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Graphical user interface

March 02, 2023

"GUI" redirects here. For other uses, see Gui (disambiguation).

The GUI (/ˌdʒiːjuːˈaɪ/ JEE-yoo-EYE[1][Note 1] or /ˈɡuːi/[2] GOO-ee), graphical user interface, is a form of user interface that allows users to interact with electronic devices through graphical icons and audio indicator such as primary notation, instead of text-based UIs, typed command labels or text navigation. GUIs were introduced in reaction to the perceived steep learning curve of CLIs (command-line interfaces),[3][4][5] which require commands to be typed on a computer keyboard.

The actions in a GUI are usually performed through direct manipulation of the graphical elements.[6][7][8] Beyond computers, GUIs are used in many handheld mobile devices such as MP3 players, portable media players, gaming devices, smartphones and smaller household, office and industrial controls. The term GUI tends not to be applied to other lower-display resolution types of interfaces, such as video games (where HUD (head-up display)[9] is preferred), or not including flat screens like volumetric displays[10] because the term is restricted to the scope of 2D display screens able to describe generic information, in the tradition of the computer science research at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center.

GUI and interaction design

 
The GUI is presented (displayed) on the computer screen. It is the result of processed user input and usually the main interface for human-machine interaction. The touch UIs popular on small mobile devices are an overlay of the visual output to the visual input.

Designing the visual composition and temporal behavior of a GUI is an important part of software application programming in the area of human–computer interaction. Its goal is to enhance the efficiency and ease of use for the underlying logical design of a stored program, a design discipline named usability. Methods of user-centered design are used to ensure that the visual language introduced in the design is well-tailored to the tasks.

The visible graphical interface features of an application are sometimes referred to as chrome or GUI (pronounced gooey).[11][12][13] Typically, users interact with information by manipulating visual widgets that allow for interactions appropriate to the kind of data they hold. The widgets of a well-designed interface are selected to support the actions necessary to achieve the goals of users. A model–view–controller allows flexible structures in which the interface is independent of and indirectly linked to application functions, so the GUI can be customized easily. This allows users to select or design a different skin at will, and eases the designer's work to change the interface as user needs evolve. Good GUI design relates to users more, and to system architecture less. Large widgets, such as windows, usually provide a frame or container for the main presentation content such as a web page, email message, or drawing. Smaller ones usually act as a user-input tool.

A GUI may be designed for the requirements of a vertical market as application-specific GUIs. Examples include automated teller machines (ATM), point of sale (POS) touchscreens at restaurants,[14] self-service checkouts used in a retail store, airline self-ticket and check-in, information kiosks in a public space, like a train station or a museum, and monitors or control screens in an embedded industrial application which employ a real-time operating system (RTOS).

Cell phones and handheld game systems also employ application specific touchscreen GUIs. Newer automobiles use GUIs in their navigation systems and multimedia centers, or navigation multimedia center combinations.

Examples

Components

 
Layers of a GUI based on a windowing system
Main article: List of graphical user interface elements
Further information: WIMP (computing), Window manager, and Desktop environment

A GUI uses a combination of technologies and devices to provide a platform that users can interact with, for the tasks of gathering and producing information.

A series of elements conforming a visual language have evolved to represent information stored in computers. This makes it easier for people with few computer skills to work with and use computer software. The most common combination of such elements in GUIs is the windows, icons, text fields, canvases, menus, pointer (WIMP) paradigm, especially in personal computers.[15]

The WIMP style of interaction uses a virtual input device to represent the position of a pointing device's interface, most often a mouse, and presents information organized in windows and represented with icons. Available commands are compiled together in menus, and actions are performed making gestures with the pointing device. A window manager facilitates the interactions between windows, applications, and the windowing system. The windowing system handles hardware devices such as pointing devices, graphics hardware, and positioning of the pointer.

In personal computers, all these elements are modeled through a desktop metaphor to produce a simulation called a desktop environment in which the display represents a desktop, on which documents and folders of documents can be placed. Window managers and other software combine to simulate the desktop environment with varying degrees of realism.

Entries may appear in a list to make space for text and details, or in a grid for compactness and larger icons with little space underneath for text. Variations inbetween exist, such as a list with multiple columns of items and a grid of items with rows of text extending sideways from the icon.[16]

Multi-row and multi-column layouts commonly found on the web are "shelf" and "waterfall". The former is found on image search engines, where images appear with a fixed height but variable length, and is typically implemented with the CSS property and parameter display: inline-block;. A waterfall layout found on Imgur and Tweetdeck with fixed width but variable height per item is usually implemented by specifying column-width:.

Post-WIMP interface

Main article: Post-WIMP

Smaller app mobile devices such as personal digital assistants (PDAs) and smartphones typically use the WIMP elements with different unifying metaphors, due to constraints in space and available input devices. Applications for which WIMP is not well suited may use newer interaction techniques, collectively termed post-WIMP UIs.[17]

As of 2011, some touchscreen-based operating systems such as Apple's iOS (iPhone) and Android use the class of GUIs named post-WIMP. These support styles of interaction using more than one finger in contact with a display, which allows actions such as pinching and rotating, which are unsupported by one pointer and mouse.[18]

Interaction

Human interface devices, for the efficient interaction with a GUI include a computer keyboard, especially used together with keyboard shortcuts, pointing devices for the cursor (or rather pointer) control: mouse, pointing stick, touchpad, trackball, joystick, virtual keyboards, and head-up displays (translucent information devices at the eye level).

There are also actions performed by programs that affect the GUI. For example, there are components like inotify or D-Bus to facilitate communication between computer programs.

History

Main article: History of the graphical user interface

Early efforts

Ivan Sutherland developed Sketchpad in 1963, widely held as the first graphical computer-aided design program. It used a light pen to create and manipulate objects in engineering drawings in realtime with coordinated graphics. In the late 1960s, researchers at the Stanford Research Institute, led by Douglas Engelbart, developed the On-Line System (NLS), which used text-based hyperlinks manipulated with a then-new device: the mouse. (A 1968 demonstration of NLS became known as "The Mother of All Demos.") In the 1970s, Engelbart's ideas were further refined and extended to graphics by researchers at Xerox PARC and specifically Alan Kay, who went beyond text-based hyperlinks and used a GUI as the main interface for the Smalltalk programming language, which ran on the Xerox Alto computer, released in 1973. Most modern general-purpose GUIs are derived from this system.

The Xerox PARC GUI consisted of graphical elements such as windows, menus, radio buttons, and check boxes. The concept of icons was later introduced by David Canfield Smith, who had written a thesis on the subject under the guidance of Kay.[19][20][21] The PARC GUI employs a pointing device along with a keyboard. These aspects can be emphasized by using the alternative term and acronym for windows, icons, menus, pointing device (WIMP). This effort culminated in the 1973 Xerox Alto, the first computer with a GUI, though the system never reached commercial production.

The first commercially available computer with a GUI was 1979 PERQ workstation, manufactured by Three Rivers Computer Corporation. Its design was heavily influenced by the work at Xerox PARC. In 1981, Xerox eventually commercialized the Alto in the form of a new and enhanced system – the Xerox 8010 Information System – more commonly known as the Xerox Star.[22][23] These early systems spurred many other GUI efforts, including Lisp machines by Symbolics and other manufacturers, the Apple Lisa (which presented the concept of menu bar and window controls) in 1983, the Apple Macintosh 128K in 1984, and the Atari ST with Digital Research's GEM, and Commodore Amiga in 1985. Visi On was released in 1983 for the IBM PC compatible computers, but was never popular due to its high hardware demands.[24] Nevertheless, it was a crucial influence on the contemporary development of Microsoft Windows.[25]

Apple, Digital Research, IBM and Microsoft used many of Xerox's ideas to develop products, and IBM's Common User Access specifications formed the basis of the GUIs used in Microsoft Windows, IBM OS/2 Presentation Manager, and the Unix Motif toolkit and window manager. These ideas evolved to create the interface found in current versions of Microsoft Windows, and in various desktop environments for Unix-like operating systems, such as macOS and Linux. Thus most current GUIs have largely common idioms.

 
An Apple Lisa (1983) demonstrating LisaOS, Apple Computer's first commercially available GUI.

Popularization

GUIs were a hot topic in the early 1980s. The Apple Lisa was released in 1983, and various windowing systems existed for DOS operating systems (including PC GEM and PC/GEOS). Individual applications for many platforms presented their own GUI variants.[26] Despite the GUIs advantages, many reviewers questioned the value of the entire concept,[27] citing hardware limits, and problems in finding compatible software.

In 1984, Apple released a television commercial which introduced the Apple Macintosh during the telecast of Super Bowl XVIII by CBS,[28] with allusions to George Orwell's noted novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. The goal of the commercial was to make people think about computers, identifying the user-friendly interface as a personal computer which departed from prior business-oriented systems,[29] and becoming a signature representation of Apple products.[30]

Windows 95, accompanied by an extensive marketing campaign,[31] was a major success in the marketplace at launch and shortly became the most popular desktop operating system.[32]

In 2007, with the iPhone[33] and later in 2010 with the introduction of the iPad,[34] Apple popularized the post-WIMP style of interaction for multi-touch screens, and those devices were considered to be milestones in the development of mobile devices.[35][36]

The GUIs familiar to most people as of the mid-late 2010s are Microsoft Windows, macOS, and the X Window System interfaces for desktop and laptop computers, and Android, Apple's iOS, Symbian, BlackBerry OS, Windows Phone/Windows 10 Mobile, Tizen, WebOS, and Firefox OS for handheld (smartphone) devices.[37][38]

Comparison to other interfaces

Command-line interfaces

 
A modern CLI

Since the commands available in command line interfaces can be many, complex operations can be performed using a short sequence of words and symbols. Custom functions may be used to facilitate access to frequent actions. Command-line interfaces are more lightweight, as they only recall information necessary for a task; for example, no preview thumbnails or graphical rendering of web pages. This allows greater efficiency and productivity once many commands are learned.[3] But reaching this level takes some time because the command words may not be easily discoverable or mnemonic. Also, using the command line can become slow and error-prone when users must enter long commands comprising many parameters or several different filenames at once. However, windows, icons, menus, pointer (WIMP) interfaces present users with many widgets that represent and can trigger some of the system's available commands.

GUIs can be made quite hard when dialogs are buried deep in a system or moved about to different places during redesigns. Also, icons and dialog boxes are usually harder for users to script.

WIMPs extensively use modes, as the meaning of all keys and clicks on specific positions on the screen are redefined all the time. Command-line interfaces use modes only in limited forms, such as for current directory and environment variables.

Most modern operating systems provide both a GUI and some level of a CLI, although the GUIs usually receive more attention.

GUI wrappers

GUI wrappers find a way around the command-line interface versions (CLI) of (typically) Linux and Unix-like software applications and their text-based UIs or typed command labels. While command-line or text-based applications allow users to run a program non-interactively, GUI wrappers atop them avoid the steep learning curve of the command-line, which requires commands to be typed on the keyboard. By starting a GUI wrapper, users can intuitively interact with, start, stop, and change its working parameters, through graphical icons and visual indicators of a desktop environment, for example. Applications may also provide both interfaces, and when they do the GUI is usually a WIMP wrapper around the command-line version. This is especially common with applications designed for Unix-like operating systems. The latter used to be implemented first because it allowed the developers to focus exclusively on their product's functionality without bothering about interface details such as designing icons and placing buttons. Designing programs this way also allows users to run the program in a shell script.

Three-dimensional graphical user interface

This section is about uniquely software 3D UIs. For both software and hardware 3D input/output devices, see 3D UIs.

Many environments and games use the methods of 3D graphics to project 3D GUI objects onto the screen. The use of 3D graphics has become increasingly common in mainstream operating systems (ex. Windows Aero, and Aqua (MacOS)) to create attractive interfaces, termed eye candy (which includes, for example, the use of drop shadows underneath windows and the cursor), or for functional purposes only possible using three dimensions. For example, user switching is represented by rotating a cube with faces representing each user's workspace, and window management is represented via a Rolodex-style flipping mechanism in Windows Vista (see Windows Flip 3D). In both cases, the operating system transforms windows on-the-fly while continuing to update the content of those windows.

The GUI is usually WIMP-based, although occasionally other metaphors surface, such as those used in Microsoft Bob, 3dwm, File System Navigator, File System Visualizer, 3D Mailbox,[39][40] and GopherVR. Zooming (ZUI) is a related technology that promises to deliver the representation benefits of 3D environments without their usability drawbacks of orientation problems and hidden objects. In 2006, Hillcrest Labs introduced the first ZUI for television.[41] Other innovations include the menus on the PlayStation 2, the menus on the Xbox, Sun's Project Looking Glass, Metisse, which was similar to Project Looking Glass,[42] BumpTop, where users can manipulate documents and windows with realistic movement and physics as if they were physical documents, Croquet OS, which is built for collaboration,[43] and compositing window managers such as Enlightenment and Compiz. Augmented reality and virtual reality also make use of 3D GUI elements.[44]

In science fiction

3D GUIs have appeared in science fiction literature and films, even before certain technologies were feasible or in common use.[45]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "UI" by itself is still usually pronounced /ˌjuːˈaɪ/ yoo-EYE.

References

  1. ^ Wells, John (2009). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
  2. ^ "How to pronounce GUI in English". dictionary.cambridge.org. Retrieved 2020-04-03.
  3. ^ a b "Command line vs. GUI". www.computerhope.com. Retrieved 2020-04-03.
  4. ^ MSCOM (2007-03-12). "The GUI versus the Command Line: Which is better? (Part 1)". Microsoft.com Operations. Microsoft Docs. Retrieved 2021-11-07. {{cite web}}: External link in |department= (help)
  5. ^ MSCOM (2007-03-26). "The GUI versus the Command Line: Which is better? (Part 2)". Microsoft.com Operations. Microsoft Docs. Retrieved 2021-11-07. {{cite web}}: External link in |department= (help)
  6. ^ "Graphical user interface". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2019-05-09.
  7. ^ Levy, Steven. "Graphical User Interface (GUI)". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2019-06-12.
  8. ^ "GUI". PC Magazine Encyclopedia. pcmag.com. Retrieved 2019-06-12.
  9. ^ Greg Wilson (2006). . Gamasutra. Archived from the original on January 19, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2006.
  10. ^ "GUI definition". Linux Information Project. October 1, 2004. Retrieved 12 November 2008.
  11. ^ "chrome". www.catb.org. Retrieved 2020-04-03.
  12. ^ Jakob Nielsen (January 29, 2012). . Nngroup. Archived from the original on August 25, 2012. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
  13. ^ Martinez, Wendy L. (2011-02-23). "Graphical user interfaces: Graphical user interfaces". Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics. 3 (2): 119–133. doi:10.1002/wics.150. S2CID 60467930.
  14. ^ The ViewTouch restaurant system by Giselle Bisson
  15. ^ "What is a graphical user interface (GUI)?". IONOS Digitalguide. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
  16. ^ Babich, Nick (30 May 2020). "Mobile UX Design: List View and Grid View". Medium. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  17. ^ IEEE.org.
  18. ^ Reality-Based Interaction: A Framework for Post-WIMP Interfaces
  19. ^ Lieberman, Henry. "A Creative Programming Environment, Remixed", MIT Media Lab, Cambridge.
  20. ^ Salha, Nader. "Aesthetics and Art in the Early Development of Human-Computer Interfaces" 2020-08-07 at the Wayback Machine, October 2012.
  21. ^ Smith, David. "Pygmalion: A Creative Programming Environment", 1975.
  22. ^ The first GUIs
  23. ^ Xerox Star user interface demonstration, 1982
  24. ^ "VisiCorp Visi On". The Visi On product was not intended for the home user. It was designed and priced for high-end corporate workstations. The hardware it required was quite a bit for 1983. It required a minimum of 512k of ram and a hard drive (5 megs of space).
  25. ^ A Windows Retrospective, PC Magazine Jan 2009. Ziff Davis. January 2009.
  26. ^ "Magic Desk I for Commodore 64".
  27. ^ Sandberg-Diment, Erik (1984-12-25). "Value of Windowing is Questioned". The New York Times.
  28. ^ Friedman, Ted (October 1997). . Archived from the original on October 5, 1999.
  29. ^ Friedman, Ted (2005). "Chapter 5: 1984". Electric Dreams: Computers in American Culture. New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-2740-9. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
  30. ^ Grote, Patrick (October 29, 2006). . DotJournal.com. Archived from the original on November 7, 2006. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
  31. ^ Washington Post (August 24, 1995). "With Windows 95's Debut, Microsoft Scales Heights of Hype". Washington Post. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  32. ^ "Computers | Timeline of Computer History | Computer History Museum". www.computerhistory.org. Retrieved 2017-04-02.
  33. ^ Mather, John. , Ryerson Review of Journalism, (February 19, 2007) Retrieved February 19, 2007
  34. ^ "the iPad could finally spark demand for the hitherto unsuccessful tablet PC" --Eaton, Nick The iPad/tablet PC market defined? 2011-02-01 at the Wayback Machine, Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 2010
  35. ^ Bright, Peter Ballmer (and Microsoft) still doesn't get the iPad, Ars Technica, 2010
  36. ^ "The iPad's victory in defining the tablet: What it means". InfoWorld. 2011-07-05.
  37. ^ Hanson, Cody W. (2011-03-17). "Chapter 2: Mobile Devices in 2011". Library Technology Reports. 47 (2): 11–23. ISSN 0024-2586.
  38. ^ "What is a Graphical User Interface? Definition and FAQs | OmniSci". www.omnisci.com. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
  39. ^ . 3dmailbox.com. Archived from the original on 2019-07-21. Retrieved 2022-07-14.
  40. ^ "3D Mailbox". Download.com. Retrieved 2022-07-14.
  41. ^ Macworld.com November 11, 2006. Dan Moren. CES Unveiled@NY ‘07: Point and click coming to set-top boxes? 2011-11-08 at the Wayback Machine
  42. ^ "Metisse - New Looking Glass Alternative". 29 June 2004. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  43. ^ Smith, David A.; Kay, Alan; Raab, Andreas; Reed, David P. (PDF). croquetconsortium.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2022-09-17. The efforts at Xerox PARC under the leadership of Alan Kay that drove the development of [...] powerful bit-mapped display based user interfaces was key. In some ways, all we are doing here is extending this model to 3D and adding a new robust object collaboration model.
  44. ^ Purwar, Sourabh (2019-03-04). "Designing User Experience for Virtual Reality (VR) applications". Medium. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
  45. ^ Dayton, Tom. . OpenMCT Blog. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2012.

External links

 
Look up graphical user interface in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Graphical user interface.
  • Evolution of Graphical User Interface in last 50 years by Raj Lal
  • by Clive Akass
  • Graphical User Interface Gallery, screenshots of various GUIs
  • Marcin Wichary's GUIdebook, Graphical User Interface gallery: over 5500 screenshots of GUI, application and icon history
  • by Mike Tuck
  • by Neal Stephenson
  • 3D Graphical User Interfaces (PDF) by Farid BenHajji and Erik Dybner, Department of Computer and Systems Sciences, Stockholm University
  • Topological Analysis of the Gibbs Energy Function (Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium Correlation Data). Including a Thermodinamic Review and a Graphical User Interface (GUI) for Surfaces/Tie-lines/Hessian matrix analysis - University of Alicante (Reyes-Labarta et al. 2015-18)
  • Innovative Ways to Use Information Visualization across a Variety of Fields by Ryan Erwin Digital marketing specialist ( CLLAX ) (2022-05)

March 02, 2023
graphical, user, interface, redirects, here, other, uses, disambiguation, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sou. GUI redirects here For other uses see Gui disambiguation This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Graphical user interface news newspapers books scholar JSTOR May 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message The GUI ˌ dʒ iː juː ˈ aɪ JEE yoo EYE 1 Note 1 or ˈ ɡ uː i 2 GOO ee graphical user interface is a form of user interface that allows users to interact with electronic devices through graphical icons and audio indicator such as primary notation instead of text based UIs typed command labels or text navigation GUIs were introduced in reaction to the perceived steep learning curve of CLIs command line interfaces 3 4 5 which require commands to be typed on a computer keyboard The actions in a GUI are usually performed through direct manipulation of the graphical elements 6 7 8 Beyond computers GUIs are used in many handheld mobile devices such as MP3 players portable media players gaming devices smartphones and smaller household office and industrial controls The term GUI tends not to be applied to other lower display resolution types of interfaces such as video games where HUD head up display 9 is preferred or not including flat screens like volumetric displays 10 because the term is restricted to the scope of 2D display screens able to describe generic information in the tradition of the computer science research at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center Contents 1 GUI and interaction design 2 Examples 3 Components 4 Post WIMP interface 5 Interaction 6 History 6 1 Early efforts 6 2 Popularization 7 Comparison to other interfaces 7 1 Command line interfaces 7 2 GUI wrappers 8 Three dimensional graphical user interface 8 1 In science fiction 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External linksGUI and interaction design Edit The GUI is presented displayed on the computer screen It is the result of processed user input and usually the main interface for human machine interaction The touch UIs popular on small mobile devices are an overlay of the visual output to the visual input Designing the visual composition and temporal behavior of a GUI is an important part of software application programming in the area of human computer interaction Its goal is to enhance the efficiency and ease of use for the underlying logical design of a stored program a design discipline named usability Methods of user centered design are used to ensure that the visual language introduced in the design is well tailored to the tasks The visible graphical interface features of an application are sometimes referred to as chrome or GUI pronounced gooey 11 12 13 Typically users interact with information by manipulating visual widgets that allow for interactions appropriate to the kind of data they hold The widgets of a well designed interface are selected to support the actions necessary to achieve the goals of users A model view controller allows flexible structures in which the interface is independent of and indirectly linked to application functions so the GUI can be customized easily This allows users to select or design a different skin at will and eases the designer s work to change the interface as user needs evolve Good GUI design relates to users more and to system architecture less Large widgets such as windows usually provide a frame or container for the main presentation content such as a web page email message or drawing Smaller ones usually act as a user input tool A GUI may be designed for the requirements of a vertical market as application specific GUIs Examples include automated teller machines ATM point of sale POS touchscreens at restaurants 14 self service checkouts used in a retail store airline self ticket and check in information kiosks in a public space like a train station or a museum and monitors or control screens in an embedded industrial application which employ a real time operating system RTOS Cell phones and handheld game systems also employ application specific touchscreen GUIs Newer automobiles use GUIs in their navigation systems and multimedia centers or navigation multimedia center combinations Examples EditSample graphical environments GNOME Shell KDE Plasma 5 MATE Windows on example Wayland compositor Xfce Enlightenment Sugar A twm X Window System environment The dwm tiling window manager Cinnamon PhoshComponents Edit Layers of a GUI based on a windowing system Main article List of graphical user interface elements Further information WIMP computing Window manager and Desktop environment A GUI uses a combination of technologies and devices to provide a platform that users can interact with for the tasks of gathering and producing information A series of elements conforming a visual language have evolved to represent information stored in computers This makes it easier for people with few computer skills to work with and use computer software The most common combination of such elements in GUIs is the windows icons text fields canvases menus pointer WIMP paradigm especially in personal computers 15 The WIMP style of interaction uses a virtual input device to represent the position of a pointing device s interface most often a mouse and presents information organized in windows and represented with icons Available commands are compiled together in menus and actions are performed making gestures with the pointing device A window manager facilitates the interactions between windows applications and the windowing system The windowing system handles hardware devices such as pointing devices graphics hardware and positioning of the pointer In personal computers all these elements are modeled through a desktop metaphor to produce a simulation called a desktop environment in which the display represents a desktop on which documents and folders of documents can be placed Window managers and other software combine to simulate the desktop environment with varying degrees of realism Entries may appear in a list to make space for text and details or in a grid for compactness and larger icons with little space underneath for text Variations inbetween exist such as a list with multiple columns of items and a grid of items with rows of text extending sideways from the icon 16 Multi row and multi column layouts commonly found on the web are shelf and waterfall The former is found on image search engines where images appear with a fixed height but variable length and is typically implemented with the CSS property and parameter display inline block A waterfall layout found on Imgur and Tweetdeck with fixed width but variable height per item is usually implemented by specifying column width Post WIMP interface EditMain article Post WIMP Smaller app mobile devices such as personal digital assistants PDAs and smartphones typically use the WIMP elements with different unifying metaphors due to constraints in space and available input devices Applications for which WIMP is not well suited may use newer interaction techniques collectively termed post WIMP UIs 17 As of 2011 some touchscreen based operating systems such as Apple s iOS iPhone and Android use the class of GUIs named post WIMP These support styles of interaction using more than one finger in contact with a display which allows actions such as pinching and rotating which are unsupported by one pointer and mouse 18 Interaction EditHuman interface devices for the efficient interaction with a GUI include a computer keyboard especially used together with keyboard shortcuts pointing devices for the cursor or rather pointer control mouse pointing stick touchpad trackball joystick virtual keyboards and head up displays translucent information devices at the eye level There are also actions performed by programs that affect the GUI For example there are components like inotify or D Bus to facilitate communication between computer programs History EditMain article History of the graphical user interface Early efforts Edit Ivan Sutherland developed Sketchpad in 1963 widely held as the first graphical computer aided design program It used a light pen to create and manipulate objects in engineering drawings in realtime with coordinated graphics In the late 1960s researchers at the Stanford Research Institute led by Douglas Engelbart developed the On Line System NLS which used text based hyperlinks manipulated with a then new device the mouse A 1968 demonstration of NLS became known as The Mother of All Demos In the 1970s Engelbart s ideas were further refined and extended to graphics by researchers at Xerox PARC and specifically Alan Kay who went beyond text based hyperlinks and used a GUI as the main interface for the Smalltalk programming language which ran on the Xerox Alto computer released in 1973 Most modern general purpose GUIs are derived from this system The Xerox PARC GUI consisted of graphical elements such as windows menus radio buttons and check boxes The concept of icons was later introduced by David Canfield Smith who had written a thesis on the subject under the guidance of Kay 19 20 21 The PARC GUI employs a pointing device along with a keyboard These aspects can be emphasized by using the alternative term and acronym for windows icons menus pointing device WIMP This effort culminated in the 1973 Xerox Alto the first computer with a GUI though the system never reached commercial production The first commercially available computer with a GUI was 1979 PERQ workstation manufactured by Three Rivers Computer Corporation Its design was heavily influenced by the work at Xerox PARC In 1981 Xerox eventually commercialized the Alto in the form of a new and enhanced system the Xerox 8010 Information System more commonly known as the Xerox Star 22 23 These early systems spurred many other GUI efforts including Lisp machines by Symbolics and other manufacturers the Apple Lisa which presented the concept of menu bar and window controls in 1983 the Apple Macintosh 128K in 1984 and the Atari ST with Digital Research s GEM and Commodore Amiga in 1985 Visi On was released in 1983 for the IBM PC compatible computers but was never popular due to its high hardware demands 24 Nevertheless it was a crucial influence on the contemporary development of Microsoft Windows 25 Apple Digital Research IBM and Microsoft used many of Xerox s ideas to develop products and IBM s Common User Access specifications formed the basis of the GUIs used in Microsoft Windows IBM OS 2 Presentation Manager and the Unix Motif toolkit and window manager These ideas evolved to create the interface found in current versions of Microsoft Windows and in various desktop environments for Unix like operating systems such as macOS and Linux Thus most current GUIs have largely common idioms An Apple Lisa 1983 demonstrating LisaOS Apple Computer s first commercially available GUI Popularization Edit HP LX System Manager running on a HP 200LX GUIs were a hot topic in the early 1980s The Apple Lisa was released in 1983 and various windowing systems existed for DOS operating systems including PC GEM and PC GEOS Individual applications for many platforms presented their own GUI variants 26 Despite the GUIs advantages many reviewers questioned the value of the entire concept 27 citing hardware limits and problems in finding compatible software In 1984 Apple released a television commercial which introduced the Apple Macintosh during the telecast of Super Bowl XVIII by CBS 28 with allusions to George Orwell s noted novel Nineteen Eighty Four The goal of the commercial was to make people think about computers identifying the user friendly interface as a personal computer which departed from prior business oriented systems 29 and becoming a signature representation of Apple products 30 Windows 95 accompanied by an extensive marketing campaign 31 was a major success in the marketplace at launch and shortly became the most popular desktop operating system 32 In 2007 with the iPhone 33 and later in 2010 with the introduction of the iPad 34 Apple popularized the post WIMP style of interaction for multi touch screens and those devices were considered to be milestones in the development of mobile devices 35 36 The GUIs familiar to most people as of the mid late 2010s are Microsoft Windows macOS and the X Window System interfaces for desktop and laptop computers and Android Apple s iOS Symbian BlackBerry OS Windows Phone Windows 10 Mobile Tizen WebOS and Firefox OS for handheld smartphone devices 37 38 Comparison to other interfaces EditCommand line interfaces Edit A modern CLI Since the commands available in command line interfaces can be many complex operations can be performed using a short sequence of words and symbols Custom functions may be used to facilitate access to frequent actions Command line interfaces are more lightweight as they only recall information necessary for a task for example no preview thumbnails or graphical rendering of web pages This allows greater efficiency and productivity once many commands are learned 3 But reaching this level takes some time because the command words may not be easily discoverable or mnemonic Also using the command line can become slow and error prone when users must enter long commands comprising many parameters or several different filenames at once However windows icons menus pointer WIMP interfaces present users with many widgets that represent and can trigger some of the system s available commands GUIs can be made quite hard when dialogs are buried deep in a system or moved about to different places during redesigns Also icons and dialog boxes are usually harder for users to script WIMPs extensively use modes as the meaning of all keys and clicks on specific positions on the screen are redefined all the time Command line interfaces use modes only in limited forms such as for current directory and environment variables Most modern operating systems provide both a GUI and some level of a CLI although the GUIs usually receive more attention GUI wrappers Edit GUI wrappers find a way around the command line interface versions CLI of typically Linux and Unix like software applications and their text based UIs or typed command labels While command line or text based applications allow users to run a program non interactively GUI wrappers atop them avoid the steep learning curve of the command line which requires commands to be typed on the keyboard By starting a GUI wrapper users can intuitively interact with start stop and change its working parameters through graphical icons and visual indicators of a desktop environment for example Applications may also provide both interfaces and when they do the GUI is usually a WIMP wrapper around the command line version This is especially common with applications designed for Unix like operating systems The latter used to be implemented first because it allowed the developers to focus exclusively on their product s functionality without bothering about interface details such as designing icons and placing buttons Designing programs this way also allows users to run the program in a shell script Three dimensional graphical user interface EditThis section is about uniquely software 3D UIs For both software and hardware 3D input output devices see 3D UIs Many environments and games use the methods of 3D graphics to project 3D GUI objects onto the screen The use of 3D graphics has become increasingly common in mainstream operating systems ex Windows Aero and Aqua MacOS to create attractive interfaces termed eye candy which includes for example the use of drop shadows underneath windows and the cursor or for functional purposes only possible using three dimensions For example user switching is represented by rotating a cube with faces representing each user s workspace and window management is represented via a Rolodex style flipping mechanism in Windows Vista see Windows Flip 3D In both cases the operating system transforms windows on the fly while continuing to update the content of those windows The GUI is usually WIMP based although occasionally other metaphors surface such as those used in Microsoft Bob 3dwm File System Navigator File System Visualizer 3D Mailbox 39 40 and GopherVR Zooming ZUI is a related technology that promises to deliver the representation benefits of 3D environments without their usability drawbacks of orientation problems and hidden objects In 2006 Hillcrest Labs introduced the first ZUI for television 41 Other innovations include the menus on the PlayStation 2 the menus on the Xbox Sun s Project Looking Glass Metisse which was similar to Project Looking Glass 42 BumpTop where users can manipulate documents and windows with realistic movement and physics as if they were physical documents Croquet OS which is built for collaboration 43 and compositing window managers such as Enlightenment and Compiz Augmented reality and virtual reality also make use of 3D GUI elements 44 In science fiction Edit 3D GUIs have appeared in science fiction literature and films even before certain technologies were feasible or in common use 45 In prose fiction 3D GUIs have been portrayed as immersible environments coined as William Gibson s cyberspace and Neal Stephenson s metaverse and avatars The 1993 American film Jurassic Park features Silicon Graphics 3D file manager File System Navigator a real life file manager for Unix operating systems The film Minority Report has scenes of police officers using specialized 3D data systems See also EditApple Computer Inc v Microsoft Corp Console user interface Computer icon Distinguishable interfaces General Graphics Interface software project GUI tree Human factors and ergonomics Look and feel Natural user interface Ncurses Object oriented user interface Organic user interface Rich web application Skeuomorph Skin computing Theme computing Text entry interface Transportable Applications Environment User interface design Vector based graphical user interfaceNotes Edit UI by itself is still usually pronounced ˌ j uː ˈ aɪ yoo EYE References Edit Wells John 2009 Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 3rd ed Pearson Longman ISBN 978 1 4058 8118 0 How to pronounce GUI in English dictionary cambridge org Retrieved 2020 04 03 a b Command line vs GUI www computerhope com Retrieved 2020 04 03 MSCOM 2007 03 12 The GUI versus the Command Line Which is better Part 1 Microsoft com Operations Microsoft Docs Retrieved 2021 11 07 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a External link in code class cs1 code department code help MSCOM 2007 03 26 The GUI versus the Command Line Which is better Part 2 Microsoft com Operations Microsoft Docs Retrieved 2021 11 07 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a External link in code class cs1 code department code help Graphical user interface ScienceDaily Retrieved 2019 05 09 Levy Steven Graphical User Interface GUI Britannica com Retrieved 2019 06 12 GUI PC Magazine Encyclopedia pcmag com Retrieved 2019 06 12 Greg Wilson 2006 Off with Their HUDs Rethinking the Heads Up Display in Console Game Design Gamasutra Archived from the original on January 19 2010 Retrieved February 14 2006 GUI definition Linux Information Project October 1 2004 Retrieved 12 November 2008 chrome www catb org Retrieved 2020 04 03 Jakob Nielsen January 29 2012 Browser and GUI Chrome Nngroup Archived from the original on August 25 2012 Retrieved May 20 2012 Martinez Wendy L 2011 02 23 Graphical user interfaces Graphical user interfaces Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Computational Statistics 3 2 119 133 doi 10 1002 wics 150 S2CID 60467930 The ViewTouch restaurant system by Giselle Bisson What is a graphical user interface GUI IONOS Digitalguide Retrieved 2022 02 25 Babich Nick 30 May 2020 Mobile UX Design List View and Grid View Medium Retrieved 4 September 2021 IEEE org Reality Based Interaction A Framework for Post WIMP Interfaces Lieberman Henry A Creative Programming Environment Remixed MIT Media Lab Cambridge Salha Nader Aesthetics and Art in the Early Development of Human Computer Interfaces Archived 2020 08 07 at the Wayback Machine October 2012 Smith David Pygmalion A Creative Programming Environment 1975 The first GUIs Xerox Star user interface demonstration 1982 VisiCorp Visi On The Visi On product was not intended for the home user It was designed and priced for high end corporate workstations The hardware it required was quite a bit for 1983 It required a minimum of 512k of ram and a hard drive 5 megs of space A Windows Retrospective PC Magazine Jan 2009 Ziff Davis January 2009 Magic Desk I for Commodore 64 Sandberg Diment Erik 1984 12 25 Value of Windowing is Questioned The New York Times Friedman Ted October 1997 Apple s 1984 The Introduction of the Macintosh in the Cultural History of Personal Computers Archived from the original on October 5 1999 Friedman Ted 2005 Chapter 5 1984 Electric Dreams Computers in American Culture New York University Press ISBN 978 0 8147 2740 9 Retrieved October 6 2011 Grote Patrick October 29 2006 Review of Pirates of Silicon Valley Movie DotJournal com Archived from the original on November 7 2006 Retrieved January 24 2014 Washington Post August 24 1995 With Windows 95 s Debut Microsoft Scales Heights of Hype Washington Post Retrieved November 8 2013 Computers Timeline of Computer History Computer History Museum www computerhistory org Retrieved 2017 04 02 Mather John iMania Ryerson Review of Journalism February 19 2007 Retrieved February 19 2007 the iPad could finally spark demand for the hitherto unsuccessful tablet PC Eaton Nick The iPad tablet PC market defined Archived 2011 02 01 at the Wayback Machine Seattle Post Intelligencer 2010 Bright Peter Ballmer and Microsoft still doesn t get the iPad Ars Technica 2010 The iPad s victory in defining the tablet What it means InfoWorld 2011 07 05 Hanson Cody W 2011 03 17 Chapter 2 Mobile Devices in 2011 Library Technology Reports 47 2 11 23 ISSN 0024 2586 What is a Graphical User Interface Definition and FAQs OmniSci www omnisci com Retrieved 2022 01 26 3D Mailbox 3 Dimensional Email Software Bring e mail to life Email just got cool and fun 3dmailbox com Archived from the original on 2019 07 21 Retrieved 2022 07 14 3D Mailbox Download com Retrieved 2022 07 14 Macworld com November 11 2006 Dan Moren CES Unveiled NY 07 Point and click coming to set top boxes Archived 2011 11 08 at the Wayback Machine Metisse New Looking Glass Alternative 29 June 2004 Retrieved 2 July 2020 Smith David A Kay Alan Raab Andreas Reed David P Croquet A Collaboration System Architecture PDF croquetconsortium org Archived from the original PDF on 2007 09 27 Retrieved 2022 09 17 The efforts at Xerox PARC under the leadership of Alan Kay that drove the development of powerful bit mapped display based user interfaces was key In some ways all we are doing here is extending this model to 3D and adding a new robust object collaboration model Purwar Sourabh 2019 03 04 Designing User Experience for Virtual Reality VR applications Medium Retrieved 2022 05 06 Dayton Tom Object Oriented GUIs are the Future OpenMCT Blog Archived from the original on 10 August 2014 Retrieved 23 August 2012 External links Edit Look up graphical user interface in Wiktionary the free dictionary Wikimedia Commons has media related to Graphical user interface Evolution of Graphical User Interface in last 50 years by Raj Lal The men who really invented the GUI by Clive Akass Graphical User Interface Gallery screenshots of various GUIs Marcin Wichary s GUIdebook Graphical User Interface gallery over 5500 screenshots of GUI application and icon history The Real History of the GUI by Mike Tuck In The Beginning Was The Command Line by Neal Stephenson 3D Graphical User Interfaces PDF by Farid BenHajji and Erik Dybner Department of Computer and Systems Sciences Stockholm University Topological Analysis of the Gibbs Energy Function Liquid Liquid Equilibrium Correlation Data Including a Thermodinamic Review and a Graphical User Interface GUI for Surfaces Tie lines Hessian matrix analysis University of Alicante Reyes Labarta et al 2015 18 Innovative Ways to Use Information Visualization across a Variety of Fields by Ryan Erwin Digital marketing specialist CLLAX 2022 05 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Graphical user interface amp oldid 1141727061, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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