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Baku Governorate

January 05, 2023

The Baku Governorate,[a] known before 1859 as the Shemakha Governorate,[b] was a province (guberniya) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, with its center in the booming metropolis and Caspian Sea port of Baku. Area (1897): 34,400 sq. versts, population (1897): 789,659.[1] The Baku Governorate bordered Persia to the south, the Elizavetpol Governorate (the Tiflis and Erivan governorates before 1868) to the west, the Dagestan Oblast to the north, and the Baku Gradonachalstvo to the east on the Absheron Peninsula.

Baku Governorate
Бакинская губернія
Governorate
Coat of arms
Administrative map of the Baku Governorate (1905–1917)
CountryRussian Empire
ViceroyaltyCaucasus
Established1846
Abolished1920
CapitalBaku
Area
 • Total37,948.97 km2 (14,652.18 sq mi)
Highest elevation
(Mount Bazardüzü)
4,466 m (14,652 ft)
Population
 (1916)
 • Total875,746
 • Density23/km2 (60/sq mi)
 • Urban
8.28%
 • Rural
91.72%

History

The governorate was originally established in 1846 as the Shamakha Governorate, replacing what had been several military precincts. Following the catastrophic 1859 Shamakhi earthquake, the capital of the governorate was transferred from Shamakha (Shаmakhi) to the fast-growing city of Baku, and on July 12, 1859, the governorate's name was changed accordingly. The coat of arms of the Baku Governorate was instituted on July 5, 1878.[2] Initially, the Baku Governorate included the areas of the former khanates of Karabakh and Shaki until these areas were detached in 1868 to form part of the adjacent Elizavetpol Governorate.

The Armenians were dominant in the commerce of the Baku Governorate as evidenced by them controlling 29% of enterprises in the province as opposed to the Azerbaijanis owning only 18%. Whilst Armenians enjoyed more favourable treatment under the Russian administration and produced oil tycoons such as Alexander Mantashev, Azerbaijanis made up most of the unskilled low-paid labor jobs and were virtually absent from the administration of the province despite their preponderance. In the early 20th century, Russian official Grigory Golitsyn increased the number of Azerbaijanis in the administration and confiscated properties of the Armenian Apostolic Church, however, his anti-Armenian policies (which provoked the Armenian–Tatar clashes) were later repealed in 1905 under the rule of Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov.[3]

Upon the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, the Baku Governorate was incorporated into the fledgling state and subsequently separated into a smaller Baku General-Governorate and a Lenkoran General-Governorate, the latter being the location of the Provisional Military Dictatorship of Mughan which was suppressed in spring 1919. The governorate was eventually abolished in its entirety following the establishment of Soviet rule in Azerbaijan in 1920, however, its uezds ("counties") continued to exist until their administrative reorganization into raions ("districts") in 1929–1930.

Administrative divisions

The counties (uezds) of the Baku Governorate in 1917 were as follows:[4][5]

District Russian name Capital Population Area
1897 1916
Baku Бакинскій уѣздъ Sarai (Saray) 182,897 16,268 2,610.22 square versts (2,970.59 km2; 1,146.95 sq mi)
Geokchay Геокчайскій уѣздъ Geokchay (Goychay) 117,705 134,098 4,676.58 square versts (5,322.24 km2; 2,054.93 sq mi)
Javad Джеватскій уѣздъ Salyan 90,043 162,305 8,396.97 square versts (9,556.27 km2; 3,689.70 sq mi)
Kuba Кубинскій уѣздъ Kuba (Quba) 183,242 198,204 6,308.61 square versts (7,179.59 km2; 2,772.06 sq mi)
Lenkoran Ленкоранскій уѣздъ Lenkoran (Lankaran) 130,987 203,319 4,726.88 square versts (5,379.48 km2; 2,077.03 sq mi)
Shemakha Шемахинскій уѣздъ Shemakha (Shamakhi) 121,842 161,552 6,625.99 square versts (7,540.79 km2; 2,911.51 sq mi)

Demographics

The ethnic group composition of the governorate changed considerably in the latter part of the 19th century. By the beginning of the 20th century, there were 214,700 inhabitants, amongst them, Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians consisting of 76.3 thousand (35.5%), Tatars 46 thousand (21.4%), Armenians 42 thousand (19.4%), Persians 25 thousand (11.7%), Jews 9.7 thousand (4.5%), Georgians 4 thousand (1.9%), Germans 3.3 thousand (1.5%), and Kazan Tatars 2.3 thousand (1.1%).[6] Muslims generally lived in the historical centre of Baku (Old Baku), surrounded by the khan's castle in the west of the city. Armenians mostly lived in the industrial zone in the north of the city. During the construction of the new city centre, various ethnic groups started to move to different districts.[7]

Russian Empire census (1897)

According to the Russian Empire Census of 1897, the Baku Governorate had a population of 826,716, including 458,065 men and 368,651 women. The majority of the population indicated Tatar (later known as Azerbaijani) to be their mother tongue, with significant Tat, Russian, Armenian, Kyurin, and Talysh speaking minorities.[4]

Linguistic composition of the Baku Governorate in 1897[4]
Language Native speakers %
Tatar[c] 485,146 58.68
Tat 89,519 10.83
Russian 73,632 8.91
Armenian 52,233 6.32
Kyurin 48,192 5.83
Talysh 34,994 4.23
Kazi-Kumukh 11,811 1.43
Jewish 8,172 0.99
Persian 5,973 0.72
German 3,430 0.41
Ukrainian 3,372 0.41
Avar-Andean 2,898 0.35
Georgian 1,616 0.20
Polish 1,439 0.17
Turkish 1,155 0.14
Belarusian 677 0.08
Mordovian 531 0.06
Swedish 347 0.04
Greek 278 0.03
Lithuanian 272 0.03
Other 1,029 0.12
TOTAL 826,716 100.00
Religious composition of the Baku Governorate in 1897[8]
Faith Male Female Both
Number %
Muslim 372,770 303,473 676,243 81.80
Eastern Orthodox 32,164 23,926 56,090 6.78
Armenian Apostolic 31,403 21,160 52,563 6.36
Old Believer 11,075 10,837 21,912 2.65
Judaism 6,599 6,154 12,753 1.54
Lutheran 1,911 1,869 3,780 0.46
Roman Catholic 1,574 644 2,218 0.27
Baptist 313 350 663 0.08
Armenian Catholic 96 109 205 0.02
Reformed 102 88 190 0.02
Karaite 3 5 8 0.00
Anglican 4 3 7 0.00
Buddhist 5 0 5 0.00
Mennonite 1 1 2 0.00
Other Christian denomination 42 31 73 0.01
Other non-Christian denomination 3 1 4 0.00
TOTAL 458,065 368,651 826,716 100.00

Caucasian Calendar (1917)

According to the 1917 publication of the Caucasian Calendar, the Baku Governorate had 875,746 residents in 1916, including 465,711 men and 410,035 women, 838,717 of whom were the permanent population, and 37,029 were temporary residents:[5]

Nationality Urban Rural TOTAL
Number % Number % Number %
Shia Muslims[d] 34,499 47.58 395,319 49.22 429,818 49.08
Sunni Muslims[e] 12,905 17.80 249,851 31.11 262,756 30.00
Russians[f] 3,788 5.22 68,847 8.57 72,635 8.29
North Caucasians 631 0.87 49,144 6.12 49,775 5.68
Armenians 5,663 7.81 37,258 4.64 42,921 4.90
Jews 14,948 20.62 2,613 0.33 17,561 2.01
Asiatic Christians 22 0.03 139 0.02 161 0.02
Other Europeans 53 0.07 36 0.00 89 0.01
Georgians 0 0.00 30 0.00 30 0.00
TOTAL 72,509 100.00 803,237 100.00 875,746 100.00

If combining the data of the Baku Governorate with the Baku Gradonachalstvo (municipal district), there would be 1,281,575 residents, including 701,603 men and 579,972 women, 1,012,206 of whom were the permanent population, and 269,369 were temporary residents.[5]

Governors

  • Konstantin Tarkhanov-Mouravov, 1859–1863
  • Mikhail Kolyubakin, 1863–1872
  • Dmitry Staroselsky, 1872–1875
  • Valery Pozen, 1875–1882
  • Justin von Huebsch Grostal, 1882–1888
  • Vladimir Rogge, 1888–1899
  • Dmitry Odintsov, 1899–1904
  • Mikhail Nakashidze, 1904–1905
  • Andrei Fadeyev, 1905
  • Vladimir Alyshevsky, 1905–1915
  • Leo Potulov, 1916–1917[11]

Notes

  1. ^
    • Russian: Баки́нская губе́рнія, romanized: Bakínskaya gubérniya
    • Azerbaijani: باکؽ قۇبئرنیاسیٛ, romanized: Bakı quberniyası
  2. ^
    • Russian: Шемахи́нская губе́рнія, romanized: Shemakhínskaya gubérniya
    • Azerbaijani: شاماخؽ قۇبئرنیاسیٛ, romanized: Şamaxı quberniyası
  3. ^ Later known as Azerbaijani.
  4. ^ Primarily Tatars,[9] later known as Azerbaijanis.[10]
  5. ^ Primarily Turco-Tatars.[9]
  6. ^ The Caucasian Calendar did not distinguish between Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians.

References

  1. ^ ЭСБЕ/Баку (in Russian). Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
  2. ^ "Герб Бакинской губернии". heraldry.hobby.ru. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
  3. ^ Shafiyev, Farid. "Armenian-Azerbaijani Conflict. Roots: Massacres of 1905-1906": 16 – via Academia. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. ^ a b c "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
  5. ^ a b c [Caucasian calendar for 1917] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917. pp. 178–181. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021.
  6. ^ Современный Азербайджан. // Новый Восток. 1926. № 4. С. 174
  7. ^ Йорг Баберовски. (2004). Под ред. И. Герасимова (ed.). "Цивилизаторская миссия и национализм в Закавказье: 1828-1914 гг". Новая имперская история постсоветского пространства. Казань: New Imperial History: 322. ISBN 9785852470249.
  8. ^ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
  9. ^ a b Hovannisian 1971, p. 67.
  10. ^ Bournoutian 2015, p. 35.
  11. ^ Baku Lands 2011-04-26 at the Wayback Machine

Bibliography

  • Bournoutian, George (2015). "Demographic Changes in the Southwest Caucasus, 1604–1830: The Case of Historical Eastern Armenia". Forum of EthnoGeoPolitics. Amsterdam. 3 (2).
  • Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971). The Republic of Armenia. Vol. 1. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-01805-2.

External links

  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Baku" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 230.

Coordinates: 40°22′00″N 49°50′07″E / 40.3667°N 49.8352°E / 40.3667; 49.8352

January 05, 2023
baku, governorate, known, before, 1859, shemakha, governorate, province, guberniya, caucasus, viceroyalty, russian, empire, with, center, booming, metropolis, caspian, port, baku, area, 1897, versts, population, 1897, bordered, persia, south, elizavetpol, gove. The Baku Governorate a known before 1859 as the Shemakha Governorate b was a province guberniya of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire with its center in the booming metropolis and Caspian Sea port of Baku Area 1897 34 400 sq versts population 1897 789 659 1 The Baku Governorate bordered Persia to the south the Elizavetpol Governorate the Tiflis and Erivan governorates before 1868 to the west the Dagestan Oblast to the north and the Baku Gradonachalstvo to the east on the Absheron Peninsula Baku Governorate Bakinskaya guberniyaGovernorateCoat of armsAdministrative map of the Baku Governorate 1905 1917 CountryRussian EmpireViceroyaltyCaucasusEstablished1846Abolished1920CapitalBakuArea Total37 948 97 km2 14 652 18 sq mi Highest elevation Mount Bazarduzu 4 466 m 14 652 ft Population 1916 Total875 746 Density23 km2 60 sq mi Urban8 28 Rural91 72 Contents 1 History 2 Administrative divisions 3 Demographics 3 1 Russian Empire census 1897 3 2 Caucasian Calendar 1917 4 Governors 5 Notes 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External linksHistory EditThe governorate was originally established in 1846 as the Shamakha Governorate replacing what had been several military precincts Following the catastrophic 1859 Shamakhi earthquake the capital of the governorate was transferred from Shamakha Shamakhi to the fast growing city of Baku and on July 12 1859 the governorate s name was changed accordingly The coat of arms of the Baku Governorate was instituted on July 5 1878 2 Initially the Baku Governorate included the areas of the former khanates of Karabakh and Shaki until these areas were detached in 1868 to form part of the adjacent Elizavetpol Governorate The Armenians were dominant in the commerce of the Baku Governorate as evidenced by them controlling 29 of enterprises in the province as opposed to the Azerbaijanis owning only 18 Whilst Armenians enjoyed more favourable treatment under the Russian administration and produced oil tycoons such as Alexander Mantashev Azerbaijanis made up most of the unskilled low paid labor jobs and were virtually absent from the administration of the province despite their preponderance In the early 20th century Russian official Grigory Golitsyn increased the number of Azerbaijanis in the administration and confiscated properties of the Armenian Apostolic Church however his anti Armenian policies which provoked the Armenian Tatar clashes were later repealed in 1905 under the rule of Illarion Vorontsov Dashkov 3 Upon the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic the Baku Governorate was incorporated into the fledgling state and subsequently separated into a smaller Baku General Governorate and a Lenkoran General Governorate the latter being the location of the Provisional Military Dictatorship of Mughan which was suppressed in spring 1919 The governorate was eventually abolished in its entirety following the establishment of Soviet rule in Azerbaijan in 1920 however its uezds counties continued to exist until their administrative reorganization into raions districts in 1929 1930 Administrative divisions EditThe counties uezds of the Baku Governorate in 1917 were as follows 4 5 District Russian name Capital Population Area1897 1916Baku Bakinskij uѣzd Sarai Saray 182 897 16 268 2 610 22 square versts 2 970 59 km2 1 146 95 sq mi Geokchay Geokchajskij uѣzd Geokchay Goychay 117 705 134 098 4 676 58 square versts 5 322 24 km2 2 054 93 sq mi Javad Dzhevatskij uѣzd Salyan 90 043 162 305 8 396 97 square versts 9 556 27 km2 3 689 70 sq mi Kuba Kubinskij uѣzd Kuba Quba 183 242 198 204 6 308 61 square versts 7 179 59 km2 2 772 06 sq mi Lenkoran Lenkoranskij uѣzd Lenkoran Lankaran 130 987 203 319 4 726 88 square versts 5 379 48 km2 2 077 03 sq mi Shemakha Shemahinskij uѣzd Shemakha Shamakhi 121 842 161 552 6 625 99 square versts 7 540 79 km2 2 911 51 sq mi Demographics EditThe ethnic group composition of the governorate changed considerably in the latter part of the 19th century By the beginning of the 20th century there were 214 700 inhabitants amongst them Russians Ukrainians and Belarusians consisting of 76 3 thousand 35 5 Tatars 46 thousand 21 4 Armenians 42 thousand 19 4 Persians 25 thousand 11 7 Jews 9 7 thousand 4 5 Georgians 4 thousand 1 9 Germans 3 3 thousand 1 5 and Kazan Tatars 2 3 thousand 1 1 6 Muslims generally lived in the historical centre of Baku Old Baku surrounded by the khan s castle in the west of the city Armenians mostly lived in the industrial zone in the north of the city During the construction of the new city centre various ethnic groups started to move to different districts 7 Russian Empire census 1897 Edit According to the Russian Empire Census of 1897 the Baku Governorate had a population of 826 716 including 458 065 men and 368 651 women The majority of the population indicated Tatar later known as Azerbaijani to be their mother tongue with significant Tat Russian Armenian Kyurin and Talysh speaking minorities 4 Linguistic composition of the Baku Governorate in 1897 4 Language Native speakers Tatar c 485 146 58 68Tat 89 519 10 83Russian 73 632 8 91Armenian 52 233 6 32Kyurin 48 192 5 83Talysh 34 994 4 23Kazi Kumukh 11 811 1 43Jewish 8 172 0 99Persian 5 973 0 72German 3 430 0 41Ukrainian 3 372 0 41Avar Andean 2 898 0 35Georgian 1 616 0 20Polish 1 439 0 17Turkish 1 155 0 14Belarusian 677 0 08Mordovian 531 0 06Swedish 347 0 04Greek 278 0 03Lithuanian 272 0 03Other 1 029 0 12TOTAL 826 716 100 00Religious composition of the Baku Governorate in 1897 8 Faith Male Female BothNumber Muslim 372 770 303 473 676 243 81 80Eastern Orthodox 32 164 23 926 56 090 6 78Armenian Apostolic 31 403 21 160 52 563 6 36Old Believer 11 075 10 837 21 912 2 65Judaism 6 599 6 154 12 753 1 54Lutheran 1 911 1 869 3 780 0 46Roman Catholic 1 574 644 2 218 0 27Baptist 313 350 663 0 08Armenian Catholic 96 109 205 0 02Reformed 102 88 190 0 02Karaite 3 5 8 0 00Anglican 4 3 7 0 00Buddhist 5 0 5 0 00Mennonite 1 1 2 0 00Other Christian denomination 42 31 73 0 01Other non Christian denomination 3 1 4 0 00TOTAL 458 065 368 651 826 716 100 00Caucasian Calendar 1917 Edit According to the 1917 publication of the Caucasian Calendar the Baku Governorate had 875 746 residents in 1916 including 465 711 men and 410 035 women 838 717 of whom were the permanent population and 37 029 were temporary residents 5 Nationality Urban Rural TOTALNumber Number Number Shia Muslims d 34 499 47 58 395 319 49 22 429 818 49 08Sunni Muslims e 12 905 17 80 249 851 31 11 262 756 30 00Russians f 3 788 5 22 68 847 8 57 72 635 8 29North Caucasians 631 0 87 49 144 6 12 49 775 5 68Armenians 5 663 7 81 37 258 4 64 42 921 4 90Jews 14 948 20 62 2 613 0 33 17 561 2 01Asiatic Christians 22 0 03 139 0 02 161 0 02Other Europeans 53 0 07 36 0 00 89 0 01Georgians 0 0 00 30 0 00 30 0 00TOTAL 72 509 100 00 803 237 100 00 875 746 100 00If combining the data of the Baku Governorate with the Baku Gradonachalstvo municipal district there would be 1 281 575 residents including 701 603 men and 579 972 women 1 012 206 of whom were the permanent population and 269 369 were temporary residents 5 Governors EditKonstantin Tarkhanov Mouravov 1859 1863 Mikhail Kolyubakin 1863 1872 Dmitry Staroselsky 1872 1875 Valery Pozen 1875 1882 Justin von Huebsch Grostal 1882 1888 Vladimir Rogge 1888 1899 Dmitry Odintsov 1899 1904 Mikhail Nakashidze 1904 1905 Andrei Fadeyev 1905 Vladimir Alyshevsky 1905 1915 Leo Potulov 1916 1917 11 Notes Edit Russian Baki nskaya gube rniya romanized Bakinskaya guberniyaAzerbaijani باکؽ قۇبئرنیاسی romanized Baki quberniyasi Russian Shemahi nskaya gube rniya romanized Shemakhinskaya guberniyaAzerbaijani شاماخؽ قۇبئرنیاسی romanized Samaxi quberniyasi Later known as Azerbaijani Primarily Tatars 9 later known as Azerbaijanis 10 Primarily Turco Tatars 9 The Caucasian Calendar did not distinguish between Russians Ukrainians and Belarusians References Edit ESBE Baku in Russian Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary Retrieved 5 June 2016 Gerb Bakinskoj gubernii heraldry hobby ru Retrieved 2022 06 28 Shafiyev Farid Armenian Azerbaijani Conflict Roots Massacres of 1905 1906 16 via Academia a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help a b c Demoskop Weekly Prilozhenie Spravochnik statisticheskih pokazatelej www demoscope ru Retrieved 2022 06 28 a b c Kavkazskij kalendar na 1917 god Caucasian calendar for 1917 in Russian 72nd ed Tiflis Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye I V na Kavkaze kazenny dom 1917 pp 178 181 Archived from the original on 4 November 2021 Sovremennyj Azerbajdzhan Novyj Vostok 1926 4 S 174 Jorg Baberovski 2004 Pod red I Gerasimova ed Civilizatorskaya missiya i nacionalizm v Zakavkaze 1828 1914 gg Novaya imperskaya istoriya postsovetskogo prostranstva Kazan New Imperial History 322 ISBN 9785852470249 Demoskop Weekly Prilozhenie Spravochnik statisticheskih pokazatelej www demoscope ru Retrieved 2022 06 30 a b Hovannisian 1971 p 67 Bournoutian 2015 p 35 Baku Lands Archived 2011 04 26 at the Wayback MachineBibliography EditBournoutian George 2015 Demographic Changes in the Southwest Caucasus 1604 1830 The Case of Historical Eastern Armenia Forum of EthnoGeoPolitics Amsterdam 3 2 Hovannisian Richard G 1971 The Republic of Armenia Vol 1 Berkeley University of California Press ISBN 0 520 01805 2 External links EditChisholm Hugh ed 1911 Baku Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 3 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 230 Coordinates 40 22 00 N 49 50 07 E 40 3667 N 49 8352 E 40 3667 49 8352 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Baku Governorate amp oldid 1119370563, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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