Rawadid dynasty

Rawwadid or Ravvadid (also Revend or Revendi) or Banū Rawwād (Arabic: بنو روَّاد) (955–1071) was a Sunni Muslim Kurdish^[1][4][5] dynasty, centered in the northwestern region of Adharbayjan (Azerbaijan) between the late 8th and early 13th centuries.^[1]

Rawadid dynasty
955–1070/1116
Rawadids in the 11th and 12th centuries
Capital	Tabriz
Spoken languages	New Persian (court, literature)^[1]^[2] Adhari (local)^[3] Kurdish (ruling dynasty)
Religion	Sunni Islam
Government	Emirate
History
• Established	955
• Disestablished	1070/1116
Area
• Total	250.000 km^2 (96.526 sq mi)
Preceded by Succeeded by Sallarid dynasty Seljuk Empire Ahmadilis

Originally of Azdi Arab descent,^[6] the Rawadids ruled Tabriz and northeastern Adharbayjan in the late 8th and early 9th centuries.^[1] The family became Kurdicized by the early 10th century and became centered on Tabriz and Maragha.^[7] In the second half of the 10th century and much of the 11th century, these Kurdified descendants controlled much of Adharbayjan as well as parts of Armenia.^[1]

History

The origin of the Rawwadid dynasty was connected with the name of the tribal leader Rawwad.^[8] Rawadids were originally from Azdi Arab ancestry, and arrived in the region in the mid 8th century, but they had become Kurdicized by the early 10th century and began to use Kurdish forms like Mamlan for Muhammad and Ahmadil for Ahmad as their names.^{[1][9][10][11]} The Rawadid family moved into Kurdistan in the mid 8th century, and it took over a leadership of the Rawadiya a branch of Hadhabani Kurdish tribe by the tenth century.^[12] In the second half of the 10th century and much of the 11th century, these Kurdicized descendants controlled much of Adharbayjan as well as parts of Armenia.^[1]

The earliest form of the name is written "Rewend" in the Sharafnameh. According to Kasravi, Rawwadids conquered the lands of the Musafirid ruler Ibrahim I ibn Marzuban I, in Adharbayjan in 979. Abu Mansur Wahsudan (1019-1054) is the best known Rawwadid ruler, and he is mentioned by Ibn Athir. According to Ahmad Kasravi, sixty panegyric qasidas of the poet Qatran Tabrizi (11th century) dedicated to Wahsudan have been preserved. After the Oghuz revolt against Mahmud Ghaznavi (998-1030) in Khorasan in 1028, about 2,000 Oghuz families fled to the West. Wahsudan protected and allowed some of them to settle in the territory of the Rawwadis.^[13][14] He gave them land and made them vassals, intending to use them in the wars against the Byzantine Empire.^[15] The regions of Tabriz, Maragha and the strongholds of Sahand mountain were in his possession. In 1029, he helped the Hadhbani Kurds in Maragha to defeat the invading Oghuz Turkish tribes.

According to Ibn Athir, Wahsudan formed a marriage alliance with the first group of Oghuz Turks reached Adharbayjan to act against his enemies. This alliance stimulated animosity of the Shaddadid ruler Abu’l-Ḥasan Laškari. Another group of Turks arrived in Adharbayjan in 1037–1038. After they looted Maragha, Wahsudan and his nephew Abu’l-Hayjā put aside their problems and joined forces against the Ghuzz Turks. Turks were dispelled to Rayy, Isfahan, and Hamadan. A group of Turks remained in Urmiya. Wahsudan invited their leaders to a dinner and slaughtered them in 1040–1041.^[1]

Qatran mentioned about several battles between Wahsudan and a group of a Ghuzz reached Adharbayjan in 1041–1042. An intense battle in the desert of Sarāb resulted in the Rawwadids’ defeat on the Turks.^[1]

After banishing the Oghuz, Wahsudan improved relations with Shaddadids and travelled in person to Ganja, center of Shaddadids.^[1]

Wahsudan also sent an expedition to Ardabil under the command of his son Mamlan II. The ruler (sipahbod) of Moghan had to submit to the conqueror. Mamlan also built a fortress in Ardabil.^[16]

A devastating earthquake in 1042-1043 destroyed much of Tabriz, its walls, houses, markets, and much of the Ravvadis' palace. Although Ibn al-'Asir said that 50,000 people died in Tabriz, Nasir Khosrow, who passed through Tabriz four years later gave the number of dead 40,000 and stated that the city was prospering at the times of his visit. Wahsudan himself was saved because he was in a garden outside the city.^[17]

The Seljuks under Tughril conquered the principality in 1054 CE, and he defeated the prince of Tabriz Wahsudan ibn Mamlan and brought his son Abu Nasr Mamlan.^[18] In 1071, when Alp Arslan returned from his campaign against the Byzantine Empire, he deposed Mamlan.^[1] Wahsudan's successor, Ahmad bin Wahsudan, lord of Maragha, took part in Malik Shah's campaign against Syria in 1110 CE.^[19] His full title was Ahmadil bin Ibrahim bin Wahsudan al-Rawwadi al-Kurdi.^[20] Ahmadil fought again the crusaders during the First Crusade. Joscelin made a peace treaty with him during the siege of Tell Bashir (in present-day southern Turkey, south-east of Gaziantep). He was stabbed to death by the Ismaili assassins in 1117 in Baghdad. His descendants continued to rule Maragha and Tabriz as Atabakane Maragha until the Mongol invasion in 1227.^[21][22]

Rawadid Rulers

1. Muhammad ibn Husayn al-Rawadi (? – c. 953?)
2. Abu'l-Hayja Husayn I (955–988)
3. Abu'l-Hayja Mamlan I (988–1000)
4. Abu Nasr Husayn II (1000–1025)
5. Abu Mansur Wahsudan (1025–1058/9)
6. Abu Nasr Mamlan II (1058/9–1070)
7. Ahmadil ibn Ibrahim ibn Wahsudan (in Maragha)(c.1100-1116)

Burial Place

Imamzadeh Chaharmenar in Tabriz, is the burial place of Rawadid Rulers:

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See also

• List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
• List of Kurdish dynasties and countries

References

1. Peacock 2017.
2. Lornejad & Doostzadeh 2012, pp. 152–153.
3. Frye 2004, pp. 321–326.
4. Michael M. Gunter, The A to Z of the Kurds, (Scarecrow Press, 2009), 171
5. Christoph Baumer, History of the Caucasus: Volume 1: At the Crossroads of Empires, (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2021), 265
6. The Encyclopaedia of Islam: MAH-MID
7. V. Minorsky, A Mongol Decree of 720/1320 to the Family of Shaykh Zahid, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1954, p. 524
8. Bosworth 1995, pp. 469–470.
9. Bosworth 1995, p. 150.
10. W.B. Fisher et al., The Cambridge History of Iran, 778 pp., Cambridge University Press, 1968, ISBN 9780521069366 (p.32)
11. Bosworth 1995, p. 469.
12. Massoume Price, Iran's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook, ABC-CLIO, 2005, ISBN 9781576079935, p. 43.
13. Minorsky, V. (1954). "A Mongol Decree of 720/1320 to the Family of Shaykh Zāhid". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. Cambridge University Press. 16 (3): 524. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00086821.
14. Bosworth, Clifford Edmund, ed. (1991). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 6. Brill. ISBN 9789004081123.
15. Minorsky, V. (1953). "Studies in Caucasian History". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Taylor's Foreign Press.
16. V. Minorsky, A Mongol Decree of 720/1320 to the Family of Shaykh Zahid, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1954, p. 524
17. Bayne Fisher, William; Nelson Frye, Richard, eds. (1975). The Cambridge History of Iran, Том 4. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521069359.
18. P. Blaum, Diplomacy gone to seed: a history of Byzantine foreign relations, 1047-57 A.D., International Journal of Kurdish Studies, Jan. 2005, p. 15
19. Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor, ed. (1913–1936). "Kurds and Kurdistan". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 4 (1st ed.). Brill. ISBN 9004097902. OCLC 258059134. (see under Turkish Conquest)
20. The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine by Uri M. Kupferschmid
21. P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs (editors), Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second Edition), "Marāg̲h̲a", Brill Online.
22. Minorsky, La Domination des Dailamites, presented in a Conference of the Societé des Etudes Iraniennes, Paris, 28 May 1931. Also see Minorsky, Daylam in the Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1962, pp. 189–94

Sources

• Bosworth, C.E. (1995). "Rawwādids". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VIII: Ned–Sam. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-09834-3.
• Bosworth, C.E. (1996). The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. New York City: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-10714-5.
• de Blois, Francois (2004). Persian Literature - A Bio-Bibliographical Survey: Poetry of the Pre-Mongol Period (Volume V). Routledge. ISBN 978-0947593476.
• Dehghan, I. (1978). "Ḳaṭrān". In van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Bosworth, C. E. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume IV: Iran–Kha. Leiden: E. J. Brill. OCLC 758278456.
• Frye, R. N. (2004). "IRAN v. PEOPLES OF IRAN (1) A General Survey". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XIII/3: Iran II. Iranian history–Iran V. Peoples of Iran. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 321–326. ISBN 978-0-933273-89-4.
• Lornejad, Siavash; Doostzadeh, Ali (2012). Arakelova, Victoria; Asatrian, Garnik (eds.). On the modern politicization of the Persian poet Nezami Ganjavi (PDF). Caucasian Centre for Iranian Studies.
• Madelung, Wilferd (1975). "Minor dynasties of northern Iran". In Frye, Richard N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 198–250. ISBN 0-521-20093-8.
• Peacock, Andrew (2017). "Rawwadids". Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition. New York.
• Rypka, Jan (1968). History of Iranian Literature. Springer Netherlands. ISBN 978-9401034814.
• Kennedy, Hugh (2016). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates. Routledge. ISBN 9781317376392.

External links

1. Rawwadids, Encyclopaedia of Islam.
2. (see Rawwadid)