Audacity (audio editor)

Not to be confused with Audacious (software) or Audacy.

Audacity is a free and open-source digital audio editor and recording application software, available for Windows, macOS, Linux, and other Unix-like operating systems.^[4][5]

Audacity

Audacity Version 3.3 screenshot showing the timeline, tracks, and basic controls
Developer(s)	Muse Group The Audacity Team
Initial release	May 28, 2000; 23 years ago (2000-05-28)
Stable release	3.5.1^[1]  (24 April 2024) [±]
Repository	github.com/audacity/audacity
Written in	C, C++ (using the wxWidgets toolkit)^[2]^[3]
Operating system	Windows, macOS, Linux, other Unix-like systems^[4]^[5]
Platform	IA-32, x86-64, PowerPC
Size	15.3 MB: Windows 26 MB: macOS 51.8 MB: macOS Universal 107 MB: Linux 21.3 MB: manual
Available in	38 languages
List of languages Afrikaans, Arabic, Basque, Bulgarian, Catalan, Chinese (simplified), Chinese (traditional), Corsican, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, Galician, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hungarian, Irish, Italian, Japanese, Lithuanian, Macedonian, Marathi, Norwegian (Bokmål), Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Slovak, Slovenian, Swedish, Turkish, Ukrainian, Vietnamese and Welsh
Type	Digital audio editor
License	GPL v2 or later, CC-BY-3.0 (documentation)^[6] ^[7]
Website	www.audacityteam.org

As of December 6, 2022, Audacity is the most popular download at FossHub,^[8] with over 114.2 million downloads since March 2015. It was previously served by Google Code and SourceForge, where it was downloaded over 200 million times. It is now part of Muse Group.

It is licensed under GPL-2.0 or later. Executables with VST3 support are licensed GPL-3-only to maintain license compatibility.^[6][7]

History

The project was started in the fall of 1999 by Dominic Mazzoni and Roger Dannenberg at Carnegie Mellon University, initially under the name CMU Visual Audio.^[9] On May 28, 2000, Audacity was released as Audacity 0.8 to the public.^[10][11]

Mazzoni eventually left CMU to pursue software development and in particular development of Audacity, with Dannenberg remaining at CMU and continuing development of Nyquist, a scripting language which Audacity uses for some effects.^[9]

Over the years, additional volunteer contributors emerged, including James Crook who started the fork DarkAudacity to experiment with a new look and other UX changes.^[12] Most of its changes were eventually incorporated into the mainline version and the fork ended.^[13]

In April 2021, it was announced that Muse Group (owners of MuseScore and Ultimate Guitar) would acquire the Audacity trademark and continue to develop the application, which remains free and open source.^[14]

Features and use

In addition to recording audio from multiple sources, Audacity can be used for post-processing of all types of audio, including effects such as normalization, trimming, and fading in and out.^[15] It has been used to record and mix entire albums, such as by Tune-Yards.^[16] It is currently used in the Sound Creation unit of the UK OCR National Level 2 ICT course.

Recording

Audacity can record multiple tracks at once, provided the sound card supports it. In addition to a normal mode,^[17] recordings can be scheduled ("Timer Record"),^[18] or used in a Punch in and roll fashion.^[19]

Non-destructive editing

Historically, Audacity is a destructive editor, meaning all changes are directly applied to the waveform. This comes with certain benefits but means that any change made cannot be tweaked later on without undoing all changes in-between. For a long time, non-destructive editing was exclusive to volume envelopes^[20] and playback rates, but since version 3, this has been extended to clip trimming^[21] and effects.^[22]

Importing, exporting and conversions

Audacity natively imports and exports WAV, AIFF, MP3, Ogg Vorbis, and all file formats supported by libsndfile library. Due to patent licensing concerns, the FFmpeg library necessary to import and export proprietary formats such as M4A (AAC) and WMA is not bundled with Audacity but has to be downloaded separately.^[23]

In conjunction with batch processing features, Audacity can be used to convert files from one format to another, or to digitize records, tapes or MiniDiscs.^[24]

Customizability and extensibility

Audacity supports LADSPA, LV2, VST, VST3, Audio Units, Vamp and Nyquist plugins, which allows it to load most audio effect plugins.^[25] It additionally features a console for Nyquist, a Lisp dialect, in which users can script their own plugins^[26] and support for external python scripting.^[27]

Audacity is somewhat customizable and supports arbitrary arrangements of its toolbars, custom themes and enabling and disabling of several features.^[28]

In January 2024, Intel introduced some AI-powered capabilities for Audacity as part of its OpenVINO plugin suite.^[29][30]

Audio analysis

 

Screenshot of Audacity 3.2.1 on Windows showing spectrograms of an audio clip with portamento (upper panel) and the same clip after applying pitch correction, showing frequencies clamped to discrete values (lower panel)

Audacity has several features to allow for spectrum analysis using the Fourier transform algorithm^[31][32] and spectrograms. As with effects, additional analysis plugins can be added, such as ones that check audio books for ACX compatibility.^[33]

Limitations

While Audacity has some features found in digital audio workstations, it should not be considered as such yet. In its current form, it is an audio editor and recorder. In particular, MIDI editing, piano rolls, virtual instruments, parameter automation and channel routings are not yet implemented.

Due to the use of wxWidgets, which do not have full iOS or Android support,^[34] Audacity cannot run on mobile platforms.

Other features

Audacity can make precise adjustments to speed (tempo) while maintaining pitch, to synchronize audio with video or for precise running time.^[35] It also has a large array of digital effects and plug-ins,^[36] including: noise reduction based on sampling the noise to be minimized,^[37] vocal reduction and isolation for creation of karaoke tracks and isolated vocal tracks,^[38] pitch adjustment maintaining speed, and speed adjustment maintaining pitch.^[39] Audacity also has support for multi-channel modes with sampling rates up to 96 kHz with 32 bits per sample.^[40][41] It can also detect dropout errors while recording with an overburdened CPU.^[42]

Language support

In addition to English, Audacity is available in Afrikaans, Arabic, Basque, Bulgarian, Catalan, Chinese (simplified), Chinese (traditional), Corsican, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, Galician, German, Greek, Hungarian, Irish, Italian, Japanese, Lithuanian, Macedonian, Marathi, Norwegian (Bokmål), Polish, Portuguese (Brazilian), Romanian, Russian, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish, Ukrainian, Vietnamese and Welsh.^[43]

The documentation, the Audacity Manual, is available only in English.^[44] The Audacity Forum offers technical support in English.

Architecture

 

Software architecture of Audacity showing how the software is built in layers

The diagram illustrates Audacity's layers and modules. Note the three important classes within wxWidgets, each of which has a reflection in Audacity.

Higher-level abstractions result from related lower-level ones. For example, the BlockFile system is a reflection of and is built on wxWidgets' wxFiles. Lower down in the diagram is a narrow strip for platform-specific implementation layers.

Both wxWidgets and PortAudio are OS abstraction layers, containing conditional code that chooses different implementations depending on the target platform.

Reception

As free and open-source software, Audacity is very popular in education, encouraging its developers to make the user interface easier for students and teachers.^[45]

Audacity won the SourceForge 2007 and 2009 Community Choice Award for Best Project for Multimedia.^[46][47]

Jamie Lendino of PC Magazine recently rated it 4/5 stars Excellent and said: "If you're looking to get started in podcasting or recording music, it's tough to go wrong with Audacity. A powerful, free, open-source audio editor that's been available for years, Audacity is still the go-to choice for quick-and-dirty audio work."^[48]

CNET rated Audacity 5/5 stars, calling it "feature-rich and flexible".^[49] Preston Gralla of PC World said: "If you're interested in creating, editing, and mixing you'll want Audacity."^[50] Jack Wallen of Tech Republic praised its features and ease-of-use.^[51]

In The Art of Unix Programming (2003), open-source software advocate Eric S. Raymond wrote of Audacity: "The central virtue of this program is that it has a superbly transparent and natural user interface, one that erects as few barriers between the user and the sound file as possible."^[52]

Some reviewers and users have criticized Audacity for its inconvenient UX design, unsightly GUI and comparative lack of features compared with Adobe Audition. Matthew McLean wrote: "Audacity looks a bit more dated and basic, but this will be appealing to many folks who’re just starting out".^{[53] [54]}

In May 2021, after the project was acquired by Muse Group,^[55] there was a draft proposal to add opt-in telemetry to the code to record application usage. Some users responded negatively, with accusations of turning Audacity into spyware.^[56] The company reversed course, falling back to error/crash reporting and optional update checking instead.^[57] Another controversy in July 2021^[58] resulted from a change to the privacy policy which said that although personal data was stored on servers in the European Economic Area, the program would "occasionally [be] required to share your personal data with our main office in Russia and our external counsel in the USA".^[59] That July, the Audacity team apologized for the changes to the privacy policy and removed mention of the data storage provision which was added "out of an abundance of caution".^[58]

Version history

This table shows the major and minor releases of Audacity. Patches are omitted.

Version	Date	Major changes and notes
3.5	April 22, 2024	This version adds Cloud saving, automatic tempo detection and non-destructive pitch shifting.
3.4	November 2, 2023	This version adds a musical view, time stretching and a new exporter.
3.3	April 24, 2023	This version is mostly focused on refactoring. A preview of a beats and measures feature is added.
3.2	September 22, 2022	This version added real-time effects, VST3 support and a streamlined interface. A cloud audio sharing integration with audio.com is added.^[60]
3.1	October 28, 2021	This version introduced clip handles, smart clips and playback looping.^[61] In April 2022, an official Audacity app was added to the Microsoft Store.^[62]
3.0	March 17, 2021	This version introduced a new project file format, .aup3, using an SQLite database to store each project in a single database file.^[63]
2.4	May 15, 2020	This version adds Loudness, Noise Gate and Spectral Delete effects and adds Side-by-side view of waveforms and spectrograms.
2.3	September 29, 2018	This version adds Punch-and-Roll recording and upgrades to Macros, Play-at-Speed, Toolbars. From 2.3.2 on, a mod-script-pipe for driving Audacity from Python (can be enabled in Preferences).^[27]
2.2	November 2, 2017	This version ports changes from Dark Audacity to Audacity, adding themes.^[28] Additionally, MIDI playback is added.^[64] Four user-selectable colorways for waveform display in audio tracks (version 2.2.1 on).^[65]
2.1	March 29, 2015	This version adds Real-Time preview of some effects. Saving and loading user presets for effect settings across sessions (version 2.1.0 on)^[66] Scrubbing (audio) (version 2.1.1 and later).^[67]
2.0	March 13, 2012	This version adds a Device Toolbar to manage inputs and outputs, Timer Record and a Mixer Board view with per-track VU meters. Compared to the last 1.3.x release it is not a big improvement; the major version increment was chosen to signify a new stable version after many years of only beta releases.
1.3	November 28, 2005	This version introduces clips and adds performance improvements for large projects. Version 1.3.2 and later supported Free Lossless Audio Codec (FLAC).^[68] Version 1.3.6 and later also supported additional formats such as WMA, AAC, AMR and AC3 via the optional FFmpeg library.^[69] All of the 1.3.x releases were considered "beta".
1.2	March 3, 2004	This version adds many new effects and tools.
1.0	June 11, 2002	1.0 release. 1.1 was released on the same day.
0.8	May 28, 2000	Initial test version.

See also

•  Free and open-source software portal

• Comparison of free software for audio
• List of Linux audio software
• Multitrack recording

References

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6. Audacity Team. "License". Audacity. from the original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved June 3, 2021.
7. "audacity/audacity". June 14, 2022. from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2022 – via GitHub.
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12. "But Why?". darkaudacity.com. from the original on October 1, 2022. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
13. "DarkAudacity, a customised version of Audacity". darkaudacity.com. from the original on December 19, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2021.
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15. "Podcasting with Linux Command Line Tools and Audacity". from the original on January 18, 2008. Retrieved January 19, 2008.
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29. "AI Tools Are Here for Open-Source Audio Editor 'Audacity'". It's FOSS News. January 8, 2024. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
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56. "Audacity 3.0 called spyware over data collection changes by new owner". AppleInsider. from the original on July 4, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
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58. Speed, Richard. "Apologetic Audacity rewrites privacy policy after 'significant lapse in communication'". theregister.com. from the original on July 15, 2022. Retrieved July 15, 2022.
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67. "Scrubbing and Seeking". Audacityteam.org. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016.
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Notes

• Franklin, Jerry (2006). "The Sheer Audacity: How to Get More, in Less Time, from the Audacity Digital Audio Editing Software". 2006 IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. pp. 92–105. doi:10.1109/IPCC.2006.320394. ISBN 978-0-7803-9778-1. S2CID 23353302.
• Mazzoni, Dominic; Dannenberg, Roger B. (2002). "A Fast Data Structure for Disk-Based Audio Editing". Computer Music Journal. 26 (2): 62–76. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.72.7855. doi:10.1162/014892602760137185. ISSN 0148-9267. S2CID 1709255.
• Bernardini, Nicola; Rocchesso, Davide (2002). "Making Sounds with Numbers: A Tutorial on Music Software Dedicated to Digital Audio". Journal of New Music Research. 31 (2): 141–151. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.41.1211. doi:10.1076/jnmr.31.2.141.8089. ISSN 0929-8215. S2CID 15597769.

Sources

• James Crook, Amy Brown, Greg Wilson - The Architecture of Open Source Applications - Chapter 2 Audacity, released 2012 under CC BY 3.0 (open access).

External links

• Official website  
• Audacity platform and operating system version compatibility