo-Aryan Languages". In Frawley, William (ed.). International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). New York City: Oxford University Press. p. 295. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195139778.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-513977-8.
  2. ^ a b Kalaydjieva, Luba; Gresham, David; Calafell, Francesc (2 April 2001). "Genetic studies of the Roma (Gypsies): A Review". BioMed Central Medical Genetics. 2 (5): 5. doi:10.1186/1471-2350-2-5. PMC 31389. PMID 11299048. Individual groups can be classified into major metagroups: the Roma of East European extraction; the Sinti in Germany and Manouches in France and Catalonia; the Kaló in Spain, Ciganos in Portugal and Gitans of southern France; and the Romanichals of Britain.
  3. ^ Hübshmanová, Milena (2003). "Roma—Sub Ethnic Groups". Uni-Graz.at. University of Graz.
  4. ^ a b Margalit, Gilad; Matras, Yaron (2007). "Gypsies in Germany-German Gypsies? Identity and Politics of Sinti and Roma in Germany". In Stauber, Roni; Vago, Raphael (eds.). The Roma: A Minority in Europe: Historical, Political and Social Perspectives. Budapest: Central European University Press. pp. 103–116. ISBN 978-1-4294-6253-2. OCLC 191940451.
  5. ^ a b Kenrick, Donald (2004). Gypsies: From the Ganges to the Thames. University Of Hertfordshire Press. p. 27. ISBN 1902806239.
  6. ^ Sturman, Janet (26 February 2019). The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Music and Culture. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-5063-5337-1. The ancestors of today's 12 to 15 million Roma came from India about 1,000 years ago, and their descendants eventually mirgrated to six continents. The Romanic langauge language is most closely related to Punjabi and Hindi and is still spoken by millions of Roma and Sinti (Romani people of Central Europe).
  7. ^ Stauber, Roni; Vago, Raphael (January 1, 2007). The Roma: a Minority in Europe: Historical, Political and Social Perspectives. Central European University Press. ISBN 978-963-7326-86-8. Already in 18th and 19th century scholarly discussions, the name 'Sinti' was associated occasionally with that of the Indian province of Sindh. There is, in fact, no connection at all. The word 'Sinti' has the inflection typical of a European loanword in Romani, and cannot have been part of the original Indian vocabulary of the language. The fact that it is found solely among Romani speakers in Germany and neighboring regions and only more recent sources, suggests that it is a later borrowing into this specific dialect of Romanic, and was not part of the language in pre-European times.
  8. ^ a b Matras, Yaron (2004). "The Role of Language in Mystifying and Demystifying Gypsy Identity". In Saul, Nicholas; Tebbut, Susan (eds.). The Role of the Romanies. Liverpool University Press. p. 70. ISBN 9780853236795.
  9. ^ Margalit, Gilad; Matras, Yaron (2007). "Gypsies in Germany-German Gypsies? Identity and Politics of Sinti and Roma in German". In Stauber, Roni; Vago, Raphael (eds.). The Roma: A Minority in Europe: Historical, Political and Social Perspectives. Budapest: Central European University Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-4294-6253-2. OCLC 191940451. [U]p to the late 18th century the Sinti referred to themselves as ‘Kale’ (lit. ‘blacks’). The term ‘Sinti’ or ‘Sinte’ (see below) may be found in 18th and 19th century linguistic documentation alongside ‘Kale,’ and appears to have been borrowed from the secret vocabulary of the Yenish travelers, perhaps because of its usefulness in concealing ethnic identity. Only toward the late 19th century does the self-appellation ‘Sinti’ replace ‘Kale’ entirely in Germany.
  10. ^ ""A New Look at Our Romani Origins and Diaspora" by Ronald Lee | Kopachi.com". Retrieved 2022-07-14.
  11. ^ Nelson, Dean (3 December 2012). "European Roma descended from Indian 'untouchables', genetic study shows". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
  12. ^ "Gypsies hail from Sindh, claims Dr.Kazi". Pakistan: Dawn. 25 September 2006.
  13. ^ "Europe invented 'gypsies,' says German author". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
  14. ^ Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft: Sonderheft. 1993. ISBN 978-3-85124-165-5.
  15. ^ Nicholas Saul, Susan Tebbutt, p. 182
  16. ^ Szombati, Kristóf (June 12, 2018). The Revolt of the Provinces: Anti-Gypsyism and Right-Wing Politics in Hungary. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-78533-897-7 – via Google Books.
  17. ^ "Targeting the Sinti and Roma". Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  18. ^ Burleigh, The Racial State, p. 122.
  19. ^ Michael Burleigh and Wolfgang Wipperman, The Racial State: Germany 1933–1945 (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 117.
  20. ^ Davis, Mark (5 May 2015). "How World War II shaped modern Germany". euronews.
  21. ^ "European Roma Holocaust Memorial Day: Statement by President von der Leyen, Vice-President Jourová and Commissioner Dalli". European Commission. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  22. ^ Shapiro, Paul A.; Ehrenreich, Robert M. (2002). "brown+triangle" Roma and Sinti: under-studied victims of Nazism: symposium proceedings. Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. p. 24. Retrieved 2010-06-26.

Bibliography

  • Susan Tebbutt, Nicholas Saul; Tebbutt, Susan (2004). The role of the Romanies : images and counter-images of 'Gypsies'/Romanies in European cultures. Liverpool: Liverpool Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-85323-679-5.

Further reading

  • Walter Winter, Struan Robertson (translator). Winter Time: Memoirs of a German Who Survived Auschwitz. Hertfordshire Publications, (2004), ISBN 1-902806-38-7.
    • Reviewed by Emma Brockes "We had the same pain" in The Guardian November 29, 2004.

Sinti and Roma: Gypsies in German-speaking Society and Literature

Sinti and Roma: Legal Status and Perspectives for a European Minority

Roma in Europe: The Politics of Collective Identity Formation

External links

  •   Media related to Roma people at Wikimedia Commons
  • Non-Jewish Victims of Persecution in Nazi Germany on the Yad Vashem website
  • Wege nach Ravensbrück (Ravensbrück concentration camp: Memories of surviving female Sinti) (in German)
  • F. N. Finck, Lehrbuch des Dialekts der deutschen Zigeuner (1903) on Internet Archive (in German)

January 09, 2023
sinti, thracian, people, antiquity, confused, with, sindhis, ethnic, group, south, asia, this, article, expanded, with, text, translated, from, corresponding, article, german, click, show, important, translation, instructions, machine, translation, like, deepl. For the Thracian people of antiquity see Sintians Not to be confused with Sindhis an ethnic group in South Asia This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in German Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 9 806 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at de Sinti see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated de Sinti to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation The Sinti also Sinta or Sinte masc sing Sinto fem sing Sintesa are a subgroup of Romani people mostly found in Germany and Central Europe that number around 200 000 people 2 1 3 They were traditionally itinerant but today only a small percentage of Sinti remain unsettled In earlier times they frequently lived on the outskirts of communities The Sinti of Central Europe mostly Germany are closely related to the group known as Manouche in France 4 They speak the Sinti Manouche variety of Romani which exhibits strong German influence 1 4 The origin of the Sinti people as with the broader Romani people lies generally in the Indian subcontinent while people from the western Indian subcontinent s region of Sindh were mentioned in 1100 by the Arab chronicler Meidani it is unclear if the Sindhi people are the ancestors of modern day Sinti though what is clear is that the Sinti as with other Romani people generally originate in the northern Indian subcontinent 5 6 SintiTotal population 200 000 1 LanguagesSinte RomaniRelated ethnic groupsother Indo Aryan peoplesSinti people in Rhine Province Germany 1935 Contents 1 Etymology and origin 2 History 2 1 The Holocaust 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 Further reading 7 External linksEtymology and origin EditThe origin of the name is disputed 7 Scholar Jan Kochanowski and many Sinti themselves believed it derives from Sindhi the name of a people of Sindh in medieval India a region now in southeast Pakistan 5 8 Scholar Yaron Matras argued that Sinti is a later term in use by the Sinti from only the 18th century on and is likely a European loanword 9 8 Romani linguist Ronald Lee stated that the name s origin probably lies in the German word Reisende travellers 10 A recent study by Estonian and Indian researchers found genetic similarities between European Romani men and Indian men in their sample 11 Linguist N B G Kazi stated that all Romani people are from Sindh 12 History EditThe Sinti are a subgroup of Romani people mostly found in Germany 2 They arrived in Austria and Germany in the Late Middle Ages as part of the Romani emigration from the Indian Subcontinent 13 eventually splitting into two groups Eftavagarja the Seven Caravans and Estraxarja from Austria 14 They arrived in Germany before 1540 15 The two groups expanded the Eftavagarja into France Portugal and Brazil where they are called Manouches and the Estraxarja into Italy and Central Europe mainly what are now Croatia Slovenia Hungary Romania the Czech Republic and Slovakia eventually adopting various regional names 16 The Holocaust Edit Johann Trollmann a German Sinti boxer 1928 Main article Romani genocide The Sinti migrated to Germany in the early 15th century Despite their long presence they were still generally regarded as beggars and thieves and by 1899 the police kept a central register on Sinti Roma and Yenish peoples Nazi Germany considered them racially inferior see Nazism and race and persecuted them throughout Germany during the Nazi period the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 often being interpreted to apply to them as well as the Jews 17 Adolf Eichmann recommended that Nazi Germany solve the Gypsy Question simultaneously with the Jewish Question resulting in the deportation of the Sinti to clear room to build homes for ethnic Germans 18 Some were sent to Poland or elsewhere including some deported to Yugoslavia by the Hamburg Police in 1939 19 others were confined to designated areas and many were eventually murdered in gas chambers 20 Many Sinti and Roma were taken to Auschwitz Birkenau where they were put in a special section called the gypsy camp Josef Mengele often performed some of his infamous experiments on Sinti and Roma On 2 August 1944 the gypsy camp was closed and approximately 4 000 Sinti and Roma were gassed during the night of 2 3 August and burnt in the crematoria 2 August is commemorated as Roma and Sinti Holocaust Remembrance Day 21 Memorial in Nuremberg opposite Frauentorgraben 49 where on the 15 September 1935 the Nuremberg Laws were adopted in the ballroom of the Industrial amp Cultural Association clubhouse In the concentration camps the Sinti were forced to wear either a black triangle indicating their classification as asocial 22 or a brown triangle specifically reserved for Sinti Roma and Yenish peoples Deportation of Sinti and Roma in Asperg 22 May 1940 Memorial for murdered Sinti in Dusseldorf Lierenfeld Ravensburg Memorial for Sinti murdered in AuschwitzSee also EditHistory of the Romani people Romani people by country Sindhi diaspora Sinte Romani language Antiziganism Romani people in Germany Romani people in AustriaReferences Edit a b c Grimes Barbara F May 2003 Central Indo Aryan Languages In Frawley William ed International Encyclopedia of Linguistics Vol 1 2nd ed New York City Oxford University Press p 295 doi 10 1093 acref 9780195139778 001 0001 ISBN 978 0 19 513977 8 a b Kalaydjieva Luba Gresham David Calafell Francesc 2 April 2001 Genetic studies of the Roma Gypsies A Review BioMed Central Medical Genetics 2 5 5 doi 10 1186 1471 2350 2 5 PMC 31389 PMID 11299048 Individual groups can be classified into major metagroups the Roma of East European extraction the Sinti in Germany and Manouches in France and Catalonia the Kalo in Spain Ciganos in Portugal and Gitans of southern France and the Romanichals of Britain Hubshmanova Milena 2003 Roma Sub Ethnic Groups Uni Graz at University of Graz a b Margalit Gilad Matras Yaron 2007 Gypsies in Germany German Gypsies Identity and Politics of Sinti and Roma in Germany In Stauber Roni Vago Raphael eds The Roma A Minority in Europe Historical Political and Social Perspectives Budapest Central European University Press pp 103 116 ISBN 978 1 4294 6253 2 OCLC 191940451 a b Kenrick Donald 2004 Gypsies From the Ganges to the Thames University Of Hertfordshire Press p 27 ISBN 1902806239 Sturman Janet 26 February 2019 The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Music and Culture SAGE Publications ISBN 978 1 5063 5337 1 The ancestors of today s 12 to 15 million Roma came from India about 1 000 years ago and their descendants eventually mirgrated to six continents The Romanic langauge language is most closely related to Punjabi and Hindi and is still spoken by millions of Roma and Sinti Romani people of Central Europe Stauber Roni Vago Raphael January 1 2007 The Roma a Minority in Europe Historical Political and Social Perspectives Central European University Press ISBN 978 963 7326 86 8 Already in 18th and 19th century scholarly discussions the name Sinti was associated occasionally with that of the Indian province of Sindh There is in fact no connection at all The word Sinti has the inflection typical of a European loanword in Romani and cannot have been part of the original Indian vocabulary of the language The fact that it is found solely among Romani speakers in Germany and neighboring regions and only more recent sources suggests that it is a later borrowing into this specific dialect of Romanic and was not part of the language in pre European times a b Matras Yaron 2004 The Role of Language in Mystifying and Demystifying Gypsy Identity In Saul Nicholas Tebbut Susan eds The Role of the Romanies Liverpool University Press p 70 ISBN 9780853236795 Margalit Gilad Matras Yaron 2007 Gypsies in Germany German Gypsies Identity and Politics of Sinti and Roma in German In Stauber Roni Vago Raphael eds The Roma A Minority in Europe Historical Political and Social Perspectives Budapest Central European University Press p 105 ISBN 978 1 4294 6253 2 OCLC 191940451 U p to the late 18th century the Sinti referred to themselves as Kale lit blacks The term Sinti or Sinte see below may be found in 18th and 19th century linguistic documentation alongside Kale and appears to have been borrowed from the secret vocabulary of the Yenish travelers perhaps because of its usefulness in concealing ethnic identity Only toward the late 19th century does the self appellation Sinti replace Kale entirely in Germany A New Look at Our Romani Origins and Diaspora by Ronald Lee Kopachi com Retrieved 2022 07 14 Nelson Dean 3 December 2012 European Roma descended from Indian untouchables genetic study shows Telegraph co uk Retrieved 15 December 2017 Gypsies hail from Sindh claims Dr Kazi Pakistan Dawn 25 September 2006 Europe invented gypsies says German author Deutsche Welle Retrieved 15 March 2014 Innsbrucker Beitrage zur Kulturwissenschaft Sonderheft 1993 ISBN 978 3 85124 165 5 Nicholas Saul Susan Tebbutt p 182 Szombati Kristof June 12 2018 The Revolt of the Provinces Anti Gypsyism and Right Wing Politics in Hungary Berghahn Books ISBN 978 1 78533 897 7 via Google Books Targeting the Sinti and Roma Retrieved June 13 2021 Burleigh The Racial State p 122 Michael Burleigh and Wolfgang Wipperman The Racial State Germany 1933 1945 Cambridge England Cambridge University Press 2002 117 Davis Mark 5 May 2015 How World War II shaped modern Germany euronews European Roma Holocaust Memorial Day Statement by President von der Leyen Vice President Jourova and Commissioner Dalli European Commission Archived from the original on 26 May 2021 Retrieved 22 May 2021 Shapiro Paul A Ehrenreich Robert M 2002 brown triangle Roma and Sinti under studied victims of Nazism symposium proceedings Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies United States Holocaust Memorial Museum p 24 Retrieved 2010 06 26 Bibliography EditSusan Tebbutt Nicholas Saul Tebbutt Susan 2004 The role of the Romanies images and counter images of Gypsies Romanies in European cultures Liverpool Liverpool Univ Press ISBN 978 0 85323 679 5 Further reading Edit Walter Winter Struan Robertson translator Winter Time Memoirs of a German Who Survived Auschwitz Hertfordshire Publications 2004 ISBN 1 902806 38 7 Reviewed by Emma Brockes We had the same pain in The Guardian November 29 2004 Sinti and Roma Gypsies in German speaking Society and LiteratureSinti and Roma Legal Status and Perspectives for a European MinorityRoma in Europe The Politics of Collective Identity Formation External links Edit Media related to Roma people at Wikimedia Commons Non Jewish Victims of Persecution in Nazi Germany on the Yad Vashem website Wege nach Ravensbruck Ravensbruck concentration camp Memories of surviving female Sinti in German F N Finck Lehrbuch des Dialekts der deutschen Zigeuner 1903 on Internet Archive in German Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sinti amp oldid 1131328288, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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