Vorbis

Vorbis is a free and open-source software project headed by the Xiph.Org Foundation. The project produces an audio coding format and software reference encoder/decoder (codec) for lossy audio compression, libvorbis.^[10] Vorbis is most commonly used in conjunction with the Ogg container format^[11] and it is therefore often referred to as Ogg Vorbis.

Vorbis

Filename extension	.ogg^[1]
Internet media type	application/ogg, audio/ogg, audio/vorbis, audio/vorbis-config
Developed by	Xiph.Org Foundation
Initial release	May 8, 2000 (2000-05-08)^[2]^[3]
Latest release	Vorbis I July 4, 2020 (2020-07-04)^[4]
Type of format	Lossy audio
Contained by	Ogg, Matroska, WebM
Standard	Specification
Open format?	Yes^[5]
Free format?	Yes^[6]
Website	https://xiph.org/vorbis/

libvorbis

Developer(s)	Xiph.Org Foundation
Initial release	July 19, 2002 (2002-07-19)
Stable release	1.3.7 / July 4, 2020; 3 years ago (2020-07-04)^[7]
Written in	C
Type	Audio codec, reference implementation
License	Modified BSD license^[8]^[9]
Website	Xiph.org downloads

Vorbis is a continuation of audio compression development started in 1993 by Chris Montgomery.^[12][13] Intensive development began following a September 1998 letter from the Fraunhofer Society announcing plans to charge licensing fees for the MP3 audio format.^[14][15] The Vorbis project started as part of the Xiphophorus company's Ogg project (also known as OggSquish multimedia project).^[16][17] Chris Montgomery began work on the project and was assisted by a growing number of other developers. They continued refining the source code until the Vorbis file format was frozen for 1.0 in May 2000.^[2][3][18] Originally licensed as LGPL, in 2001 the Vorbis license was changed to the BSD license to encourage adoption, with the endorsement of Richard Stallman.^[19][20] A stable version (1.0) of the reference software was released on July 19, 2002.^[21][22][23]

Since February 2013,^[24] Xiph.Org has stated that the use of Vorbis should be deprecated in favor of the Opus codec, which is also a Xiph.Org Foundation project and also free and open-source. Compared to Vorbis, Opus can simultaneously achieve higher compression efficiency—per both Xiph.Org itself and third-party listening tests^[25][26]—and lower encode/decode latency (in most cases, low enough for real-time applications such as internet telephony or live singing, rarely possible with Vorbis).^[27]

Name

Vorbis is named after the character Exquisitor Vorbis in the Discworld novel Small Gods by Terry Pratchett. The Ogg format is not named after the Pratchett character Nanny Ogg, but after ogging, jargon from the computer game Netrek.^[13]

Usage

Vorbis faces competition from other audio formats, such as MP3. Though Vorbis is technically superior (addressing many of the limitations inherent to the MP3 design), MP3 has a far higher public profile.^[28] Because Vorbis does not have financial support from large organisations, support for the format is not as widespread, though programs such as Audacity can convert to more popular formats,^[29] and support in games has gradually improved.^[30]

The Vorbis format has proven popular among supporters of free software.^[31] They argue that its higher fidelity and completely free nature, unencumbered by patents, make it a well-suited replacement for patented and restricted formats.

Low-bitrate Vorbis example

Vorbis has different uses for consumer products. Many video games store in-game audio as Vorbis, including Amnesia: The Dark Descent, Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, Halo: Combat Evolved, Minecraft, and World of Warcraft, among others.^[32] Popular software players support Vorbis playback either natively or through an external plugin. A number of websites, including Wikipedia, use it.^{[33][34][35][36]} Others include Jamendo and Mindawn, as well as several national radio stations^[33] like JazzRadio, Absolute Radio, NPR, Radio New Zealand^[37] and Deutschlandradio.^[38] The Spotify audio streaming service has used Vorbis^[39][40] in a basket of codecs for its audio streams, but now has also been using AAC profiles.^[41] Also, the French music site Qobuz offers its customers the possibility to download their purchased songs in Vorbis format, as does the American music site Bandcamp.^[42]

Technical details

Vorbis nominal bitrate at quality levels for 44.1 kHz stereo input. The new libvorbis v1.2 usually compresses better than these values (effective bitrate may vary).

Quality	Nominal bitrate
	Official Xiph.Org Foundation Vorbis
-q-1	45 kbit/s	48 kbit/s
-q0	64 kbit/s
-q1	80 kbit/s
-q2	96 kbit/s
-q3	112 kbit/s
-q4	128 kbit/s
-q5	160 kbit/s
-q6	192 kbit/s
-q7	224 kbit/s
-q8	256 kbit/s
-q9	320 kbit/s
-q10	500 kbit/s

Outline of coder algorithm

Vorbis I is a forward-adaptive monolithic transform codec based on the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT).^[43] Vorbis uses the modified discrete cosine transform for converting sound data from the time domain to the frequency domain. The resulting frequency-domain data is broken into noise floor and residue components, and then quantized and entropy coded using a codebook-based vector quantization algorithm. The decompression algorithm reverses these stages. The noise-floor approach gives Vorbis its characteristic analog noise-like failure mode when the bitrate is too low to encode the audio without perceptible loss. The sound of compression artifacts at low bitrates is similar to reverberations in a large space.

Container formats

See also: Container format (digital)

Vorbis streams can be encapsulated in other media container formats besides Ogg.^[44] A commonly used alternative is Matroska. It is also used in WebM, a container format based on a subset of Matroska.^[45][46][47] Vorbis streams can also be encapsulated in an RTP payload format.^[48]

Metadata

Vorbis metadata, called Vorbis comments, supports metadata tags similar to those implemented in the ID3 standard for MP3. The metadata is stored in a vector of byte strings of arbitrary length and size. The size of the vector and the size of each string in bytes is limited to 2³² − 1 (about 4.3 billion, or any positive integer that can be expressed in 32 bits). This vector is stored in the second header packet that begins a Vorbis bitstream.^[49]

The strings are assumed to be encoded as UTF-8. Music tags are typically implemented as strings of the form "[TAG]=[VALUE]", for instance, "ARTIST=The John Smith Band". The tag names are case-insensitive, thus typing "ARTIST=The John Smith Band" would be the same as "artist=The John Smith Band". Like the current version of ID3, users and encoding software are free to use whichever tags are appropriate for the content. For example, an encoder could use localized tag labels, live music tracks might contain a "Venue=" tag or files could have multiple genre definitions. Most applications also support common de facto standards such as disc number and ReplayGain information.

Variants

aoTuV is a notable forks which adds support for encoding at lower bitrates.^[50] aoTuV's changes were intended to be merged into the reference encoder periodically, but that only happened once in libvorbis 1.1,^[51] due to future merges being a "taks [sic] that requires uninterrupted time, something I [Chris Montgomery] don't have alot [sic] of."^[52]

Licensing

Knowledge of Vorbis' specifications is in the public domain.^[8] Concerning the specification itself, the Xiph.Org Foundation reserves the right to set the Vorbis specification and certify compliance. Its libraries are released under the revised 3-clause BSD license and its tools are released under the GNU General Public License. The libraries were originally released under the GNU Lesser General Public Licence, but a BSD license was later chosen with the endorsement of Richard Stallman.^[53] The Xiph.Org Foundation states that Vorbis, like all its developments, is completely free from the licensing or patent issues raised by proprietary formats. Although the Xiph.Org Foundation states it has conducted a patent search that supports its claims, outside parties (notably engineers working on rival formats) have expressed doubt that Vorbis is free of patented technology.^{[54][original research?]}

The Xiph.Org Foundation has not released an official statement on the patent status of Vorbis, pointing out that such a statement is technically impossible due to the number and scope of patents in existence and the questionable validity of many of them. Such issues can only be resolved by a court of law.

Vorbis is supported by several large digital audio player manufacturers such as Samsung, SanDisk, Rio, Neuros Technology, Cowon, and iriver.

Support

Hardware

Tremor, a version of the Vorbis decoder which uses fixed-point arithmetic (rather than floating point), was made available to the public on September 2, 2002 (also under a BSD-style license).^[55] Tremor, or platform-specific versions based on it, is more suited to implementation on the limited facilities available in commercial portable players. A number of versions that make adjustments for specific platforms and include customized optimizations for given embedded microprocessors have been produced. Several hardware manufacturers have expressed^{[citation needed]} intentions to produce Vorbis-compliant devices and new Vorbis devices seem to be appearing at a steady rate.^{[citation needed]}

• Sailfish OS devices
• Tizen devices
• Openmoko Neo 1973 and Neo Freerunner
• Devices based on Google's Android platform support Ogg Vorbis media files.^[56][57]
• Digital audio players such as Cowon's D2 and iAudio X5 ship with Ogg Vorbis support.
• Samsung YP series of digital audio players^[58] ships with Ogg Vorbis support.
• The majority of iriver devices provide Ogg Vorbis support up to Q10 bitrates.^[59][60][61] (as July 2008)
• Cowon C2 (Ogg and FLAC support)
• Sandisk added Vorbis capability to the for the Sansa Clip player. (added in May 2008)
• Sandisk added Vorbis capability for the Sansa Fuze player in the firmware update. (added October 3, 2008)
• Sandisk Sansa Clip+
• Sandisk Sansa Fuze+
• Meizu's M6 and M3 Digital Audio Players
• Elta 8844 MPEG4 DVD/DivX player can play music files in both MP3 or Ogg Vorbis format
• Vedia A10 plays Ogg Vorbis and FLAC in addition to MP3, AAC and other formats
• S1 MP3 Players also supports Ogg Vorbis since at least 2006, though this is not typically listed on the player's packaging.
• GamePark Holding's Linux based portable gaming consoles (GP32, GP2X F100-F200, GP2X Wiz) officially support Ogg Vorbis.
• RIM BlackBerry 9800 "Torch" and 9670 "Style"
• VDO Dayton CD1737X car radio supports 8-192kbit/s Ogg Vorbis files
• HP TouchPad was given support for Ogg Vorbis with the webOS 3.0.4 update
• Denon SC5000 Prime media player
• Ultra HD Blu-ray players support decoding of 4K resolution VP8/VP9 video with Ogg Vorbis audio.

Apple's iPod does not natively support Vorbis but through the use of Rockbox, an open-source firmware project, is capable of decoding Vorbis files on certain models. Similar statements apply to other devices capable of running Rockbox, as well. The Xiph.Org Foundation wiki has an up-to-date list of Vorbis-supporting hardware, such as portables, PDAs, and microchips.^[62] Also see Internet radio device for an overview.

Application software

See also: Use of Ogg formats in HTML5

Software supporting Vorbis exists for many platforms. The multi-platform open-source VLC media player and MPlayer can play Ogg Vorbis files, as can Winamp and foobar2000. Windows Media Player does not natively support Vorbis; however, DirectShow filters exist to decode Vorbis in Windows Media Player and other Windows multimedia players that support DirectShow.^[63] Vorbis is also supported in the multi-platform audio editing software Audacity, in the multi-platform multimedia frameworks FFmpeg, GStreamer and Helix DNA. Vorbis is well-supported on the Linux platform in programs like XMMS, xine, Amarok. A list of Vorbis-supporting software can be found at the Xiph.Org Foundation wiki and Vorbis.com website.^[64][65] Users can test these programs using the list of Vorbis audio streams available on the same wiki.^[66] For more information about support in software media players there is a comparison of media players available.

Some newer Ubisoft games use Vorbis files renamed with the filename extension .sb0. It can therefore be played using a compatible player, although sometimes one must force a different sampling rate to hear it correctly. A number of tools are available for extracting sound from archived files such as the .m4b of Myst IV: Revelation.

As originally recommended by HTML 5, these web browsers natively support Vorbis audio (without a plug-in) using the <audio> element: Mozilla Firefox 3.5 (and later versions),^[67][68] Google Chrome (from version 3.0.182.2),^[69] SeaMonkey (from version 2.0).^[70] Opera 9.5 experimental video builds released in 2007 and 2008 have only <video> support and play back Vorbis audio included in Ogg video files.^[71][72] Opera 10.5 browser has support for Vorbis audio, WAVE PCM audio and Theora video.^[73][74]

The game design software RPG Maker MV, released in October 2015, is the first version of that program to drop MP3 support in favor of Ogg Vorbis.

In October 2017, Microsoft released support for Ogg media container, and Theora and Vorbis media formats as an optional add-on to Windows 10 and Xbox One, available for free in the Microsoft Store.^[75]

Vorbis support by different operating systems

	Microsoft Windows	macOS	Linux	Android	iOS
Codec support	Yes^[75]	Via third-party applications	Yes	Yes	Via third-party apps
Container support	On Windows 10 Fall Creators Update (1709) with Web Media Extensions add-on: Ogg (.ogg is not recognised; requires pseudo extension)^[a] Matroska (.mka, .mkv) On Windows 10 October 2018 Update (1809): WebM (.webm is recognised officially) On Windows 10 May 2019 Update (1903): Ogg (.ogg is recognised officially)	depends on application	Ogg (.ogg) Matroska (.mka, .mkv) WebM (.webm)	Ogg (.ogg, .oga) Matroska (.mka, .mkv) WebM (.webm)	depends on application
Notes	On Windows 10: - Requires Fall Creators Update (1709) and installation of Web Media Extensions package. - On April 2018 Update (1803) with Web Media Extensions preinstalled, Microsoft Edge (EdgeHTML 17) supports Vorbis audio embedded in <audio> tags. - Supported on Universal Windows Platform apps (Groove Music, Microsoft Movies & TV). Unsupported on Windows Media Player. - Up till October 2018 update (1809), the filename extension .ogg was not recognised. (substitute with a pseudo file extension such as .m4a)^[76] On Windows 8.1 and older: - Requires installation of a third-party multimedia framework, LAV Filters.	No native support in the macOS native multimedia framework. In versions of Mac OS X prior to 10.11 El Capitan, Vorbis support could be added to QuickTime using the Xiph QuickTime Components.^[77]	-	-	No native support in the iOS native multimedia framework.

See also

•  Free and open-source software portal

• Comparison of audio coding formats
• Icecast, streaming media server which currently supports Ogg (Vorbis and Theora), Opus and WebM streams.
• JUCE, cross-platform C++ toolkit with embedded Vorbis support
• Ogg bitstream container
• Opus, audio format by Xiph that is biased towards latency
• Vorbis comment, metadata format used by Vorbis
• XML Shareable Playlist Format, playlist format
• Xiph QuickTime Components, official QuickTime implementation

Notes

1. The .ogg filename extension is not recognised by Universal Windows Platform apps Groove Music and Microsoft Movies & TV, hence a pseudo extension of another audio format (such as .m4a) is required instead.^[76]

References

1. "MIME Types and File Extensions - XiphWiki". wiki.xiph.org.
2. Montgomery, Christopher (May 8, 2000). "Merge done". vorbis-dev. Retrieved September 3, 2009.
3. "Ogg Vorbis". Xiph.Org Foundation. Retrieved September 11, 2009.
4. Xiph.Org Foundation (January 20, 2012). "Vorbis I specification". Xiph.Org Foundation. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
5. "PlayOgg! - FSF - Free Software Foundation". March 17, 2010. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
6. Ogg Vorbis Audio Format (Full draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. February 19, 2008. Retrieved December 13, 2021.
7. Giles, Ralph (July 4, 2020). "[Vorbis] vorbis 1.3.7 release".
8. . Xiph.Org Foundation. Archived from the original on October 1, 2005. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
9. "Sample Xiph.Org Variant of the BSD License". Xiph.Org Foundation. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
10. Xiph.Org (January 22, 2014). "libVorbis 1.3.4 released". Retrieved February 9, 2014.
11. "MIME Types and File Extensions". Xiph.org wiki. Retrieved October 13, 2007.
12. . Advogado. April 4, 2000. Archived from the original on June 28, 2017. Retrieved September 2, 2009.
13. "naming". Xiph.Org Foundation.
14. "About". Xiph.org. Retrieved August 31, 2009.
15. Robertson, Michael (September 11, 1998). . Archived from the original on August 16, 2000. Retrieved August 31, 2009.
16. Zisk, Brian (April 19, 2000). "Dvorak Interviews Monty". vorbis. Xiph. Retrieved September 4, 2008.
17. (project homepage). Xiphophorus. May 20, 2000. Archived from the original on May 20, 2000. Retrieved September 2, 2008.
18. . Xiphophorus co. May 11, 2000. Archived from the original on June 10, 2000. Retrieved September 3, 2009.
19. February 2001 on xiph.org "With the Beta 4 release, the Ogg Vorbis libraries have moved to the BSD license. The change from LGPL to BSD was made to enable the use of Ogg Vorbis in all forms of software and hardware. Jack Moffitt says, "We are changing the license in response to feedback from many parties. It has become clear to us that adoption of Ogg Vorbis will be accelerated even further by the use of a less restrictive license that is friendlier toward proprietary software and hardware systems. We want everyone to be able to use Ogg Vorbis.""
20. RMS on license change on lwn.net
21. "OGG Vorbis 1.0 officially released". AfterDawn. July 19, 2002. Retrieved June 4, 2009.
22. "Ogg Vorbis official release is here". News. CNET. July 19, 2002. Retrieved June 4, 2009.
23. Montgomery, Christopher (July 19, 2002). "Vorbis 1.0 released". vorbis (Mailing list). Retrieved June 4, 2009.
24. "OpusFAQ - XiphWiki". wiki.xiph.org. February 3, 2013. from the original on December 4, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
25. Hoene, Christian; Valin, Jean-Marc; Vos, Koen; Skoglund, Jan (May 17, 2013). "Summary of Opus listening test results". Ietf Datatracker. from the original on December 15, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
26. "Results of the public multiformat listening test (July 2014)". listening-test.coresv.net. from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
27. "OpusFAQ - XiphWiki". wiki.xiph.org. October 3, 2020. from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
28. Sharpless Smith, Susan (2010). Web-based Instruction: A Guide for Libraries. American Library Association. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-8389-1056-6.
29. Brown, Andrew (2007). Computers in Music Education: Amplifying Musicality. Routledge. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-4159-7850-7.
30. Dawes, Adam (2010). Windows Mobile Game Development: Building games for the Windows Phone and other mobile devices. Apress. p. 158. ISBN 978-1-4302-2929-2.
31. . GNU Project. Free Software Foundation (FSF). Archived from the original on November 26, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2008.
32. "Xiph.Org Wiki, Games that use Vorbis". March 3, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2024.
33. "Ogg Sites". Free Software Foundation. Retrieved October 2, 2009.
34. "Ogg Vorbis — no future?". November 4, 2007. Retrieved October 2, 2009.
35. Wikipedia:WikiProject Spoken Wikipedia, Retrieved 2009
36. "First steps/Quality and description". Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved October 2, 2009.
37. "Radio New Zealand Oggcasts". Retrieved January 14, 2009.
38. . Archived from the original on August 30, 2009. Retrieved October 8, 2009.
39. . February 3, 2019. Archived from the original on February 3, 2019.
40. . Spotify News. June 25, 2009. Archived from the original on March 28, 2018. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
41. "Audio Quality". June 6, 2020. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
42. . Archived from the original on April 24, 2013. Retrieved April 15, 2013.
43. Xiph.Org Foundation (June 2, 2009). "Vorbis I specification - 1.1.2 Classification". Xiph.Org Foundation. Retrieved September 22, 2009.
44. "Oggless proposal". Xiph.Org Foundation.
45. "Xiph.Org announces support for the WebM open media project". Xiph.Org. May 19, 2010. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
46. "Introducing WebM, an open web media project". May 19, 2010. Retrieved May 19, 2010.
47. "FAQ". WebM. Google. May 19, 2010.
48. Barbato, Luca (August 2008). "RFC 5215 — RTP Payload Format for Vorbis Encoded Audio". IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC5215. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
49. Xiph.Org Foundation. "Vorbis Comment Field Documentation". Retrieved March 14, 2007.
50. "Recommended Ogg Vorbis - Hydrogenaudio Knowledgebase". Retrieved June 30, 2022.
51. "libvorbis 1.1 changelog". September 22, 2004. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
52. . February 7, 2007. Archived from the original on September 30, 2008. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
53. Jack Moffitt (February 26, 2001). "[icecast-dev] Xiph.org announces Vorbis Beta 4 and the Xiph.org Foundation". Retrieved November 13, 2006.
54. . 2003. Archived from the original on June 25, 2015. Retrieved November 13, 2006.
55. "[vorbis-dev] tremor relicensed as BSD". September 3, 2002. Retrieved March 15, 2008.
56. "Android SDK m5-rc14 now available". Android Developers' Blog. Retrieved December 15, 2008.
57. "Supported media formats". Android Developers.
58. "PortablePlayers - XiphWiki". wiki.xiph.org.
59. . www.iriver.co.kr. Archived from the original on November 3, 2008.
60. . www.iriver.co.kr. Archived from the original on April 28, 2009.
61. . www.iriver.co.kr. Archived from the original on June 4, 2010.
62. "VorbisHardware - XiphWiki". Xiph.Org Foundation. Retrieved January 13, 2008.
63. "illiminable Ogg Directshow Filters for Speex, Vorbis, Theora and FLAC". Retrieved June 24, 2008.
64. "VorbisSoftwarePlayers - XiphWiki". Xiph.Org Foundation. Retrieved January 13, 2008.
65. Xiph.Org Foundation. . Archived from the original on October 16, 2009. Retrieved October 12, 2009.
66. "VorbisStreams - XiphWiki". Xiph.Org Foundation. Retrieved January 13, 2008.
67. MozillaWiki (March 18, 2009), Firefox3.5/Features, MozillaWiki, retrieved October 11, 2009
68. Mozilla Corporation (June 30, 2009), Mozilla Firefox 3.5 Release Notes, Mozilla Corporation, retrieved October 11, 2009
69. , SoftSailor, May 28, 2009, archived from the original on October 3, 2009, retrieved October 11, 2009
70. Robert Kaiser (September 16, 2009), What's New in SeaMonkey 2.0 Beta 2, seamonkey-project.org, retrieved October 11, 2009
71. Experimental Opera-video build with native Ogg Theora support, Opera, April 25, 2007, retrieved October 11, 2009
72. A call for video on the web - Opera <video> release on Labs, Opera, November 7, 2007, retrieved October 11, 2009
73. Philip Jägenstedt (December 31, 2009). "(re-)Introducing <video> - Official blog for Core developers at Opera". Opera. Retrieved January 2, 2010.
74. Arjan van Leeuwen (December 31, 2009). "Happy New Year! - Official blog for Core developers at Opera". Opera. Retrieved January 2, 2010.
75. Aleksandersen, Daniel (December 28, 2021). "Microsoft adds Ogg, Theora, and Vorbis media formats to Windows 10". www.ctrl.blog.
76. "Supported audio and video formats (Windows Runtime apps) - Windows app development". learn.microsoft.com. October 13, 2015.
77. "13.06.2016 - XiphQT discontinued". Xiph.Org: QuickTime Components. Retrieved February 19, 2019.

External links

• Vorbis site - Xiph reference implementation
• Vorbis reference implementation by Xiph.Org Foundation
• Players
• Christopher "Monty" Montgomery (main developer) interview, slashdot.org
• RTP Payload Format for Vorbis Encoded Audio. RFC 5215.
• Ogg Media Types. RFC 5334.