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Wikipedia

GitHub

February 06, 2023

Not to be confused with Git or GitLab.

GitHub, Inc. (/ˈɡɪthʌb/[a]) is an Internet hosting service for software development and version control using Git. It provides the distributed version control of Git plus access control, bug tracking, software feature requests, task management, continuous integration, and wikis for every project.[5] Headquartered in California, it has been a subsidiary of Microsoft since 2018.[6]

GitHub, Inc.
Type of businessSubsidiary
Type of site
Collaborative version control
Available inEnglish
FoundedFebruary 8, 2008; 14 years ago (2008-02-08) (as Logical Awesome LLC)
HeadquartersSan Francisco, California, U.S.
Area servedWorldwide
Founder(s)
CEOThomas Dohmke
Key people
  • Mike Taylor (CFO)
  • Erica Brescia (COO)
IndustryCollaborative version control (GitHub)
Blog host (GitHub Pages)
Package repository (NPM)
Revenue $200–300 million (2018)[1]
Employees2,500[2]
ParentMicrosoft
URLgithub.com
RegistrationOptional (required for creating and joining repositories, and browsing all repositories.)
Users100 million (as of January 2023)
LaunchedApril 10, 2008; 14 years ago (2008-04-10)
Current statusActive
Written inRuby
JavaScript
Go
C[3]

It is commonly used to host open source software development projects.[7] As of January 2023, GitHub reported having over 100 million developers[8] and more than 372 million repositories,[9] including at least 28 million public repositories.[10] It is the largest source code host as of November 2021.

History

 
GitHub at AWS Summit

GitHub.com

Development of the GitHub.com platform began on October 19, 2007.[11][12][13] The site was launched in April 2008 by Tom Preston-Werner, Chris Wanstrath, P. J. Hyett and Scott Chacon after it had been made available for a few months prior as a beta release.[14] GitHub has an annual keynote called GitHub Universe.[15]

Organizational structure

GitHub, Inc. was originally a flat organization with no middle managers; in other words, "everyone is a manager" (self-management).[16] Employees could choose to work on projects that interested them (open allocation), but salaries were set by the chief executive.[17][needs update]

In 2014, GitHub, Inc. introduced a layer of middle management amid harassment claims made against senior management. Tom Preston-Werner resigned as CEO amid the scandal.[18]

Finance

GitHub.com was a bootstrapped start-up business, which in its first years provided enough revenue to be funded solely by its three founders and start taking on employees.[19] In July 2012, four years after the company was founded, Andreessen Horowitz invested $100 million in venture capital.[5] In July 2015 GitHub raised another $250 million of venture capital in a series B round. Investors were Sequoia Capital, Andreessen Horowitz, Thrive Capital, and other venture capital funds.[20] As of 2018, GitHub was estimated to be generating $200–300 million in Annual Recurring Revenue.[1] The GitHub service was developed by Chris Wanstrath, P. J. Hyett, Tom Preston-Werner, and Scott Chacon using Ruby on Rails, and started in February 2008. The company, GitHub, Inc., has existed since 2007 and is located in San Francisco.[21]

 
The shading of the map illustrates the number of users as a proportion of each country's Internet population. The circular charts surrounding the two hemispheres depict the total number of GitHub users (left) and commits (right) per country.

On February 24, 2009, GitHub announced that within the first year of being online, GitHub had accumulated over 46,000 public repositories, 17,000 of which were formed in the previous month. At that time, about 6,200 repositories had been forked at least once and 4,600 had been merged.

That same year, the site was used by over 100,000 users, according to GitHub, and had grown to host 90,000 unique public repositories, 12,000 having been forked at least once, for a total of 135,000 repositories.[22]

In 2010, GitHub was hosting 1 million repositories.[23] A year later, this number doubled.[24] ReadWriteWeb reported that GitHub had surpassed SourceForge and Google Code in total number of commits for the period of January to May 2011.[25] On January 16, 2013, GitHub passed the 3 million users mark and was then hosting more than 5 million repositories.[26] By the end of the year, the number of repositories was twice as great, reaching 10 million repositories.[27]

In 2012, GitHub raised $100 million in funding from Andreessen Horowitz with a $750 million valuation.[28] On July 29, 2015, GitHub stated it had raised $250 million in funding in a round led by Sequoia Capital. Other investors of that round included Andreessen Horowitz, Thrive Capital, and IVP (Institutional Venture Partners).[29] The round valued the company at approximately $2 billion.[30]

In 2015, GitHub opened an office in Japan, its first outside of the U.S.[31] In 2016, GitHub was ranked No. 14 on the Forbes Cloud 100 list.[32] It was not featured on the 2018, 2019, and 2020 lists.[33]

On February 28, 2018, GitHub fell victim to the third-largest distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack in history, with incoming traffic reaching a peak of about 1.35 terabits per second.[34]

On June 19, 2018, GitHub expanded its GitHub Education by offering free education bundles to all schools.[35][36]

Acquisition by Microsoft

 
Microsoft on top of list of the ten organizations with the most open-source contributors on GitHub in 2016[37]

From 2012, Microsoft became a significant user of GitHub, using it to host open-source projects and development tools such as .NET Core, Chakra Core, MSBuild, PowerShell, PowerToys, Visual Studio Code, Windows Calculator, Windows Terminal and the bulk of its product documentation (now to be found on Microsoft Docs).[38][39]

On June 4, 2018, Microsoft announced its intent to acquire GitHub for US$7.5 billion. The deal closed on October 26, 2018.[40] GitHub continued to operate independently as a community, platform and business.[41] Under Microsoft, the service was led by Xamarin's Nat Friedman, reporting to Scott Guthrie, executive vice president of Microsoft Cloud and AI. GitHub's CEO, Chris Wanstrath, was retained as a "technical fellow," also reporting to Guthrie. Nat Friedman resigned November 3, 2021; he was replaced by Thomas Dohmke.[42]

There have been concerns from developers Kyle Simpson, JavaScript trainer and author, and Rafael Laguna, CEO at Open-Xchange over Microsoft's purchase, citing uneasiness over Microsoft's handling of previous acquisitions, such as Nokia's mobile business and Skype.[43][44]

This acquisition was in line with Microsoft's business strategy under CEO Satya Nadella, which has seen a larger focus on cloud computing services, alongside the development of and contributions to open-source software.[6][39][45] Harvard Business Review argued that Microsoft was intending to acquire GitHub to get access to its user base, so it can be used as a loss leader to encourage the use of its other development products and services.[46]

Concerns over the sale bolstered interest in competitors: Bitbucket (owned by Atlassian), GitLab and SourceForge (owned by BIZX, LLC) reported that they had seen spikes in new users intending to migrate projects from GitHub to their respective services.[47][48][49][50][51]

In September 2019, GitHub acquired Semmle, a code analysis tool.[52] In February 2020, GitHub launched in India under the name GitHub India Private Limited.[53] In March 2020, GitHub announced that they were acquiring npm, a JavaScript packaging vendor, for an undisclosed sum of money.[54] The deal was closed on April 15, 2020.[55]

In early July 2020, the GitHub Archive Program was established, to archive its open-source code in perpetuity.[56]

Mascot

GitHub's mascot is an anthropomorphized "octocat" with five octopus-like arms.[57][58] The character was created by graphic designer Simon Oxley as clip art to sell on iStock,[59] a website that enables designers to market royalty-free digital images. GitHub became interested in Oxley's work after Twitter selected a bird that he designed for their own logo.[60] The illustration GitHub chose was a character that Oxley had named Octopuss.[59] Since GitHub wanted Octopuss for their logo (a use that the iStock license disallows), they negotiated with Oxley to buy exclusive rights to the image.[59]

GitHub renamed Octopuss to Octocat,[59] and trademarked the character along with the new name.[57] Later, GitHub hired illustrator Cameron McEfee to adapt Octocat for different purposes on the website and promotional materials; McEfee and various GitHub users have since created hundreds of variations of the character, which are available on The Octodex.[61][62]

Services

Projects on GitHub.com can be accessed and managed using the standard Git command-line interface; all standard Git commands work with it. GitHub.com also allows users to browse public repositories on the site. Multiple desktop clients and Git plugins are also available. The site provides social networking-like functions such as feeds, followers, wikis (using wiki software called Gollum) and a social network graph to display how developers work on their versions ("forks") of a repository and what fork (and branch within that fork) is newest.

Anyone can browse and download public repositories but only registered users can contribute content to repositories. With a registered user account, users are able to have discussions, manage repositories, submit contributions to others' repositories, and review changes to code. GitHub.com began offering limited private repositories at no cost in January 2019 (limited to three contributors per project). Previously, only public repositories were free.[63][64][65] On April 14, 2020, GitHub made "all of the core GitHub features" free for everyone, including "private repositories with unlimited collaborators."[66]

The fundamental software that underpins GitHub is Git itself, written by Linus Torvalds, creator of Linux. The additional software that provides the GitHub user interface was written using Ruby on Rails and Erlang by GitHub, Inc. developers Wanstrath,[67] Hyett, and Preston-Werner.

Scope

The main purpose of GitHub.com is to facilitate the version control and issue tracking aspects of software development. Labels, milestones, responsibility assignment, and a search engine are available for issue tracking. For version control, Git (and by extension GitHub.com) allows pull requests to propose changes to the source code. Users with the ability to review the proposed changes can see a diff of the requested changes and approve them. In Git terminology, this action is called "committing" and one instance of it is a "commit." A history of all commits is kept and can be viewed at a later time.

In addition, GitHub supports the following formats and features:

GitHub's Terms of Service do not require public software projects hosted on GitHub to meet the Open Source Definition. The terms of service state, "By setting your repositories to be viewed publicly, you agree to allow others to view and fork your repositories."[77]

GitHub Enterprise

GitHub Enterprise is a self-managed version of GitHub.com with similar functionality. It can be run on an organization's own hardware or on a cloud provider, and it has been available since November 2011.[78] In November 2020, source code for GitHub Enterprise Server was leaked online in an apparent protest against DMCA takedown of youtube-dl. According to GitHub, the source code came from GitHub accidentally sharing the code with Enterprise customers themselves, not from an attack on GitHub servers.[79][80]

GitHub Pages

Since 2008, GitHub has offered GitHub Pages, a static web hosting service for blogs, project documentation,[81][82] and books.[83]

All GitHub Pages content is stored in a Git repository, either as files served to visitors verbatim or in Markdown format. GitHub is integrated with Jekyll static website and blog generator and GitHub continuous integration pipelines. Each time the content source is updated, Jekyll regenerates the website and automatically serves it via GitHub Pages infrastructure.[84]

As with the rest of GitHub, it includes both free and paid tiers of service. Websites generated through this service are hosted either as subdomains of the github.io domain, or can be connected to custom domains bought through a third-party domain name registrar.[85] GitHub Pages supports HTTPS encryption.[86][87]

Gist

GitHub also operates a pastebin-style site called Gist,[14] which is for code snippets, as opposed to GitHub proper, which is for larger projects.[citation needed] Tom Preston-Werner débuted the feature at a Ruby conference in 2008.[88]

Gist builds on the traditional simple concept of a pastebin by adding version control for code snippets, easy forking, and TLS encryption for private pastes. Because each "gist" is its own Git repository, multiple code snippets can be contained in a single page and they can be pushed and pulled using Git.[89]

Unregistered users were able to upload Gists until March 19, 2018, when uploading gists was restricted to logged-in users, reportedly to mitigate spamming on the page of recent gists.[90]

Gists' URLs use hexadecimal IDs, and edits to gists are recorded in a revision history, which can show the text difference of thirty revisions per page with an option between a "split" and "unified" view. Like repositories, Gists can be forked, "starred", i.e. publicly bookmarked, and commented on. The count of revisions, stars, and forks is indicated on the gist page.[91]

Education program

GitHub launched a new program called the GitHub Student Developer Pack to give students over the age of 13 free access to popular development tools and services. GitHub partnered with Bitnami, Crowdflower, DigitalOcean, DNSimple, HackHands, Namecheap, Orchestrate, Screenhero, SendGrid, Stripe, Travis CI, and Unreal Engine to launch the program.[92]

In 2016, GitHub announced the launch of the GitHub Campus Experts program[93] to train and encourage students to grow technology communities at their universities. The Campus Experts program is open to university students 18 years and older across the world.[94] GitHub Campus Experts are one of the primary ways that GitHub funds student-oriented events and communities, Campus Experts are given access to training, funding, and additional resources to run events and grow their communities. To become a Campus Expert applicants must complete an online training course consisting of multiple modules designed to grow community leadership skills.

GitHub Marketplace service

GitHub also provides some software as a service ("SaaS") integrations for adding extra features to projects. Those services include:

  • Waffle.io: Project management for software teams. Automatically see pull requests, automated builds, reviews, and deployments across all of your repositories in GitHub.[95]
  • Rollbar: Integrate with GitHub to provide real-time debugging tools and full-stack exception reporting. It is compatible with all popular code languages, such as JavaScript, Python, .NET, Ruby, PHP, Node.js, Android, iOS, Go, Java, and C#.[96][97]
  • Codebeat: For automated code analysis specialized in web and mobile developers. The supported languages for this software are Elixir, Go, Java, Swift, JavaScript, Python, Ruby, Kotlin, Objective-C, and TypeScript.
  • Travis CI: To provide confidence for your apps while doing test and ship. Also gives full control over the build environment, to adapt it to the code. Supported languages: Go, Java, JavaScript, Objective-C, Python, PHP, Ruby, and Swift.
  • GitLocalize: Developed for teams that are translating their content from one point to another. GitLocalize automatically syncs with your repository so you can keep your workflow on GitHub. It also keeps you updated on what needs to be translated.

GitHub Sponsors

GitHub Sponsors allows users to make monthly money donations to projects hosted on GitHub.[98] The public beta was announced on May 23, 2019, and the project accepts waitlist registrations. The Verge said that GitHub Sponsors "works exactly like Patreon" because "developers can offer various funding tiers that come with different perks, and they'll receive recurring payments from supporters who want to access them and encourage their work" except with "zero fees to use the program." Furthermore, GitHub offers incentives for early adopters during the first year: it pledges to cover payment processing costs and match sponsorship payments up to $5,000 per developer. Furthermore, users still can use other similar services like Patreon and Open Collective and link to their own websites.[99][100]

GitHub Archive Program

In July 2020, GitHub stored a February archive of the site[56] in an abandoned mountain mine in Svalbard, Norway, part of the Arctic World Archive and not far from the Svalbard Global Seed Vault. The archive contained the code of all active public repositories, as well as that of dormant, but significant public repositories. The 21TB of data was stored on piqlFilm archival film reels as matrix (2D) barcode (Boxing barcode), and is expected to last 500–1,000 years.[101][102][103][104]

The GitHub Archive Program is also working with partners on Project Silica, in an attempt to store all public repositories for 10,000 years. It aims to write archives into the molecular structure of quartz glass platters, using a high-precision laser that pulses a quadrillion (1,000,000,000,000,000) times per second.[104]

Controversies

Harassment allegations

In March 2014, GitHub programmer Julie Ann Horvath alleged that founder and CEO Tom Preston-Werner and his wife, Theresa, engaged in a pattern of harassment against her that led to her leaving the company.[105] In April 2014, GitHub released a statement denying Horvath's allegations.[106][107][108] However, following an internal investigation, GitHub confirmed the claims. GitHub's CEO Chris Wanstrath wrote on the company blog, "The investigation found Tom Preston-Werner in his capacity as GitHub's CEO acted inappropriately, including confrontational conduct, disregard of workplace complaints, insensitivity to the impact of his spouse's presence in the workplace, and failure to enforce an agreement that his spouse should not work in the office."[109] Preston-Werner subsequently resigned from the company.[110] The firm then announced it would implement new initiatives and trainings "to make sure employee concerns and conflicts are taken seriously and dealt with appropriately."[110]

Sanctions

On July 25, 2019, a developer based in Iran wrote on Medium that GitHub had blocked his private repositories and prohibited access to GitHub pages.[111] Soon after, GitHub confirmed that it was now blocking developers in Iran, Crimea, Cuba, North Korea, and Syria from accessing private repositories.[112] However, GitHub reopened access to GitHub Pages days later, for public repositories regardless of location. It was also revealed that using GitHub while visiting sanctioned countries could result in similar actions occurring on a user's account. GitHub responded to complaints and the media through a spokesperson, saying:

GitHub is subject to US trade control laws, and is committed to full compliance with applicable law. At the same time, GitHub's vision is to be the global platform for developer collaboration, no matter where developers reside. As a result, we take seriously our responsibility to examine government mandates thoroughly to be certain that users and customers are not impacted beyond what is required by law. This includes keeping public repositories services, including those for open source projects, available and accessible to support personal communications involving developers in sanctioned regions.[113][114]

Developers who feel that they should not have restrictions can appeal for the removal of said restrictions, including those who only travel to, and do not reside in, those countries. GitHub has forbidden the use of VPNs and IP proxies to access the site from sanctioned countries, as purchase history and IP addresses are how they flag users, among other sources.[115]

Censorship

Main article: Censorship of GitHub

On December 4, 2014, Russia blacklisted GitHub.com because GitHub initially refused to take down user-posted suicide manuals.[116] After a day, Russia withdrew its block,[117] and GitHub began blocking specific content and pages in Russia.[118] On December 31, 2014, India blocked GitHub.com along with 31 other websites over pro-ISIS content posted by users;[119] the block was lifted three days later.[120] On October 8, 2016, Turkey blocked GitHub to prevent email leakage of a hacked account belonging to the country's energy minister.[121]

On March 26, 2015, a large-scale DDoS attack was launched against GitHub.com that lasted for just under five days.[122] The attack, which appeared to originate from China, primarily targeted GitHub-hosted user content describing methods of circumventing Internet censorship.[123][124][125]

On April 19, 2020, Chinese police detained Chen Mei and Cai Wei (volunteers for Terminus 2049, a project hosted on GitHub), and accused them of "picking quarrels and provoking trouble." Cai and Chen archived news articles, interviews, and other materials published on Chinese media outlets, and social media platforms that have been removed by censors in China.[126]

ICE contract

GitHub has a $200,000 contract with U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) for the use of their on-site product GitHub Enterprise Server. This contract was renewed in 2019, despite internal opposition from many GitHub employees. In an email sent to employees, later posted to the GitHub blog on October 9, 2019, CEO Nat Friedman stated "The revenue from the purchase is less than $200,000 and not financially material for our company." He announced that GitHub had pledged to donate $500,000 to "nonprofit groups supporting immigrant communities targeted by the current administration."[127] In response, at least 150 GitHub employees signed an open letter re-stating their opposition to the contract, and denouncing alleged human rights abuses by ICE. As of November 13, 2019, five workers had resigned over the contract.[128][129][130]

The ICE contract dispute came into focus again in June 2020 due to the company's decision to abandon "master/slave" branch terminology, spurred by the George Floyd protests and Black Lives Matter movement.[131] Detractors of GitHub describe the branch renaming to be a form of performative activism and have urged GitHub to cancel their ICE contract instead.[132] An open letter from members of the open source community was shared on GitHub in December 2019, demanding that the company drop its contract with ICE and provide more transparency into how they conduct business and partnerships. The letter has been signed by more than 700 people.[133]

Capitol riot comments and employee firing

In January 2021, GitHub fired one of its employees after he expressed concern for colleagues as a violent mob stormed the U.S. Capitol, calling some of the rioters "Nazis."[134] After an investigation, GitHub's COO said there were "significant errors of judgment and procedure" with the company's decision to fire the employee. As a result of the investigation, GitHub reached out to the employee, and the company's head of human resources resigned.[135][136]

Criticism

Linus Torvalds, the original developer of the Git software, has criticized the merging ability of the GitHub interface.[137][138]

Developed projects

  • Atom, a free and open-source text and source code editor
  • Electron, an open-source framework to use JavaScript-based websites as desktop applications.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "GitHub" is a portmanteau of /ˈɡɪt/and /hʌb/. Hence the following pronunciation, /ˈɡɪthʌb/[4]

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February 06, 2023
github, confused, with, gitlab, this, article, lead, section, short, adequately, summarize, points, please, consider, expanding, lead, provide, accessible, overview, important, aspects, article, february, 2023, internet, hosting, service, software, development. Not to be confused with Git or GitLab This article s lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article February 2023 GitHub Inc ˈ ɡ ɪ t h ʌ b a is an Internet hosting service for software development and version control using Git It provides the distributed version control of Git plus access control bug tracking software feature requests task management continuous integration and wikis for every project 5 Headquartered in California it has been a subsidiary of Microsoft since 2018 6 GitHub Inc Type of businessSubsidiaryType of siteCollaborative version controlAvailable inEnglishFoundedFebruary 8 2008 14 years ago 2008 02 08 as Logical Awesome LLC HeadquartersSan Francisco California U S Area servedWorldwideFounder s Tom Preston Werner Chris Wanstrath P J Hyett Scott ChaconCEOThomas DohmkeKey peopleMike Taylor CFO Erica Brescia COO IndustryCollaborative version control GitHub Blog host GitHub Pages Package repository NPM Revenue 200 300 million 2018 1 Employees2 500 2 ParentMicrosoftURLgithub wbr comRegistrationOptional required for creating and joining repositories and browsing all repositories Users100 million as of January 2023 LaunchedApril 10 2008 14 years ago 2008 04 10 Current statusActiveWritten inRuby JavaScript Go C 3 It is commonly used to host open source software development projects 7 As of January 2023 GitHub reported having over 100 million developers 8 and more than 372 million repositories 9 including at least 28 million public repositories 10 It is the largest source code host as of November 2021 update Contents 1 History 1 1 GitHub com 1 2 Organizational structure 1 3 Finance 1 4 Acquisition by Microsoft 1 5 Mascot 2 Services 2 1 Scope 2 2 GitHub Enterprise 2 3 GitHub Pages 2 4 Gist 2 5 Education program 2 6 GitHub Marketplace service 2 7 GitHub Sponsors 3 GitHub Archive Program 4 Controversies 4 1 Harassment allegations 4 2 Sanctions 4 3 Censorship 4 4 ICE contract 4 5 Capitol riot comments and employee firing 5 Criticism 6 Developed projects 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External linksHistory Edit GitHub at AWS Summit GitHub com Edit Development of the GitHub com platform began on October 19 2007 11 12 13 The site was launched in April 2008 by Tom Preston Werner Chris Wanstrath P J Hyett and Scott Chacon after it had been made available for a few months prior as a beta release 14 GitHub has an annual keynote called GitHub Universe 15 Organizational structure Edit GitHub Inc was originally a flat organization with no middle managers in other words everyone is a manager self management 16 Employees could choose to work on projects that interested them open allocation but salaries were set by the chief executive 17 needs update In 2014 GitHub Inc introduced a layer of middle management amid harassment claims made against senior management Tom Preston Werner resigned as CEO amid the scandal 18 Finance Edit GitHub com was a bootstrapped start up business which in its first years provided enough revenue to be funded solely by its three founders and start taking on employees 19 In July 2012 four years after the company was founded Andreessen Horowitz invested 100 million in venture capital 5 In July 2015 GitHub raised another 250 million of venture capital in a series B round Investors were Sequoia Capital Andreessen Horowitz Thrive Capital and other venture capital funds 20 As of 2018 GitHub was estimated to be generating 200 300 million in Annual Recurring Revenue 1 The GitHub service was developed by Chris Wanstrath P J Hyett Tom Preston Werner and Scott Chacon using Ruby on Rails and started in February 2008 The company GitHub Inc has existed since 2007 and is located in San Francisco 21 The shading of the map illustrates the number of users as a proportion of each country s Internet population The circular charts surrounding the two hemispheres depict the total number of GitHub users left and commits right per country On February 24 2009 GitHub announced that within the first year of being online GitHub had accumulated over 46 000 public repositories 17 000 of which were formed in the previous month At that time about 6 200 repositories had been forked at least once and 4 600 had been merged That same year the site was used by over 100 000 users according to GitHub and had grown to host 90 000 unique public repositories 12 000 having been forked at least once for a total of 135 000 repositories 22 In 2010 GitHub was hosting 1 million repositories 23 A year later this number doubled 24 ReadWriteWeb reported that GitHub had surpassed SourceForge and Google Code in total number of commits for the period of January to May 2011 25 On January 16 2013 GitHub passed the 3 million users mark and was then hosting more than 5 million repositories 26 By the end of the year the number of repositories was twice as great reaching 10 million repositories 27 In 2012 GitHub raised 100 million in funding from Andreessen Horowitz with a 750 million valuation 28 On July 29 2015 GitHub stated it had raised 250 million in funding in a round led by Sequoia Capital Other investors of that round included Andreessen Horowitz Thrive Capital and IVP Institutional Venture Partners 29 The round valued the company at approximately 2 billion 30 In 2015 GitHub opened an office in Japan its first outside of the U S 31 In 2016 GitHub was ranked No 14 on the Forbes Cloud 100 list 32 It was not featured on the 2018 2019 and 2020 lists 33 On February 28 2018 GitHub fell victim to the third largest distributed denial of service DDoS attack in history with incoming traffic reaching a peak of about 1 35 terabits per second 34 On June 19 2018 GitHub expanded its GitHub Education by offering free education bundles to all schools 35 36 Acquisition by Microsoft Edit Microsoft on top of list of the ten organizations with the most open source contributors on GitHub in 2016 37 From 2012 Microsoft became a significant user of GitHub using it to host open source projects and development tools such as NET Core Chakra Core MSBuild PowerShell PowerToys Visual Studio Code Windows Calculator Windows Terminal and the bulk of its product documentation now to be found on Microsoft Docs 38 39 On June 4 2018 Microsoft announced its intent to acquire GitHub for US 7 5 billion The deal closed on October 26 2018 40 GitHub continued to operate independently as a community platform and business 41 Under Microsoft the service was led by Xamarin s Nat Friedman reporting to Scott Guthrie executive vice president of Microsoft Cloud and AI GitHub s CEO Chris Wanstrath was retained as a technical fellow also reporting to Guthrie Nat Friedman resigned November 3 2021 he was replaced by Thomas Dohmke 42 There have been concerns from developers Kyle Simpson JavaScript trainer and author and Rafael Laguna CEO at Open Xchange over Microsoft s purchase citing uneasiness over Microsoft s handling of previous acquisitions such as Nokia s mobile business and Skype 43 44 This acquisition was in line with Microsoft s business strategy under CEO Satya Nadella which has seen a larger focus on cloud computing services alongside the development of and contributions to open source software 6 39 45 Harvard Business Review argued that Microsoft was intending to acquire GitHub to get access to its user base so it can be used as a loss leader to encourage the use of its other development products and services 46 Concerns over the sale bolstered interest in competitors Bitbucket owned by Atlassian GitLab and SourceForge owned by BIZX LLC reported that they had seen spikes in new users intending to migrate projects from GitHub to their respective services 47 48 49 50 51 In September 2019 GitHub acquired Semmle a code analysis tool 52 In February 2020 GitHub launched in India under the name GitHub India Private Limited 53 In March 2020 GitHub announced that they were acquiring npm a JavaScript packaging vendor for an undisclosed sum of money 54 The deal was closed on April 15 2020 55 In early July 2020 the GitHub Archive Program was established to archive its open source code in perpetuity 56 Mascot Edit GitHub s mascot is an anthropomorphized octocat with five octopus like arms 57 58 The character was created by graphic designer Simon Oxley as clip art to sell on iStock 59 a website that enables designers to market royalty free digital images GitHub became interested in Oxley s work after Twitter selected a bird that he designed for their own logo 60 The illustration GitHub chose was a character that Oxley had named Octopuss 59 Since GitHub wanted Octopuss for their logo a use that the iStock license disallows they negotiated with Oxley to buy exclusive rights to the image 59 GitHub renamed Octopuss to Octocat 59 and trademarked the character along with the new name 57 Later GitHub hired illustrator Cameron McEfee to adapt Octocat for different purposes on the website and promotional materials McEfee and various GitHub users have since created hundreds of variations of the character which are available on The Octodex 61 62 Services EditProjects on GitHub com can be accessed and managed using the standard Git command line interface all standard Git commands work with it GitHub com also allows users to browse public repositories on the site Multiple desktop clients and Git plugins are also available The site provides social networking like functions such as feeds followers wikis using wiki software called Gollum and a social network graph to display how developers work on their versions forks of a repository and what fork and branch within that fork is newest Anyone can browse and download public repositories but only registered users can contribute content to repositories With a registered user account users are able to have discussions manage repositories submit contributions to others repositories and review changes to code GitHub com began offering limited private repositories at no cost in January 2019 limited to three contributors per project Previously only public repositories were free 63 64 65 On April 14 2020 GitHub made all of the core GitHub features free for everyone including private repositories with unlimited collaborators 66 The fundamental software that underpins GitHub is Git itself written by Linus Torvalds creator of Linux The additional software that provides the GitHub user interface was written using Ruby on Rails and Erlang by GitHub Inc developers Wanstrath 67 Hyett and Preston Werner Scope Edit The main purpose of GitHub com is to facilitate the version control and issue tracking aspects of software development Labels milestones responsibility assignment and a search engine are available for issue tracking For version control Git and by extension GitHub com allows pull requests to propose changes to the source code Users with the ability to review the proposed changes can see a diff of the requested changes and approve them In Git terminology this action is called committing and one instance of it is a commit A history of all commits is kept and can be viewed at a later time In addition GitHub supports the following formats and features Documentation 68 including automatically rendered README files in a variety of Markdown like file formats see README On GitHub Wikis 69 GitHub Actions 70 which allows building continuous integration and continuous deployment pipelines for testing releasing and deploying software without the use of third party websites platforms Graphs pulse contributors commits code frequency punch card network members Integrations Directory 71 Email notifications 72 Discussions 73 Option to subscribe someone to notifications by mentioning them 74 Emojis 75 Nested task lists within files Visualization of geospatial data 3D render files that can be previewed using a new integrated STL file viewer that displays the files on a 3D canvas 76 The viewer is powered by WebGL and Three js Photoshop s native PSD format can be previewed and compared to previous versions of the same file PDF document viewer Security Alerts of known Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures in different packagesGitHub s Terms of Service do not require public software projects hosted on GitHub to meet the Open Source Definition The terms of service state By setting your repositories to be viewed publicly you agree to allow others to view and fork your repositories 77 GitHub Enterprise Edit GitHub Enterprise is a self managed version of GitHub com with similar functionality It can be run on an organization s own hardware or on a cloud provider and it has been available since November 2011 78 In November 2020 source code for GitHub Enterprise Server was leaked online in an apparent protest against DMCA takedown of youtube dl According to GitHub the source code came from GitHub accidentally sharing the code with Enterprise customers themselves not from an attack on GitHub servers 79 80 GitHub Pages Edit Since 2008 GitHub has offered GitHub Pages a static web hosting service for blogs project documentation 81 82 and books 83 All GitHub Pages content is stored in a Git repository either as files served to visitors verbatim or in Markdown format GitHub is integrated with Jekyll static website and blog generator and GitHub continuous integration pipelines Each time the content source is updated Jekyll regenerates the website and automatically serves it via GitHub Pages infrastructure 84 As with the rest of GitHub it includes both free and paid tiers of service Websites generated through this service are hosted either as subdomains of the github io domain or can be connected to custom domains bought through a third party domain name registrar 85 GitHub Pages supports HTTPS encryption 86 87 Gist Edit GitHub also operates a pastebin style site called Gist 14 which is for code snippets as opposed to GitHub proper which is for larger projects citation needed Tom Preston Werner debuted the feature at a Ruby conference in 2008 88 Gist builds on the traditional simple concept of a pastebin by adding version control for code snippets easy forking and TLS encryption for private pastes Because each gist is its own Git repository multiple code snippets can be contained in a single page and they can be pushed and pulled using Git 89 Unregistered users were able to upload Gists until March 19 2018 when uploading gists was restricted to logged in users reportedly to mitigate spamming on the page of recent gists 90 Gists URLs use hexadecimal IDs and edits to gists are recorded in a revision history which can show the text difference of thirty revisions per page with an option between a split and unified view Like repositories Gists can be forked starred i e publicly bookmarked and commented on The count of revisions stars and forks is indicated on the gist page 91 Education program Edit GitHub launched a new program called the GitHub Student Developer Pack to give students over the age of 13 free access to popular development tools and services GitHub partnered with Bitnami Crowdflower DigitalOcean DNSimple HackHands Namecheap Orchestrate Screenhero SendGrid Stripe Travis CI and Unreal Engine to launch the program 92 In 2016 GitHub announced the launch of the GitHub Campus Experts program 93 to train and encourage students to grow technology communities at their universities The Campus Experts program is open to university students 18 years and older across the world 94 GitHub Campus Experts are one of the primary ways that GitHub funds student oriented events and communities Campus Experts are given access to training funding and additional resources to run events and grow their communities To become a Campus Expert applicants must complete an online training course consisting of multiple modules designed to grow community leadership skills GitHub Marketplace service Edit GitHub also provides some software as a service SaaS integrations for adding extra features to projects Those services include Waffle io Project management for software teams Automatically see pull requests automated builds reviews and deployments across all of your repositories in GitHub 95 Rollbar Integrate with GitHub to provide real time debugging tools and full stack exception reporting It is compatible with all popular code languages such as JavaScript Python NET Ruby PHP Node js Android iOS Go Java and C 96 97 Codebeat For automated code analysis specialized in web and mobile developers The supported languages for this software are Elixir Go Java Swift JavaScript Python Ruby Kotlin Objective C and TypeScript Travis CI To provide confidence for your apps while doing test and ship Also gives full control over the build environment to adapt it to the code Supported languages Go Java JavaScript Objective C Python PHP Ruby and Swift GitLocalize Developed for teams that are translating their content from one point to another GitLocalize automatically syncs with your repository so you can keep your workflow on GitHub It also keeps you updated on what needs to be translated GitHub Sponsors Edit GitHub Sponsors allows users to make monthly money donations to projects hosted on GitHub 98 The public beta was announced on May 23 2019 and the project accepts waitlist registrations The Verge said that GitHub Sponsors works exactly like Patreon because developers can offer various funding tiers that come with different perks and they ll receive recurring payments from supporters who want to access them and encourage their work except with zero fees to use the program Furthermore GitHub offers incentives for early adopters during the first year it pledges to cover payment processing costs and match sponsorship payments up to 5 000 per developer Furthermore users still can use other similar services like Patreon and Open Collective and link to their own websites 99 100 GitHub Archive Program EditIn July 2020 GitHub stored a February archive of the site 56 in an abandoned mountain mine in Svalbard Norway part of the Arctic World Archive and not far from the Svalbard Global Seed Vault The archive contained the code of all active public repositories as well as that of dormant but significant public repositories The 21TB of data was stored on piqlFilm archival film reels as matrix 2D barcode Boxing barcode and is expected to last 500 1 000 years 101 102 103 104 The GitHub Archive Program is also working with partners on Project Silica in an attempt to store all public repositories for 10 000 years It aims to write archives into the molecular structure of quartz glass platters using a high precision laser that pulses a quadrillion 1 000 000 000 000 000 times per second 104 Controversies EditThis article s Criticism or Controversy section may compromise the article s neutrality by separating out potentially negative information Please integrate the section s contents into the article as a whole or rewrite the material April 2021 Harassment allegations Edit In March 2014 GitHub programmer Julie Ann Horvath alleged that founder and CEO Tom Preston Werner and his wife Theresa engaged in a pattern of harassment against her that led to her leaving the company 105 In April 2014 GitHub released a statement denying Horvath s allegations 106 107 108 However following an internal investigation GitHub confirmed the claims GitHub s CEO Chris Wanstrath wrote on the company blog The investigation found Tom Preston Werner in his capacity as GitHub s CEO acted inappropriately including confrontational conduct disregard of workplace complaints insensitivity to the impact of his spouse s presence in the workplace and failure to enforce an agreement that his spouse should not work in the office 109 Preston Werner subsequently resigned from the company 110 The firm then announced it would implement new initiatives and trainings to make sure employee concerns and conflicts are taken seriously and dealt with appropriately 110 Sanctions Edit On July 25 2019 a developer based in Iran wrote on Medium that GitHub had blocked his private repositories and prohibited access to GitHub pages 111 Soon after GitHub confirmed that it was now blocking developers in Iran Crimea Cuba North Korea and Syria from accessing private repositories 112 However GitHub reopened access to GitHub Pages days later for public repositories regardless of location It was also revealed that using GitHub while visiting sanctioned countries could result in similar actions occurring on a user s account GitHub responded to complaints and the media through a spokesperson saying GitHub is subject to US trade control laws and is committed to full compliance with applicable law At the same time GitHub s vision is to be the global platform for developer collaboration no matter where developers reside As a result we take seriously our responsibility to examine government mandates thoroughly to be certain that users and customers are not impacted beyond what is required by law This includes keeping public repositories services including those for open source projects available and accessible to support personal communications involving developers in sanctioned regions 113 114 Developers who feel that they should not have restrictions can appeal for the removal of said restrictions including those who only travel to and do not reside in those countries GitHub has forbidden the use of VPNs and IP proxies to access the site from sanctioned countries as purchase history and IP addresses are how they flag users among other sources 115 Censorship Edit Main article Censorship of GitHubOn December 4 2014 Russia blacklisted GitHub com because GitHub initially refused to take down user posted suicide manuals 116 After a day Russia withdrew its block 117 and GitHub began blocking specific content and pages in Russia 118 On December 31 2014 India blocked GitHub com along with 31 other websites over pro ISIS content posted by users 119 the block was lifted three days later 120 On October 8 2016 Turkey blocked GitHub to prevent email leakage of a hacked account belonging to the country s energy minister 121 On March 26 2015 a large scale DDoS attack was launched against GitHub com that lasted for just under five days 122 The attack which appeared to originate from China primarily targeted GitHub hosted user content describing methods of circumventing Internet censorship 123 124 125 On April 19 2020 Chinese police detained Chen Mei and Cai Wei volunteers for Terminus 2049 a project hosted on GitHub and accused them of picking quarrels and provoking trouble Cai and Chen archived news articles interviews and other materials published on Chinese media outlets and social media platforms that have been removed by censors in China 126 ICE contract Edit GitHub has a 200 000 contract with U S Immigration and Customs Enforcement ICE for the use of their on site product GitHub Enterprise Server This contract was renewed in 2019 despite internal opposition from many GitHub employees In an email sent to employees later posted to the GitHub blog on October 9 2019 CEO Nat Friedman stated The revenue from the purchase is less than 200 000 and not financially material for our company He announced that GitHub had pledged to donate 500 000 to nonprofit groups supporting immigrant communities targeted by the current administration 127 In response at least 150 GitHub employees signed an open letter re stating their opposition to the contract and denouncing alleged human rights abuses by ICE As of November 13 2019 five workers had resigned over the contract 128 129 130 The ICE contract dispute came into focus again in June 2020 due to the company s decision to abandon master slave branch terminology spurred by the George Floyd protests and Black Lives Matter movement 131 Detractors of GitHub describe the branch renaming to be a form of performative activism and have urged GitHub to cancel their ICE contract instead 132 An open letter from members of the open source community was shared on GitHub in December 2019 demanding that the company drop its contract with ICE and provide more transparency into how they conduct business and partnerships The letter has been signed by more than 700 people 133 Capitol riot comments and employee firing Edit In January 2021 GitHub fired one of its employees after he expressed concern for colleagues as a violent mob stormed the U S Capitol calling some of the rioters Nazis 134 After an investigation GitHub s COO said there were significant errors of judgment and procedure with the company s decision to fire the employee As a result of the investigation GitHub reached out to the employee and the company s head of human resources resigned 135 136 Criticism EditLinus Torvalds the original developer of the Git software has criticized the merging ability of the GitHub interface 137 138 Developed projects EditAtom a free and open source text and source code editor Electron an open source framework to use JavaScript based websites as desktop applications See also Edit Computer programming portal Free and open source software portalCollaborative innovation network Collaborative intelligence Commons based peer production Comparison of source code hosting facilities DevOps Gitea GitLab Timeline of GitHubNotes Edit GitHub is a portmanteau of ˈ ɡ ɪ t and h ʌ b Hence the following pronunciation ˈ ɡ ɪ t h ʌ b 4 References Edit a b GitHub was also talking to Google about a deal but went with Microsoft instead cnbc com June 5 2018 Archived from the original on May 17 2021 Retrieved May 17 2021 GitHub Diversity GitHub Archived from the original on March 22 2021 Retrieved November 26 2019 GitHub GitHub Archived from the original on March 22 2021 Retrieved September 6 2020 Tech Talk Linus Torvalds on git at 00 01 30 Archived from the original on December 20 2015 Retrieved October 3 2022 via YouTube a b Williams Alex July 9 2012 GitHub 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DevSummit Archived from the original on March 22 2021 Retrieved February 13 2018 in 2007 they began working on GitHub as a side project Preston Werner Tom October 19 2008 GitHub Turns One GitHub Archived from the original on April 21 2014 Retrieved March 28 2014 Wanstrath Chris December 7 2009 The first commit was on a Friday night in October around 10 pm Archived from the original on March 22 2021 Retrieved November 4 2017 a b Catone Josh July 24 2008 GitHub Gist is Pastie on Steroids Archived from the original on March 22 2021 Retrieved February 13 2018 GitHub hosts about 10 000 projects and officially launched in April of this year after a beta period of a few months GitHub Universe Archived from the original on November 6 2021 Retrieved November 6 2021 Tomayko Ryan April 2 2012 Show How Don t Tell What A Management Style Archived from the original on December 9 2020 Retrieved August 28 2013 Hardy Quentin December 28 2012 Dreams of Open Everything New York Times Archived from the 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2011 Those are some big numbers Git Official Blog GitHub April 20 2011 Archived from the original on April 21 2014 Retrieved April 29 2011 Github Has Surpassed Sourceforge and Google Code in Popularity June 2 2011 Archived from the original on August 1 2020 Retrieved February 13 2018 During the period Black Duck examined Github had 1 153 059 commits Sourceforge had 624 989 Google Code and 287 901 and CodePlex had 49 839 Code sharing site Github turns five and hits 3 5 million users 6 million repositories TheNextWeb com April 11 2013 Archived from the original on September 27 2020 Retrieved April 11 2013 10 Million Repositories GitHub com December 23 2013 Archived from the original on October 9 2017 Retrieved December 28 2013 GitHub Pours Energies into Enterprise Raises 100 Million From Power VC Andreessen Horowitz TechCrunch July 9 2012 Archived from the original on August 1 2020 Retrieved February 7 2020 GitHub Raises 250M Series B Round Led By Sequoia Capital TechCrunch July 29 2015 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SourceForge Archived from the original on December 1 2020 Retrieved June 12 2018 Mathews Jennifer GitHub vs GitLab GitHub Resources GitHub Archived from the original on June 1 2022 Retrieved May 31 2022 Lardinois Frederic September 19 2019 GitHub acquires code analysis tool Semmle TechCrunch Archived from the original on January 17 2023 Retrieved December 23 2020 Mehta Ivan February 12 2020 GitHub launches an Indian subsidiary to boost its developer community The Next Web Archived from the original on October 22 2020 Retrieved March 2 2020 GitHub is acquiring NPM a service used by 12 million developers Business Insider March 16 2020 Archived from the original on September 8 2020 Retrieved March 16 2020 Epling Jeremy April 15 2020 npm has joined GitHub GitHub GitHub Inc Archived from the original on November 20 2020 Retrieved July 16 2020 a b GitHub Archive Program the journey of the world s open source code to the Arctic The GitHub Blog July 16 2020 Archived from the original on 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original on December 25 2021 Retrieved December 25 2021 Deprecation Notice Removing Anonymous Gist Creation The GitHub Blog February 18 2018 Archived from the original on March 22 2021 Retrieved September 30 2020 Build software better together Archived from the original on November 20 2021 Retrieved November 20 2021 Lardinois Frederic October 7 2014 GitHub Partners With Digital Ocean Unreal Engine Others To Give Students Free Access To Developer Tools TechCrunch Archived from the original on March 22 2021 Retrieved October 7 2014 GitHub Campus Experts Technology leadership at your school The GitHub Blog June 25 2016 Archived from the original on January 23 2019 Retrieved January 22 2019 GitHub Campus Experts GitHub Education Archived from the original on April 22 2021 Retrieved January 22 2019 Doerrfeld Bill August 15 2022 How to put GitHub Actions to work for your software team Archived from the original on August 16 2022 Retrieved August 16 2022 Rollbar Provides New and Updated 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April 27 2020 China Free Covid 19 Activists Citizen Journalists Archived from the original on August 27 2020 Retrieved August 27 2020 GitHub and US Government developers The GitHub Blog GitHub October 9 2019 Archived from the original on March 22 2021 Retrieved October 10 2019 As GitHub s Conference Begins Five Employees Resign Over ICE Contract Vice Vice November 13 2019 Archived from the original on March 22 2021 Retrieved November 15 2019 Ghaffary Shirin October 9 2019 GitHub is the latest tech company to face controversy over its contracts with ICE Vox Archived from the original on March 22 2021 Retrieved November 15 2019 Letter from GitHub employees to CEO about the company s ICE contract The Washington Post Archived from the original on March 22 2021 Retrieved November 15 2019 Microsoft s GitHub drops master slave jargon BBC News June 15 2020 Archived from the original on March 22 2021 Retrieved July 1 2020 After GitHub CEO backs Black Lives Matter workers demand an end to ICE contract Los Angeles Times June 13 2020 Archived from the original on March 22 2021 Retrieved July 1 2020 The Open Source Community Is Calling on Github to Drop ICE www vice com Archived from the original on March 22 2021 Retrieved October 19 2020 Chan Rosalie EXCLUSIVE GitHub is facing employee backlash after the firing of a Jewish employee who suggested Nazis are about on the day of the US Capitol siege Business Insider Archived from the original on March 22 2021 Retrieved January 18 2021 Fired GitHub employee who warned co workers about Nazis is seeking legal counsel TechCrunch January 15 2021 Archived from the original on March 22 2021 Retrieved January 18 2021 Higgins Dunn Noah January 17 2021 GitHub head of HR resigns after investigation into firing of Jewish employee over Capitol riot comments CNBC Archived from the original on January 18 2021 Retrieved January 18 2021 Tim Anderson GitHub merges useless garbage says Linus Torvalds as new NTFS support added to Linux kernel 5 15 The Register Archived from the original on January 27 2022 Retrieved January 27 2022 McMillan Robert Linus Torvalds Invented Git But He Pulls No Patches With GitHub Wired ISSN 1059 1028 Archived from the original on December 5 2021 Retrieved January 27 2022 External links Edit Wikidata has the property GitHub username P2037 see uses Wikimedia Commons has media related to GitHub Official website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title GitHub amp oldid 1137678221, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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