COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam

The COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam has resulted in 11,609,878^[1] confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 43,206^[1] deaths. The number of confirmed cases is the highest total in Southeast Asia, and the 13th highest in the world. Hanoi is the most affected locale with 1,609,473 confirmed cases and 1,221 deaths, followed by Ho Chi Minh City with 612,746 cases and 19,984 deaths; however, the Vietnamese Ministry of Health has estimated that the real number of cases may be four to five times higher.^[3][4][5][6]

COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam
Clockwise from top: Two Đà Nẵng CDC medical workers performing COVID-19 tests A policeman putting a mask on a man in Sóc Trăng wholesale market retailers and buyers registering for COVID-19 rapid tests in Lĩnh Nam ward, Hoàng Mai District, Hà Nội PAVN personnel disinfecting Bạch Mai Hospital
Map of cities & provinces with confirmed COVID-19 cases (as of October 31, 2022):   Confirmed 1–49,999   Confirmed 50,000–99,999   Confirmed 100,000–199,999   Confirmed 200,000–499,999   Confirmed ≥ 500,000
Disease	COVID-19
Virus strain	SARS-CoV-2
Location	Vietnam
First outbreak	Wuhan, Hubei, China
Index case	Ho Chi Minh City
Arrival date	23 January 2020 (3 years, 4 months, 1 week and 2 days)
Confirmed cases	11,609,878^[1]
Recovered	11,484,514^[2]
Deaths	43,206^[1]
Fatality rate	0.37%
Vaccinations	90,259,259^[1] (total vaccinated) 85,931,210^[1] (fully vaccinated) 266,312,906^[1] (doses administered)
Government website
covid19.gov.vn ncov.vncdc.gov.vn/viet-nam-full.html (in Vietnamese)

On 31 December 2019, China announced the discovery of a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan. The news of a "strange pneumonia" in China had been circulating on Vietnamese media since the beginning of January 2020.^[7] The virus was first confirmed to have spread to Vietnam on 23 January 2020, when two Chinese people in Ho Chi Minh City tested positive for the virus.^[8][9] Early cases were primarily imported until local transmission began to develop in February and March. Clusters of cases were later detected in Vĩnh Phúc,^[10] Hai Duong Province, and three other major cities, with the first death on 31 July 2020.^[11]

During 2020, the Vietnamese government's efforts to contain the spread of COVID-19 were mostly successful.^[12] The country pursued a zero-COVID strategy, using contact tracing, mass testing, quarantining, and lockdowns to aggressively suppress transmission of the virus. Vietnam suspended the entry of all foreigners from 22 March 2020 until 17 November 2021^[13] to limit the spread of the virus.^[14] The measure did not apply to diplomats, officials, foreign investors, experts, and skilled workers. In January 2021, the government announced a stricter quarantine policy to "protect the country"^{[citation needed]} during the 2021 Lunar New Year. Individuals entering Vietnam had to isolate for at least 14 days if they were unvaccinated, or seven days if they had been fully vaccinated, and were contained in government-funded quarantine facilities.^[15] Specially designated individuals such as diplomats were exempt.^[16][17][18]

Since April 2021, Vietnam has been experiencing its largest outbreak to date, with over 1.2 million infections recorded by November.^[19] This has led to two of its largest cities, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, and around a third of the country's population coming under some form of lockdown by late July.^[20] A shortage of the AstraZeneca vaccine supply in the country,^[21] along with some degree of complacency after successes in previous outbreaks, as well as infections originating from foreign workers, were considered to have contributed to the outbreak. In response, government-mandated quarantine for foreign arrivals and close contacts to confirmed cases were extended to 21 days, and accompanying safety measures were also increased.^[18] The emergence of the Omicron variant brought about a rapid rise in infections in early 2022, although drastically fewer deaths were reported due to high vaccination rates in the country.^[22]

Although the pandemic has heavily disrupted the country's economy,^[23] Vietnam's GDP growth rate has remained one of the highest in the Asia-Pacific Region, at 2.91% in 2020. Due to the more severe impact of the outbreak in 2021, Vietnam's GDP grew at a slower rate, at 2.58%.^[24]

Vaccinations commenced on 8 March 2021^[25] with a total of 200,179,247 administered vaccination doses reported by 12 March 2022.^[3][26] The Vietnamese Ministry of Health has approved the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine, the Sputnik V vaccine, the Sinopharm BIBP vaccine, the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine, the Moderna vaccine, the Janssen vaccine, and the Abdala vaccine.^[27] Vietnam also approved Covaxin from Bharat Biotech.^[28][29] As of 13 March 2022, a total of 221,807,484 doses have arrived in Vietnam.^[3]

Background

New infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, are a significant public-health threat.^[30] Although human coronaviruses (CoVs) were known as major pathogens which caused respiratory illnesses,^[31][32] a new strain of coronavirus known as SARS-CoV caused an epidemic in 29 countries from 2002 to 2004. The outbreak, which infected 8,098 people and caused 774 deaths,^[32] Evidence showed that the virus may have originated from an animal coronavirus that found its way into the human population.^[32][33][34] indicated that animal coronaviruses could be dangerous to humans.^[32]

Although it is still unknown exactly where COVID-19 began, many early cases have been attributed to visitors to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan, Hubei, China.^[35] The earliest known symptomatic person was later discovered to have become ill on 1 December 2019, but that person was apparently unconnected to the later wet-market cluster;^[36] an earlier case possibly occurred on 17 November.^[37][38][39] China reported the cluster on 31 December 2019,^[40] and the World Health Organization (WHO) issued its first report on the outbreak on 5 January 2020.^[41] A week later, the WHO confirmed that a novel coronavirus caused a cluster of respiratory illness reported earlier in Wuhan.^[42][43] On 20 January, the WHO and China confirmed that human-to-human transmission had occurred.^[44] WHO declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on 30 January, saying that its Wuhan investigation was finished and citing mounting evidence that the novel coronavirus had spread to 18 countries.^[45]

Vietnam has a history of managing pandemics: it was the second country (after China) to address the 2002–04 SARS epidemic and, after 63 cases and five deaths, was the first country declared SARS-free by the WHO. In the wake of that epidemic, Vietnam increased investment in its public-health infrastructure, developed a national public-health emergency operations center and a national public-health surveillance system, and maintained systems to collect public data. Since 2016, hospitals are required to report notifiable diseases to a central database within 24 hours so the Ministry of Health can track epidemiological developments nationwide. In collaboration with the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Vietnam implemented an "event-based" surveillance program in 2018 which enables the public to report public-health issues. Officials can identify clusters of people with similar symptoms, which might indicate an outbreak.^[12]

With a population of nearly 100 million and millions of visitors from China, the country's largest trading partner, annually,^{[46][47][48][49]} Vietnam was initially perceived as likely to be hard-hit by the pandemic. When the country recorded its first two cases on 23 January 2020, it was among the first countries affected by COVID-19.^[50] Two weeks later, only 150 cases had been reported outside mainland China; ten were in Vietnam, however, making it one of the top-ten affected countries. By early 2021, Vietnam was one of the countries with the lowest case count and mortality per million inhabitants.^[51]

Epidemiology

Coronavirus pandemic waves in Vietnam^[52]

Wave	Time	No. of cases			Description
		Sum	Domestic	Death
1	23 January – 24 July 2020	415	106	0	The first cases discovered in Ho Chi Minh City were two people from Wuhan (China), the disease then spread in 13 other localities.
2	25 July 2020 – 27 January 2021	1,136	554	35	The epicenter was in Da Nang, the source of infection may be from Hospital C in the city.
3	28 January – 26 April 2021	1,301	910	0	This outbreak started in Hai Duong from a person who was found positive after entering Japan, and the true source of the infection is unknown. The epicenter was in Hai Duong, this local outbreak accounting for nearly 80% of the total number of cases.
4	27 April 2021 – ongoing	11,500,000+	11,500,000+	43,000+	Numerous outbreaks were discovered in all localities. This surge occurred due to the more transmissible Delta variant, Omicron variant and most importantly, the changing of COVID response strategies.^[53]^[54]^[55]^[56]

Timeline

COVID-19 cases in Vietnam  (

• v
• t
• e

)
     Deaths        Recoveries        Active cases

Date			# of cases	# of deaths
2020-01-23			2(n.a.)	0(n.a.)
⋮			2(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-01-28			2(=)	0(n.a.)
⋮			2(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-01-31			5(+3)	0(n.a.)
2020-02-01			6(+1)	0(n.a.)
2020-02-02			7(+1)	0(n.a.)
2020-02-03			8(+1)	0(n.a.)
2020-02-04			10(+2)	0(n.a.)
2020-02-05			10(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-02-06			12(+2)	0(n.a.)
2020-02-07			13(+1)	0(n.a.)
2020-02-08			13(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-02-09			14(+1)	0(n.a.)
2020-02-10			14(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-02-11			15(+1)	0(n.a.)
2020-02-12			15(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-02-13			16(+1)	0(n.a.)
⋮			16(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-02-18			16(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-02-19			16(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-02-20			16(=)	0(n.a.)
⋮			16(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-02-26			16(=)	0(n.a.)
⋮			16(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-03-06			17(+1)	0(n.a.)
2020-03-07			20(+3)	0(n.a.)
2020-03-08			30(+10)	0(n.a.)
2020-03-09			31(+1)	0(n.a.)
2020-03-10			34(+3)	0(n.a.)
2020-03-11			38(+4)	0(n.a.)
2020-03-12			44(+6)	0(n.a.)
2020-03-13			47(+3)	0(n.a.)
2020-03-14			53(+6)	0(n.a.)
2020-03-15			57(+4)	0(n.a.)
2020-03-16			61(+4)	0(n.a.)
2020-03-17			66(+5)	0(n.a.)
2020-03-18			76(+10)	0(n.a.)
2020-03-19			85(+9)	0(n.a.)
2020-03-20			91(+6)	0(n.a.)
2020-03-21			94(+3)	0(n.a.)
2020-03-22			113(+19)	0(n.a.)
2020-03-23			123(+10)	0(n.a.)
2020-03-24			134(+11)	0(n.a.)
2020-03-25			141(+7)	0(n.a.)
2020-03-26			153(+12)	0(n.a.)
2020-03-27			163(+10)	0(n.a.)
2020-03-28			174(+11)	0(n.a.)
2020-03-29			188(+14)	0(n.a.)
2020-03-30			203(+15)	0(n.a.)
2020-03-31			207(+4)	0(n.a.)
2020-04-01			218(+11)	0(n.a.)
2020-04-02			227(+9)	0(n.a.)
2020-04-03			237(+10)	0(n.a.)
2020-04-04			240(+3)	0(n.a.)
2020-04-05			241(+1)	0(n.a.)
2020-04-06			245(+4)	0(n.a.)
2020-04-07			249(+4)	0(n.a.)
2020-04-08			251(+2)	0(n.a.)
2020-04-09			255(+4)	0(n.a.)
2020-04-10			257(+2)	0(n.a.)
2020-04-11			258(+1)	0(n.a.)
2020-04-12			260(+2)	0(n.a.)
2020-04-13			265(+5)	0(n.a.)
2020-04-14			266(+1)	0(n.a.)
2020-04-15			267(+1)	0(n.a.)
2020-04-16			268(+1)	0(n.a.)
2020-04-17			268(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-04-18			268(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-04-19			268(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-04-20			268(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-04-21			268(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-04-22			268(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-04-23			268(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-04-24			270(+2)	0(n.a.)
2020-04-25			270(=)	0(n.a.)
⋮			270(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-05-03			271(+1)	0(n.a.)
2020-05-04			271(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-05-05			271(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-05-06			271(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-05-07			288(+17)	0(n.a.)
2020-05-08			288(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-05-09			288(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-05-10			288(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-05-11			288(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-05-12			288(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-05-13			288(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-05-14			288(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-05-15			313(+25)	0(n.a.)
2020-05-16			318(+5)	0(n.a.)
2020-05-17			320(+2)	0(n.a.)
2020-05-18			324(+4)	0(n.a.)
2020-05-19			324(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-05-20			324(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-05-21			324(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-05-22			324(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-05-23			324(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-05-24			325(+1)	0(n.a.)
2020-05-25			326(+1)	0(n.a.)
2020-05-26			327(+1)	0(n.a.)
2020-05-27			327(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-05-28			327(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-05-29			327(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-05-30			328(+1)	0(n.a.)
2020-05-31			328(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-06-01			328(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-06-02			328(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-06-03			328(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-06-04			328(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-06-05			328(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-06-06			329(+1)	0(n.a.)
2020-06-07			329(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-06-08			332(+3)	0(n.a.)
2020-06-09			332(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-06-10			332(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-06-11			332(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-06-12			333(+1)	0(n.a.)
2020-06-13			334(+1)	0(n.a.)
2020-06-14			334(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-06-15			334(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-06-16			334(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-06-17			335(+1)	0(n.a.)
2020-06-18			342(+7)	0(n.a.)
2020-06-19			349(+7)	0(n.a.)
2020-06-20			349(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-06-21			349(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-06-22			349(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-06-23			349(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-06-24			352(+3)	0(n.a.)
2020-06-25			352(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-06-26			353(+1)	0(n.a.)
2020-06-27			355(+2)	0(n.a.)
2020-06-28			355(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-06-29			355(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-06-30			355(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-07-01			355(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-07-02			355(=)	0(n.a.)
⋮			355(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-07-06			369(+14)	0(n.a.)
2020-07-07			369(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-07-08			369(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-07-09			369(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-07-10			369(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-07-11			370(+1)	0(n.a.)
2020-07-12			372(+2)	0(n.a.)
2020-07-13			372(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-07-14			373(+1)	0(n.a.)
2020-07-15			381(+8)	0(n.a.)
2020-07-16			381(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-07-17			382(+1)	0(n.a.)
2020-07-18			382(=)	0(n.a.)
2020-07-19			383(+1)	0(n.a.)
2020-07-20			384(+1)	0(n.a.)
2020-07-21			396(+12)	0(n.a.)
2020-07-22			408(+12)	0(n.a.)
2020-07-23			412(+4)	0(n.a.)
2020-07-24			413(+1)	0(n.a.)
2020-07-25			417(+4)	0(n.a.)
2020-07-26			420(+3)	0(n.a.)
2020-07-27			431(+11)	0(n.a.)
2020-07-28			438(+7)	0(n.a.)
2020-07-29			450(+12)	0(n.a.)
2020-07-30			464(+14)	0(n.a.)
2020-07-31			546(+82)	2(n.a.)
2020-08-01			586(+40)	3(+1)
2020-08-02			620(+34)	6(+3)
2020-08-03			642(+22)	6(=)
2020-08-04			670(+28)	8(+2)
2020-08-05			713(+43)	8(=)
2020-08-06			747(+34)	10(+2)
2020-08-07			784(+37)	10(=)
2020-08-08			810(+26)	10(=)
2020-08-09			841(+31)	11(+1)
2020-08-10			847(+6)	15(+4)
2020-08-11			863(+16)	16(+1)
2020-08-12			880(+17)	17(+1)
2020-08-13			905(+25)	20(+3)
2020-08-14			929(+24)	21(+1)
2020-08-15			950(+21)	23(+2)
2020-08-16			962(+12)	24(+1)
2020-08-17			976(+14)	24(=)
2020-08-18			989(+13)	25(+1)
2020-08-19			993(+4)	25(=)
2020-08-20			1,007(+14)	25(=)
2020-08-21			1,009(+2)	25(=)
2020-08-22			1,014(+5)	26(+1)
2020-08-23			1,016(+2)	27(+1)
2020-08-24			1,022(+6)	27(=)
2020-08-25			1,029(+7)	27(=)
2020-08-26			1,034(+5)	29(+2)
2020-08-27			1,036(+2)	30(+1)
2020-08-28			1,038(+2)	30(=)
2020-08-29			1,040(+2)	32(+2)
2020-08-30			1,040(=)	32(=)
2020-08-31			1,044(+4)	34(+2)
2020-09-01			1,044(=)	34(=)
2020-09-02			1,046(+2)	34(=)
2020-09-03			1,046(=)	35(+1)
2020-09-04			1,049(+3)	35(=)
2020-09-05			1,049(=)	35(=)
2020-09-06			1,049(=)	35(=)
2020-09-07			1,049(=)	35(=)
2020-09-08			1,054(+5)	35(=)
2020-09-09			1,059(+5)	35(=)
2020-09-10			1,059(=)	35(=)
2020-09-11			1,060(+1)	35(=)
2020-09-12			1,060(=)	35(=)
2020-09-13			1,063(+3)	35(=)
2020-09-14			1,063(=)	35(=)
2020-09-15			1,063(=)	35(=)
2020-09-16			1,063(=)	35(=)
2020-09-17			1,066(+3)	35(=)
2020-09-18			1,068(+2)	35(=)
2020-09-19			1,068(=)	35(=)
2020-09-20			1,068(=)	35(=)
2020-09-21			1,068(=)	35(=)
2020-09-22			1,068(=)	35(=)
2020-09-23			1,069(+1)	35(=)
2020-09-24			1,069(=)	35(=)
2020-09-25			1,069(=)	35(=)
2020-09-26			1,069(=)	35(=)
2020-09-27			1,074(+5)	35(=)
2020-09-28			1,077(+3)	35(=)
2020-09-29			1,094(+17)	35(=)
2020-09-30			1,094(=)	35(=)
2020-10-01			1,095(+1)	35(=)
2020-10-02			1,096(+1)	35(=)
2020-10-03			1,096(=)	35(=)
2020-10-04			1,096(=)	35(=)
2020-10-05			1,097(+1)	35(=)
2020-10-06			1,098(+1)	35(=)
2020-10-07			1,099(+1)	35(=)
2020-10-08			1,100(+1)	35(=)
2020-10-09			1,105(+5)	35(=)
2020-10-10			1,107(+2)	35(=)
2020-10-11			1,109(+2)	35(=)
2020-10-12			1,110(+1)	35(=)
2020-10-13			1,113(+3)	35(=)
2020-10-14			1,122(+9)	35(=)
2020-10-15			1,124(+2)	35(=)
2020-10-16			1,124(=)	35(=)
2020-10-17			1,126(+2)	35(=)
2020-10-18			1,134(+8)	35(=)
2020-10-19			1,140(+6)	35(=)
2020-10-20			1,141(+1)	35(=)
2020-10-21			1,144(+3)	35(=)
2020-10-22			1,148(+4)	35(=)
2020-10-23			1,148(=)	35(=)
2020-10-24			1,160(+12)	35(=)
2020-10-25			1,168(+8)	35(=)
2020-10-26			1,169(+1)	35(=)
2020-10-27			1,172(+3)	35(=)
2020-10-28			1,173(+1)	35(=)
2020-10-29			1,177(+4)	35(=)
2020-10-30			1,177(=)	35(=)
2020-10-31			1,180(+3)	35(=)
2020-11-01			1,180(=)	35(=)
2020-11-02			1,192(+12)	35(=)
2020-11-03			1,202(+10)	35(=)
2020-11-04			1,206(+4)	35(=)
2020-11-05			1,207(+1)	35(=)
2020-11-06			1,212(+5)	35(=)
2020-11-07			1,213(+1)	35(=)
2020-11-08			1,213(=)	35(=)
2020-11-09			1,215(+2)	35(=)
2020-11-10			1,226(+11)	35(=)
2020-11-11			1,252(+26)	35(=)
2020-11-12			1,253(+1)	35(=)
2020-11-13			1,256(+3)	35(=)
2020-11-14			1,256(=)	35(=)
2020-11-15			1,281(+25)	35(=)
2020-11-16			1,283(+2)	35(=)
2020-11-17			1,288(+5)	35(=)
2020-11-18			1,300(+12)	35(=)
2020-11-19			1,304(+4)	35(=)
2020-11-20			1,305(+1)	35(=)
2020-11-21			1,306(+1)	35(=)
2020-11-22			1,307(+1)	35(=)
2020-11-23			1,312(+5)	35(=)
2020-11-24			1,316(+4)	35(=)
2020-11-25			1,321(+5)	35(=)
2020-11-26			1,331(+10)	35(=)
2020-11-27			1,339(+8)	35(=)
2020-11-28			1,341(+2)	35(=)
2020-11-29			1,343(+2)	35(=)
2020-11-30			1,346(+3)	35(=)
2020-12-01			1,351(+5)	35(=)
2020-12-02			1,358(+7)	35(=)
2020-12-03			1,361(+3)	35(=)
2020-12-04			1,361(=)	35(=)
2020-12-05			1,365(+4)	35(=)
2020-12-06			1,366(+1)	35(=)
2020-12-07			1,367(+1)	35(=)
2020-12-08			1,377(+10)	35(=)
2020-12-09			1,381(+4)	35(=)
2020-12-10			1,385(+4)	35(=)
2020-12-11			1,391(+6)	35(=)
2020-12-12			1,395(+4)	35(=)
2020-12-13			1,397(+2)	35(=)
2020-12-14			1,402(+5)	35(=)
2020-12-15			1,405(+3)	35(=)
2020-12-16			1,405(=)	35(=)
2020-12-17			1,407(+2)	35(=)
2020-12-18			1,410(+3)	35(=)
2020-12-19			1,411(+1)	35(=)
2020-12-20			1,413(+2)	35(=)
2020-12-21			1,414(+1)	35(=)
2020-12-22			1,420(+6)	35(=)
2020-12-23			1,421(+1)	35(=)
2020-12-24			1,433(+12)	35(=)
2020-12-25			1,439(+6)	35(=)
2020-12-26			1,440(+1)	35(=)
2020-12-27			1,441(+1)	35(=)
2020-12-28			1,451(+10)	35(=)
2020-12-29			1,454(+3)	35(=)
2020-12-30			1,456(+2)	35(=)
2020-12-31			1,465(+9)	35(=)
2021-01-01			1,474(+9)	35(=)
2021-01-02			1,482(+8)	35(=)
2021-01-03			1,492(+10)	35(=)
2021-01-04			1,497(+5)	35(=)
2021-01-05			1,504(+7)	35(=)
2021-01-06			1,505(+1)	35(=)
2021-01-07			1,509(+4)	35(=)
2021-01-08			1,512(+3)	35(=)
2021-01-09			1,513(+1)	35(=)
2021-01-10			1,514(+1)	35(=)
2021-01-11			1,515(+1)	35(=)
2021-01-12			1,520(+5)	35(=)
2021-01-13			1,521(+1)	35(=)
2021-01-14			1,531(+10)	35(=)
2021-01-15			1,536(+5)	35(=)
2021-01-16			1,537(+1)	35(=)
2021-01-17			1,537(=)	35(=)
2021-01-18			1,539(+2)	35(=)
2021-01-19			1,540(+1)	35(=)
2021-01-20			1,544(+4)	35(=)
2021-01-21			1,546(+2)	35(=)
2021-01-22			1,548(+2)	35(=)
2021-01-23			1,548(=)	35(=)
2021-01-24			1,548(=)	35(=)
2021-01-25			1,549(+1)	35(=)
2021-01-26			1,551(+2)	35(=)
2021-01-27			1,551(=)	35(=)
2021-01-28			1,642(+91)	35(=)
2021-01-29			1,705(+63)	35(=)
2021-01-30			1,767(+62)	35(=)
2021-01-31			1,817(+50)	35(=)
2021-02-01			1,850(+33)	35(=)
2021-02-02			1,882(+32)	35(=)
2021-02-03			1,911(+29)	35(=)
2021-02-04			1,957(+46)	35(=)
2021-02-05			1,976(+19)	35(=)
2021-02-06			1,981(+5)	35(=)
2021-02-07			2,001(+20)	35(=)
2021-02-08			2,050(+49)	35(=)
2021-02-09			2,069(+19)	35(=)
2021-02-10			2,091(+22)	35(=)
2021-02-11			2,140(+49)	35(=)
2021-02-12			2,142(+2)	35(=)
2021-02-13			2,195(+53)	35(=)
2021-02-14			2,228(+33)	35(=)
2021-02-15			2,269(+41)	35(=)
2021-02-16			2,311(+42)	35(=)
2021-02-17			2,329(+18)	35(=)
2021-02-18			2,347(+18)	35(=)
2021-02-19			2,362(+15)	35(=)
2021-02-20			2,368(+6)	35(=)
2021-02-21			2,383(+15)	35(=)
2021-02-22			2,392(+9)	35(=)
2021-02-23			2,401(+9)	35(=)
2021-02-24			2,412(+11)	35(=)
2021-02-25			2,420(+8)	35(=)
2021-02-26			2,426(+6)	35(=)
2021-02-27			2,432(+6)	35(=)
2021-02-28			2,448(+16)	35(=)
2021-03-01			2,461(+13)	35(=)
2021-03-02			2,472(+11)	35(=)
2021-03-03			2,482(+10)	35(=)
2021-03-04			2,488(+6)	35(=)
2021-03-05			2,494(+6)	35(=)
2021-03-06			2,507(+13)	35(=)
2021-03-07			2,512(+5)	35(=)
2021-03-08			2,524(+12)	35(=)
2021-03-09			2,526(+2)	35(=)
2021-03-10			2,529(+3)	35(=)
2021-03-11			2,533(+4)	35(=)
2021-03-12			2,550(+17)	35(=)
2021-03-13			2,553(+3)	35(=)
2021-03-14			2,554(+1)	35(=)
2021-03-15			2,557(+3)	35(=)
2021-03-16			2,560(+3)	35(=)
2021-03-17			2,567(+7)	35(=)
2021-03-18			2,570(+3)	35(=)
2021-03-19			2,571(+1)	35(=)
2021-03-20			2,572(+1)	35(=)
2021-03-21			2,572(=)	35(=)
2021-03-22			2,575(+3)	35(=)
2021-03-23			2,576(+1)	35(=)
2021-03-24			2,576(=)	35(=)
2021-03-25			2,579(+3)	35(=)
2021-03-26			2,586(+7)	35(=)
2021-03-27			2,586(=)	35(=)
2021-03-28			2,591(+5)	35(=)
2021-03-29			2,594(+3)	35(=)
2021-03-30			2,594(=)	35(=)
2021-03-31			2,603(+9)	35(=)
2021-04-01			2,617(+14)	35(=)
2021-04-02			2,620(+3)	35(=)
2021-04-03			2,626(+6)	35(=)
2021-04-04			2,631(+5)	35(=)
2021-04-05			2,637(+6)	35(=)
2021-04-06			2,648(+11)	35(=)
2021-04-07			2,659(+11)	35(=)
2021-04-08			2,668(+9)	35(=)
2021-04-09			2,683(+15)	35(=)
2021-04-10			2,692(+9)	35(=)
2021-04-11			2,693(+1)	35(=)
2021-04-12			2,705(+12)	35(=)
2021-04-13			2,714(+9)	35(=)
2021-04-14			2,733(+19)	35(=)
2021-04-15			2,758(+25)	35(=)
2021-04-16			2,772(+14)	35(=)
2021-04-17			2,781(+9)	35(=)
2021-04-18			2,784(+3)	35(=)
2021-04-19			2,791(+7)	35(=)
2021-04-20			2,801(+10)	35(=)
2021-04-21			2,806(+5)	35(=)
2021-04-22			2,816(+10)	35(=)
2021-04-23			2,830(+14)	35(=)
2021-04-24			2,833(+3)	35(=)
2021-04-25			2,843(+10)	35(=)
2021-04-26			2,852(+9)	35(=)
2021-04-27			2,857(+5)	35(=)
2021-04-28			2,865(+8)	35(=)
2021-04-29			2,910(+45)	35(=)
2021-04-30			2,928(+18)	35(=)
2021-05-01			2,942(+14)	35(=)
2021-05-02			2,962(+20)	35(=)
2021-05-03			2,981(+19)	35(=)
2021-05-04			2,996(+15)	35(=)
2021-05-05			3,022(+26)	35(=)
2021-05-06			3,090(+68)	35(=)
2021-05-07			3,137(+47)	35(=)
2021-05-08			3,230(+93)	35(=)
2021-05-09			3,332(+102)	35(=)
2021-05-10			3,461(+129)	35(=)
2021-05-11			3,537(+76)	35(=)
2021-05-12			3,623(+86)	35(=)
2021-05-13			3,710(+87)	35(=)
2021-05-14			3,816(+106)	35(=)
2021-05-15			3,985(+169)	36(+1)
2021-05-16			4,175(+190)	36(=)
2021-05-17			4,359(+184)	37(+1)
2021-05-18			4,512(+153)	37(=)
2021-05-19			4,690(+178)	37(=)
2021-05-20			4,809(+119)	39(+2)
2021-05-21			4,941(+132)	41(+2)
2021-05-22			5,086(+145)	41(=)
2021-05-23			5,217(+131)	42(+1)
2021-05-24			5,404(+187)	44(+2)
2021-05-25			5,851(+447)	44(=)
2021-05-26			6,086(+235)	45(+1)
2021-05-27			6,316(+230)	46(+1)
2021-05-28			6,570(+254)	47(+1)
2021-05-29			6,856(+286)	47(=)
2021-05-30			7,107(+251)	47(=)
2021-05-31			7,321(+214)	47(=)
2021-06-01			7,572(+251)	48(+1)
2021-06-02			7,813(+241)	49(+1)
2021-06-03			8,063(+250)	49(=)
2021-06-04			8,287(+224)	51(+2)
2021-06-05			8,541(+254)	53(+2)
2021-06-06			8,747(+206)	53(=)
2021-06-07			8,983(+236)	53(=)
2021-06-08			9,158(+175)	55(+2)
2021-06-09			9,565(+407)	55(=)
2021-06-10			9,784(+219)	55(=)
2021-06-11			9,980(+196)	57(+2)
2021-06-12			10,241(+261)	58(+1)
2021-06-13			10,538(+297)	59(+1)
2021-06-14			10,810(+272)	61(+2)
2021-06-15			11,212(+402)	61(=)
2021-06-16			11,635(+423)	61(=)
2021-06-17			12,150(+515)	61(=)
2021-06-18			12,414(+264)	62(+1)
2021-06-19			12,900(+486)	64(+2)
2021-06-20			13,211(+311)	66(+2)
2021-06-21			13,483(+272)	69(+3)
2021-06-22			13,727(+244)	69(=)
2021-06-23			13,947(+220)	70(+1)
2021-06-24			14,232(+285)	72(+2)
2021-06-25			14,537(+305)	74(+2)
2021-06-26			15,275(+738)	74(=)
2021-06-27			15,643(+368)	76(+2)
2021-06-28			16,041(+398)	76(=)
2021-06-29			16,413(+372)	80(+4)
2021-06-30			16,863(+450)	81(+1)
2021-07-01			17,576(+713)	81(=)
2021-07-02			18,121(+545)	84(+3)
2021-07-03			19,043(+922)	84(=)
2021-07-04			19,933(+890)	86(+2)
2021-07-05			21,035(+1,102)	90(+4)
2021-07-06			22,064(+1,029)	94(+4)
2021-07-07			23,071(+1,007)	102(+8)
2021-07-08			24,385(+1,314)	105(+3)
2021-07-09			26,010(+1,625)	110(+5)
2021-07-10			27,863(+1,853)	112(+2)
2021-07-11			29,816(+1,953)	119(+7)
2021-07-12			32,199(+2,383)	125(+6)
2021-07-13			34,500(+2,301)	132(+7)
2021-07-14			37,434(+2,934)	138(+6)
2021-07-15			40,850(+3,416)	207(+69)
2021-07-16			44,186(+3,336)	225(+18)
2021-07-17			47,904(+3,718)	225(=)
2021-07-18			53,830(+5,926)	254(+29)
2021-07-19			58,025(+4,195)	334(+80)
2021-07-20			62,820(+4,795)	334(=)
2021-07-21			68,177(+5,357)	370(+36)
2021-07-22			74,371(+6,194)	370(=)
2021-07-23			81,678(+7,307)	370(=)
2021-07-24			90,934(+9,256)	370(=)
2021-07-25			98,465(+7,531)	370(=)
2021-07-26			106,347(+7,882)	524(+154)
2021-07-27			114,260(+7,913)	524(=)
2021-07-28			120,819(+6,559)	524(=)
2021-07-29			128,413(+7,594)	863(+339)
2021-07-30			137,062(+8,649)	1,161(+298)
2021-07-31			145,686(+8,624)	1,306(+145)
2021-08-01			154,306(+8,620)	1,306(=)
2021-08-02			161,761(+7,455)	1,695(+389)
2021-08-03			170,190(+8,429)	2,071(+376)
2021-08-04			177,813(+7,623)	2,327(+256)
2021-08-05			185,057(+7,244)	2,720(+393)
2021-08-06			193,381(+8,324)	3,016(+296)
2021-08-07			200,715(+7,334)	3,016(=)
2021-08-08			210,405(+9,690)	3,397(+381)
2021-08-09			219,745(+9,340)	3,757(+360)
2021-08-10			228,135(+8,390)	4,145(+388)
2021-08-11			236,901(+8,766)	4,487(+342)
2021-08-12			246,568(+9,667)	4,813(+326)
2021-08-13			255,748(+9,180)	5,088(+275)
2021-08-14			265,464(+9,716)	5,437(+349)
2021-08-15			275,044(+9,580)	5,774(+337)
2021-08-16			283,672(+8,628)	6,141(+367)
2021-08-17			293,301(+9,629)	6,472(+331)
2021-08-18			301,957(+8,656)	6,770(+298)
2021-08-19			312,611(+10,654)	7,150(+380)
2021-08-20			323,268(+10,657)	7,540(+390)
2021-08-21			336,707(+13,439)	7,908(+368)
2021-08-22			348,059(+11,352)	8,277(+369)
2021-08-23			358,456(+10,397)	8,666(+389)
2021-08-24			369,279(+10,823)	9,014(+348)
2021-08-25			381,363(+12,084)	9,349(+335)
2021-08-26			392,938(+11,575)	9,667(+318)
2021-08-27			410,366(+17,428)	10,053(+386)
2021-08-28			422,469(+12,103)	10,405(+352)
2021-08-29			435,132(+12,663)	10,749(+344)
2021-08-30			449,489(+14,357)	11,064(+315)
2021-08-31			462,096(+12,607)	11,504(+440)
2021-09-01			473,530(+11,434)	11,868(+364)
2021-09-02			486,727(+13,197)	12,138(+270)
2021-09-03			501,649(+14,922)	12,446(+308)
2021-09-04			511,170(+9,521)	12,793(+347)
2021-09-05			524,307(+13,137)	13,074(+281)
2021-09-06			536,788(+12,481)	13,385(+311)
2021-09-07			550,996(+14,208)	13,701(+316)
2021-09-08			563,676(+12,680)	14,135(+434)
2021-09-09			576,096(+12,420)	14,470(+335)
2021-09-10			589,417(+13,321)	14,745(+275)
2021-09-11			601,349(+11,932)	15,018(+273)
2021-09-12			613,375(+12,026)	15,279(+261)
2021-09-13			624,547(+11,172)	15,660(+381)
2021-09-14			635,055(+10,508)	15,936(+276)
2021-09-15			645,640(+10,585)	16,186(+250)
2021-09-16			656,129(+10,489)	16,425(+239)
2021-09-17			667,650(+11,521)	16,637(+212)
2021-09-18			677,023(+9,373)	16,857(+220)
2021-09-19			687,063(+10,040)	17,090(+233)
2021-09-20			695,744(+8,681)	17,305(+215)
2021-09-21			707,436(+11,692)	17,545(+240)
2021-09-22			718,963(+11,527)	17,781(+236)
2021-09-23			728,435(+9,472)	18,017(+236)
2021-09-24			736,972(+8,537)	18,220(+203)
2021-09-25			746,678(+9,706)	18,400(+180)
2021-09-26			756,689(+10,011)	18,584(+184)
2021-09-27			766,051(+9,362)	18,758(+174)
2021-09-28			774,057(+8,006)	18,936(+178)
2021-09-29			782,815(+8,758)	19,098(+162)
2021-09-30			790,755(+7,940)	19,301(+203)
2021-10-01			797,712(+6,957)	19,437(+136)
2021-10-02			803,202(+5,490)	19,601(+164)
2021-10-03			808,578(+5,376)	19,715(+114)
2021-10-04			813,961(+5,383)	19,845(+130)
2021-10-05			818,324(+4,363)	19,979(+134)
2021-10-06			822,687(+4,363)	20,098(+119)
2021-10-07			826,837(+4,150)	20,223(+125)
2021-10-08			831,643(+4,806)	20,337(+114)
2021-10-09			836,134(+4,491)	20,442(+105)
2021-10-10			839,662(+3,528)	20,555(+113)
2021-10-11			843,281(+3,619)	20,670(+115)
2021-10-12			846,230(+2,949)	20,763(+93)
2021-10-13			849,691(+3,461)	20,869(+106)
2021-10-14			853,842(+4,151)	20,950(+81)
2021-10-15			857,639(+3,797)	21,043(+93)
2021-10-16			860,860(+3,221)	21,131(+88)
2021-10-17			864,053(+3,193)	21,194(+63)
2021-10-18			867,221(+3,168)	21,269(+75)
2021-10-19			870,255(+3,034)	21,344(+75)
2021-10-20			873,901(+3,646)	21,416(+72)
2021-10-21			877,537(+3,636)	21,487(+71)
2021-10-22			881,522(+3,985)	21,543(+56)
2021-10-23			884,895(+3,373)	21,620(+77)
2021-10-24			888,940(+4,045)	21,673(+53)
2021-10-25			892,579(+3,639)	21,738(+65)
2021-10-26			896,174(+3,595)	21,802(+64)
2021-10-27			900,585(+4,411)	21,856(+54)
2021-10-28			905,477(+4,892)	21,910(+54)
2021-10-29			910,376(+4,899)	21,966(+56)
2021-10-30			915,603(+5,227)	22,030(+64)
2021-10-31			921,122(+5,519)	22,083(+53)
2021-11-01			926,720(+5,598)	22,135(+52)
2021-11-02			932,357(+5,637)	22,205(+70)
2021-11-03			939,463(+7,106)	22,283(+78)
2021-11-04			946,043(+6,580)	22,342(+59)
2021-11-05			953,547(+7,504)	22,412(+70)
2021-11-06			961,038(+7,491)	22,470(+58)
2021-11-07			968,684(+7,646)	22,531(+61)
2021-11-08			976,672(+7,988)	22,598(+67)
2021-11-09			984,805(+8,133)	22,686(+88)
2021-11-10			992,735(+7,930)	22,765(+79)
2021-11-11			1,000,897(+8,162)	22,849(+84)
2021-11-12			1,009,879(+8,982)	22,930(+81)
2021-11-13			1,018,376(+8,497)	23,018(+88)
2021-11-14			1,026,522(+8,146)	23,082(+64)
2021-11-15			1,035,138(+8,616)	23,183(+101)
2021-11-16			1,045,397(+10,259)	23,270(+87)
2021-11-17			1,055,246(+9,849)	23,337(+67)
2021-11-18			1,065,469(+10,223)	23,476(+139)
2021-11-19			1,075,094(+9,625)	23,578(+102)
2021-11-20			1,084,625(+9,531)	23,685(+107)
2021-11-21			1,094,514(+9,889)	23,761(+76)
2021-11-22			1,104,835(+10,321)	23,951(+190)
2021-11-23			1,143,967(+39,132)	24,118(+167)
2021-11-24			1,155,778(+11,811)	24,243(+125)
2021-11-25			1,168,228(+12,450)	24,407(+164)
2021-11-26			1,181,337(+13,109)	24,544(+137)
2021-11-27			1,197,404(+16,067)	24,692(+148)
2021-11-28			1,210,340(+12,936)	24,882(+190)
2021-11-29			1,224,110(+13,770)	25,055(+173)
2021-11-30			1,238,082(+13,972)	25,252(+197)
2021-12-01			1,252,590(+14,508)	25,448(+196)
2021-12-02			1,266,288(+13,698)	25,658(+210)
2021-12-03			1,280,780(+14,492)	25,858(+200)
2021-12-04			1,294,778(+13,998)	26,061(+203)
2021-12-05			1,309,092(+14,314)	26,260(+199)
2021-12-06			1,323,683(+14,591)	26,483(+223)
2021-12-07			1,337,523(+13,840)	26,700(+217)
2021-12-08			1,352,122(+14,599)	26,930(+230)
2021-12-09			1,367,433(+15,311)	27,186(+256)
2021-12-10			1,382,272(+14,839)	27,402(+216)
2021-12-11			1,398,413(+16,141)	27,611(+209)
2021-12-12			1,413,051(+14,638)	27,839(+228)
2021-12-13			1,428,428(+15,377)	28,081(+242)
2021-12-14			1,443,648(+15,220)	28,333(+252)
2021-12-15			1,459,175(+15,527)	28,616(+283)
2021-12-16			1,493,237(+34,062)	28,857(+241)
2021-12-17			1,508,473(+15,236)	29,103(+246)
2021-12-18			1,524,368(+15,895)	29,351(+248)
2021-12-19			1,540,478(+16,110)	29,566(+215)
2021-12-20			1,555,455(+14,977)	29,791(+225)
2021-12-21			1,571,780(+16,325)	30,041(+250)
2021-12-22			1,588,335(+16,555)	30,251(+210)
2021-12-23			1,604,712(+16,377)	30,531(+280)
2021-12-24			1,620,869(+16,157)	30,766(+235)
2021-12-25			1,636,455(+15,586)	31,007(+241)
2021-12-26			1,651,673(+15,218)	31,214(+207)
2021-12-27			1,666,545(+14,872)	31,418(+204)
2021-12-28			1,680,985(+14,440)	31,632(+214)
2021-12-29			1,694,874(+13,889)	31,877(+245)
2021-12-30			1,714,742(+19,868)	32,168(+291)
2021-12-31			1,731,257(+16,515)	32,394(+226)
2022-01-01			1,746,092(+14,835)	32,610(+216)
2022-01-02			1,763,040(+16,948)	32,831(+221)
2022-01-03			1,778,976(+15,936)	33,021(+190)
2022-01-04			1,800,704(+21,728)	33,245(+224)
2022-01-05			1,817,721(+17,017)	33,475(+230)
2022-01-06			1,843,563(+25,842)	33,647(+172)
2022-01-07			1,859,841(+16,278)	33,880(+233)
2022-01-08			1,876,394(+16,553)	34,117(+237)
2022-01-09			1,899,575(+23,181)	34,322(+205)
2022-01-10			1,914,393(+14,818)	34,534(+212)
2022-01-11			1,930,428(+16,035)	34,790(+256)
2022-01-12			1,958,719(+28,291)	34,967(+177)
2022-01-13			1,975,444(+16,725)	35,173(+206)
2022-01-14			1,991,484(+16,040)	35,344(+171)
2022-01-15			2,007,862(+16,378)	35,480(+136)
2022-01-16			2,023,546(+15,684)	35,609(+129)
2022-01-17			2,045,090(+21,544)	35,791(+182)
2022-01-18			2,062,128(+17,038)	35,975(+184)
2022-01-19			2,078,087(+15,959)	36,117(+142)
2022-01-20			2,094,802(+16,715)	36,269(+152)
2022-01-21			2,110,737(+15,935)	36,443(+174)
2022-01-22			2,126,444(+15,707)	36,596(+153)
2022-01-23			2,141,422(+14,978)	36,722(+126)
2022-01-24			2,155,784(+14,362)	36,887(+165)
2022-01-25			2,171,527(+15,743)	37,013(+126)
2022-01-26			2,187,481(+15,954)	37,168(+155)
2022-01-27			2,203,208(+15,727)	37,294(+126)
2022-01-28			2,218,137(+14,929)	37,435(+141)
2022-01-29			2,233,287(+15,150)	37,550(+115)
2022-01-30			2,263,053(+29,766)	37,671(+121)
2022-01-31			2,275,727(+12,674)	37,777(+106)
2022-02-01			2,286,750(+11,023)	37,777(=)
2022-02-02			2,295,494(+8,744)	37,777(=)
2022-02-03			2,304,095(+8,601)	38,066(+289)
2022-02-04			2,315,689(+11,594)	38,150(+84)
2022-02-05			2,327,859(+12,170)	38,264(+114)
2022-02-06			2,341,971(+14,112)	38,327(+63)
2022-02-07			2,358,786(+16,815)	38,427(+100)
2022-02-08			2,380,695(+21,909)	38,524(+97)
2022-02-09			2,404,651(+23,956)	38,617(+93)
2022-02-10			2,430,683(+26,032)	38,691(+74)
2022-02-11			2,457,170(+26,487)	38,787(+96)
2022-02-12			2,484,481(+27,311)	38,865(+78)
2022-02-13			2,510,860(+26,379)	38,949(+84)
2022-02-14			2,540,273(+29,413)	39,040(+91)
2022-02-15			2,572,087(+31,814)	39,125(+85)
2022-02-16			2,606,824(+34,737)	39,191(+66)
2022-02-17			2,643,024(+36,200)	39,281(+90)
2022-02-18			2,685,463(+42,439)	39,361(+80)
2022-02-19			2,740,293(+54,830)	39,426(+65)
2022-02-20			2,787,493(+47,200)	39,504(+78)
2022-02-21			2,834,373(+46,880)	39,608(+104)
2022-02-22			2,890,252(+55,879)	39,685(+77)
2022-02-23			2,972,378(+82,126)	39,776(+91)
2022-02-24			3,041,506(+69,128)	39,887(+111)
2022-02-25			3,120,301(+78,795)	39,962(+75)
2022-02-26			3,219,177(+98,876)	40,053(+91)
2022-02-27			3,321,005(+101,828)	40,144(+91)
2022-02-28			3,443,485(+122,480)	40,255(+111)
2022-03-01			3,557,629(+114,144)	40,341(+86)
2022-03-02			3,709,481(+151,852)	40,452(+111)
2022-03-03			3,885,631(+176,150)	40,547(+95)
2022-03-04			4,059,262(+173,631)	40,644(+97)
2022-03-05			4,232,520(+173,258)	40,726(+82)
2022-03-06			4,434,700(+202,180)	40,813(+87)
2022-03-07			4,582,058(+147,358)	40,891(+78)
2022-03-08			4,776,873(+194,815)	40,977(+86)
2022-03-09			5,042,036(+265,163)	41,086(+109)
2022-03-10			5,260,495(+218,459)	41,157(+71)
2022-03-11			5,448,935(+188,440)	41,228(+71)
2022-03-12			5,903,147(+454,212)	41,290(+62)
2022-03-13			6,112,648(+209,501)	41,385(+95)
2022-03-14			6,377,438(+264,790)	41,477(+92)
2022-03-15			6,552,918(+175,480)	41,545(+68)
2022-03-16			6,820,458(+267,540)	41,607(+62)
2022-03-17			7,174,423(+353,965)	41,683(+76)
2022-03-18			7,367,112(+192,689)	41,740(+57)
2022-03-19			7,791,841(+424,729)	41,817(+77)
2022-03-20			7,958,048(+166,207)	41,880(+63)
2022-03-21			8,089,761(+131,713)	41,949(+69)
2022-03-22			8,338,914(+249,153)	42,014(+65)
2022-03-23			8,479,751(+140,837)	42,075(+61)
2022-03-24			8,599,751(+120,000)	42,145(+70)
2022-03-25			8,761,252(+161,501)	42,196(+51)
2022-03-26			8,919,557(+158,305)	42,258(+62)
2022-03-27			9,011,473(+91,916)	42,306(+48)
2022-03-28			9,274,849(+263,376)	42,358(+52)
2022-03-29			9,386,489(+111,640)	42,413(+55)
2022-03-30			9,472,254(+85,765)	42,454(+41)
2022-03-31			9,564,609(+92,355)	42,493(+39)
2022-04-01			9,650,663(+86,054)	42,526(+33)
2022-04-02			9,716,282(+65,619)	42,563(+37)
2022-04-03			9,818,328(+102,046)	42,600(+37)
2022-04-04			9,867,045(+48,717)	42,642(+42)
2022-04-05			9,922,040(+54,995)	42,681(+39)
2022-04-06			9,980,464(+58,424)	42,712(+31)
2022-04-07			10,070,692(+90,228)	42,733(+21)
2022-04-08			10,135,789(+65,097)	42,768(+35)
2022-04-09			10,169,929(+34,140)	42,794(+26)
2022-04-10			10,198,236(+28,307)	42,813(+19)
2022-04-11			10,250,160(+51,924)	42,830(+17)
2022-04-12			10,272,964(+22,804)	42,858(+28)
2022-04-13			10,297,587(+24,623)	42,878(+20)
2022-04-14			10,320,599(+23,012)	42,901(+23)
2022-04-15			10,394,533(+73,934)	42,924(+23)
2022-04-16			10,417,887(+23,354)	42,934(+10)
2022-04-17			10,432,547(+14,660)	42,944(+10)
2022-04-18			10,475,819(+43,272)	42,957(+13)
2022-04-19			10,489,319(+13,500)	42,975(+18)
2022-04-20			10,502,590(+13,271)	42,982(+7)
2022-04-21			10,533,164(+30,574)	42,991(+9)
2022-04-22			10,544,324(+11,160)	42,998(+7)
2022-04-23			10,554,689(+10,365)	43,004(+6)
2022-04-24			10,563,502(+8,813)	43,013(+9)
2022-04-25			10,571,772(+8,270)	43,021(+8)
2022-04-26			10,620,203(+48,431)	43,029(+8)
2022-04-27			10,631,516(+11,313)	43,034(+5)
2022-04-28			10,638,632(+7,116)	43,037(+3)
2022-04-29			10,644,700(+6,068)	43,038(+1)
2022-04-30			10,649,809(+5,109)	43,041(+3)
2022-05-01			10,653,526(+3,717)	43,042(+1)
2022-05-02			10,656,649(+3,123)	43,044(+2)
2022-05-03			10,659,358(+2,709)	43,044(=)
2022-05-04			10,662,446(+3,088)	43,047(+3)
2022-05-05			10,666,751(+4,305)	43,049(+2)
2022-05-06			10,670,570(+3,819)	43,055(+6)
2022-05-07			10,673,915(+3,345)	43,055(=)
2022-05-08			10,676,184(+2,269)	43,056(+1)
2022-05-09			10,678,359(+2,175)	43,057(+1)
2022-05-10			10,681,214(+2,855)	43,058(+1)
2022-05-11			10,683,972(+2,758)	43,060(+2)
2022-05-12			10,690,471(+6,499)	43,063(+3)
2022-05-13			10,693,141(+2,670)	43,063(=)
2022-05-14			10,695,036(+1,895)	43,065(+2)
2022-05-15			10,696,630(+1,594)	43,065(=)
2022-05-16			10,698,180(+1,550)	43,067(+2)
2022-05-17			10,699,965(+1,785)	43,071(+4)
2022-05-18			10,701,796(+1,831)	43,072(+1)
2022-05-19			10,704,524(+2,728)	43,073(+1)
2022-05-20			10,706,111(+1,587)	43,075(+2)
2022-05-21			10,707,568(+1,457)	43,075(=)
2022-05-22			10,708,887(+1,319)	43,075(=)
2022-05-23			10,710,066(+1,179)	43,076(+1)
2022-05-24			10,711,389(+1,323)	43,076(=)
2022-05-25			10,712,733(+1,344)	43,078(+2)
2022-05-26			10,714,008(+1,275)	43,078(=)
2022-05-27			10,715,247(+1,239)	43,078(=)
2022-05-28			10,716,361(+1,114)	43,078(=)
2022-05-29			10,717,251(+890)	43,078(=)
2022-05-30			10,718,369(+1,118)	43,078(=)
2022-05-31			10,719,379(+1,010)	43,079(+1)
2022-06-01			10,720,426(+1,047)	43,079(=)
2022-06-02			10,722,634(+2,208)	43,080(+1)
2022-06-03			10,723,673(+1,039)	43,080(=)
2022-06-04			10,724,554(+881)	43,080(=)
2022-06-05			10,725,239(+685)	43,080(=)
2022-06-06			10,726,045(+806)	43,080(=)
2022-06-07			10,727,005(+960)	43,080(=)
2022-06-08			10,727,918(+913)	43,080(=)
2022-06-09			10,728,720(+802)	43,080(=)
2022-06-10			10,729,681(+961)	43,082(+2)
2022-06-11			10,731,244(+1,563)	43,083(+1)
2022-06-12			10,731,812(+568)	43,083(=)
2022-06-13			10,732,429(+617)	43,083(=)
2022-06-14			10,733,285(+856)	43,083(=)
2022-06-15			10,734,151(+866)	43,083(=)
2022-06-16			10,734,925(+774)	43,083(=)
2022-06-17			10,736,408(+1,483)	43,083(=)
2022-06-18			10,737,107(+699)	43,083(=)
2022-06-19			10,737,640(+533)	43,083(=)
2022-06-20			10,738,161(+521)	43,083(=)
2022-06-21			10,738,909(+748)	43,084(+1)
2022-06-22			10,739,855(+946)	43,084(=)
2022-06-23			10,740,595(+740)	43,084(=)
2022-06-24			10,742,234(+1,639)	43,084(=)
2022-06-25			10,742,891(+657)	43,084(=)
2022-06-26			10,743,448(+557)	43,084(=)
2022-06-27			10,744,085(+637)	43,084(=)
2022-06-28			10,744,854(+769)	43,087(+3)
2022-06-29			10,745,631(+777)	43,087(=)
2022-06-30			10,746,470(+839)	43,087(=)
2022-07-01			10,747,397(+927)	43,087(=)
2022-07-02			10,748,127(+730)	43,087(=)
2022-07-03			10,748,639(+512)	43,087(=)
2022-07-04			10,749,324(+685)	43,088(+1)
2022-07-05			10,750,313(+989)	43,089(+1)
2022-07-06			10,751,227(+914)	43,089(=)
2022-07-07			10,752,140(+913)	43,089(=)
2022-07-08			10,752,942(+802)	43,089(=)
2022-07-09			10,754,348(+1,406)	43,089(=)
2022-07-10			10,754,813(+465)	43,089(=)
2022-07-11			10,755,381(+568)	43,089(=)
2022-07-12			10,756,254(+873)	43,090(+1)
2022-07-13			10,757,257(+1,003)	43,090(=)
2022-07-14			10,758,189(+932)	43,090(=)
2022-07-15			10,759,145(+956)	43,090(=)
2022-07-16			10,759,850(+705)	43,091(+1)
2022-07-17			10,760,595(+745)	43,091(=)
2022-07-18			10,761,435(+840)	43,091(=)
2022-07-19			10,762,532(+1,097)	43,091(=)
2022-07-20			10,763,694(+1,162)	43,091(=)
2022-07-21			10,764,986(+1,292)	43,091(=)
2022-07-22			10,766,128(+1,142)	43,092(+1)
2022-07-23			10,767,200(+1,072)	43,092(=)
2022-07-24			10,767,948(+748)	43,092(=)
2022-07-25			10,768,844(+896)	43,092(=)
2022-07-26			10,770,304(+1,460)	43,092(=)
2022-07-27			10,772,980(+2,676)	43,092(=)
2022-07-28			10,774,679(+1,699)	43,092(=)
2022-07-29			10,776,484(+1,805)	43,093(+1)
2022-07-30			10,778,154(+1,670)	43,093(=)
2022-07-31			10,779,632(+1,478)	43,093(=)
2022-08-01			10,781,009(+1,377)	43,093(=)
2022-08-02			10,783,026(+2,017)	43,094(+1)
2022-08-03			10,785,122(+2,096)	43,094(=)
2022-08-04			11,189,968(+404,846)	43,094(=)
2022-08-05			11,192,043(+2,075)	43,094(=)
2022-08-06			11,346,137(+154,094)	43,094(=)
2022-08-07			11,347,518(+1,381)	43,094(=)
2022-08-08			11,349,223(+1,705)	43,094(=)
2022-08-09			11,351,563(+2,340)	43,094(=)
2022-08-10			11,353,573(+2,010)	43,095(+1)
2022-08-11			11,360,348(+6,775)	43,095(=)
2022-08-12			11,362,540(+2,192)	43,096(+1)
2022-08-13			11,364,355(+1,815)	43,097(+1)
2022-08-14			11,365,784(+1,429)	43,098(+1)
2022-08-15			11,367,479(+1,695)	43,098(=)
2022-08-16			11,370,462(+2,983)	43,100(+2)
2022-08-17			11,373,276(+2,814)	43,103(+3)
2022-08-18			11,376,571(+3,295)	43,103(=)
2022-08-19			11,379,554(+2,983)	43,103(=)
2022-08-20			11,382,258(+2,704)	43,104(+1)
2022-08-21			11,383,819(+1,561)	43,105(+1)
2022-08-22			11,386,016(+2,197)	43,106(+1)
2022-08-23			11,389,268(+3,252)	43,106(=)
2022-08-24			11,392,859(+3,591)	43,108(+2)
2022-08-25			11,396,205(+3,346)	43,110(+2)
2022-08-26			11,399,400(+3,195)	43,110(=)
2022-08-27			11,401,597(+2,197)	43,111(+1)
2022-08-28			11,403,302(+1,705)	43,112(+1)
2022-08-29			11,405,711(+2,409)	43,113(+1)
2022-08-30			11,408,952(+3,241)	43,117(+4)
2022-08-31			11,411,679(+2,727)	43,117(=)
2022-09-01			11,414,359(+2,680)	43,117(=)
2022-09-02			11,415,907(+1,548)	43,118(+1)
2022-09-03			11,417,503(+1,596)	43,119(+1)
2022-09-04			11,418,894(+1,391)	43,120(+1)
2022-09-05			11,421,055(+2,161)	43,122(+2)
2022-09-06			11,424,754(+3,699)	43,123(+1)
2022-09-07			11,428,632(+3,878)	43,125(+2)
2022-09-08			11,431,823(+3,191)	43,126(+1)
2022-09-09			11,435,472(+3,649)	43,126(=)
2022-09-10			11,437,970(+2,498)	43,126(=)
2022-09-11			11,439,613(+1,643)	43,129(+3)
2022-09-12			11,441,626(+2,013)	43,130(+1)
2022-09-13			11,444,927(+3,301)	43,132(+2)
2022-09-14			11,448,034(+3,107)	43,132(=)
2022-09-15			11,450,999(+2,965)	43,137(+5)
2022-09-16			11,454,079(+3,080)	43,137(=)
2022-09-17			11,456,558(+2,479)	43,138(+1)
2022-09-18			11,458,449(+1,891)	43,139(+1)
2022-09-19			11,460,227(+1,778)	43,141(+2)
2022-09-20			11,463,404(+3,177)	43,142(+1)
2022-09-21			11,465,691(+2,287)	43,146(+4)
2022-09-22			11,467,619(+1,928)	43,146(=)
2022-09-23			11,470,164(+2,545)	43,146(=)
2022-09-24			11,471,340(+1,176)	43,146(=)
2022-09-25			11,472,301(+961)	43,146(=)
2022-09-26			11,473,733(+1,432)	43,146(=)
2022-09-27			11,475,321(+1,588)	43,147(+1)
2022-09-28			11,476,908(+1,587)	43,147(=)
2022-09-29			11,477,886(+978)	43,148(+1)
2022-09-30			11,479,356(+1,470)	43,148(=)
2022-10-01			11,480,028(+672)	43,149(+1)
2022-10-02			11,480,518(+490)	43,149(=)
2022-10-03			11,481,314(+796)	43,149(=)
2022-10-04			11,482,334(+1,020)	43,151(+2)
2022-10-05			11,483,529(+1,195)	43,151(=)
2022-10-06			11,484,659(+1,130)	43,151(=)
2022-10-07			11,485,361(+702)	43,152(+1)
2022-10-08			11,486,043(+682)	43,153(+1)
2022-10-09			11,486,414(+371)	43,153(=)
2022-10-10			11,487,459(+1,045)	43,153(=)
2022-10-11			11,488,685(+1,226)	43,154(+1)
2022-10-12			11,489,881(+1,196)	43,155(+1)
2022-10-13			11,490,951(+1,070)	43,155(=)
2022-10-14			11,491,541(+590)	43,155(=)
2022-10-15			11,492,273(+732)	43,155(=)
2022-10-16			11,492,598(+325)	43,155(=)
2022-10-17			11,493,271(+673)	43,157(+2)
2022-10-18			11,493,894(+623)	43,158(+1)
2022-10-19			11,495,231(+1,337)	43,159(+1)
2022-10-20			11,495,772(+541)	43,159(=)
2022-10-21			11,496,354(+582)	43,159(=)
2022-10-22			11,496,829(+475)	43,159(=)
2022-10-23			11,496,987(+158)	43,159(=)
2022-10-24			11,497,533(+546)	43,161(+2)
2022-10-25			11,498,047(+514)	43,161(=)
2022-10-26			11,498,873(+826)	43,162(+1)
2022-10-27			11,499,357(+484)	43,162(=)
2022-10-28			11,501,906(+2,549)	43,162(=)
2022-10-29			11,502,169(+263)	43,163(+1)
2022-10-30			11,502,474(+305)	43,163(=)
2022-10-31			11,502,885(+411)	43,163(=)
2022-11-01			11,503,334(+449)	43,164(+1)
2022-11-02			11,504,091(+757)	43,165(+1)
2022-11-03			11,504,910(+819)	43,165(=)
2022-11-04			11,505,249(+339)	43,165(=)
2022-11-05			11,505,608(+359)	43,165(=)
2022-11-06			11,505,849(+241)	43,166(+1)
2022-11-07			11,506,214(+365)	43,166(=)
2022-11-08			11,506,656(+442)	43,166(=)
2022-11-09			11,507,124(+468)	43,166(=)
2022-11-10			11,507,540(+416)	43,166(=)
2022-11-11			11,508,170(+630)	43,166(=)
2022-11-12			11,508,447(+277)	43,166(=)
2022-11-13			11,508,689(+242)	43,166(=)
2022-11-14			11,508,893(+204)	43,166(=)
2022-11-15			11,509,473(+580)	43,166(=)
2022-11-16			11,509,975(+502)	43,167(+1)
2022-11-17			11,510,484(+509)	43,167(=)
2022-11-18			11,510,919(+435)	43,168(+1)
2022-11-19			11,511,178(+259)	43,169(+1)
2022-11-20			11,511,452(+274)	43,169(=)
2022-11-21			11,511,822(+370)	43,169(=)
2022-11-22			11,512,138(+316)	43,169(=)
2022-11-23			11,512,684(+546)	43,169(=)
2022-11-24			11,513,173(+489)	43,170(+1)
2022-11-25			11,513,747(+574)	43,170(=)
2022-11-26			11,514,174(+427)	43,170(=)
2022-11-27			11,514,532(+358)	43,170(=)
2022-11-28			11,514,865(+333)	43,170(=)
2022-11-29			11,515,423(+558)	43,172(+2)
2022-11-30			11,515,908(+485)	43,175(+3)
2022-12-01			11,516,489(+581)	43,176(+1)
2022-12-02			11,517,124(+635)	43,176(=)
2022-12-03			11,517,517(+393)	43,177(+1)
2022-12-04			11,517,722(+205)	43,177(=)
2022-12-05			11,518,149(+427)	43,177(=)
2022-12-06			11,518,511(+362)	43,178(+1)
2022-12-07			11,519,011(+500)	43,178(=)
2022-12-08			11,519,539(+528)	43,178(=)
2022-12-09			11,520,037(+498)	43,178(=)
2022-12-10			11,520,445(+408)	43,178(=)
2022-12-11			11,520,639(+194)	43,178(=)
2022-12-12			11,521,022(+383)	43,178(=)
2022-12-13			11,521,388(+366)	43,179(+1)
2022-12-14			11,521,708(+320)	43,179(=)
2022-12-15			11,522,097(+389)	43,179(=)
2022-12-16			11,522,431(+334)	43,179(=)
2022-12-17			11,522,750(+319)	43,179(=)
2022-12-18			11,522,927(+177)	43,179(=)
2022-12-19			11,523,161(+234)	43,180(+1)
2022-12-20			11,523,367(+206)	43,180(=)
2022-12-21			11,523,567(+200)	43,181(+1)
2022-12-22			11,523,780(+213)	43,182(+1)
2022-12-23			11,524,093(+313)	43,184(+2)
2022-12-24			11,524,202(+109)	43,184(=)
2022-12-25			11,524,273(+71)	43,184(=)
2022-12-26			11,524,436(+163)	43,184(=)
2022-12-27			11,524,647(+211)	43,184(=)
2022-12-28			11,524,779(+132)	43,184(=)
2022-12-29			11,525,013(+234)	43,184(=)
2022-12-30			11,525,144(+131)	43,186(+2)
2022-12-31			11,525,231(+87)	43,186(=)
2023-01-01			11,525,284(+53)	43,186(=)
⋮
2023-02-01			11,526,508(n.a.)	43,186(n.a.)
⋮
2023-03-01			11,526,926(n.a.)	43,186(n.a.)
⋮
2023-04-01			11,527,316(n.a.)	43,186(n.a.)
⋮
2023-05-01			11,563,091(n.a.)	43,191(n.a.)
Sources: Ministry of Health of Vietnam (Chart from Vietnam Ministry of Health)

Main article: Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam

First cases

The first two confirmed cases in Vietnam, a Chinese man born in 1954 and his son, were admitted to Cho Ray Hospital in Ho Chi Minh City on 22 January 2020. The son was believed to have contracted the virus from his father (who flew from Wuhan on 13 January) when they met in Nha Trang on 17 January.^[9][57][58] The first cluster appeared in Son Loi Commune, Bình Xuyên District, Vĩnh Phúc, after several workers returned from a Wuhan training trip and infected people in close contact with them.^[10] The Vietnamese government locked down the district until 4 March to prevent further spread, the first large-scale lockdown outside China.^[59] Identifying cases early gave Vietnam some success in combating the virus. The first 16 cases were a cross-section of the population (infants, the elderly, and people with underlying conditions), which the country's medical system used as "an exercise" to prepare for the new virus.^[60]

March 2020 – 2021: sporadic outbreaks and strict measures

As the pandemic began to spread worldwide, COVID-19 cases in Vietnam also surged. On the evening of 6 March, the Hanoi Department of Health confirmed the capital's first case: a 26-year-old woman who had travelled to Europe, the country's 17th recorded case.^[61] During the afternoon of 20 March, the Ministry of Health reported two new COVID-19 patients (Vietnam's 86th and 87th): two female nurses at Bạch Mai Hospital with no history of contact with COVID-19 patients.^[62] In March and April 2020, the number of cases increased rapidly due to the large number of people coming from European countries and the appearance of clusters which included Bạch Mai Hospital, Ha Loi Commune in Hanoi, and the Buddha Bar in Ho Chi Minh City.^[63][64][65]

On 21 March 2020, Vietnam suspended entry for all foreigners effective the following midnight, and introduced a mandatory fourteen-day quarantine for all incoming Vietnamese citizens.^[66] The country imposed a fifteen-day nationwide lockdown on 1 April,^[67] when former Prime Minister Nguyễn Xuân Phúc announced that COVID-19 had spread throughout Vietnam.^[68] The drastic epidemic-control measures had positive results, and the country did not confirm any cases of local transmission from mid-April to the end of July.^[69] Vietnam began loosening restrictions in May, again permitting domestic travel.^[12]

The country entered its second wave of infection when the Ministry of Health announced the 416th case in Da Nang – the first case with an unknown source in 99 days.^[70][71] On 28 July, Da Nang authorities locked down the city for 15 days.^[72] Hundreds of cases across the country connected to the Da Nang outbreak were detected,^[73] and the first death was recorded on 31 July.^[11][74][75] After two months Vietnam contained the disease for the second time and resumed almost all economic activity, including international commercial flights.^[76][77] Sporadic community infections continued in November and December, alarming the public and requiring increased measures.^[78][79]

The third wave of infection began on 28 January 2021, when Vietnam reported 84 community-transmission cases in one day in the provinces of Hải Dương and Quảng Ninh. Most were linked to a Hai Duong migrant worker who was diagnosed with the UK variant by Japanese authorities after arriving in Osaka on 17 January.^[80] To limit the outbreak's economic impact, the government initially quarantined areas directly related to the infected people; after two weeks, however, the increasing number of cases showed no sign of slowing. Hai Duong was locked down for 15 days on 15 February, and Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City halted all entertainment activities.^[81][82] This was one of the most serious outbreaks, due to a slow tracing process, mismanagement of quarantine facilities, and disobedience of lockdown rules in the face of enduring restrictions.^[83][84] On 7 March 2021, the situation in the northern provinces appeared to have been brought largely under control as the number of new cases fell to single digits. Vietnam began its COVID-19 vaccination campaign the following day.^[85][86]

April 2021 – present: Severe outbreak and endemic stage

See also: Living with COVID-19

 

Cases in Ho Chi Minh City

Since the end of April 2021, Vietnam experienced "a fast-spreading outbreak" of over 700,000 cases. Clusters were found in Bac Giang province industrial parks and at least ten major hospitals throughout the country.^[87][88] According to the WHO, Vietnam has built over 30 field hospitals with 1,500 ICU beds and 30,000 non-ICU beds. When total cases reached several thousand per day, the government locked down Southern Vietnam and Hanoi.^[89][90] On 26 July 2021, for the first time in Vietnam's disease prevention history, Ho Chi Minh City imposed a daily 6:00 pm curfew; no one could leave the city, and only emergency services were permitted to operate.^[91][92] The National Assembly authorised the central government on 28 July to implement local emergency measures to curb the pandemic.^[93] On 20 August, Nguyễn Thành Phong was dismissed by the Politburo as chair of the People's Committee of Ho Chi Minh City.^[94] The government also moved 10,000 troops into the city to enforce the lockdown and deliver food.^[95][96][97] A main cause of the outbreak was a four-day holiday for Reunification Day and International Workers' Day, during which many vacation destinations were packed with travelers.^{[98][99][100][101]} DNA sequencing indicated that the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant dominated this wave, particularly in central and southern Vietnam.^[102]

On 29 August, Prime Minister Phạm Minh Chính stated that Vietnam might have to live with the virus and could not rely on indefinite closures and quarantines. This marked a major change in the country's approach to COVID-19,^{[103][104][105]} forcing Vietnam to accelerate its vaccination campaign to control the pandemic.^[106] The number of new cases began to fall to several thousand per day in mid-September, and restrictions were eased.^[107] Vietnam recorded its first case of the Omicron variant in December, leading to a significant new wave of infections going into the first months of 2022, with the highest 7-day average of 206,402 cases recorded on 13 March.^[108] However, due to the country's widespread vaccination coverage, deaths remained low in proportion to the number of confirmed cases.^[22]

In March 2022, Prime Minister Phạm Minh Chính declared COVID-19 to be "endemic" and considered ending daily reporting of new cases.^[109] An article in Bloomberg noted that Vietnam has a high level of vaccination and has seen a dramatic drop in COVID-19 related deaths.^[110] However, in August, the Ministry of Health issued a recommendation to not declare COVID-19 endemic, and to instead shift the country's response from "prevention" to "stable management".^[111]

Variants

The COVID-19 strain which entered Vietnam in the second wave had a mutation which increased its infection rate, leading to a higher number of cases than the first wave. The basic reproduction number (R0) in the second wave was 5 to 6; in April, it was 1.8 to 2.2. The rate of people testing positive for COVID-19 who had had indirect contact with COVID-19 patients was higher than in the previous wave. Minister of Health Nguyễn Thanh Long said that the new strain may have begun to spread in early July 2020. Da Nang had experienced four waves of infection by that month.^[112][113] The health ministry sent experts to Da Nang to help the city contain the infection and quickly identify its source, submitting the new strain's data to a world gene bank for comparison. On 4 August, the ministry confirmed the dominant second-wave strain as D614G (the dominant global variant).^[114] A study published by Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico said that patients infected by that mutation have a heavier viral load and are more likely to infect others.^{[115][116][117]} As of 1 June 2023, Vietnam has recorded ten COVID-19 strains: the original Wuhan strain and the Alpha, A.23.1 (from Rwanda), Beta, B.1.222, B.1.619, Delta, D614G, Epsilon and Omicron variants.^{[118][119][120][121]}

Reinfection and recurrence

 

Pasteur Institute of Nha Trang technician taking a sample in July 2020

Many COVID-19 patients in Vietnam have reported positive tests after they were considered to have recovered from the disease. This has also occurred in other countries, such as the United States, South Korea, and China. South Korea's Central Clinical Committee for Emerging Disease Control head Oh Myoung-don rejected the possibility of reinfection, saying that patients probably tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 because "the testing kit collected RNA from dead virus fragments, [which] may remain in the body for months".^[122][123] Vietnam Minister of Health Nguyen Thanh Long agreed, saying that a patient may not have fully recovered; the virus might still exist in the body, particularly in lung cells.^[124]

The Ministry of Health reduced home quarantine in April 2021 to seven days because it did not record community infections from relapses. The previous mandatory quarantine on immigrants was 14 days in isolation and 14 days at home.^[125] In July, after 400 reported relapses, the ministry did not record any cases of community spread and rescinded quarantine rules for relapsed patients and their communities.^[126][127]

Medical response

Vietnam, Taiwan and South Korea were cited by global media as having some of the world's best-organized epidemic control programs.^{[128][129][130][131]} This success has been attributed to several factors, including a well-developed public health system, a decisive central government, and a proactive containment strategy based on testing, tracing, and quarantining.^[12] Vietnam's response to the outbreak has received broad international praise for its speed, effectiveness and transparency,^[132] in contrast to censorship in China^[133] and poor preparation in the United States and Europe.^{[131][134][135][136]}

Isolation and quarantine

On 11 January 2020, after China reported its first coronavirus death, Vietnam implemented health checks at airports.^[137][138] All visitors had their body temperatures measured, and those with a fever, cough, chest pain or breathing difficulties were isolated for testing. In the event of a positive test, fellow passengers and crew and all their contacts were quarantined for 14 days.^[139]

The government issued diagnostic and management guidelines for COVID-19 on 16 January, providing instructions on contact tracing and 14-day isolation.^[140] On 22 January, health authorities began monitoring body temperatures at border crossings and started detection and contact tracing, with mandatory isolation of infected people and anyone with whom they had come into contact.^[141]

Vietnam's meticulous contact-tracing effort is unique.^[46] Due to its inability to conduct mass testing (like South Korea), the country has taken a targeted approach to testing: increasing it in areas with community transmission, implementing a strict 14-day quarantine policy, and keeping track of second, third and fourth contact levels of infected persons (who would then be placed on different levels of movement and contact restrictions).^[142][12] According to CNN, if authorities had not proactively sought out people with infection risks, the virus could have quietly spread in communities days before being detected.^[46] In early April 2020, 45,000 people were ordered to quarantine in response to 240 cases. When a small cluster of infections emerged, an entire village (or city) was quarantined.^[143][144] By 9 May 2021, over 16 million people had been quarantined.^[145] Instead of relying on medicine and technology, Vietnam adopted a widespread public-surveillance system backed by military force.^[142][146] The country has a surveillance culture, in which neighbours will inform local police of suspected misconduct (an approach not taken in Western societies).^[147] Experience with pandemics has led to the development of institutional preparedness and "social memory," instrumental in encouraging people to adopt protective behaviors and heed official regulations and guidance.^[148]

Testing

See also: COVID-19 testing

On 30 January 2020, the Ministry of Science and Technology met with medical experts to propose solutions to contain and mitigate COVID-19.^[149] Deputy Minister Phạm Công Tạc urged virologists to accelerate the development of diagnostic tests.^[150] In early February, publicly funded Vietnamese institutions began developing at least four locally manufactured COVID-19 tests which were approved by the Ministry of Defense and the National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology. Private companies, including Viet A and Thai Duong, then offered to manufacture the test kits. Most laboratories analyzing the tests use in-house versions of WHO protocol, allowing broad testing without long wait times.^[12] A research team at Hanoi University of Science and Technology's Institute of Biotechnology and Food Technology announced in early February 2020 that it had developed test kits using RT-LAMP technology, with a 70-minute turnaround time.^[151]

The Ministry of Health approved GeneXpert, a test used by Vietnam's tuberculosis-prevention network since 2012, for COVID-19 testing in August 2020. Nguyễn Viết Nhung, director of the National Lung Hospital in Hanoi, said that the test is similar to RT-PCR and gives accurate results in 35–45 minutes for COVID-19 and tuberculosis.^[152] Plans were underway to expand GeneXpert testing at 42-46 lung hospitals around the country.^[153] In May 2021, Vietnam had 180 laboratories capable of testing for COVID-19 using RT-PCR with a capacity of 238,000 tests per day.^[154] Health officials prepared to extend testing capacity to more hospital laboratories, including provincial and military hospitals.^[155][156] During the Hải Dương outbreak, random testing of households and inpatients and targeted testing of high-risk groups was used instead of mass testing.^[157]

Treatment

With its experience of the 2003 SARS outbreak, Vietnam has been proactive in treating COVID-19 patients. Key is a well-ventilated environment, regularly disinfected and without air conditioning; addressing clinical and psychological symptoms, physiotherapy and appropriate nutrition are additional treatments.^[158][159]

According to the Ministry of Health, antiretroviral therapy will be considered. To leave the hospital, patients need two consecutive negative COVID-19 tests and must isolate at home for 14 days. The patient should be indoors in a well-ventilated, separate room, masked, washing hands frequently, and limiting contact with others. Body temperature should be checked twice daily.^[160]

During the second wave in Da Nang, treatment was improved with antiviral drugs. Specifically, Lopinavir, ritonavir and interferon have been used effectively, with patients becoming virus-free in seven days. Blood plasma from recovered patients is considered for severe cases as an alternative to antiviral drugs. The malaria drugs chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are no longer used.^[161][162]

Doctors studied plasma therapy for COVID-19 treatment since April 2020, and the National Hospital of Tropical Diseases selects plasma donors; by January 2021, however, no patient in the country had been treated this way. Nguyen Trung Cap, deputy director of the Hanoi National Hospital for Tropical Diseases, said that plasma therapy has limited benefit in COVID-19. During the first week of illness, a patient's viral load is high but symptoms are generally mild. Severe symptoms usually begin during the second week of illness (due to immune response), but the patient's viral load is lower. Antibody levels fall quickly after recovery, and side effects similar to those of blood transfusion (including fluid overload, acute hemolytic transfusion reaction and allergic transfusion reaction) may occur.^[163]

In October 2020, scientists at the Medical Genetics Institute, the Ho Chi Minh City Center for Disease Control (HCDC) and Ho Chi Minh City Medicine and Pharmacy University planned to sequence the genome of COVID-19 to learn how it affects different people and possibly identify genes sensitive to the virus. In the study's first stage, twenty recovered patients would have their genes sequenced by HCDC.^[164]

With the Delta variant and a rapid increase in cases during the fourth wave, the Ministry of Health implemented a new treatment regimen in July 2021. According to the ministry, over 80 percent of patients had a low fever, cough and fatigue and recovered in about a week; some were asymptomatic. About 20 percent of patients experienced severe symptoms within five to eight days; after seven to ten days of severe illness, patients without symptoms of respiratory failure gradually recovered. Under the new regimen, patients with no or mild symptoms would be treated in the general ward; severely-ill patients with life-threatening conditions required treatment in an intensive-care unit. Individualized treatment plans would be provided, particularly for severe cases. After returning home, patients must monitor their body temperature twice a day; if it is higher than 38 °C (100 °F) two consecutive times or they have symptoms, they must notify the medical facility immediately.^[126] In August 2021, the ministry approved the use of remdesivir and considered approving favipiravir.^[165]

Field hospital

 

Tien Son Sport Center before its conversion into a COVID field hospital

On 31 July 2020, the Da Nang Party Committee announced that it would use Tien Son Sport Center in Hải Châu district as a temporary field hospital to help the city's hospitals cope with the rising number of COVID-19 patients. The sports center covers an area of 10,000 m² (110,000 sq ft), and has a 2,000-bed capacity.^[166] The committee also agreed to use the Da Nang Military Command sports ground to store necessities and medical equipment to control the epidemic.^[167] Committee chair Huynh Duc Tho said that the COVID-19 epidemic was very serious in the area, with drastic action and strong measures required to control the outbreak. The Committee tasked the city with quickly buying necessary medical equipment, including ECMO machines, ventilators, protective suits and medical masks.^[168]

In January 2021, responding to an outbreak in Hải Dương province, two field hospitals with a combined 600-bed capacity were set up in the north of the province within 24 hours. The first, at the Chí Linh medical centre, was staffed by 45 doctors and about 70 nurses to treat 200 patients. The second was converted from the Hải Dương Medical Technical University, with 210 beds.^[169]

In 2021, Vietnam had about 2,000 ICU doctors and 16,000 ICU beds. On 16 August 2021, Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) established a three-level care pathway with a planned 60,000 beds, including 1,700 ICU beds:

• Level 1: Monitoring and care centres (centralized quarantine area and district hospitals) for asymptomatic and mildly-ill patients.
• Level 2: For mildly- and moderately-symptomatic patients
• Level 3: For severely-ill patients. This level includes eight hospitals: the Hospital of Tropical Diseases, Chợ Rẫy, Military Hospital 175, and five national ICU centers.

On 5 August, the committee's deputy secretary reported that the city's level-three capacity was nearing its limit. Due to the increase in new cases, HCMC Medical University established a 70-bed ICU centre on 3 August. Four days later, medical staffs from three of the country's major hospitals (Bạch Mai, Việt Đức and Central Huế) established three ICU centres with a total of 1,500 beds. HCMC assigned a total of 3,270 ICU beds to COVID-19 patients.^[170] HCMC established the 1,000-bed Tân Bình District Field Hospital on 18 August, the first multi-level field hospital to accept mildly-, moderately- and critically-ill patients. The hospital was intended to relieve pressure on major hospitals.^[171]

• Bình Dương Province: In August 2021, Bình Dương had 22 treatment facilities with 15,627 beds and a staff of 2,851. The provincial government used the three-level care pathway, and asked for support from Hanoi Medical University and the private health sector.^[172]
• Long An: The MOH supported the province in establishing a 500-bed ICU centre.
• Đồng Nai: The Hanoi-based National Lung Hospital helped Đồng Nai open a 380-bed ICU centre.^{[173][174][175]}

Drug and vaccine development

Further information: COVID-19 vaccine, COVID-19 drug development, and COVID-19 drug repurposing research

June 02, 2023