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Client state

April 06, 2023

A client state, in international relations, is a state that is economically, politically, and/or militarily subordinate to another more powerful state (called the "controlling state").[1] A client state may variously be described as satellite state, associated state, dominion, condominium, self-governing colony, neo-colony, protectorate, vassal state, puppet state, and tributary state.

Controlling states in history

Persia, Greece, and Rome

See also: List of Roman client rulers

Ancient states such as Persia and Parthia, Greek city-states, and Ancient Rome sometimes created client states by making the leaders of that state subservient, having to provide tribute and soldiers. Classical Athens, for example, forced weaker states into the Delian League and in some cases imposed democratic government on them. Later, Philip II of Macedon similarly imposed the League of Corinth. One of the most prolific users of client states was Republican Rome[2][3] which, instead of conquering and then absorbing into an empire, chose to make client states out of those it defeated (e.g. Demetrius of Pharos), a policy which was continued up until the 1st century BCE when it became the Roman Empire. Sometimes the client was not a former enemy but a pretender whom Rome helped, Herod the Great being a well-known example. The use of client states continued through the Middle Ages as the feudal system began to take hold.

Ottoman Empire

Main article: Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire
 
Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire in 1590

The number of tributary or vassal states varied over time but notable were the Khanate of Crimea, Wallachia, Moldavia, Transylvania, Sharifate of Mecca and the Sultanate of Aceh.

19th and 20th centuries

Russian Empire

Main article: Russia–Serbia relations

The Austro-Hungarian Empire tried to make Serbia a client state in order to form a Christian opposition to the Ottoman Empire, but after the 1903 May Coup, Serbia came under the influence of Russia, which was forming a pan-Eastern Orthodox opposition to the Latin Christianity represented by the Austro-Hungarian empire. In 1914, Russia repeatedly warned the Austro-Hungarian Empire against attacking Serbia. When it did attack, Russia mobilized its army.[4][5][6] Russia also wanted Bulgaria[7] and Montenegro[8] as client states.

At the time, Great Britain and Austria both considered Serbia as a client state controlled by Russia,[9] and most historians today might call Serbia a client state, but historian Christopher Clark, author of The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914, in a 2014 conference on the causes of World War I (“The Great War”), argues that Serbia was a “client state” only in the imaginations of Russia's leaders:

It was a risk enhancing initiative [of Russian Foreign Minister Serge Sazanov] to allow Serbia to become to see Serbia as a kind of client; ... Serbia, to my knowledge, has never been a client of anyone. […] This is a mistake, when Great Powers think they can secure the services of “client states”; That Those “clients” are never in fact “clients”! That’s a mistake that is presumably going to continue being made by our political leaderships, though one hopes one day it will stop.[10]

First French Empire and French Republic

Main articles: French client republic and Françafrique
 
First French Empire and French satellite states in 1812

During the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras (1789–1815), France conquered most of western Europe and established several client states.

At first, during the French revolutionary wars these states were erected as "Républiques soeurs" ("sister republics"). They were established in Italy (Cisalpine Republic in Northern Italy, Parthenopean Republic in Southern Italy), Greece (Îles Ioniennes), Switzerland (Helvetic Republic and Rhodanic Republic), Belgium and the Netherlands (Batavian Republic).

During the First French Empire, while Napoleon I and the French army conquered Europe, such states changed, and several new states were formed. The Italian republics were transformed into the Kingdom of Italy under Napoleon's direct rule in the north, and the Kingdom of Naples in the south, first under Joseph Bonaparte's rule and later under Marshal Joachim Murat. A third state was created in the Italian Peninsula, the Kingdom of Etruria. The Batavian Republic was replaced by the Kingdom of Holland, ruled by Napoleon's third brother, Louis Bonaparte.

A total of 35 German states, all of them allies of France, seceded from the Holy Roman Empire to create the Confederation of the Rhine, a client state created to provide a buffer between France and its two largest enemies to the east, Prussia and Austria. Two of those states were Napoleonic creations: the huge Kingdom of Westphalia, which was controlled by Jerome Bonaparte, the Emperor's youngest brother; and the Grand Duchy of Würzburg.

Following the French invasion of the Iberian Peninsula, Spain too was turned into a client Kingdom of Spain under Joseph Bonaparte; as was Poland, then the Duchy of Warsaw.

In the 20th century, France started to apply the concept of Françafrique, its name for its former African colonies,[11][12] sometimes extended to the former Belgian colonies. At present the term is used on some occasions to criticise the allegedly neocolonial relationship France has with its former colonies in Africa.

The countries involved provide oil and minerals important to the French economy. In addition, French companies have commercial interests in several countries of the continent.

British Empire

 
Map of the Indian Empire in 1909. The princely states are in yellow.

The Indian princely states were nominally sovereign entities in the British Empire and in 1947, were given a choice to either accede to independent India or Pakistan or get independence (the Nizam of Hyderabad did opt for independence but his kingdom was annexed by Indian forces in 1948). Egyptian Independence in 1922 ended its brief status as a British protectorate and Iraq was made a kingdom in 1932. But in both cases, the economic and military reality did not amount to full independence, but a status where the local rulers were British clients. Other instances include Africa (e.g. Northern Nigeria under Lord Lugard), and the Unfederated Malay States; the policy of indirect rule.

Germany

After France was defeated in the Battle of France, Vichy France was established as a client state of Nazi Germany, which remained as such until 1942 when it was reduced to a puppet government until its liberation in 1944. Germany also established, in its newly conquered Eastern territories, client states including the Slovak Republic, the Croatian State and the Albanian Kingdom.

United States of America

 
The leaders of some of the SEATO nations hosted by Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos on 24 October 1966

The term has been applied to authoritarian regimes with close ties to the United States during the Cold War, also referred to as U.S. proxy states, such as South Vietnam, Iran until 1979, Cambodia under the regime of Lon Nol from 1970 to 1975, and the Philippines under Ferdinand Marcos from 1965 to 1986,[13] U.S. - Iran relations under Mohammad Reza Shah (reigned 1941 to 1979) have been cited as a modern political-science case-study.[14]

The term has also been applied to states which are extremely economically dependent on a more powerful nation. The three Pacific Ocean countries associated with the United States under the Compact of Free Association (the Federated States of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands and Palau) have been called client states.

Imperial Japan

 
Location of Manchukuo (red) within Imperial Japan's sphere of influence in 1939

In the late 19th century, the Japanese Empire gradually reduced Joseon Korea's status to that of a client state. In the early 20th century, this was converted to direct rule. Manchukuo, in contrast, remained a puppet state throughout World War II.

Soviet Union

See also: Soviet Empire

Soviet proxy, "satellite" or "client" states included much of the Warsaw Pact nations whose policies were heavily influenced by Soviet military power and economic aid. Other third world nations with Marxist–Leninist governments were routinely criticized as being Soviet proxies as well, among them Cuba following the Cuban Revolution, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea,[20] the People's Republic of Angola, the People's Republic of Mozambique, the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam). Within the Soviet Union itself, the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR, had seats at the United Nations, but were actually proper Soviet territory.

See also

References

  1. ^ Michael Graham Fry, Erik Goldstein, Richard Langhorne. Guide to International Relations and Diplomacy. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Continuum International Publishing, 2002. Pp. 9.
  2. ^ Rocca, Samuel (2008). Herod's Judaea. ISBN 9783161497179.
  3. ^ Collected studies: Alexander and his successors in Macedonia, by Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond,1994,page 257,"to Demetrius of Pharos, whom she set up as a client king
  4. ^ Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Sazonov warned Austria in 1914 that Russia "Would respond militarily to any action against the client state." Christopher Clark, The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 (2012) p 481.
  5. ^ Thomas F. X. Noble; et al. (2010). Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries, Volume C: Since 1789. Cengage. p. 692. ISBN 978-1424069606.
  6. ^ Michael J. Lyons (2016). World War II: A Short History. Routledge. pp. 3–4. ISBN 9781315509440.
  7. ^ Barbara Jelavich (2004). Russia and the Formation of the Romanian National State, 1821–1878. Cambridge UP. p. 288. ISBN 9780521522519.
  8. ^ Clive Ponting (2002). Thirteen Days: The Road to the First World War. Chatto & Windus. p. 60. ISBN 9780701172930.
  9. ^ Henry Cowper (1990). World War One and Its Consequences. Open University Press. p. 209. ISBN 9780335093076.
  10. ^ "CIRSD Conference on WWI: Panel "What Kind of Failure?" - Prof. Christopher Clark" (Video), Center for International Relations and Sustainable Development, May 30, 2014, retrieved December 8, 2021 – via YouTube
  11. ^ . Al Jazeera. April 7, 2014. Archived from the original on November 12, 2018. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
  12. ^ Haski, Pierre (July 21, 2013). "The Return of Françafrique". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
  13. ^ "Imelda's Tears". The New Yorker. April 12, 1998.
  14. ^ Gasiorowski, Mark J. (1991). U.S. foreign policy and the Shah: building a client state in Iran. Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801424120. Retrieved 2018-09-19.
  15. ^ Williams, Glen (1989). "6: Canada in the International Political Economy". In Clement, Wallace; Williams, Glen (eds.). The New Canadian Political Economy. Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. pp. 116, 130. ISBN 9780773506817. Retrieved 2018-09-19. The dependency school, dominant in the 1960s and early 1970s, argued that Canada is an economic colony with a client state. [...] while it might have been possible a decade ago to use a Latin American dependency model when describing Canada, because of its excessive degree of foreign ownership and 'American client state' status, both Canadian capitalists and the Canadian state have now 'come of age.'
  16. ^ "China grapples with preserving reminders of Japanese occupation". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 2022-05-31.
  17. ^ "Transimperial Genealogies of Korea as a Protectorate: The Egypt Model in Japan's Politics of Colonial Comparison | Cross-Currents". cross-currents.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2022-05-31.
  18. ^ "How Japan Took Control of Korea | HISTORY". www.history.com. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
  19. ^ "Japanese Rule Over Korea - A Liberation Day Korea History - Koryo Tours". koryogroup.com. Retrieved 2022-06-02.
  20. ^ Mizokami, Kyle (8 January 2016). "Why North Korea is betting big on nuclear weapons". The Week.

April 06, 2023
client, state, client, state, international, relations, state, that, economically, politically, militarily, subordinate, another, more, powerful, state, called, controlling, state, client, state, variously, described, satellite, state, associated, state, domin. A client state in international relations is a state that is economically politically and or militarily subordinate to another more powerful state called the controlling state 1 A client state may variously be described as satellite state associated state dominion condominium self governing colony neo colony protectorate vassal state puppet state and tributary state Contents 1 Controlling states in history 1 1 Persia Greece and Rome 1 2 Ottoman Empire 2 19th and 20th centuries 2 1 Russian Empire 2 2 First French Empire and French Republic 2 3 British Empire 2 4 Germany 2 5 United States of America 2 6 Imperial Japan 2 7 Soviet Union 3 See also 4 ReferencesControlling states in history EditPersia Greece and Rome Edit See also List of Roman client rulers Ancient states such as Persia and Parthia Greek city states and Ancient Rome sometimes created client states by making the leaders of that state subservient having to provide tribute and soldiers Classical Athens for example forced weaker states into the Delian League and in some cases imposed democratic government on them Later Philip II of Macedon similarly imposed the League of Corinth One of the most prolific users of client states was Republican Rome 2 3 which instead of conquering and then absorbing into an empire chose to make client states out of those it defeated e g Demetrius of Pharos a policy which was continued up until the 1st century BCE when it became the Roman Empire Sometimes the client was not a former enemy but a pretender whom Rome helped Herod the Great being a well known example The use of client states continued through the Middle Ages as the feudal system began to take hold Ottoman Empire Edit Main article Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire in 1590 The number of tributary or vassal states varied over time but notable were the Khanate of Crimea Wallachia Moldavia Transylvania Sharifate of Mecca and the Sultanate of Aceh 19th and 20th centuries EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed July 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message Russian Empire Edit Main article Russia Serbia relations The Austro Hungarian Empire tried to make Serbia a client state in order to form a Christian opposition to the Ottoman Empire but after the 1903 May Coup Serbia came under the influence of Russia which was forming a pan Eastern Orthodox opposition to the Latin Christianity represented by the Austro Hungarian empire In 1914 Russia repeatedly warned the Austro Hungarian Empire against attacking Serbia When it did attack Russia mobilized its army 4 5 6 Russia also wanted Bulgaria 7 and Montenegro 8 as client states At the time Great Britain and Austria both considered Serbia as a client state controlled by Russia 9 and most historians today might call Serbia a client state but historian Christopher Clark author of The Sleepwalkers How Europe Went to War in 1914 in a 2014 conference on the causes of World War I The Great War argues that Serbia was a client state only in the imaginations of Russia s leaders It was a risk enhancing initiative of Russian Foreign Minister Serge Sazanov to allow Serbia to become to see Serbia as a kind of client Serbia to my knowledge has never been a client of anyone This is a mistake when Great Powers think they can secure the services of client states That Those clients are never in fact clients That s a mistake that is presumably going to continue being made by our political leaderships though one hopes one day it will stop 10 Kingdom of SerbiaFirst French Empire and French Republic Edit Main articles French client republic and Francafrique First French Empire and French satellite states in 1812 During the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras 1789 1815 France conquered most of western Europe and established several client states At first during the French revolutionary wars these states were erected as Republiques soeurs sister republics They were established in Italy Cisalpine Republic in Northern Italy Parthenopean Republic in Southern Italy Greece Iles Ioniennes Switzerland Helvetic Republic and Rhodanic Republic Belgium and the Netherlands Batavian Republic During the First French Empire while Napoleon I and the French army conquered Europe such states changed and several new states were formed The Italian republics were transformed into the Kingdom of Italy under Napoleon s direct rule in the north and the Kingdom of Naples in the south first under Joseph Bonaparte s rule and later under Marshal Joachim Murat A third state was created in the Italian Peninsula the Kingdom of Etruria The Batavian Republic was replaced by the Kingdom of Holland ruled by Napoleon s third brother Louis Bonaparte A total of 35 German states all of them allies of France seceded from the Holy Roman Empire to create the Confederation of the Rhine a client state created to provide a buffer between France and its two largest enemies to the east Prussia and Austria Two of those states were Napoleonic creations the huge Kingdom of Westphalia which was controlled by Jerome Bonaparte the Emperor s youngest brother and the Grand Duchy of Wurzburg Following the French invasion of the Iberian Peninsula Spain too was turned into a client Kingdom of Spain under Joseph Bonaparte as was Poland then the Duchy of Warsaw In the 20th century France started to apply the concept of Francafrique its name for its former African colonies 11 12 sometimes extended to the former Belgian colonies At present the term is used on some occasions to criticise the allegedly neocolonial relationship France has with its former colonies in Africa The countries involved provide oil and minerals important to the French economy In addition French companies have commercial interests in several countries of the continent Napoleonic ItalyBritish Empire Edit Map of the Indian Empire in 1909 The princely states are in yellow The Indian princely states were nominally sovereign entities in the British Empire and in 1947 were given a choice to either accede to independent India or Pakistan or get independence the Nizam of Hyderabad did opt for independence but his kingdom was annexed by Indian forces in 1948 Egyptian Independence in 1922 ended its brief status as a British protectorate and Iraq was made a kingdom in 1932 But in both cases the economic and military reality did not amount to full independence but a status where the local rulers were British clients Other instances include Africa e g Northern Nigeria under Lord Lugard and the Unfederated Malay States the policy of indirect rule Germany Edit After France was defeated in the Battle of France Vichy France was established as a client state of Nazi Germany which remained as such until 1942 when it was reduced to a puppet government until its liberation in 1944 Germany also established in its newly conquered Eastern territories client states including the Slovak Republic the Croatian State and the Albanian Kingdom Vichy France Independent State of Croatia Slovak Republic 1939 1945 Albanian Kingdom 1943 44 United States of America Edit The leaders of some of the SEATO nations hosted by Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos on 24 October 1966 The term has been applied to authoritarian regimes with close ties to the United States during the Cold War also referred to as U S proxy states such as South Vietnam Iran until 1979 Cambodia under the regime of Lon Nol from 1970 to 1975 and the Philippines under Ferdinand Marcos from 1965 to 1986 13 U S Iran relations under Mohammad Reza Shah reigned 1941 to 1979 have been cited as a modern political science case study 14 Canada 15 Chile 1973 1990 Republic of China 1945 1979 on the island of Taiwan from 1949 Iran 1941 1979 Israel from 1967 Khmer Republic 1970 1975 Liberia Philippines 1965 1986 South Korea 1948 1953 South Vietnam 1955 1975 The term has also been applied to states which are extremely economically dependent on a more powerful nation The three Pacific Ocean countries associated with the United States under the Compact of Free Association the Federated States of Micronesia the Marshall Islands and Palau have been called client states Imperial Japan Edit Location of Manchukuo red within Imperial Japan s sphere of influence in 1939 In the late 19th century the Japanese Empire gradually reduced Joseon Korea s status to that of a client state In the early 20th century this was converted to direct rule Manchukuo in contrast remained a puppet state throughout World War II Azad Hind State of Burma Cambodia from 9 March 1945 to 16 October 1945 China East Hebei Autonomous Government Great Way Government North Shanxi Autonomous Government 16 Great Way Government Provisional Government of the Republic of China Wang Jingwei regime Joseon Post Sino Japanese War 17 Korean Empire 18 19 Kingdom of Laos Kingdom of Luang Phrabang 1945 Manchukuo Mengjiang Second Philippine Republic Ryukyu current Okinawa Prefecture Thailand 1942 1945 Empire of VietnamSoviet Union Edit See also Soviet Empire Soviet proxy satellite or client states included much of the Warsaw Pact nations whose policies were heavily influenced by Soviet military power and economic aid Other third world nations with Marxist Leninist governments were routinely criticized as being Soviet proxies as well among them Cuba following the Cuban Revolution the Democratic People s Republic of Korea 20 the People s Republic of Angola the People s Republic of Mozambique the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam North Vietnam Within the Soviet Union itself the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR had seats at the United Nations but were actually proper Soviet territory Warsaw Pact and Comecon states Afghanistan 1979 1991 Albania 1946 1968 Bulgaria Cuba Czechoslovakia East Germany 1949 1990 Hungary Mongolia Poland Romania remained a de jure member in spite of the de satellization of Romania Vietnam North Vietnam to 1976 People s Republic of Kampuchea 1979 1989 People s Republic of China until the Sino Soviet split Jiangxi 1931 1937 People s Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 1974 1991 Derg until 1987 Laos North Korea 1949 1991 South Yemen Yugoslavia until the Tito Stalin split See also EditBanana republic Suzerain Tributary political Strategic autonomyReferences Edit Michael Graham Fry Erik Goldstein Richard Langhorne Guide to International Relations and Diplomacy London England UK New York New York USA Continuum International Publishing 2002 Pp 9 Rocca Samuel 2008 Herod s Judaea ISBN 9783161497179 Collected studies Alexander and his successors in Macedonia by Nicholas Geoffrey Lempriere Hammond 1994 page 257 to Demetrius of Pharos whom she set up as a client king Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Sazonov warned Austria in 1914 that Russia Would respond militarily to any action against the client state Christopher Clark The Sleepwalkers How Europe Went to War in 1914 2012 p 481 Thomas F X Noble et al 2010 Western Civilization Beyond Boundaries Volume C Since 1789 Cengage p 692 ISBN 978 1424069606 Michael J Lyons 2016 World War II A Short History Routledge pp 3 4 ISBN 9781315509440 Barbara Jelavich 2004 Russia and the Formation of the Romanian National State 1821 1878 Cambridge UP p 288 ISBN 9780521522519 Clive Ponting 2002 Thirteen Days The Road to the First World War Chatto amp Windus p 60 ISBN 9780701172930 Henry Cowper 1990 World War One and Its Consequences Open University Press p 209 ISBN 9780335093076 CIRSD Conference on WWI Panel What Kind of Failure Prof Christopher Clark Video Center for International Relations and Sustainable Development May 30 2014 retrieved December 8 2021 via YouTube The French African Connection Al Jazeera April 7 2014 Archived from the original on November 12 2018 Retrieved September 27 2018 Haski Pierre July 21 2013 The Return of Francafrique The New York Times New York Retrieved September 27 2018 Imelda s Tears The New Yorker April 12 1998 Gasiorowski Mark J 1991 U S foreign policy and the Shah building a client state in Iran Reference Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series Cornell University Press ISBN 9780801424120 Retrieved 2018 09 19 Williams Glen 1989 6 Canada in the International Political Economy In Clement Wallace Williams Glen eds The New Canadian Political Economy Montreal McGill Queen s Press MQUP pp 116 130 ISBN 9780773506817 Retrieved 2018 09 19 The dependency school dominant in the 1960s and early 1970s argued that Canada is an economic colony with a client state while it might have been possible a decade ago to use a Latin American dependency model when describing Canada because of its excessive degree of foreign ownership and American client state status both Canadian capitalists and the Canadian state have now come of age China grapples with preserving reminders of Japanese occupation Nikkei Asia Retrieved 2022 05 31 Transimperial Genealogies of Korea as a Protectorate The Egypt Model in Japan s Politics of Colonial Comparison Cross Currents cross currents berkeley edu Retrieved 2022 05 31 How Japan Took Control of Korea HISTORY www history com Retrieved 2021 07 02 Japanese Rule Over Korea A Liberation Day Korea History Koryo Tours koryogroup com Retrieved 2022 06 02 Mizokami Kyle 8 January 2016 Why North Korea is betting big on nuclear weapons The Week Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Client state amp oldid 1147858542, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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