fbpx
Wikipedia

Aaron Swartz

January 13, 2023

For the British actor, see Aaron Swartz (actor). For other people, see Aaron Schwartz (disambiguation).

Aaron Hillel Swartz (November 8, 1986 – January 11, 2013) was an American computer programmer, entrepreneur, writer, political organizer, and Internet hacktivist. A prolific programmer, Swartz helped develop the web feed format RSS, the technical architecture for Creative Commons–an organization dedicated to creating copyright licenses, the website framework web.py, and Markdown, a lightweight markup language format. Swartz was involved in the development of the social news aggregation website Reddit until his departure from the company in 2007.[note 1] He is often credited as a martyr and a prodigy,[7][8] and his work focused on civic awareness and activism.[9][10]

Aaron Swartz
Swartz at a Creative Commons event on December 13, 2008
Born
Aaron Hillel Swartz[1]

(1986-11-08)November 8, 1986
Highland Park, Illinois,[2] U.S.
DiedJanuary 11, 2013(2013-01-11) (aged 26)
New York City, U.S.
Cause of deathSuicide by hanging
EducationStanford University
Occupation(s)Software developer, writer, internet activist
Organization(s)Creative Commons (development), Reddit (co-founder), Watchdog.net, Open Library, DeadDrop, Progressive Change Campaign Committee, Demand Progress (co-founder), ThoughtWorks, Tor2web
TitleFellow, Harvard University Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics
AwardsArsDigita Prize (2000)
American Library Association's James Madison Award (posthumously)
EFF Pioneer Award 2013 (posthumously)
Internet Hall of Fame 2013 (posthumously)
Websiteaaronsw.com

After Reddit was sold to Condé Nast Publications in 2006, Swartz became more involved in activism, helping launch the Progressive Change Campaign Committee in 2009. In 2010, he became a research fellow at Harvard University's Safra Research Lab on Institutional Corruption, directed by Lawrence Lessig.[11][12] He founded the online group Demand Progress, known for its campaign against the Stop Online Piracy Act.

On January 6, 2011, Swartz was arrested by Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) police on state breaking-and-entering charges, after connecting a computer to the MIT network in an unmarked and unlocked closet, and setting it to download academic journal articles systematically from JSTOR using a guest user account issued to him by MIT.[13][14] Federal prosecutors, led by Carmen Ortiz, later charged him with two counts of wire fraud and eleven violations of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act,[15] carrying a cumulative maximum penalty of $1 million in fines, 35 years in prison, asset forfeiture, restitution, and supervised release.[16] Swartz declined a plea bargain under which he would have served six months in federal prison.[17] Two days after the prosecution rejected a counter-offer by Swartz, he was found dead in his Brooklyn apartment.[18][19] In 2013, Swartz was inducted posthumously into the Internet Hall of Fame.[20]

Early life

 
Swartz in 2002 with Lawrence Lessig at the launch party for Creative Commons
Swartz describes the nature of the shift from centralized one-to-many systems to the decentralized many-to-many topology of network communication. San Francisco, April 2007 (9:29)

Aaron Swartz was born in Highland Park, 25 miles (40 km) north of Chicago,[2][21] into a Jewish family.[22] He was the eldest child of Susan and Robert Swartz and brother to Noah and Ben Swartz.[1][23] He was an atheist.[24] His father founded the software firm Mark Williams Company. At an early age, Swartz immersed himself in the study of computers, programming, the Internet, and Internet culture.[25] He attended North Shore Country Day School, a small private school near Chicago, until 9th grade,[26] when he left high school and enrolled in courses at Lake Forest College.[27][28]

In 1999, at age 12, he created the website The Info Network, a user-generated encyclopedia.[29] The site won the ArsDigita Prize, given to young people who create "useful, educational, and collaborative" noncommercial websites and led to early recognition of Swartz's nascent talent in coding.[1][30][31] At age 14, he became a member of the working group that authored the RSS 1.0 web syndication specification.[32] A year later, he became involved in the Creative Commons organization.[33] In 2005, he enrolled at Stanford University but left the school after his first year.[34]

Entrepreneurship

During Swartz's first year at Stanford, he applied to Y Combinator's first Summer Founders Program, proposing to work on a startup called Infogami, a flexible content management system designed to create rich and visually interesting websites[35] or a form of wiki for structured data. After working on it with co-founder Simon Carstensen over the summer of 2005, Swartz opted not to return to Stanford, choosing instead to continue to develop and seek funding for Infogami.[35]

As part of his work on Infogami, Swartz created the web.py web application framework because he was unhappy with other available systems in the Python programming language. In early fall of 2005, he worked with his fellow co-founders of another nascent Y-Combinator firm, Reddit, to rewrite its Lisp codebase using Python and web.py. Although Infogami's platform was abandoned after Not a Bug was acquired, Infogami's software was used to support the Internet Archive's Open Library project and the web.py web framework was used as basis for many other projects by Swartz and many others.[36]

When Infogami failed to find further funding, Y-Combinator organizers suggested Infogami merge with Reddit,[37][38] which it did in November 2005, creating a new firm, Not a Bug, devoted to promoting both products.[37][5] As a result, Swartz was given the title of co-founder of Reddit. Although both projects initially struggled, Reddit made large gains in popularity in 2005–2006.

In October 2006, based largely on Reddit's success, Not a Bug was acquired by Condé Nast Publications, owner of Wired magazine.[25][39] Swartz moved with his company to San Francisco to continue to work on Reddit for Wired.[25] He found corporate office life uncongenial and ultimately was asked to resign from the company.[40] In September 2007, he joined Infogami co-founder Simon Carstensen to launch a new firm, Jottit, in another attempt to create a markdown-driven content management system in Python.[41]

Activism

In 2008, Swartz founded Watchdog.net, "the good government site with teeth," to aggregate and visualize data about politicians.[42][43] That year, he wrote a widely circulated Guerilla Open Access Manifesto.[44][45][46][47] On December 27, 2010, he filed a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request to learn about the treatment of Chelsea Manning, alleged source for WikiLeaks.[48][49]

PACER

In 2008, Swartz downloaded about 2.7 million federal court documents stored in the PACER (Public Access to Court Electronic Records) database managed by the Administrative Office of the United States Courts.[50]

The Huffington Post characterized his actions this way: "Swartz downloaded public court documents from the PACER system in an effort to make them available outside of the expensive service. The move drew the attention of the FBI, which ultimately decided not to press charges as the documents were, in fact, public."[51]

PACER was charging 8 cents per page for information that Carl Malamud, who founded the nonprofit group Public.Resource.Org, contended should be free, because federal documents are not covered by copyright.[52][53] The fees were "plowed back to the courts to finance technology, but the system [ran] a budget surplus of some $150 million, according to court reports," reported The New York Times.[52] PACER used technology that was "designed in the bygone days of screechy telephone modems ... putting the nation's legal system behind a wall of cash and kludge."[52] Malamud appealed to fellow activists, urging them to visit one of 17 libraries conducting a free trial of the PACER system, download court documents, and send them to him for public distribution.[52]

After reading Malamud's call for action,[52] Swartz used a Perl computer script running on Amazon cloud servers to download the documents, using credentials belonging to a Sacramento library.[50] From September 4 to 20, 2008, it accessed documents and uploaded them to a cloud computing service.[53] He released the documents to Malamud's organization.[53]

On September 29, 2008,[52] the GPO suspended the free trial, "pending an evaluation" of the program.[52][53] Swartz's actions were subsequently investigated by the FBI.[52][53] The case was closed after two months with no charges filed.[53] Swartz learned the details of the investigation after filing a FOIA request with the FBI, and described their response as the "usual mess of confusions that shows the FBI's lack of sense of humor."[53] PACER still charges per page, but customers using Firefox, Chrome, or Safari have the option of saving the documents for free public access with a plug-in called RECAP.[54][55]


At a 2013 memorial for Swartz, Malamud recalled their work with PACER. They brought millions of U.S. District Court records out from behind PACER's "pay wall", he said, and found them full of privacy violations, including medical records and the names of minor children and confidential informants.

We sent our results to the Chief Judges of 31 District Courts ... They redacted those documents and they yelled at the lawyers that filed them ... The Judicial Conference changed their privacy rules. ... [To] the bureaucrats who ran the Administrative Office of the United States Courts ... we were thieves that took $1.6 million of their property. So they called the FBI ... [The FBI] found nothing wrong ...[56]

A more detailed account of his collaboration with Swartz on the PACER project appears in an essay on Malamud's website.[57]

Writing in Ars Technica, Timothy Lee,[58] who later made use of the documents obtained by Swartz as a co-creator of RECAP, offered some insight into discrepancies in reports on how much data Swartz downloaded: "In a back-of-the-envelope calculation a few days before the offsite crawl was shut down, Swartz guessed he got around 25 percent of the documents in PACER. The New York Times similarly reported Swartz had downloaded "an estimated 20 percent of the entire database". Based on the facts that Swartz downloaded 2.7 million documents while PACER, at the time, contained 500 million, Lee concluded that Swartz downloaded less than 1% of the database.[50]

Progressive Change Campaign Committee

In 2009, wanting to learn about effective activism, Swartz helped launch the Progressive Change Campaign Committee.[59] He wrote in his blog: "I spend my days experimenting with new ways to get progressive policies enacted and progressive politicians elected."[60] He led the first activism event of his career with the Progressive Change Campaign Committee, delivering thousands of "Honor Kennedy" petition signatures to Massachusetts legislators, asking them to fulfill former Senator Ted Kennedy's last wish by appointing a senator to vote for healthcare reform.[61]

Demand Progress

In 2010,[62] Swartz co-founded Demand Progress,[63] a political advocacy group that organizes people online to "take action by contacting Congress and other leaders, funding pressure tactics, and spreading the word" about civil liberties, government reform, and other issues.[64]

During academic year 2010–11, Swartz conducted research studies on political corruption as a Lab Fellow in Harvard University's Edmond J. Safra Research Lab on Institutional Corruption.[11][12]

Author Cory Doctorow, in his novel Homeland, "drew on advice from Swartz in setting out how his protagonist could use the information now available about voters to create a grass-roots anti-establishment political campaign."[65] In an afterword to the novel, Swartz wrote: "These political hacktivist tools can be used by anyone motivated and talented enough.... Now it's up to you to change the system. ... Let me know if I can help."[65]

Opposition to the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA)

 
Swartz in 2012 protesting against the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA)

Swartz was involved in the campaign to prevent passage of the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA), which sought to combat Internet copyright violations but was criticized on the basis that it would make it easier for the U.S. government to shut down web sites accused of violating copyright and would place intolerable burdens on Internet providers.[66] After the bill's defeat, Swartz was the keynote speaker at the F2C:Freedom to Connect 2012 event in Washington, D.C., on May 21, 2012. In his speech, "How We Stopped SOPA", he said:

This bill ... shut down whole websites. Essentially, it stopped Americans from communicating entirely with certain groups....
I called all my friends, and we stayed up all night setting up a website for this new group, Demand Progress, with an online petition opposing this noxious bill.... We [got] ... 300,000 signers.... We met with the staff of members of Congress and pleaded with them.... And then it passed unanimously....
And then, suddenly, the process stopped. Senator Ron Wyden ... put a hold on the bill.[67][68]

He added, "We won this fight because everyone made themselves the hero of their own story. Everyone took it as their job to save this crucial freedom."[67][68] He was referring to a series of protests against the bill by numerous websites, described by the Electronic Frontier Foundation as the biggest protest in Internet history, with over 115,000 sites posting their opposition.[citation needed] Swartz also spoke on the topic at an event organized by ThoughtWorks.[69]

Wikipedia

 
Swartz at 2009 Boston Wikipedia Meetup

Swartz participated in Wikipedia since August 2003 under the username AaronSw.[70][self-published source] In 2006, he ran unsuccessfully for the Wikimedia Foundation's Board of Trustees.[71]

In 2006, Swartz wrote an analysis of how Wikipedia articles are written, and concluded that the bulk of its content came from tens of thousands of occasional contributors, or "outsiders," each of whom made few other contributions to the site, while a core group of 500 to 1,000 regular editors tended to correct spelling and other formatting errors.[72] He said: "The formatters aid the contributors, not the other way around."[72][73] His conclusions, based on the analysis of edit histories of several randomly selected articles, contradicted the opinion of Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales, who believed the core group of regular editors provided most of the content while thousands of others contributed to formatting issues. Swartz came to his conclusions by counting the number of characters editors added to particular articles, while Wales counted the total number of edits.[72]

United States v. Aaron Swartz case

Main article: United States v. Aaron Swartz
See also: § Open Access, and JSTOR

According to state and federal authorities, Swartz used JSTOR, a digital repository,[74] to download a large number[note 2] of academic journal articles through MIT's computer network over the course of a few weeks in late 2010 and early 2011. Visitors to MIT's "open campus" were authorized to access JSTOR through its network;[75] Swartz, as a research fellow at Harvard University, also had a JSTOR account.[15]

The download

On September 25, 2010, the IP address 18.55.6.215, part of the MIT network, began sending hundreds of PDF download requests per minute to the JSTOR website, enough to slow the site's performance.[76] This prompted a block of the IP address. In the morning, another IP address, also from within the MIT network, began sending more PDF download requests, resulting in a temporary block on the firewall level of all MIT computers in the entire 18.0.0.0/8 range. A JSTOR employee emailed MIT on September 29, 2010:

Note that this was an extreme case. We typically suspend just one individual IP at a time and do that relatively infrequently (perhaps 6 on a busy day, from 7000+ institutional subscribers). In this case, we saw a performance hit on the live site, which I have only seen about 3 or 4 times in my 5 years here. The pattern used was to create a new session for each PDF download or every few, which was terribly efficient, but not terribly subtle. In the end, we saw over 200K sessions in one hour's time during the peak.[77]

According to authorities, Swartz downloaded the documents through a laptop connected to a networking switch in a controlled-access wiring closet at MIT.[14][15][78][79][80] The closet's door was kept unlocked, according to press reports.[75][81][82] When it was discovered, a video camera was placed in the room to record Swartz; his computer was left untouched. Recording was stopped once Swartz was identified; but rather than pursue a civil lawsuit against him, JSTOR reached a settlement with him in June 2011 where he surrendered the downloaded data.[83][84]

On July 30, 2013, JSTOR released 300 partially redacted documents used as incriminating evidence against Swartz, originally sent to the United States Attorney's Office in response to subpoenas in the case United States v. Aaron Swartz.[85]

(The following images are all excerpts from the 3,461-page PDF document.)

  •  

    "Root Cause Analysis" Report (side 1), showing a descriptive timeline of events from September 25, 2010, until December 26, 2010.[86]

  •  

    "Root Cause Analysis" Report (side 2), showing JSTOR response and incident resolution procedures.[87]

  •  

    Email sent from JSTOR to Stephan, Heymann (USAMA), estimating 3.5 million PDF files had been downloaded.[88]

  •  

    Email describing PDF download activity snapshots (see next images in gallery)[89]

  •  

    Describes PDF download activity, from JSTOR's databases to MIT computers, between November 1 and December 27.[90]

  •  

    PDF activity, from JSTOR to MIT, between January 1 to 15.[91]

Arrest and prosecution

On the night of January 6, 2011, Swartz was arrested near the Harvard campus by MIT Police and a Secret Service agent, and arraigned in Cambridge District Court on two state charges of breaking and entering with intent to commit a felony.[13][14][80][92][93]

On July 11, 2011, he was indicted by a federal grand jury on charges of wire fraud, computer fraud, unlawfully obtaining information from a protected computer, and recklessly damaging a protected computer.[15][94]

On November 17, 2011, Swartz was indicted by a Middlesex County Superior Court grand jury on state charges of breaking and entering with intent, grand larceny, and unauthorized access to a computer network.[95][96] On December 16, 2011, state prosecutors filed a notice that they were dropping the two original charges,[14] and the charges listed in the November 17, 2011 indictment were dropped on March 8, 2012.[97] According to a spokesperson for the Middlesex County prosecutor, this was done to avoid impeding a federal prosecution headed by Stephen P. Heymann, supported by evidence provided by Secret Service agent Michael S. Pickett.[98][97]

On September 12, 2012, federal prosecutors filed a superseding indictment adding nine more felony counts, increasing Swartz's maximum criminal exposure to 50 years of imprisonment and $1 million in fines.[15][99][100] During plea negotiations with Swartz's attorneys, the prosecutors offered to recommend a sentence of six months in a low-security prison if Swartz pled guilty to 13 federal crimes. Swartz and his lead attorney rejected the deal, opting instead for a trial where prosecutors would be forced to justify their pursuit of him.[101][102]

The federal prosecution involved what was characterized by numerous critics (such as former Nixon White House counsel John Dean) as an "overcharging" 13-count indictment and "overzealous", "Nixonian" prosecution for alleged computer crimes, brought by then U.S. Attorney for Massachusetts Carmen Ortiz.[103]

Swartz died by suicide on January 11, 2013.[104] After his death, federal prosecutors dropped the charges.[105][106] On December 4, 2013, due to a Freedom of Information Act suit by the investigations editor of Wired magazine, several documents related to the case were released by the Secret Service, including a video of Swartz entering the MIT network closet.[107]

Death, funeral, and memorial gatherings

External video
  Aaron Swartz Memorial at The Great Hall of Cooper Union on YouTube, (transcript)
  Aaron Swartz Memorial at the Internet Archive on YouTube, (partial transcript)
  DC Memorial: Darrell Issa, Taren Stinebrickner-Kauffman, Alan Grayson on YouTube

Death

On the evening of January 11, 2013, Swartz's girlfriend, Taren Stinebrickner-Kauffman, found him dead in his Brooklyn apartment.[75][108][109] A spokeswoman for New York's Medical Examiner reported that he had hanged himself.[108][109][110][111] No suicide note was found.[112] Swartz's family and his partner created a memorial website on which they issued a statement, saying: "He used his prodigious skills as a programmer and technologist not to enrich himself but to make the Internet and the world a fairer, better place."[23]

Days before Swartz's funeral, Lawrence Lessig eulogized his friend and sometime-client in an essay, "Prosecutor as Bully." He decried the disproportionality of Swartz's prosecution and said, "The question this government needs to answer is why it was so necessary that Aaron Swartz be labeled a 'felon'. For in the 18 months of negotiations, that was what he was not willing to accept."[113] Cory Doctorow wrote, "Aaron had an unbeatable combination of political insight, technical skill, and intelligence about people and issues. I think he could have revolutionized American (and worldwide) politics. His legacy may still yet do so."[114]

Funeral and memorial gatherings

 
Aaron Swartz Memorial sign at Internet Archive headquarters, San Francisco, January 24, 2013
 
Aaron Swartz Memorial program at Internet Archive headquarters, San Francisco, January 24, 2013

Swartz's funeral services were held on January 15, 2013, at Central Avenue Synagogue in Highland Park, Illinois. Tim Berners-Lee, creator of the World Wide Web, delivered a eulogy.[115][116][117][118] The same day, The Wall Street Journal published a story based in part on an interview with Taren Stinebrickner-Kauffman.[119] She told the Journal that Swartz lacked the money to pay for a trial and "it was too hard for him to ... make that part of his life go public" by asking for help. He was also distressed, she said, because two of his friends had just been subpoenaed and because he no longer believed that MIT would try to stop the prosecution.[119]

Several memorials followed soon afterward. On January 19, hundreds attended a memorial at the Cooper Union, speakers at which included Taren Stinebrickner-Kauffman, open source advocate Doc Searls, Creative Commons' Glenn Otis Brown, journalist Quinn Norton, Roy Singham of ThoughtWorks, and David Segal of Demand Progress.[120][121][122] On January 24, there was a memorial at the Internet Archive headquarters in San Francisco (video[123]) with speakers including Stinebrickner-Kauffman, Alex Stamos, Brewster Kahle,[124] Peter Eckersley, and Carl Malamud.[125] On February 4, a memorial was held in the Cannon House Office Building on Capitol Hill;[126][127][128][129] speakers at this memorial included Senator Ron Wyden and Representatives Darrell Issa, Alan Grayson, and Jared Polis,[128][129] and other lawmakers in attendance included Senator Elizabeth Warren and Representatives Zoe Lofgren and Jan Schakowsky.[128][129] A memorial also took place on March 12 at the MIT Media Lab.[130]

Swartz's family recommended GiveWell for donations in his memory, an organization that Swartz admired, had collaborated with and was the sole beneficiary of his will.[131][132]

Response

US Department of Justice

Carmen M. Ortiz, then US Attorney for the District of Massachusetts, "As a parent and a sister, I can only imagine the pain felt by the family and friends of Aaron Swartz, […] I must, however, make clear that this office's conduct was appropriate in bringing and handling this case."[133]

Family response

Aaron's death is not simply a personal tragedy. It is the product of a criminal justice system rife with intimidation and prosecutorial overreach. Decisions made by officials in the Massachusetts U.S. Attorney's office and at MIT contributed to his death.

—Statement by family and partner of Aaron Swartz[134]

On January 12, 2013, Swartz's family and partner issued a statement criticizing the prosecutors and MIT.[134] Speaking at his son's funeral on January 15, Robert Swartz said, "Aaron was killed by the government, and MIT betrayed all of its basic principles."[135]

Tom Dolan, husband of U.S. Attorney for Massachusetts Carmen Ortiz, whose office prosecuted Swartz's case, replied with criticism of the Swartz family: "Truly incredible that in their own son's obit they blame others for his death and make no mention of the 6-month offer."[136] This comment triggered some criticism; Esquire writer Charlie Pierce replied, "the glibness with which her husband and her defenders toss off a 'mere' six months in federal prison, low-security or not, is a further indication that something is seriously out of whack with the way our prosecutors think these days."[137]

MIT

MIT maintains an open-campus policy along with an "open network."[82][138] Two days after Swartz's death, MIT President L. Rafael Reif commissioned professor Hal Abelson to lead an analysis of MIT's options and decisions relating to Swartz's "legal struggles."[139][140] To help guide the fact-finding stage of the review, MIT created a website where community members could suggest questions and issues for the review to address.[141][142]

Swartz's attorneys requested that all pretrial discovery documents be made public, a move which MIT opposed.[143] Swartz allies have criticized MIT for its opposition to releasing the evidence without redactions.[144] On July 26, 2013, the Abelson panel submitted a 182-page report to MIT president, L. Rafael Reif, who authorized its public release on July 30.[145][146][147] The panel reported that MIT had not supported charges against Swartz and cleared the institution of wrongdoing. However, its report also noted that despite MIT's advocacy for open access culture at the institutional level and beyond, the university never extended that support to Swartz. The report revealed, for example, that while MIT considered the possibility of issuing a public statement about its position on the case, such a statement never materialized.[148]

Press

 
Aaron Swartz mural by Brooklyn graffiti artist BAMN

The Huffington Post reported that "Ortiz has faced significant backlash for pursuing the case against Swartz, including a petition to the White House to have her fired."[149] Other news outlets reported similarly.[150][151][152]

Reuters news agency called Swartz "an online icon" who "help[ed] to make a virtual mountain of information freely available to the public, including an estimated 19 million pages of federal court documents."[153] The Associated Press (AP) reported that Swartz's case "highlights society's uncertain, evolving view of how to treat people who break into computer systems and share data not to enrich themselves, but to make it available to others,"[66] and that JSTOR's lawyer, former U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York Mary Jo White, had asked the lead prosecutor to drop the charges.[66]

As discussed by editor Hrag Vartanian in Hyperallergic, Brooklyn, New York muralist BAMN ("By Any Means Necessary") created a mural of Swartz.[154] "Swartz was an amazing human being who fought tirelessly for our right to a free and open Internet," the artist explained. "He was much more than just the 'Reddit guy'."

Speaking on April 17, 2013, Yuval Noah Harari described Swartz as "the first martyr of the Freedom of Information movement". However, according to Harari, Swartz's stance did not illustrate the belief in the freedom of persons or speech, but stemmed from the increasing belief among the young generation that above anything else, information should be free.[155]

Aaron Swartz's legacy has been reported as strengthening the open access to scholarship movement. In Illinois, his home state, Swartz's influence led state university faculties to adopt policies in favor of open access.[156]

Internet

Hacks

On January 13, 2013, members of Anonymous hacked two websites on the MIT domain, replacing them with tributes to Swartz that called on members of the Internet community to use his death as a rallying point for the open access movement. The banner included a list of demands for improvements in the U.S. copyright system, along with Swartz's Guerilla Open Access Manifesto.[157] On the night of January 18, 2013, MIT's e-mail system was taken offline for ten hours.[158] On January 22, e-mail sent to MIT was redirected by hackers Aush0k and TibitXimer to the Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology. All other traffic to MIT was redirected to a computer at Harvard University that was publishing a statement headed "R.I.P Aaron Swartz,"[159] with text from a 2009 posting by Swartz,[160] accompanied by a chiptune version of "The Star-Spangled Banner". MIT regained full control after about seven hours.[161] In the early hours of January 26, 2013, the U.S. Sentencing Commission website, USSC.gov, was hacked by Anonymous.[162][163] The home page was replaced with an embedded YouTube video, Anonymous Operation Last Resort. The video statement said Swartz "faced an impossible choice".[164][165] A hacker downloaded "hundreds of thousands" of scientific-journal articles from a Swiss publisher's website and republished them on the open Web in Swartz's honor a week before the first anniversary of his death.[166]

Petition to the White House

See also: Carmen Ortiz and Stephen Heymann

After Swartz's death, more than 50,000 people signed an online petition[167] to the White House calling for the removal of Ortiz, "for overreach in the case of Aaron Swartz."[168] A similar petition[169] was submitted calling for prosecutor Stephen Heymann's firing.[170][171] In January 2015, two years after Swartz's death, the White House declined both petitions.[172]

Commemorations

External video
  IHoF Induction Ceremony – Aaron Swartz on YouTube

On August 3, 2013, Swartz was posthumously inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame.[20] There was a hackathon held in Swartz' memory around the date of his birthday in 2013.[173][174] Over the weekend of November 8–10, 2013, inspired by Swartz's work and life, a second annual hackathon was held in at least 16 cities around the world.[175][176][177] Preliminary topics worked on at the 2013 Aaron Swartz Hackathon[178] were privacy and software tools, transparency, activism, access, legal fixes and a low-cost book scanner.[179] In January 2014, Lawrence Lessig led a walk across New Hampshire in honor of Swartz, rallying for campaign finance reform.[180][181]

In 2017, the Turkish-Dutch artist Ahmet Öğüt commemorated Swartz through a work entitled "Information Power to The People" which depicted his bust.[182]

 
A sculpture of Aaron Swartz entitled Information Power to The People created by Ahmet Öğüt
 
A clay statue of Aaron Swartz at the Internet Archive

Legacy

Open Access

See also: § United States v. Aaron Swartz case, and Guerilla Open Access Manifesto

A long-time supporter of open access, Swartz wrote in his Guerilla Open Access Manifesto:[46]

The world's entire scientific ... heritage ... is increasingly being digitized and locked up by a handful of private corporations....

The Open Access Movement has fought valiantly to ensure that scientists do not sign their copyrights away but instead ensure their work is published on the Internet, under terms that allow anyone to access it.

Supporters of Swartz responded to news of his death with an effort called #PDFTribute[183] to promote Open Access.[184][185] On January 12, Eva Vivalt, a development economist at the World Bank, began posting her academic articles online using the hashtag #pdftribute as a tribute to Swartz.[185][186][187] Scholars posted links to their works.[188] The story of Aaron Swartz has exposed the topic of open access to scientific publications to wider audiences.[189][190] In the wake of Aaron Swartz, many institutions and personalities have campaigned for open access to scientific knowledge.[191] Swartz's death prompted calls for more open access to scholarly data (e.g., open science data).[192][193] The Think Computer Foundation and the Center for Information Technology Policy (CITP) at Princeton University announced scholarships awarded in memory of Aaron Swartz.[194] In 2013, Swartz was posthumously awarded the American Library Association's James Madison Award for being an "outspoken advocate for public participation in government and unrestricted access to peer-reviewed scholarly articles."[195][196] In March, the editor and editorial board of the Journal of Library Administration resigned en masse, citing a dispute with the journal's publisher, Routledge.[197] One board member wrote of a "crisis of conscience about publishing in a journal that was not open access" after the death of Aaron Swartz.[198][199] In 2002, Swartz had stated that when he died, he wanted all the contents of his hard drives made publicly available.[200][201]

Congress

Several members of the U.S. House of Representatives – Republican Darrell Issa and Democrats Zoe Lofgren and subsequent Colorado Governor Jared Polis – all on the House Judiciary Committee, raised questions regarding the government's handling of the case.

Calling the charges against him "ridiculous and trumped up," Polis said Swartz was a "martyr", whose death illustrated the need for Congress to limit the discretion of federal prosecutors.[202] Speaking at a memorial for Swartz on Capitol Hill, Issa said

Ultimately, knowledge belongs to all the people of the world.... Aaron understood that.... Our copyright laws were created for the purpose of promoting useful works, not hiding them.

Massachusetts Democratic Senator Elizabeth Warren issued a statement saying "[Aaron's] advocacy for Internet freedom, social justice, and Wall Street reform demonstrated ... the power of his ideas ..."[203]

In a letter to Attorney General Eric Holder,[204] Texas Republican Senator John Cornyn asked, "On what basis did the U.S. Attorney for the District of Massachusetts conclude that her office's conduct was 'appropriate'?" and "Was the prosecution of Mr. Swartz in any way retaliation for his exercise of his rights as a citizen under the Freedom of Information Act?"[205][206][207]

Congressional investigations

Issa, who chaired the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, announced that he would investigate the Justice Department's actions in prosecuting Swartz.[202] In a statement to The Huffington Post, he praised Swartz's work toward "open government and free access to the people." Issa's investigation has garnered some bipartisan support.[203]

On January 28, 2013, Issa and ranking committee member Elijah Cummings published a letter to U.S. Attorney General Holder, questioning why federal prosecutors had filed the superseding indictment.[100][208] On February 20, WBUR reported that Ortiz was expected to testify at an upcoming Oversight Committee hearing about her office's handling of the Swartz case.[209] On February 22, Associate Deputy Attorney General Steven Reich conducted a briefing for congressional staffers involved in the investigation.[210][211] They were told that Swartz's Guerilla Open Access Manifesto played a role in prosecutorial decision-making.[45][210][211] Congressional staffers left this briefing believing that prosecutors thought Swartz had to be convicted of a felony carrying at least a short prison sentence in order to justify having filed the case against him in the first place.[210][211]

Excoriating the Department of Justice as the "Department of Vengeance", Stinebrickner-Kauffman told the Guardian that the DOJ had erred in relying on Swartz's Guerilla Open Access Manifesto as an accurate indication of his beliefs by 2010. "He was no longer a single issue activist," she said. "He was into lots of things, from healthcare, to climate change to money in politics."[45]

On March 6, Holder testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee that the case was "a good use of prosecutorial discretion."[212] Stinebrickner-Kauffman issued a statement in reply, repeating and amplifying her claims of prosecutorial misconduct. Public documents, she wrote, reveal that prosecutor Stephen Heymann "instructed the Secret Service to seize and hold evidence without a warrant... lied to the judge about that fact in written briefs... [and] withheld exculpatory evidence... for over a year," violating his legal and ethical obligations to turn such evidence over to the defense.[213] On March 22, Senator Al Franken wrote Holder a letter expressing concerns, writing that "charging a young man like Mr. Swartz with federal offenses punishable by over 35 years of federal imprisonment seems remarkably aggressive – particularly when it appears that one of the principal aggrieved parties ... did not support a criminal prosecution."[214]

Amendment to Computer Fraud and Abuse Act

Main article: Aaron's Law
 
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Rep Zoe Lofgren Introduces Bipartisan Aaron's Law

In 2013, Rep. Zoe Lofgren (D-Calif.) introduced a bill, Aaron's Law (H.R. 2454, S. 1196[215]) to exclude terms of service violations from the 1986 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act and from the wire fraud statute.[216]

Lawrence Lessig wrote of the bill, "this is a critically important change.... The CFAA was the hook for the government's bullying.... This law would remove that hook. In a single line: no longer would it be a felony to breach a contract."[217] Professor Orin Kerr, a specialist in the nexus between computer law and criminal law, wrote that he had been arguing for precisely this sort of reform of the Act for years.[218] The ACLU, too, has called for reform of the CFAA to "remove the dangerously broad criminalization of online activity."[219] The EFF has mounted a campaign for these reforms.[220] Lessig's inaugural Chair lecture as Furman Professor of Law and Leadership was entitled Aaron's Laws: Law and Justice in a Digital Age; he dedicated the lecture to Swartz.[221][222][223][224]

The Aaron's Law bill stalled in committee. Brian Knappenberger alleges this was due to Oracle Corporation's financial interest in maintaining the status quo.[225]

Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act

The Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act (FASTR) is a bill that would mandate earlier public release of taxpayer-funded research. FASTR has been described as "The Other Aaron's Law."[226]

Senator Ron Wyden (D-Ore.) and Senator John Cornyn (R-Tex.) introduced the Senate version in 2013, 2015, and 2017 while the bill was introduced to the House by Reps. Zoe Lofgren (D-Calif.), Mike Doyle (D-Pa.) and Kevin Yoder (R-Kans.). Senator Wyden wrote of the bill, "the FASTR act provides that access to taxpayer funded research should never be hidden behind a paywall."[227]

While the legislation had not passed as of August 2017, it helped to prompt some motion toward more open access on the part of the US administration. Shortly after the bill's original introduction, the Office of Science and Technology Policy directed "each Federal agency with over $100 million in annual conduct of research and development expenditures to develop a plan to support increased public access to the results of research funded by the Federal Government."[228]

Media

Swartz has been featured in various works of art and has posthumously received dedications from numerous artists. In 2013, Kenneth Goldsmith dedicated his "Printing out the Internet" exhibition to Swartz.[229][230] There are also dedicated biographical films for Aaron:

The Internet's Own Boy: The Story of Aaron Swartz

Main article: The Internet's Own Boy: The Story of Aaron Swartz

On January 11, 2014, marking the first anniversary of his death, a preview was released of The Internet's Own Boy: The Story of Aaron Swartz,[231] a documentary about Swartz, the NSA and SOPA.[232][233] The film was officially released at the January 2014 Sundance Film Festival.[234] Democracy Now! covered the release of the documentary, as well as Swartz's life and legal case, in a sprawling interview with director Brian Knappenberger, Swartz's father, brother, and his attorney.[235] The documentary is released under a Creative Commons License;[236][237] it debuted in theaters and on-demand in June 2014.[238]

Mashable called the documentary "a powerful homage to Aaron Swartz". Its debut at Sundance received a standing ovation. Mashable printed, "With the help of experts, The Internet's Own Boy makes a clear argument: Swartz unjustly became a victim of the rights and freedoms for which he stood."[239] The Hollywood Reporter described it as a "heartbreaking" story of a "tech wunderkind persecuted by the US government", and a must-see "for anyone who knows enough to care about the way laws govern information transfer in the digital age".[240]

Killswitch

Main article: Killswitch (film)

In October 2014, Killswitch, a documentary film featuring Aaron Swartz, as well as Lawrence Lessig, Tim Wu, and Edward Snowden, received its world premiere at the Woodstock Film Festival, where it won the award for Best Editing. The film focuses on Swartz's role in advocating for internet freedoms.[241][242]

In February 2015, Killswitch was invited to screen at the Capitol Visitor's Center in Washington, D.C. by Congressman Alan Grayson. The event was held on the eve of the Federal Communications Commission's historic decision on Net Neutrality. Congressman Grayson, Lawrence Lessig, and Free Press CEO Craig Aaron spoke about Swartz and his fight on behalf of a free and open Internet at the event.[243][244]

Congressman Grayson states that Killswitch is "one of the most honest accounts of the battle to control the Internet – and access to information itself."[243] Richard von Busack of the Metro Silicon Valley writes of Killswitch, "Some of the most lapidary use of found footage this side of The Atomic Café".[241] Fred Swegles of the Orange County Register remarks, "Anyone who values unfettered access to online information is apt to be captivated by Killswitch, a gripping and fast-paced documentary."[242] Kathy Gill of GeekWire asserts that "Killswitch is much more than a dry recitation of technical history. Director Ali Akbarzadeh, producer Jeff Horn, and writer Chris Dollar created a human-centered story. A large part of that connection comes from Lessig and his relationship with Swartz."[245]

Other films

Patriot of the Web is an independent biographical film about Aaron Swartz, written and directed by Darius Burke. The film was released on September 15, 2019, onto YouTube.[246][247] Actor Shawn Mcclintock plays Aaron Swartz.[248][249][non-primary source needed] The film had a limited video on demand release in December 2017 on Reelhouse[250] and in January 2018 on Pivotshare.[251]

Another biographical film about Swartz, Think Aaron, is being developed by HBO Films.[252]

Works

Specifications

  • Markdown: Swartz was a major contributor to John Gruber's Markdown,[253][254] a lightweight markup language for generating HTML, and author of its html2text translator. The syntax for Markdown was influenced by Swartz's earlier atx language (2002),[255] which today is primarily remembered for its syntax for specifying headers, known as atx-style headers:[256] Markdown itself remains in widespread use, with websites such as Reddit and GitHub using it.
  • RDF/XML at W3C: In 2001, Swartz joined the RDFCore working group at the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C),[257] where he authored RFC 3870, Application/RDF+XML Media Type Registration. The document described a new media type, "RDF/XML", designed to support the Semantic Web.[258]

Software

Publications

  • Swartz, Aaron; Hendler, James (October 2001). "The Semantic Web: A network of content for the digital city". Proceedings of the Second Annual Digital Cities Workshop. Kyoto, JP: Blogspace.
  • Swartz, Aaron (January–February 2002). "MusicBrainz: A Semantic Web service" (PDF). IEEE Intelligent Systems. 17 (1): 76–77. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.380.9338. doi:10.1109/5254.988466. ISSN 1541-1672.
  • Gruber, John; Swartz, Aaron (December 2004). "Markdown definition". Daring Fireball. from the original on April 2, 2004.
  • Swartz, Aaron (July 2008). "Guerilla Open Access Manifesto".
  • Swartz, Aaron; Hendler, James (2009). Building programmable Web sites. S.F.: Morgan & Claypool. ISBN 978-1-59829-920-5.
  • Swartz, Aaron (Interviewee). We can change the world (Video). Archived from the original on December 21, 2021 – via YouTube.
  • Swartz, Aaron (Speaker) (May 21, 2012). Keynote address at Freedom To Connect 2012: How we stopped SOPA (Video). D.C. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021 – via YouTube.
  • Swartz, Aaron (February 2013) [2009]. "Aaron Swartz's A Programmable Web: An Unfinished Work". Synthesis Lectures on the Semantic Web: Theory and Technology (  PDF). Morgan & Claypool Publishers. 3 (2): 1–64. doi:10.2200/S00481ED1V01Y201302WBE005. S2CID 42502385. To Dan Connolly, who not only created the Web but found time to teach it to me.
  • Swartz, Aaron; Lucchese, Adriano (November 2014). "Raw Thought, Raw Nerve: Inside the Mind of Aaron Swartz" (  PDF/ePub). New York City: Discovery Publisher.
  • Swartz, Aaron (January 2016). The Boy Who Could Change the World: The Writings of Aaron Swartz. The New Press. OL 25886237M.

See also

 
Scholia has a profile for Aaron Swartz (Q302817).

Notes

  1. ^ Swartz' involvement in Reddit is debated. He is considered the co-founder of Reddit by Y Combinator owner Paul Graham as a result of the merger of Swartz' project Infogami and Reddit.[3] With the merger of Infogami and Reddit, Swartz became a co-owner and director of parent company Not A Bug, Inc., along with Reddit cofounders Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian.[4] Ohanian considers Swartz a co-owner of Reddit.[5][6]
  2. ^ The MIT network administration office told MIT police that "approximately 70 gigabytes of data had been downloaded, 98% of which was from JSTOR."[14] The first federal indictment alleged "approximately 4.8 million articles", "1.7 million" of which "were made available by independent publishers for purchase through JSTOR's Publisher Sales Service."[15] The subsequent DOJ press release alleged "over four million articles". The superseding indictment removed the estimates and instead characterized the amount as "a major portion of the total archive in which JSTOR had invested."[15]

References

  1. ^ a b c Yearwood, Pauline (February 22, 2013). . Chicago Jewish News. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Aaron Hillel Swartz was not depressed or suicidal ... a rabbi's wife who has known him since he was a child says.... At age 13 he won the ArsDigita Prize, a competition for young people who create noncommercial websites....
  2. ^ a b Skaggs, Paula (January 16, 2013). "Aaron Swartz Remembered as Internet Activist who Changed the World". Patch. from the original on December 15, 2019. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
  3. ^ Lagorio-Chafkin, Christine (2018). We Are the Nerds: The Birth and Tumultuous Life of Reddit, the Internet's Culture Laboratory. Hachette Books. p. 4. ISBN 978-0316435406. from the original on August 19, 2020. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  4. ^ "Not A Bug, Inc.: Private company information". Bloomberg Business. October 31, 2006. from the original on June 9, 2015. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
  5. ^ a b Singel, Ryan (July 19, 2011). "Feds Charge Activist as Hacker for Downloading Millions of Academic Articles". Wired. from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  6. ^ "There was a third 'co-founder' of reddit", Today I Learned, Reddit, October 18, 2010, from the original on April 21, 2017, retrieved August 25, 2017, Aaron isn't a founder of reddit.
  7. ^
    • Lessig, Lawrence (December 22, 2013). "Why They Mattered: Aaron Swartz". Politico. Retrieved November 29, 2022. Then Aaron got lost in a story that Kafka could have penned—a two-year struggle with an over-eager federal prosecutor, keen to make an example out of this young man’s delict but failing to see that instead he was making Aaron a martyr.
    • Guynn, Jessica (January 29, 2013). "A martyr in the fight for free online access to research". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
    • O'Brien, Terrence (June 27, 2014). "How Aaron Swartz went from internet activist to martyr". Engadget. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
    • Stoller, Matt (July 9, 2014). "Aaron Swartz and 21st-Century Martyrdom". Motherboard. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
    • Lichfield, Gideon (January 14, 2013). "Why Aaron Swartz is becoming a martyr, and why you should care". Quartz. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
  8. ^
    • Carey, Bridget (January 14, 2013). "Computer prodigy Aaron Swartz remembered". CNET. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
    • Gustin, Sam (January 13, 2013). "Aaron Swartz, Tech Prodigy and Internet Activist, Is Dead at 26". Time. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
    • O'Brien, Terrence (June 27, 2014). "How Aaron Swartz went from internet activist to martyr". Engadget. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
    • Amsden, David (February 15, 2013). "The Brilliant Life and Tragic Death of Aaron Swarz". Rolling Stone. from the original on July 27, 2018. Retrieved April 14, 2021. As a teen programming prodigy, he had helped to develop RSS, the now-ubiquitous tool allowing users to self-syndicate information online, and at 19 he was one of the builders of Reddit, the social news site that was purchased by Condé Nast, which turned Swartz into a millionaire before he could legally order a beer.
    • Schwartz, John (January 12, 2013). . The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 12, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013. She called Mr. Swartz "a complicated prodigy" and said "graybeards approached him with awe."
  9. ^ Swartz, Aaron. "Sociology or Anthropology". Raw Thought. from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  10. ^ Swartz, Aaron (May 13, 2008). "Simplistic Sociological Functionalism". Raw Thought. from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  11. ^ a b Seidman, Bianca (July 22, 2011). "Internet activist charged with hacking into MIT network". Arlington, Va.: Public Broadcasting Service. from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2017. [Swartz] was in the middle of a fellowship at Harvard's Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics, in its Lab on Institutional Corruption
  12. ^ a b . Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics. Harvard University. 2010. Archived from the original on May 29, 2013. During the fellowship year, he will conduct experimental and ethnographic studies of the political system to prepare a monograph on the mechanisms of political corruption.
  13. ^ a b Gerstein, Josh (July 22, 2011). . Politico. Archived from the original on September 12, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2019. [Swartz's] alleged use of MIT facilities and Web connections to access the JSTOR database ... resulted in two state felony charges for breaking into a 'depository' and breaking & entering in the daytime, according to local prosecutors.
  14. ^ a b c d e Commonwealth v. Swartz, 11-52CR73 & 11-52CR75, MIT Police Incident Report 11-351 (Mass. Dist. Ct. nolle prosequi December 16, 2011) ("Captain Albert P[...] and Special Agent Pickett were able to apprehend the suspect at 24 Lee Street.... He was arrested for two counts of Breaking and Entering in the daytime with the intent to commit a felony....").
  15. ^ a b c d e f g "Indictment, USA v. Swartz, 1:11-cr-10260, No. 2 (D.Mass. July 14, 2011)". MIT. July 14, 2011. from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved January 23, 2013. Superseded by "Superseding Indictment, USA v. Swartz, 1:11-cr-10260, No. 53 (D.Mass. September 12, 2012)". Docketalarm.com. September 12, 2012. from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
  16. ^ US Attorney's Office District of Massachusetts (July 19, 2011). (Press release). Archived from the original on May 26, 2012. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
  17. ^ Timothy, Lee. "Aaron Swartz and the Corrupt Practice of Plea Bargaining". Forbes. from the original on October 7, 2020. Retrieved September 27, 2020.
  18. ^ "Aaron Swartz, Tech Prodigy and Internet Activist, Is Dead at 26". Time. January 13, 2013. from the original on October 21, 2019. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  19. ^ "Aaron Swartz, internet freedom activist, dies aged 26". BBC News. January 13, 2013. from the original on January 13, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  20. ^ a b "Internet Hall of Fame Announces 2013 Inductees". Internet Hall of Fame. June 26, 2013. from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved August 3, 2013.
  21. ^ "The Brilliant Life and Tragic Death of Aaron Swartz". Rolling Stone. February 15, 2013. from the original on October 4, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  22. ^ "By Eternity Solomon, January 13, 2013, Israeli Life USA". January 13, 2013. from the original on June 17, 2018. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
  23. ^ a b Nelson, Valerie J. (January 12, 2013). "Aaron Swartz dies at 26; Internet folk hero founded Reddit". Los Angeles Times. from the original on January 13, 2014. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  24. ^ "'Repairing the World' Was Aaron Swartz's Calling". Haaretz. Retrieved September 19, 2021.
  25. ^ a b c Swartz, Aaron (September 27, 2007). . (blog). Aaron Swartz. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. We negotiated for months.... I started going crazy from having to think so much about money.... The company almost fell apart before the deal went through.
  26. ^ "Reddit co-creator Aaron Swartz dies from suicide". Chicago Tribune. January 13, 2013. from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
  27. ^ Skaggs, Paula (January 15, 2013). "Internet activist Aaron Swartz's teachers remember 'brilliant' student". Patch. Northbrook, Ill. from the original on November 4, 2018. Retrieved May 30, 2015. Swartz ... attended North Shore Country Day School through 9th grade.
  28. ^ Swartz, Aaron (January 14, 2002). "It's always cool to run..." Weblog. Aaron Swartz. from the original on October 31, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2013. I would have been in 10th grade this year.... Now I'm taking a couple classes at a local college.
  29. ^ "The Brilliant Life and Tragic Death of Aaron Swarz". Penske Media Corporation. February 15, 2013. from the original on July 27, 2018. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
  30. ^ . December 1, 2001. Archived from the original on December 1, 2001. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  31. ^ Schofield, Jack (January 13, 2013). "Aaron Swartz obituary". The Guardian. London. from the original on September 20, 2016. Retrieved December 10, 2016. At 13 [he] won an ArsDigita prize for creating a non-commercial website.
  32. ^ "RSS creator Aaron Swartz dead at 26". Harvard Magazine. January 14, 2013. from the original on November 28, 2017. Retrieved February 17, 2014. Swartz helped create RSS—a family of Web feed formats used to publish frequently updated works (blog entries, news headlines, ...) in a standardized format—at the age of 14.
  33. ^ Lessig, Lawrence (January 12, 2013). "Remembering Aaron Swartz". Creative Commons. from the original on December 4, 2015. Retrieved November 1, 2017. Aaron was one of the early architects of Creative Commons. As a teenager, he helped design the code layer to our licenses...
  34. ^ Sekhri, Aaron (January 14, 2013). "Aaron Swartz, prodigy and drop-out, takes own life". The Stanford Daily. from the original on March 20, 2019. Retrieved March 20, 2019.
  35. ^ a b Ryan, Singel (September 13, 2005). "Stars Rise at Startup Summer Camp". Wired. from the original on November 30, 2014. Retrieved December 19, 2014.
  36. ^ Grehan, Rick (August 10, 2011). "Pillars of Python: Web.py Web framework". InfoWorld. from the original on November 28, 2017. Retrieved May 29, 2015. Web.py, the brainchild of Aaron Swartz, who developed it while working at Reddit.com, describes itself as a 'minimalist's framework.' ... Test Center Scorecard: Capability 7; Ease of Development 9; Documentation 7; ...; Overall Score 7.6, Good.
  37. ^ a b Swartz, Aaron (2007). . Infogami. CondeNet. Archived from the original on December 24, 2007.
  38. ^ . StartupStories. November 11, 2006. Archived from the original on August 23, 2007.
  39. ^ "Breaking News: Condé Nast/Wired Acquires Reddit". Techcrunch. October 31, 2006. from the original on February 15, 2018. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
  40. ^ Lenssen, Philipp (2007). "A Chat with Aaron Swartz". Google Blogoscoped. from the original on April 27, 2010. Retrieved May 11, 2010.
  41. ^ "Aaron Swartz's Jottit has been officially released". Reddit. 2007. from the original on April 18, 2016. Retrieved October 20, 2015.
  42. ^ Klein, Sam (July 24, 2011). "Aaron Swartz vs. United States". The Longest Now. Weblogs at Harvard Law School. from the original on January 29, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2013. He founded watchdog.net to aggregate ... data about politicians – including where their money comes from.
  43. ^ . Watchdog.net. Archived from the original on December 23, 2008. Founder Aaron Swartz ... We're funded by a grant from the Sunlight Network and the Sunlight Foundation.
  44. ^ Norton, Quinn (March 3, 2013). "Life inside the Aaron Swartz investigation". The Atlantic. D.C. from the original on June 17, 2018. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
  45. ^ a b c McVeigh, Karen, Aaron Swartz's partner accuses US of delaying investigation into prosecution March 11, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, March 1, 2013. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
  46. ^ a b Swartz, Aaron (July 2008). "Guerilla Open Access Manifesto". Internet Archive. We need to buy secret databases and put them on the Web. We need to download scientific journals and upload them to file sharing networks.
  47. ^ Murphy, Samantha (July 22, 2011). "'Guerilla activist' releases 18,000 scientific papers". MIT Technology Review. In a 2008 'Guerilla Open Access Manifesto,' Swartz called for activists to 'fight back' against services that held academic papers hostage behind paywalls.
  48. ^ Leopold, Jason (January 18, 2013). . The Public Record. Archived from the original on January 22, 2013. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
  49. ^ "FOI Request: Records related to Bradley Manning". Muckrock. from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
  50. ^ a b c Lee, Timothy B.,The inside story of Aaron Swartz's campaign to liberate court filings June 16, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, Ars Technica, February 8, 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
  51. ^ Will Wrigley (February 7, 2013). "Darrell Issa Praises Aaron Swartz, Internet Freedom at Memorial". HuffPost. from the original on February 11, 2013. Retrieved February 21, 2013.
  52. ^ a b c d e f g h Schwartz, John (February 12, 2009). "An Effort to Upgrade a Court Archive System to Free and Easy". The New York Times. from the original on October 21, 2018. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  53. ^ a b c d e f g Singeln, Ryan (October 5, 2009). "FBI Investigated Coder for Liberating Paywalled Court Records". Wired. from the original on February 11, 2014. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  54. ^ Johnson, Bobbie (November 11, 2009). "Recap: Cracking open US courtrooms". The Guardian. London. from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved December 10, 2016.
  55. ^ Project, Free Law. "RECAP Project — Turning PACER Around Since 2009". Free Law Project. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
  56. ^ Malamud, Carl (January 24, 2013). Aaron's Army (Speech). Memorial for Aaron Swartz at the Internet Archive. San Francisco. from the original on September 11, 2018. Retrieved January 27, 2013.
  57. ^ Malamud, Carl (March 30, 2013). "On Crime and Access to Knowledge: An Unpublished Essay". from the original on March 26, 2016. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
  58. ^ "Timothy Lee (Bio)". from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
  59. ^ "Progressive Change Campaign Committee Statement on the Passing of Aaron Swartz". from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
  60. ^ "How to Get a Job Like Mine (Aaron Swartz's Raw Thought)". aaronsw.com. from the original on October 31, 2018. Retrieved July 11, 2013.
  61. ^ BoldProgressives (September 23, 2009). "Victory! HonorKennedy.com". from the original on April 23, 2017. Retrieved November 15, 2013 – via YouTube.
  62. ^ Eckersley, Peter (January 12, 2013). "Farewell to Aaron Swartz, an Extraordinary Hacker and activist". Deeplinks Blog. Electronic Frontier Foundation. from the original on November 25, 2018. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
  63. ^ Matthews, Laura (July 19, 2011). "Who is Aaron Swartz, the JSTOR MIT Hacker?". International Business Times. from the original on January 12, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  64. ^ "Our Mission" (blog). Demand Progress. from the original on October 29, 2018. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
  65. ^ a b Sleight, Graham (February 1, 2013). "'Homeland,' by Cory Doctorow". The Washington Post. from the original on June 16, 2018. Retrieved August 23, 2017. As Doctorow made clear in his eloquent obituary, he drew on advice from Swartz in setting out how his protagonist could use the information now available about voters to create a grass-roots anti-establishment political campaign. ... One of the book's two afterwords is by Swartz.
  66. ^ a b c Wagner, Daniel; Verena Dobnik (January 13, 2013). "Swartz' death fuels debate over computer crime". Associated Press. from the original on March 30, 2013. Retrieved February 26, 2013. JSTOR's attorney, Mary Jo White – formerly the top federal prosecutor in Manhattan – had called the lead Boston prosecutor in the case and asked him to drop it, said Peters.
  67. ^ a b Swartz, Aaron (May 21, 2012). "How we stopped SOPA" (video). Keynote address at the Freedom To Connect 2012 conference. New York: Democracy Now!. from the original on November 1, 2018. Retrieved January 27, 2013. [T]he 'Combating Online Infringement and Counterfeiting Act' ... was introduced on September 20th, 2010.... And [then] it began being called PIPA, and eventually SOPA.
  68. ^ a b Aaron Swartz (interviewee) & Amy Goodman (May 21, 2012). (Video). N.Y.C.: Democracy Now. Archived from the original on January 20, 2013.
  69. ^ Swartz, Aaron (August 16, 2012). "How we stopped SOPA" (video). Speech at ThoughtWorks New York. Yahoo!. from the original on June 15, 2018. Retrieved November 15, 2013.
  70. ^ "Remembering Aaron Swartz". thewikipedian.net. January 15, 2013. from the original on January 13, 2018. Retrieved February 7, 2013.
  71. ^ "Wikimedia Foundation elections/Board elections/2006/Results/en". Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees Election. September 24, 2006. 6th – 423 (18%) – AaronSw (Aaron Swartz)
  72. ^ a b c Swartz, Aaron (September 4, 2006). . Raw Thought. Archived from the original on August 3, 2014. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  73. ^ Blodget, Henry (January 3, 2009). "Who The Hell Writes Wikipedia, Anyway?". Business Insider. from the original on July 30, 2012. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  74. ^ "Terms and Conditions of Use". JSTOR. New York: ITHAKA. January 15, 2013. from the original on September 16, 2015. Retrieved August 29, 2017. JSTOR's integrated digital platform is a trusted digital repository providing for long-term preservation and access to ... scholarly materials: journal issues ...; manuscripts and monographs; ...; spatial/geographic information systems data; plant specimens; ...
  75. ^ a b c Larissa MacFarquhar (March 11, 2013). . The New Yorker. Archived from the original on July 21, 2014. [Swartz] wrote a script that instructed his computer to download articles continuously, something that was forbidden by JSTOR's terms of service.... He spoofed the computer's address.... This happened several times. MIT traced the requests to his laptop, which he had hidden in an unlocked closet.
  76. ^ JSTOR (July 30, 2013). "JSTOR Evidence in United States vs. Aaron Swartz. Page 136" (PDF-1.6). (PDF) from the original on April 2, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2017 – via archive.org/details/JSTORSwartzEvidenceAllDocs Archive.org].
  77. ^ JSTOR (July 30, 2013). "JSTOR Evidence in United States vs. Aaron Swartz. Page 134" (PDF-1.6). (PDF) from the original on April 2, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2017 – via archive.org/details/JSTORSwartzEvidenceAllDocs Archive.org].
  78. ^ Lindsay, Jay (July 19, 2011). "Feds: Harvard fellow hacked millions of papers". Boston. Associated Press. from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
  79. ^ "JSTOR Statement: Misuse Incident and Criminal Case". JSTOR. from the original on January 12, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  80. ^ a b Cohen, Noam (January 20, 2013). "How M.I.T. ensnared a hacker, bucking a freewheeling culture". The New York Times. p. A1. from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved February 23, 2017. 'Suspect is seen on camera entering network closet' [in an unlocked building] ... Within a mile of MIT ... he was stopped by an MIT police captain and [U.S. Secret Service agent] Pickett.
  81. ^ Peters, Justin (February 7, 2013). . Slate. N.Y.C. 6. Archived from the original on February 10, 2013. Retrieved February 10, 2013. The superseding indictment ... claimed that Swartz had 'contrived to break into a restricted-access wiring closet at MIT.' But the closet door had been unlocked—and remained unlocked even after the university and authorities were aware that someone had been in there trying to access the school's network.
  82. ^ a b Merritt, Jeralyn (January 14, 2013). "MIT to conduct internal probe on its role in Aaron Swartz case". TalkLeft (blog). Att'y Jeralyn Merritt. from the original on October 16, 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2013. The wiring closet was not locked and was accessible to the public. If you look at the pictures supplied by the Government, you can see graffiti on one wall.
  83. ^ "JSTOR Statement: Misuse Incident and Criminal Case". JSTOR. July 19, 2011. from the original on January 12, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  84. ^ "Aaron Swartz, Internet Pioneer, Found Dead Amid Prosecutor 'Bullying' In Unconventional Case". HuffPost. January 12, 2013. from the original on May 29, 2018. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  85. ^ JSTOR (July 30, 2013). "JSTOR Evidence in United States vs. Aaron Swartz" (PDF-1.6). (PDF) from the original on April 2, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2017 – via archive.org/details/JSTORSwartzEvidenceAllDocs Archive.org].
  86. ^ JSTOR (July 30, 2013). "JSTOR Evidence in United States vs. Aaron Swartz. Page 3142" (PDF-1.6). (PDF) from the original on April 2, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2017 – via archive.org/details/JSTORSwartzEvidenceAllDocs Archive.org].
  87. ^ JSTOR (July 30, 2013). "JSTOR Evidence in United States vs. Aaron Swartz. Page 3143" (PDF-1.6). (PDF) from the original on April 2, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2017 – via archive.org/details/JSTORSwartzEvidenceAllDocs Archive.org].
  88. ^ JSTOR (July 30, 2013). "JSTOR Evidence in United States vs. Aaron Swartz. Page 3127" (PDF-1.6). (PDF) from the original on April 2, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2017 – via archive.org/details/JSTORSwartzEvidenceAllDocs Archive.org].
  89. ^ JSTOR (July 30, 2013). "JSTOR Evidence in United States vs. Aaron Swartz. Page 3128" (PDF-1.6). (PDF) from the original on April 2, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2017 – via archive.org/details/JSTORSwartzEvidenceAllDocs Archive.org].
  90. ^ JSTOR (July 30, 2013). "JSTOR Evidence in United States vs. Aaron Swartz. Page 3129" (PDF-1.6). (PDF) from the original on April 2, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2017 – via archive.org/details/JSTORSwartzEvidenceAllDocs Archive.org].
  91. ^ JSTOR (July 30, 2013). "JSTOR Evidence in United States vs. Aaron Swartz. Page 3136" (PDF-1.6). (PDF) from the original on April 2, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2017 – via archive.org/details/JSTORSwartzEvidenceAllDocs Archive.org].
  92. ^ Hak, Susana; Paz, Gabriella (January 26, 2011). "Compilation of December 15, 2010 – January 20, 2011" (PDF). Hak–De Paz Police Log Compilations. MIT Crime Club. p. 6. (PDF) from the original on March 17, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2013. January 6, 2:20 pm, Aaron Swartz, was arrested at 24 Lee Street as a suspect for breaking and entering....
  93. ^ Singel, Ryan (February 27, 2011). "Rogue academic downloader busted by MIT webcam stakeout, arrest report says". Wired. N.Y.C. from the original on March 22, 2014. Retrieved March 5, 2017. Swartz is accused ... of stealing the articles by attaching a laptop directly to a network switch in ... a 'restricted' room, though neither the police report nor the indictment [mentions] a door lock or signage indicating the room is off-limits.
  94. ^ Bilton, Nick (July 19, 2011). "Internet Activist Charged in Data Theft". Boston: Bits Blog, The New York Times Company. from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
  95. ^ Hawkinson, John (November 18, 2011). "Swartz indicted for breaking and entering". The Tech. MIT. p. 11. from the original on April 22, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2013. Swartz ... was indicted ... in Middlesex Superior Court ... for breaking and entering, larceny over $250, and unauthorized access to a computer network.
  96. ^ (Press release). Middlesex District Attorney. November 17, 2011. Archived from the original on June 16, 2018. Retrieved May 30, 2015. Swartz ... was indicted today on charges of Breaking and Entering with Intent to Commit a Felony, Larceny over $250, and Unauthorized Access to a Computer Network by a Middlesex Superior Grand Jury.
  97. ^ a b Hawkinson, John State drops charges against Swartz; federal charges remain November 19, 2015, at the Wayback Machine The Tech, March 16, 2012. Retrieved May 14, 2013.
  98. ^ Bombardieri, Marcella (March 30, 2014). "The inside story of MIT and Aaron Swartz". Boston Globe. from the original on November 19, 2015. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
  99. ^ "US Government Ups Felony Count in JSTOR/Aaron Swartz Case From Four To Thirteen". Tech dirt. September 17, 2012. from the original on January 12, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  100. ^ a b Zetter, Kim (January 29, 2013). "Congress Demands Justice Department Explain Aaron Swartz Prosecution | Threat Level". Wired. from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
  101. ^ Smith-Spark, Laura. "Prosecutor defends case against Aaron Swartz". CNN. from the original on August 30, 2014. Retrieved June 13, 2014.
  102. ^ Cullen, Kevin; Ellement, John. "MIT hacking case lawyer says Aaron Swartz was offered plea deal of six months behind bars". Boston Globe. Boston Globe Media Partners, LLC. from the original on July 21, 2014. Retrieved June 13, 2014.
  103. ^ "Dealing With Aaron Swartz in the Nixonian Tradition: Overzealous Overcharging Leads to a Tragic Result" January 26, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Justia, John Dean, January 25, 2013. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
  104. ^ Boeri, David (February 20, 2013). "Ortiz Under Fire: Critics Say Swartz Tragedy Is Evidence Of Troublesome Pattern". WBUR. from the original on November 2, 2013. Retrieved May 16, 2014.
  105. ^ Landergan, Katherine (January 14, 2013). "US District Court drops charges against Aaron Swartz – MIT – Your Campus". The Boston Globe. from the original on October 8, 2013. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
  106. ^ United States v. Swartz, 1:11-cr-10260, 106 (D. Mass. filed January 14, 2013).
  107. ^ Poulsen, Kevin (December 4, 2013). "This Is the MIT Surveillance Video That Undid Aaron Swartz". Wired. from the original on December 5, 2013. Retrieved December 7, 2013.
  108. ^ a b Kemp, Joe; Trapasso, Clare; Mcshane, Larry (January 12, 2013). "Aaron Swartz, co-founder of Reddit and online activist, hangs himself in Brooklyn apartment, authorities say". Daily News. New York. from the original on January 14, 2013. Retrieved January 14, 2013. Swartz ... left no note before his Friday morning death in the seventh-floor apartment at a luxury Sullivan Place building, police sources said.
  109. ^ a b . News. CBS. January 13, 2013. Archived from the original on January 13, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  110. ^ Lessig, Lawrence (January 12, 2013). "Prosecutor as bully". from the original on January 12, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  111. ^ Schwartz, John (January 12, 2013). . The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 12, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  112. ^ Gustin, Sam (January 14, 2013). "MIT orders review of Aaron Swartz suicide as soul searching begins". Time. from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  113. ^ Lessig, Lawrence (January 12, 2013). "Prosecutor as bully". Lessig Blog, v2. from the original on January 12, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2013. Aaron consulted me as a friend and lawyer.... [M]y obligations to Harvard created a conflict that made it impossible for me to continue as a lawyer.... I get wrong. But I also get proportionality.
  114. ^ Doctorow, Cory (January 12, 2013), "RIP, Aaron Swartz", Boing Boing, from the original on January 17, 2013, retrieved January 16, 2013
  115. ^ Thomas, Owen (January 12, 2013). "Family of Aaron Swartz Blames MIT, Prosecutors For His Death". Business Insider. from the original on January 14, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  116. ^ Gallardo, Michelle (January 15, 2013). "Aaron Swartz, Reddit co-founder, remembered at funeral". ABC News. from the original on November 9, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
  117. ^ "Aaron Swartz Memorial Ice Cream Social Hour – Free Software Foundation – working together for free software". Fsf.org. from the original on January 18, 2013. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
  118. ^ . HuffPost. January 19, 2013. Archived from the original on November 9, 2014. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
  119. ^ a b Ante, Spencer; Anjali Athavaley; Joe Palazzolo (January 14, 2013). "Legal case strained troubled activist". The Wall Street Journal. p. B1. from the original on August 26, 2017. Retrieved August 3, 2017. With the government's position hardening, Mr. Swartz realized that he would have to face a costly public trial.... He would need to ask for help financing his defense....
  120. ^ Hsieh, Steven, Why Did the Justice System Target Aaron Swartz? August 20, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Rolling Stone, January 23, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  121. ^ Peltz, Jennifer (January 19, 2013). "Aaron Swartz Tribute: Hundreds Honor Information Activist". Associated Press. from the original on January 22, 2013. Retrieved February 8, 2013.
  122. ^ Fishman, Rob (January 19, 2013). "Grief And Anger at Aaron Swartz's Memorial". BuzzFeed. from the original on January 23, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  123. ^ Aaron Swartz Memorial at the Internet Archive, Part 1, January 24, 2013, retrieved November 24, 2021
  124. ^ Kahle, Brewster (January 12, 2013). "Aaron Swartz, hero of the open world, dies". Internet Archive Blogs. from the original on January 12, 2013. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
  125. ^ "Memorial for Aaron Swartz | Internet Archive Blogs". January 15, 2013. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
  126. ^ "Aaron Swartz DC Memorial". Aaronswartzdcmemorial.eventbrite.com. from the original on February 4, 2013. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
  127. ^ Farrell, Henry (January 29, 2013). "Aaron Swartz Memorial in Washington DC". Crooked Timber. from the original on February 15, 2013. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
  128. ^ a b c Gross, Grant, Lawmakers pledge to change hacking law during Swartz memorial November 11, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, InfoWorld, February 5, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
  129. ^ a b c Carter, Zach (February 5, 2013). "Aaron Swartz Memorial on Capitol Hill Draws Darrell Issa, Elizabeth Warren". HuffPost. from the original on February 5, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
  130. ^ Taren Stinebrickner-Kauffman (March 13, 2013). "TarenSK: MIT Memorial Service". from the original on June 12, 2013. Retrieved March 15, 2013. including links to video of the ceremony/speeches.
  131. ^ Rob Fishman (January 19, 2013). "Grief And Anger at Aaron Swartz's Memorial". BuzzFeed. from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2014.
  132. ^ Holden Karnofsky (January 16, 2013). "In memory of Aaron Swartz". from the original on August 27, 2014. Retrieved July 16, 2014.
  133. ^ Ortiz, Carmen M. (January 16, 2013). "Statement Of United States Attorney Carmen M. Ortiz Regarding The Death Of Aaron Swartz". www.justice.gov. from the original on December 15, 2014. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
  134. ^ a b "Remember Aaron Swartz". Tumblr. Archived from the original on January 13, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  135. ^ Guy, Sandra (January 15, 2013). . Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on August 24, 2014. Swartz's father ... said that at a school event, 3-year-old Aaron read to his parents while all of the other parents read to their children.
  136. ^ Murphey, Shelly, US attorney's husband stirs Twitter storm on Swartz case October 9, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Boston Globe, January 16, 2013.. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
  137. ^ Pierce, Charles P. (January 17, 2013). "Still More About The Death Of Aaron Swartz" September 18, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Esquire. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
  138. ^ "Swartz' death fuels debate over computer crime". USA Today. January 14, 2013. from the original on January 21, 2013. Retrieved January 29, 2013.
  139. ^ Smith, Gerry (January 15, 2013). "Aaron Swartz case 'snowballed out of MIT's hands,' source says". HuffPost. from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  140. ^ "President Reif writes to MIT community regarding Aaron Swartz" (Press release). MIT. January 13, 2013. from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved April 7, 2013. I have asked ... Abelson to lead a thorough analysis of MIT's involvement from the time that we first perceived unusual activity on our network in fall 2010....
  141. ^ "homepage". Swartz Review. MIT. January 23, 2013. from the original on February 6, 2013. IS&T has created this web site so [community members] can suggest questions and issues to guide the review... What questions should MIT be asking at this stage of the Aaron Swartz review?
  142. ^ Nanos, Janelle (January 24, 2013). "MIT prof announces plans for Swartz review: A website is launched allowing for discussion of how his case was handled". Boston Magazine. from the original on October 16, 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
  143. ^ "MIT and Aaron Swartz's lawyers argue over releasing evidence". Techdirt. March 20, 2013. from the original on March 23, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
  144. ^ Rebecca Greenfield (March 19, 2013). "MIT's peace offering of Aaron Swartz documents still won't be enough". The Atlantic Wire. from the original on April 12, 2015. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
  145. ^ "Report Details MIT's Involvement in the Aaron Swartz Case". alum.mit.edu. August 2013. Archived from the original on August 29, 2013. Retrieved September 7, 2016.
  146. ^ Schwartz, John (July 30, 2013). "M.I.T. Releases Report on Its Role in the Case of Aaron Swartz". The New York Times. from the original on July 30, 2013. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
  147. ^ "MIT releases report on its actions in the Aaron Swartz case". MIT news. MIT News Office. July 30, 2013. from the original on August 3, 2013. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
  148. ^ "Report to the President: MIT and the Prosecution of Aaron Swartz" (PDF). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 2013. (PDF) from the original on December 29, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
  149. ^ Grandoni, Dino (January 15, 2013), "Tom Dolan, Husband of Aaron Swartz's Prosecutor", HuffPost, from the original on January 16, 2013, retrieved January 16, 2013
  150. ^ McCullagh, Declan, "Prosecutor in Aaron Swartz 'hacking' case comes under fire" February 21, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, CNET, January 15, 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
  151. ^ Stout, Matt. "Ortiz: We never intended full penalty for Swartz" January 18, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Boston Herald, January 17, 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
  152. ^ Barnes, James. "Hacker's suicide linked to 'overzealous' prosecutors" August 19, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, The Global Legal Post, January 15, 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
  153. ^ Dobuzinskis, Alex; P.J. Huffstutter (January 13, 2013). "Internet activist, programmer Aaron Swartz dead at 26". Reuters. from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved June 30, 2017. That belief – that information should be shared and available for the good of society – prompted Swartz to found the nonprofit group Demand Progress.
  154. ^ Vartanian, Hrag (February 7, 2013). "A roller tribute to two digital anarchist heroes". Brooklyn, NY: Hyperallergic. from the original on June 5, 2013. Retrieved June 1, 2013.
  155. ^ Yuval Noah Harari (April 18, 2013). "Data Processing – Part 1" (Video). YouTube. from the original on December 24, 2018. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
  156. ^ Keilman, John (January 18, 2016). "Legacy of open access activist still growing". Chicago Tribune. p. 3. from the original on November 22, 2018. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
  157. ^ "Anonymous hacks MIT Web sites to post Aaron Swartz tribute, call to arms". The Washington Post. from the original on October 19, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  158. ^ Kao, Joanna (January 19, 2013). "MIT email was down for 10 hours last night, Mystery Hunt temporarily affected". Tech Blogs. MIT. Archived from the original on February 17, 2013. A mail loop caused by a series of malformed email messages led to an exhaustion of system resources....
  159. ^ Aush0k; TibitXimer (January 22, 2013). . [harvard.edu]. Archived from the original on June 27, 2017. hacked by aush0k and tibitximer
  160. ^ Swartz, Aaron (August 2, 2009). "Life in a world of pervasive immorality: The ethics of being alive". Raw Thought: Aaron Swartz's Weblog. from the original on October 31, 2018. Retrieved January 24, 2013. Is there sense in following [the] rules or are they just another example of the world's pervasive immorality?
  161. ^ Kao, Joanna (January 23, 2013). "MIT DNS hacked; traffic redirected". The Tech. MIT. p. 1. from the original on December 23, 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2013. From 11:58 a.m. to 1:05 pm, MIT's DNS was redirected ... to CloudFlare, where the hackers had configured servers to return a Harvard IP address.... By 7:15 pm, CloudFlare removed the 'mail.mit.edu' record, which referred to the machine ... at KAIST.
  162. ^ Reported by Sabari Selvan. "United States Sentencing Commission(ussc.gov) hacked and defaced by Anonymous | Security updates". Ehackingnews.com. from the original on January 29, 2013. Retrieved January 29, 2013.
  163. ^ "Hackers take over sentencing commission website". Associated Press. January 26, 2013. from the original on October 18, 2014. Retrieved January 26, 2013. 'Two weeks ago today, a line was crossed,' the statement said.
  164. ^ Aarons ArkAngel (January 26, 2013). "Anonymous Operation Last Resort: Anonymous hacked USSC.GOV" (Flash video). from the original on August 24, 2018. Retrieved November 15, 2013 – via YouTube.
  165. ^ "Anonymous hackers target US agency site". BBC News. January 26, 2013. from the original on September 26, 2018. Retrieved June 20, 2018. The hackers ... said the site was chosen for symbolic reasons. 'The federal sentencing guidelines ... enable prosecutors to cheat citizens of their constitutionally guaranteed right to a fair trial ...,' the video statement said.
  166. ^ Stanza, Arrow (January 6, 2014). (Press release). Slashdot. Archived from the original on January 14, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2014. The material is published in honor of Aaron Swartz in springer-lta.co.nf. [Author's pseudonym is an anagram of "aaron swartz".]
  167. ^ "Petition: "Remove United States District Attorney Carmen Ortiz from office for overreach in the case of Aaron Swartz."". Wh.gov. January 12, 2013. Archived from the original on February 18, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
  168. ^ Smith, Gerry (January 13, 2013). "Were The Charges Against Internet Activist Aaron Swartz Too Severe?". HuffPost. from the original on August 5, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  169. ^ . White House. January 12, 2013. Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved January 29, 2013.
  170. ^ Glenn Greenwald (January 16, 2013). "Carmen Ortiz and Stephen Heymann: accountability for prosecutorial abuse | guardian.co.uk". The Guardian. London. from the original on August 4, 2013. Retrieved January 29, 2013.
  171. ^ "Convicted hacker Stephen Watt on Aaron Swartz: 'It's just not justice'". VentureBeat. January 25, 2013. from the original on January 20, 2013. Retrieved January 29, 2013.
  172. ^ Fung, Brian; Peterson, Andrea (January 8, 2015). "After long delay, Obama declines to rule on petition calling for firing of DOJ officials over Aaron Swartz's suicide". The Washington Post. from the original on January 16, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  173. ^ Rosenblatt, Seth (November 9, 2013). "Call to action kicks off second Aaron Swartz hackathon". CNET News. from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved November 10, 2013.
  174. ^ Guthrie Weissman, Cale (November 8, 2013). "Tonight begins the second annual Aaron Swartz hackathon". Pando Daily. from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 10, 2013.
  175. ^ . Archived from the original on March 29, 2014. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
  176. ^ Higgins, Parker (November 6, 2001). "Aaron Swartz Hackathons This Weekend to Continue his Work". Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF). from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved November 10, 2013.
  177. ^ Rocheleau, Matt (October 21, 2013). "In Aaron Swartz' memory, hackathons to be held across globe, including at MIT, next month". Boston. from the original on October 25, 2013. Retrieved November 10, 2013.
  178. ^ "Worldwide Aaron Swartz Memorial Hackathon Series". Noisebridge. from the original on November 8, 2013. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
  179. ^ "Aaron projects". Noisebridge. from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
  180. ^ Lessig, Lawrence (January 10, 2014). "Aaron's Walk: The New Hampshire Rebellion". HuffPost. from the original on July 31, 2014. Retrieved September 5, 2014.
  181. ^ Boyko, Brian (January 11, 2014). "It Begins. Thank you". from the original on September 4, 2014. Retrieved September 5, 2014.
  182. ^ "Information Power to The People". Ahmet Öğüt's website. from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved March 31, 2019.
  183. ^ . #PDFTribute. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  184. ^ Cutler, Kim-Mai (January 13, 2013). "PDF tribute to Aaron Swartz attracts roughly 1,500 links to copyright-protected research". TechCrunch. from the original on November 4, 2018. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
  185. ^ a b Musil, Steven (January 13, 2013). "Researchers honor Swartz's memory with PDF protest". CNet News. from the original on February 14, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
  186. ^ Vivalt, Eva (January 12, 2013). . Aid Economics. Eva Vivalt. Archived from the original on March 13, 2013.
  187. ^ "Who we are". aidgrade.org. 2012. from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
  188. ^ Ohlheiser, Abby (January 14, 2013). "Aaron Swartz death: #pdftribute hashtag aggregates copyrighted articles released online in tribute to internet activist". Slate. from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  189. ^ "Economie de la publication scientifique et libre accès: un débat relancé par la mort d'Aaron Swartz". Slate (in French). January 21, 2013. from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018.
  190. ^ Aaron, Swartz; Lessig, Lawrence; Bortolotti, Marie-Mathilde; Szidon, Amarante (March 22, 2017). Celui qui pourrait changer le monde: Aaron Swartz, écrits 1986–2013. Éditions B42 – DL 2017. ISBN 9782917855775. OCLC 993094009.
  191. ^ "La controverse en matière de publication des articles scientifiques". from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018.
  192. ^ Manjoo, Farhad How MIT Can Honor Aaron Swartz August 19, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Slate, January 31, 2013. Retrieved May 9, 2013.
  193. ^ Chan, Jennifer, To honor Aaron Swartz, let knowledge go free, U.S. News & World Report, 1 February 2013. August 19, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
  194. ^ Project, Free Law. "RECAP Project – Turning PACER Around". recapthelaw.org. from the original on May 9, 2016. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
  195. ^ Kopfstein, Janus (March 13, 2013). "Aaron Swartz to receive posthumous 'Freedom of Information' award for open access advocacy". The Verge. from the original on March 15, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
  196. ^ "James Madison Award". Ala.org. January 17, 2013. from the original on March 22, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
  197. ^ "Entire library journal editorial board resigns, citing 'crisis of conscience' after death of Aaron Swartz". The Verge. March 26, 2013. from the original on December 31, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  198. ^ New, Jake (March 26, 2013). "Journal's Editorial Board Resigns in Protest of Publisher's Policy Toward Authors". The Chronicle of Higher Education. from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
  199. ^ "It was just days after Aaron Swartz' death, and I was having a crisis of conscience about publishing in a journal that was not open access". Feral Librarian. March 23, 2013. from the original on August 24, 2014. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
  200. ^ Swartz, Aaron. Archived from the original on January 17, 2003. Retrieved May 29, 2016.
  201. ^ "Aaron Swartz". The Economist. January 19, 2013. from the original on January 19, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
  202. ^ a b Sasso, Brendan; Jennifer Martinez (January 15, 2013). "Lawmakers slam DOJ prosecution of Swartz as 'ridiculous, absurd'". Hillicon Valley. The Hill. from the original on April 17, 2014. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  203. ^ a b Reilly, Ryan J. (January 15, 2013). "Darrell Issa Probing Prosecution of Aaron Swartz, Internet Pioneer Who Killed Himself". HuffPost. from the original on January 20, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
  204. ^ "United States Senator John Cornyn, Texas". United States Senator John Cornyn, Texas. from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
  205. ^ Pearce, Matt (January 18, 2013). "Aaron Swartz suicide has U.S. lawmakers scrutinizing prosecutors". Los Angeles Times. from the original on January 20, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
  206. ^ Carter, Zach (January 18, 2013). "John Cornyn Criticizes Eric Holder Over Aaron Swartz's Death". HuffPost. from the original on January 20, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
  207. ^ "Top senator scolds Holder over Reddit founder's suicide". The Washington Times. January 18, 2013. from the original on January 19, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
  208. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 28, 2013. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
  209. ^ Boeri, David and David Frank, Ortiz Under Fire: Critics Say Swartz Tragedy Is Evidence Of Troublesome Pattern November 2, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, WBUR, February 20, 2013. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
  210. ^ a b c Reilly, Ryan J., Aaron Swartz Prosecutors Weighed 'Guerilla' Manifesto, Justice Official Tells Congressional Committee June 25, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, HuffPost, February 22, 2013. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
  211. ^ a b c Masnick, Mike, DOJ Admits It Had To Put Aaron Swartz In Jail To Save Face Over The Arrest June 25, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, techdirt, February 25, 2013. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
  212. ^ Masnick, Mike (March 7, 2013). "Holder: DOJ used discretion in bullying Swartz, press lacked discretion in quoting facts". Techdirt. from the original on November 8, 2018. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
  213. ^ Masnick, Mike (March 8, 2013). "Aaron Swartz's partner accuses DOJ of lying, seizing evidence without a warrant & withholding exculpatory evidence". Techdirt. from the original on November 8, 2018. Retrieved June 28, 2019.
  214. ^ Carter, Zach (March 22, 2013). "Al Franken Sends Eric Holder Letter Over 'Remarkably Aggressive' Aaron Swartz Prosecution". HuffPost. from the original on March 25, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
  215. ^ H.R. 2454 at Congress.gov; H.R. 2454 July 15, 2018, at the Wayback Machine at GovTrack; H.R. 2454 November 12, 2013, at the Wayback Machine at OpenCongress. S. 1196 at Congress.gov; S. 1196 July 15, 2018, at the Wayback Machine at GovTrack; S. 1196 November 12, 2013, at the Wayback Machine at OpenCongress.
  216. ^ Musil, Steven (November 30, 2011). "New 'Aaron's Law' aims to alter controversial computer fraud law". Internet & Media News. CNET. from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  217. ^ Greenberg, Andrew 'Andy' (January 16, 2013). "'Aaron's Law' Suggests Reforms To Computer Fraud Act (But Not Enough To Have Protected Aaron Swartz)". Forbes. from the original on January 20, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  218. ^ Kerr, Oren, Aaron's Law, Drafting the Best Limits of the CFAA, And A Reader Poll on A Few Examples August 19, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Volokh Conspiracy, January 27, 2013. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
  219. ^ "Help Protect The Next Aaron Swartz". Aclu.org. January 11, 2013. from the original on February 5, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2013.
  220. ^ "Reform Draconian Computer Crime Law". Action.eff.org. from the original on February 7, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2013.
  221. ^ "Video of Lawrence Lessig's lecture, Aaron's Laws: Law and Justice in a Digital Age". February 20, 2013. from the original on March 24, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2013 – via YouTube.
  222. ^ Lawrence Lessig. "the next words: A Lecture on Aaron's Law". Lessig. from the original on February 8, 2013. Retrieved February 21, 2013.
  223. ^ . Archived from the original on November 22, 2017. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
  224. ^ "Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review – A summary of Lawrence Lessig's Chair Lecture at Harvard Law School". Harvardcrcl.org. January 14, 2013. from the original on May 30, 2015. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
  225. ^ Dekel, Jonathan (May 1, 2014). "Swartz doc director: Oracle and Larry Ellison killed Aaron's Law". Postmedia. from the original on October 3, 2018. Retrieved October 23, 2015.
  226. ^ Peterson, Andrea (February 16, 2013). . Thinkprogress.org. Archived from the original on February 27, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
  227. ^ "Wyden Bill Makes Taxpayer Funded Research Available to the Public | U.S. Senator Ron Wyden". Wyden.senate.gov. February 14, 2013. from the original on February 19, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
  228. ^ "White House Issues Public Access Directive". Publishers Weekly. February 22, 2013. from the original on June 6, 2013. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
  229. ^ Zak, Dan (July 26, 2013). . The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved August 20, 2013.
  230. ^ "Crowdsourced art project aims to print out entire internet". CBC News. July 30, 2013. from the original on September 2, 2013. Retrieved August 20, 2013.
  231. ^ "Aaron Swartz documentary". TakePart. from the original on November 19, 2014. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
  232. ^ Zelman, Joanna. "WATCH: Aaron Swartz Found NSA Scope 'Scary'". HuffPost. from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  233. ^ "Sneak preview of The Internet's Own Boy: The Story of Aaron Swartz" June 17, 2018, at the Wayback Machine – PandoDaily
  234. ^ . Sundance Institute. Archived from the original on March 25, 2014.
  235. ^ "The Internet's Own Boy: Film on Aaron Swartz Captures Late Activist's Struggle for Online Freedom". Democracy Now!. January 21, 2014. from the original on January 21, 2014. Retrieved January 21, 2014.
  236. ^ Knappenberger, Brian (June 27, 2014). "The Internet's Own Boy: The Story of Aaron Swartz". Internet Archive. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
  237. ^ Newton, Casey (January 23, 2014). "'The Internet's Own Boy' fights for reform after Aaron Swartz's death". The Verge. from the original on June 17, 2018. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  238. ^ Matheson, Whitney (June 28, 2014). "Internet's Own Boy: Tech activist's legacy". USA Today. p. B8.
  239. ^ "'The Internet's Own Boy' Is a Powerful Homage to Aaron Swartz". Mashable. January 23, 2014. from the original on January 25, 2014. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
  240. ^ DeFore, John (January 21, 2014). "The Internet's Own Boy: The Story of Aaron Swartz: Sundance Review". The Hollywood Reporter. from the original on February 5, 2014. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
  241. ^ a b von Busack, Richard. "Breaking the Internet: Killswitch Screens at Cinequest". Metro Silicon Valley. from the original on September 16, 2019. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  242. ^ a b Swegles, Fred. "Battle for Internet Control Fuels O.C. -produced Movie". Orange County Register. from the original on April 4, 2017. Retrieved April 16, 2015.
  243. ^ a b Grayson, Alan. . Congressman Grayson's House of Rep Official Web Page. Archived from the original on February 27, 2015. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
  244. ^ "The Price That You Pay for Rocking The Boat". HuffPost. March 27, 2015. from the original on March 28, 2015. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  245. ^ Gill, Kathy. "Lawrence Lessig at 'Killswitch' Seattle Premiere: Money, Politics, and the Battle for the Internet". GeekWire. from the original on June 6, 2015. Retrieved June 5, 2015.
  246. ^ "Patriot of the Web". YouTube. September 14, 2019. from the original on October 19, 2020. Retrieved September 2, 2020.
  247. ^ Burke, Darius (September 15, 2019), Patriot of the Web (Biography, Drama, History, Thriller), Mary Peyton Stewart, Charles Luise, Scott Sederquist, Michael Barry, Grandad Productions, Writer1Films, from the original on April 4, 2017, retrieved September 15, 2020
  248. ^ "Patriot of the Web". IMDb. October 13, 2018. from the original on April 4, 2017. Retrieved July 21, 2018.
  249. ^ "Patriot of the Web (@aswartzmovie)". Twitter. from the original on December 24, 2018. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
  250. ^ "Patriot of the Web". reelhouse.org. from the original on July 4, 2018. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
  251. ^ "Patriot of the Web – Darius Burke – Watch Online for Just $4.99 – grandadproductions". grandadproductions. from the original on July 4, 2018. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
  252. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (December 4, 2017). "'Think Aaron' Movie Based on Life Of "Hacktivist' Aaron Swartz in Works at HBO Films". Deadline Hollywood. from the original on November 6, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  253. ^ "Markdown". Aaron Swartz: The Weblog. March 19, 2004. from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved February 15, 2013.
  254. ^ Gruber, John. "Daring Fireball: Markdown". Daring Fireball. from the original on April 2, 2004. Retrieved April 25, 2014.
  255. ^ "atx, the true structured text format". www.aaronsw.com. from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
  256. ^ Gruber, John. "Daring Fireball – Markdown – Syntax". Daring Fireball. from the original on February 22, 2011. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
  257. ^ "RDFCore Working Group Membership". W3. December 1, 2002. from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
  258. ^ Swartz, A. (September 2004). "Request for Comments No. 3870, 'application/rdf+xml' Media Type Registration". Network Working Group. The Internet Society. doi:10.17487/RFC3870. from the original on September 17, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2013. A media type for use with the Extensible Markup Language serialization of the Resource Description Framework.... [It] allows RDF consumers to identify RDF/XML documents....
  259. ^ Poulsen, Kevin. "Strongbox and Aaron Swartz". The New Yorker. from the original on June 5, 2013. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
  260. ^ Davidson, Amy (May 15, 2013). "Introducing Strongbox". The New Yorker. from the original on June 29, 2013. Retrieved June 20, 2013.
  261. ^ Kassner, Michael (May 20, 2013). "Aaron Swartz legacy lives on with New Yorker's Strongbox: How it works". TechRepublic. from the original on July 29, 2013. Retrieved June 20, 2013.
  262. ^ Charlton, Alistair (October 16, 2013). . International Business Times. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013.
  263. ^ Aaron, Swartz. "In Defense of Anonymity". from the original on August 20, 2019. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
  264. ^ Zetter, Kim (December 12, 2008). "New Service Makes Tor Anonymized Content Available to All". Wired. from the original on March 18, 2014. Retrieved February 22, 2014.
  265. ^ "tor2web brings anonymous Tor sites to the "regular" web". arstechnica.com. December 15, 2008. from the original on November 2, 2018. Retrieved February 22, 2014.

External links

  • Official website  
  • Github.com/aaronsw (Aaron Swartz)
  • Aaron Swartz on Twitter  
  • (2013– ), with obituary and official statement from family and partner
  • The Internet's Own Boy: The Story of Aaron Swartz, The Documentary Network, June 29, 2014, a film by Brian Knappenberger – Luminant Media
  • The Aaron Swartz Collection at Internet Archive (2013– ) (podcasts, e-mail correspondence, other materials)
  • Aaron Swartz at IMDb
  • Posting about Swartz as Wikipedia contributor January 13, 2018, at the Wayback Machine (2013), at The Wikipedian
  • Case Docket: US v. Swartz
  • Report to the President: MIT and the Prosecution of Aaron Swartz
  • JSTOR Evidence in United States vs. Aaron Swartz – A collection of documents and events from JSTOR's perspective. Hundreds of emails and other documents they provided the government concerning the case.
  • Federal law enforcement documents about Aaron Swartz, released under the Freedom of Information Act

Further reading

External video
  Presentation by Justin Peters on The Idealist, June 11, 2016, C-SPAN
  • Nanos, Janelle (January 2014). "Losing Aaron". Boston.
  • Peters, Justin (2016). The Idealist: Aaron Swartz and the Rise of Free Culture on the Internet. Scribner. ISBN 978-1476767727. Biography of Swartz.
  • Poulsen, Kevin. "MIT Moves to Intervene in Release of Aaron Swartz's Secret Service File." Wired. July 18, 2013.

Documentary

January 13, 2023
aaron, swartz, british, actor, actor, other, people, aaron, schwartz, disambiguation, aaron, hillel, swartz, november, 1986, january, 2013, american, computer, programmer, entrepreneur, writer, political, organizer, internet, hacktivist, prolific, programmer, . For the British actor see Aaron Swartz actor For other people see Aaron Schwartz disambiguation Aaron Hillel Swartz November 8 1986 January 11 2013 was an American computer programmer entrepreneur writer political organizer and Internet hacktivist A prolific programmer Swartz helped develop the web feed format RSS the technical architecture for Creative Commons an organization dedicated to creating copyright licenses the website framework web py and Markdown a lightweight markup language format Swartz was involved in the development of the social news aggregation website Reddit until his departure from the company in 2007 note 1 He is often credited as a martyr and a prodigy 7 8 and his work focused on civic awareness and activism 9 10 Aaron SwartzSwartz at a Creative Commons event on December 13 2008BornAaron Hillel Swartz 1 1986 11 08 November 8 1986Highland Park Illinois 2 U S DiedJanuary 11 2013 2013 01 11 aged 26 New York City U S Cause of deathSuicide by hangingEducationStanford UniversityOccupation s Software developer writer internet activistOrganization s Creative Commons development Reddit co founder Watchdog net Open Library DeadDrop Progressive Change Campaign Committee Demand Progress co founder ThoughtWorks Tor2webTitleFellow Harvard University Edmond J Safra Center for EthicsAwardsArsDigita Prize 2000 American Library Association s James Madison Award posthumously EFF Pioneer Award 2013 posthumously Internet Hall of Fame 2013 posthumously Websiteaaronsw comAfter Reddit was sold to Conde Nast Publications in 2006 Swartz became more involved in activism helping launch the Progressive Change Campaign Committee in 2009 In 2010 he became a research fellow at Harvard University s Safra Research Lab on Institutional Corruption directed by Lawrence Lessig 11 12 He founded the online group Demand Progress known for its campaign against the Stop Online Piracy Act On January 6 2011 Swartz was arrested by Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT police on state breaking and entering charges after connecting a computer to the MIT network in an unmarked and unlocked closet and setting it to download academic journal articles systematically from JSTOR using a guest user account issued to him by MIT 13 14 Federal prosecutors led by Carmen Ortiz later charged him with two counts of wire fraud and eleven violations of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act 15 carrying a cumulative maximum penalty of 1 million in fines 35 years in prison asset forfeiture restitution and supervised release 16 Swartz declined a plea bargain under which he would have served six months in federal prison 17 Two days after the prosecution rejected a counter offer by Swartz he was found dead in his Brooklyn apartment 18 19 In 2013 Swartz was inducted posthumously into the Internet Hall of Fame 20 Contents 1 Early life 1 1 Entrepreneurship 2 Activism 2 1 PACER 2 2 Progressive Change Campaign Committee 2 3 Demand Progress 2 4 Opposition to the Stop Online Piracy Act SOPA 2 5 Wikipedia 3 United States v Aaron Swartz case 3 1 The download 3 2 Arrest and prosecution 4 Death funeral and memorial gatherings 4 1 Death 4 2 Funeral and memorial gatherings 5 Response 5 1 US Department of Justice 5 2 Family response 5 3 MIT 5 4 Press 5 5 Internet 5 5 1 Hacks 5 5 2 Petition to the White House 5 6 Commemorations 6 Legacy 6 1 Open Access 6 2 Congress 6 2 1 Congressional investigations 6 2 2 Amendment to Computer Fraud and Abuse Act 6 2 3 Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act 7 Media 7 1 The Internet s Own Boy The Story of Aaron Swartz 7 2 Killswitch 7 3 Other films 8 Works 8 1 Specifications 8 2 Software 8 3 Publications 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links 12 1 Further reading 12 2 DocumentaryEarly life Edit Swartz in 2002 with Lawrence Lessig at the launch party for Creative Commons source source source source source source track track track Swartz describes the nature of the shift from centralized one to many systems to the decentralized many to many topology of network communication San Francisco April 2007 9 29 Aaron Swartz was born in Highland Park 25 miles 40 km north of Chicago 2 21 into a Jewish family 22 He was the eldest child of Susan and Robert Swartz and brother to Noah and Ben Swartz 1 23 He was an atheist 24 His father founded the software firm Mark Williams Company At an early age Swartz immersed himself in the study of computers programming the Internet and Internet culture 25 He attended North Shore Country Day School a small private school near Chicago until 9th grade 26 when he left high school and enrolled in courses at Lake Forest College 27 28 In 1999 at age 12 he created the website The Info Network a user generated encyclopedia 29 The site won the ArsDigita Prize given to young people who create useful educational and collaborative noncommercial websites and led to early recognition of Swartz s nascent talent in coding 1 30 31 At age 14 he became a member of the working group that authored the RSS 1 0 web syndication specification 32 A year later he became involved in the Creative Commons organization 33 In 2005 he enrolled at Stanford University but left the school after his first year 34 Entrepreneurship Edit During Swartz s first year at Stanford he applied to Y Combinator s first Summer Founders Program proposing to work on a startup called Infogami a flexible content management system designed to create rich and visually interesting websites 35 or a form of wiki for structured data After working on it with co founder Simon Carstensen over the summer of 2005 Swartz opted not to return to Stanford choosing instead to continue to develop and seek funding for Infogami 35 As part of his work on Infogami Swartz created the web py web application framework because he was unhappy with other available systems in the Python programming language In early fall of 2005 he worked with his fellow co founders of another nascent Y Combinator firm Reddit to rewrite its Lisp codebase using Python and web py Although Infogami s platform was abandoned after Not a Bug was acquired Infogami s software was used to support the Internet Archive s Open Library project and the web py web framework was used as basis for many other projects by Swartz and many others 36 When Infogami failed to find further funding Y Combinator organizers suggested Infogami merge with Reddit 37 38 which it did in November 2005 creating a new firm Not a Bug devoted to promoting both products 37 5 As a result Swartz was given the title of co founder of Reddit Although both projects initially struggled Reddit made large gains in popularity in 2005 2006 In October 2006 based largely on Reddit s success Not a Bug was acquired by Conde Nast Publications owner of Wired magazine 25 39 Swartz moved with his company to San Francisco to continue to work on Reddit for Wired 25 He found corporate office life uncongenial and ultimately was asked to resign from the company 40 In September 2007 he joined Infogami co founder Simon Carstensen to launch a new firm Jottit in another attempt to create a markdown driven content management system in Python 41 Activism EditIn 2008 Swartz founded Watchdog net the good government site with teeth to aggregate and visualize data about politicians 42 43 That year he wrote a widely circulated Guerilla Open Access Manifesto 44 45 46 47 On December 27 2010 he filed a Freedom of Information Act FOIA request to learn about the treatment of Chelsea Manning alleged source for WikiLeaks 48 49 PACER Edit In 2008 Swartz downloaded about 2 7 million federal court documents stored in the PACER Public Access to Court Electronic Records database managed by the Administrative Office of the United States Courts 50 The Huffington Post characterized his actions this way Swartz downloaded public court documents from the PACER system in an effort to make them available outside of the expensive service The move drew the attention of the FBI which ultimately decided not to press charges as the documents were in fact public 51 PACER was charging 8 cents per page for information that Carl Malamud who founded the nonprofit group Public Resource Org contended should be free because federal documents are not covered by copyright 52 53 The fees were plowed back to the courts to finance technology but the system ran a budget surplus of some 150 million according to court reports reported The New York Times 52 PACER used technology that was designed in the bygone days of screechy telephone modems putting the nation s legal system behind a wall of cash and kludge 52 Malamud appealed to fellow activists urging them to visit one of 17 libraries conducting a free trial of the PACER system download court documents and send them to him for public distribution 52 After reading Malamud s call for action 52 Swartz used a Perl computer script running on Amazon cloud servers to download the documents using credentials belonging to a Sacramento library 50 From September 4 to 20 2008 it accessed documents and uploaded them to a cloud computing service 53 He released the documents to Malamud s organization 53 On September 29 2008 52 the GPO suspended the free trial pending an evaluation of the program 52 53 Swartz s actions were subsequently investigated by the FBI 52 53 The case was closed after two months with no charges filed 53 Swartz learned the details of the investigation after filing a FOIA request with the FBI and described their response as the usual mess of confusions that shows the FBI s lack of sense of humor 53 PACER still charges per page but customers using Firefox Chrome or Safari have the option of saving the documents for free public access with a plug in called RECAP 54 55 At a 2013 memorial for Swartz Malamud recalled their work with PACER They brought millions of U S District Court records out from behind PACER s pay wall he said and found them full of privacy violations including medical records and the names of minor children and confidential informants We sent our results to the Chief Judges of 31 District Courts They redacted those documents and they yelled at the lawyers that filed them The Judicial Conference changed their privacy rules To the bureaucrats who ran the Administrative Office of the United States Courts we were thieves that took 1 6 million of their property So they called the FBI The FBI found nothing wrong 56 A more detailed account of his collaboration with Swartz on the PACER project appears in an essay on Malamud s website 57 Writing in Ars Technica Timothy Lee 58 who later made use of the documents obtained by Swartz as a co creator of RECAP offered some insight into discrepancies in reports on how much data Swartz downloaded In a back of the envelope calculation a few days before the offsite crawl was shut down Swartz guessed he got around 25 percent of the documents in PACER The New York Times similarly reported Swartz had downloaded an estimated 20 percent of the entire database Based on the facts that Swartz downloaded 2 7 million documents while PACER at the time contained 500 million Lee concluded that Swartz downloaded less than 1 of the database 50 Progressive Change Campaign Committee Edit In 2009 wanting to learn about effective activism Swartz helped launch the Progressive Change Campaign Committee 59 He wrote in his blog I spend my days experimenting with new ways to get progressive policies enacted and progressive politicians elected 60 He led the first activism event of his career with the Progressive Change Campaign Committee delivering thousands of Honor Kennedy petition signatures to Massachusetts legislators asking them to fulfill former Senator Ted Kennedy s last wish by appointing a senator to vote for healthcare reform 61 Demand Progress Edit In 2010 62 Swartz co founded Demand Progress 63 a political advocacy group that organizes people online to take action by contacting Congress and other leaders funding pressure tactics and spreading the word about civil liberties government reform and other issues 64 During academic year 2010 11 Swartz conducted research studies on political corruption as a Lab Fellow in Harvard University s Edmond J Safra Research Lab on Institutional Corruption 11 12 Author Cory Doctorow in his novel Homeland drew on advice from Swartz in setting out how his protagonist could use the information now available about voters to create a grass roots anti establishment political campaign 65 In an afterword to the novel Swartz wrote These political hacktivist tools can be used by anyone motivated and talented enough Now it s up to you to change the system Let me know if I can help 65 Opposition to the Stop Online Piracy Act SOPA Edit Swartz in 2012 protesting against the Stop Online Piracy Act SOPA Swartz was involved in the campaign to prevent passage of the Stop Online Piracy Act SOPA which sought to combat Internet copyright violations but was criticized on the basis that it would make it easier for the U S government to shut down web sites accused of violating copyright and would place intolerable burdens on Internet providers 66 After the bill s defeat Swartz was the keynote speaker at the F2C Freedom to Connect 2012 event in Washington D C on May 21 2012 In his speech How We Stopped SOPA he said This bill shut down whole websites Essentially it stopped Americans from communicating entirely with certain groups I called all my friends and we stayed up all night setting up a website for this new group Demand Progress with an online petition opposing this noxious bill We got 300 000 signers We met with the staff of members of Congress and pleaded with them And then it passed unanimously And then suddenly the process stopped Senator Ron Wyden put a hold on the bill 67 68 He added We won this fight because everyone made themselves the hero of their own story Everyone took it as their job to save this crucial freedom 67 68 He was referring to a series of protests against the bill by numerous websites described by the Electronic Frontier Foundation as the biggest protest in Internet history with over 115 000 sites posting their opposition citation needed Swartz also spoke on the topic at an event organized by ThoughtWorks 69 Wikipedia Edit Swartz at 2009 Boston Wikipedia Meetup Swartz participated in Wikipedia since August 2003 under the username AaronSw 70 self published source In 2006 he ran unsuccessfully for the Wikimedia Foundation s Board of Trustees 71 In 2006 Swartz wrote an analysis of how Wikipedia articles are written and concluded that the bulk of its content came from tens of thousands of occasional contributors or outsiders each of whom made few other contributions to the site while a core group of 500 to 1 000 regular editors tended to correct spelling and other formatting errors 72 He said The formatters aid the contributors not the other way around 72 73 His conclusions based on the analysis of edit histories of several randomly selected articles contradicted the opinion of Wikipedia co founder Jimmy Wales who believed the core group of regular editors provided most of the content while thousands of others contributed to formatting issues Swartz came to his conclusions by counting the number of characters editors added to particular articles while Wales counted the total number of edits 72 United States v Aaron Swartz case EditMain article United States v Aaron Swartz See also Open Access and JSTOR According to state and federal authorities Swartz used JSTOR a digital repository 74 to download a large number note 2 of academic journal articles through MIT s computer network over the course of a few weeks in late 2010 and early 2011 Visitors to MIT s open campus were authorized to access JSTOR through its network 75 Swartz as a research fellow at Harvard University also had a JSTOR account 15 The download Edit On September 25 2010 the IP address 18 55 6 215 part of the MIT network began sending hundreds of PDF download requests per minute to the JSTOR website enough to slow the site s performance 76 This prompted a block of the IP address In the morning another IP address also from within the MIT network began sending more PDF download requests resulting in a temporary block on the firewall level of all MIT computers in the entire 18 0 0 0 8 range A JSTOR employee emailed MIT on September 29 2010 Note that this was an extreme case We typically suspend just one individual IP at a time and do that relatively infrequently perhaps 6 on a busy day from 7000 institutional subscribers In this case we saw a performance hit on the live site which I have only seen about 3 or 4 times in my 5 years here The pattern used was to create a new session for each PDF download or every few which was terribly efficient but not terribly subtle In the end we saw over 200K sessions in one hour s time during the peak 77 According to authorities Swartz downloaded the documents through a laptop connected to a networking switch in a controlled access wiring closet at MIT 14 15 78 79 80 The closet s door was kept unlocked according to press reports 75 81 82 When it was discovered a video camera was placed in the room to record Swartz his computer was left untouched Recording was stopped once Swartz was identified but rather than pursue a civil lawsuit against him JSTOR reached a settlement with him in June 2011 where he surrendered the downloaded data 83 84 On July 30 2013 JSTOR released 300 partially redacted documents used as incriminating evidence against Swartz originally sent to the United States Attorney s Office in response to subpoenas in the case United States v Aaron Swartz 85 The following images are all excerpts from the 3 461 page PDF document Root Cause Analysis Report side 1 showing a descriptive timeline of events from September 25 2010 until December 26 2010 86 Root Cause Analysis Report side 2 showing JSTOR response and incident resolution procedures 87 Email sent from JSTOR to Stephan Heymann USAMA estimating 3 5 million PDF files had been downloaded 88 Email describing PDF download activity snapshots see next images in gallery 89 Describes PDF download activity from JSTOR s databases to MIT computers between November 1 and December 27 90 PDF activity from JSTOR to MIT between January 1 to 15 91 Arrest and prosecution Edit On the night of January 6 2011 Swartz was arrested near the Harvard campus by MIT Police and a Secret Service agent and arraigned in Cambridge District Court on two state charges of breaking and entering with intent to commit a felony 13 14 80 92 93 On July 11 2011 he was indicted by a federal grand jury on charges of wire fraud computer fraud unlawfully obtaining information from a protected computer and recklessly damaging a protected computer 15 94 On November 17 2011 Swartz was indicted by a Middlesex County Superior Court grand jury on state charges of breaking and entering with intent grand larceny and unauthorized access to a computer network 95 96 On December 16 2011 state prosecutors filed a notice that they were dropping the two original charges 14 and the charges listed in the November 17 2011 indictment were dropped on March 8 2012 97 According to a spokesperson for the Middlesex County prosecutor this was done to avoid impeding a federal prosecution headed by Stephen P Heymann supported by evidence provided by Secret Service agent Michael S Pickett 98 97 On September 12 2012 federal prosecutors filed a superseding indictment adding nine more felony counts increasing Swartz s maximum criminal exposure to 50 years of imprisonment and 1 million in fines 15 99 100 During plea negotiations with Swartz s attorneys the prosecutors offered to recommend a sentence of six months in a low security prison if Swartz pled guilty to 13 federal crimes Swartz and his lead attorney rejected the deal opting instead for a trial where prosecutors would be forced to justify their pursuit of him 101 102 The federal prosecution involved what was characterized by numerous critics such as former Nixon White House counsel John Dean as an overcharging 13 count indictment and overzealous Nixonian prosecution for alleged computer crimes brought by then U S Attorney for Massachusetts Carmen Ortiz 103 Swartz died by suicide on January 11 2013 104 After his death federal prosecutors dropped the charges 105 106 On December 4 2013 due to a Freedom of Information Act suit by the investigations editor of Wired magazine several documents related to the case were released by the Secret Service including a video of Swartz entering the MIT network closet 107 Death funeral and memorial gatherings EditExternal video Aaron Swartz Memorial at The Great Hall of Cooper Union on YouTube transcript Aaron Swartz Memorial at the Internet Archive on YouTube partial transcript DC Memorial Darrell Issa Taren Stinebrickner Kauffman Alan Grayson on YouTubeDeath Edit On the evening of January 11 2013 Swartz s girlfriend Taren Stinebrickner Kauffman found him dead in his Brooklyn apartment 75 108 109 A spokeswoman for New York s Medical Examiner reported that he had hanged himself 108 109 110 111 No suicide note was found 112 Swartz s family and his partner created a memorial website on which they issued a statement saying He used his prodigious skills as a programmer and technologist not to enrich himself but to make the Internet and the world a fairer better place 23 Days before Swartz s funeral Lawrence Lessig eulogized his friend and sometime client in an essay Prosecutor as Bully He decried the disproportionality of Swartz s prosecution and said The question this government needs to answer is why it was so necessary that Aaron Swartz be labeled a felon For in the 18 months of negotiations that was what he was not willing to accept 113 Cory Doctorow wrote Aaron had an unbeatable combination of political insight technical skill and intelligence about people and issues I think he could have revolutionized American and worldwide politics His legacy may still yet do so 114 Funeral and memorial gatherings Edit Aaron Swartz Memorial sign at Internet Archive headquarters San Francisco January 24 2013 Aaron Swartz Memorial program at Internet Archive headquarters San Francisco January 24 2013 Swartz s funeral services were held on January 15 2013 at Central Avenue Synagogue in Highland Park Illinois Tim Berners Lee creator of the World Wide Web delivered a eulogy 115 116 117 118 The same day The Wall Street Journal published a story based in part on an interview with Taren Stinebrickner Kauffman 119 She told the Journal that Swartz lacked the money to pay for a trial and it was too hard for him to make that part of his life go public by asking for help He was also distressed she said because two of his friends had just been subpoenaed and because he no longer believed that MIT would try to stop the prosecution 119 Several memorials followed soon afterward On January 19 hundreds attended a memorial at the Cooper Union speakers at which included Taren Stinebrickner Kauffman open source advocate Doc Searls Creative Commons Glenn Otis Brown journalist Quinn Norton Roy Singham of ThoughtWorks and David Segal of Demand Progress 120 121 122 On January 24 there was a memorial at the Internet Archive headquarters in San Francisco video 123 with speakers including Stinebrickner Kauffman Alex Stamos Brewster Kahle 124 Peter Eckersley and Carl Malamud 125 On February 4 a memorial was held in the Cannon House Office Building on Capitol Hill 126 127 128 129 speakers at this memorial included Senator Ron Wyden and Representatives Darrell Issa Alan Grayson and Jared Polis 128 129 and other lawmakers in attendance included Senator Elizabeth Warren and Representatives Zoe Lofgren and Jan Schakowsky 128 129 A memorial also took place on March 12 at the MIT Media Lab 130 Swartz s family recommended GiveWell for donations in his memory an organization that Swartz admired had collaborated with and was the sole beneficiary of his will 131 132 Response EditUS Department of Justice Edit Carmen M Ortiz then US Attorney for the District of Massachusetts As a parent and a sister I can only imagine the pain felt by the family and friends of Aaron Swartz I must however make clear that this office s conduct was appropriate in bringing and handling this case 133 Family response Edit Aaron s death is not simply a personal tragedy It is the product of a criminal justice system rife with intimidation and prosecutorial overreach Decisions made by officials in the Massachusetts U S Attorney s office and at MIT contributed to his death Statement by family and partner of Aaron Swartz 134 On January 12 2013 Swartz s family and partner issued a statement criticizing the prosecutors and MIT 134 Speaking at his son s funeral on January 15 Robert Swartz said Aaron was killed by the government and MIT betrayed all of its basic principles 135 Tom Dolan husband of U S Attorney for Massachusetts Carmen Ortiz whose office prosecuted Swartz s case replied with criticism of the Swartz family Truly incredible that in their own son s obit they blame others for his death and make no mention of the 6 month offer 136 This comment triggered some criticism Esquire writer Charlie Pierce replied the glibness with which her husband and her defenders toss off a mere six months in federal prison low security or not is a further indication that something is seriously out of whack with the way our prosecutors think these days 137 MIT Edit MIT maintains an open campus policy along with an open network 82 138 Two days after Swartz s death MIT President L Rafael Reif commissioned professor Hal Abelson to lead an analysis of MIT s options and decisions relating to Swartz s legal struggles 139 140 To help guide the fact finding stage of the review MIT created a website where community members could suggest questions and issues for the review to address 141 142 Swartz s attorneys requested that all pretrial discovery documents be made public a move which MIT opposed 143 Swartz allies have criticized MIT for its opposition to releasing the evidence without redactions 144 On July 26 2013 the Abelson panel submitted a 182 page report to MIT president L Rafael Reif who authorized its public release on July 30 145 146 147 The panel reported that MIT had not supported charges against Swartz and cleared the institution of wrongdoing However its report also noted that despite MIT s advocacy for open access culture at the institutional level and beyond the university never extended that support to Swartz The report revealed for example that while MIT considered the possibility of issuing a public statement about its position on the case such a statement never materialized 148 Press Edit Aaron Swartz mural by Brooklyn graffiti artist BAMN The Huffington Post reported that Ortiz has faced significant backlash for pursuing the case against Swartz including a petition to the White House to have her fired 149 Other news outlets reported similarly 150 151 152 Reuters news agency called Swartz an online icon who help ed to make a virtual mountain of information freely available to the public including an estimated 19 million pages of federal court documents 153 The Associated Press AP reported that Swartz s case highlights society s uncertain evolving view of how to treat people who break into computer systems and share data not to enrich themselves but to make it available to others 66 and that JSTOR s lawyer former U S Attorney for the Southern District of New York Mary Jo White had asked the lead prosecutor to drop the charges 66 As discussed by editor Hrag Vartanian in Hyperallergic Brooklyn New York muralist BAMN By Any Means Necessary created a mural of Swartz 154 Swartz was an amazing human being who fought tirelessly for our right to a free and open Internet the artist explained He was much more than just the Reddit guy Speaking on April 17 2013 Yuval Noah Harari described Swartz as the first martyr of the Freedom of Information movement However according to Harari Swartz s stance did not illustrate the belief in the freedom of persons or speech but stemmed from the increasing belief among the young generation that above anything else information should be free 155 Aaron Swartz s legacy has been reported as strengthening the open access to scholarship movement In Illinois his home state Swartz s influence led state university faculties to adopt policies in favor of open access 156 Internet Edit Hacks Edit On January 13 2013 members of Anonymous hacked two websites on the MIT domain replacing them with tributes to Swartz that called on members of the Internet community to use his death as a rallying point for the open access movement The banner included a list of demands for improvements in the U S copyright system along with Swartz s Guerilla Open Access Manifesto 157 On the night of January 18 2013 MIT s e mail system was taken offline for ten hours 158 On January 22 e mail sent to MIT was redirected by hackers Aush0k and TibitXimer to the Korea Advanced Institute of Science amp Technology All other traffic to MIT was redirected to a computer at Harvard University that was publishing a statement headed R I P Aaron Swartz 159 with text from a 2009 posting by Swartz 160 accompanied by a chiptune version of The Star Spangled Banner MIT regained full control after about seven hours 161 In the early hours of January 26 2013 the U S Sentencing Commission website USSC gov was hacked by Anonymous 162 163 The home page was replaced with an embedded YouTube video Anonymous Operation Last Resort The video statement said Swartz faced an impossible choice 164 165 A hacker downloaded hundreds of thousands of scientific journal articles from a Swiss publisher s website and republished them on the open Web in Swartz s honor a week before the first anniversary of his death 166 Petition to the White House Edit See also Carmen Ortiz and Stephen Heymann After Swartz s death more than 50 000 people signed an online petition 167 to the White House calling for the removal of Ortiz for overreach in the case of Aaron Swartz 168 A similar petition 169 was submitted calling for prosecutor Stephen Heymann s firing 170 171 In January 2015 two years after Swartz s death the White House declined both petitions 172 Commemorations Edit External video IHoF Induction Ceremony Aaron Swartz on YouTubeOn August 3 2013 Swartz was posthumously inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame 20 There was a hackathon held in Swartz memory around the date of his birthday in 2013 173 174 Over the weekend of November 8 10 2013 inspired by Swartz s work and life a second annual hackathon was held in at least 16 cities around the world 175 176 177 Preliminary topics worked on at the 2013 Aaron Swartz Hackathon 178 were privacy and software tools transparency activism access legal fixes and a low cost book scanner 179 In January 2014 Lawrence Lessig led a walk across New Hampshire in honor of Swartz rallying for campaign finance reform 180 181 In 2017 the Turkish Dutch artist Ahmet Ogut commemorated Swartz through a work entitled Information Power to The People which depicted his bust 182 A sculpture of Aaron Swartz entitled Information Power to The People created by Ahmet Ogut A clay statue of Aaron Swartz at the Internet ArchiveLegacy EditOpen Access Edit See also United States v Aaron Swartz case and Guerilla Open Access ManifestoA long time supporter of open access Swartz wrote in his Guerilla Open Access Manifesto 46 The world s entire scientific heritage is increasingly being digitized and locked up by a handful of private corporations The Open Access Movement has fought valiantly to ensure that scientists do not sign their copyrights away but instead ensure their work is published on the Internet under terms that allow anyone to access it Supporters of Swartz responded to news of his death with an effort called PDFTribute 183 to promote Open Access 184 185 On January 12 Eva Vivalt a development economist at the World Bank began posting her academic articles online using the hashtag pdftribute as a tribute to Swartz 185 186 187 Scholars posted links to their works 188 The story of Aaron Swartz has exposed the topic of open access to scientific publications to wider audiences 189 190 In the wake of Aaron Swartz many institutions and personalities have campaigned for open access to scientific knowledge 191 Swartz s death prompted calls for more open access to scholarly data e g open science data 192 193 The Think Computer Foundation and the Center for Information Technology Policy CITP at Princeton University announced scholarships awarded in memory of Aaron Swartz 194 In 2013 Swartz was posthumously awarded the American Library Association s James Madison Award for being an outspoken advocate for public participation in government and unrestricted access to peer reviewed scholarly articles 195 196 In March the editor and editorial board of the Journal of Library Administration resigned en masse citing a dispute with the journal s publisher Routledge 197 One board member wrote of a crisis of conscience about publishing in a journal that was not open access after the death of Aaron Swartz 198 199 In 2002 Swartz had stated that when he died he wanted all the contents of his hard drives made publicly available 200 201 Congress Edit Several members of the U S House of Representatives Republican Darrell Issa and Democrats Zoe Lofgren and subsequent Colorado Governor Jared Polis all on the House Judiciary Committee raised questions regarding the government s handling of the case Calling the charges against him ridiculous and trumped up Polis said Swartz was a martyr whose death illustrated the need for Congress to limit the discretion of federal prosecutors 202 Speaking at a memorial for Swartz on Capitol Hill Issa saidUltimately knowledge belongs to all the people of the world Aaron understood that Our copyright laws were created for the purpose of promoting useful works not hiding them Massachusetts Democratic Senator Elizabeth Warren issued a statement saying Aaron s advocacy for Internet freedom social justice and Wall Street reform demonstrated the power of his ideas 203 In a letter to Attorney General Eric Holder 204 Texas Republican Senator John Cornyn asked On what basis did the U S Attorney for the District of Massachusetts conclude that her office s conduct was appropriate and Was the prosecution of Mr Swartz in any way retaliation for his exercise of his rights as a citizen under the Freedom of Information Act 205 206 207 Congressional investigations Edit Issa who chaired the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform announced that he would investigate the Justice Department s actions in prosecuting Swartz 202 In a statement to The Huffington Post he praised Swartz s work toward open government and free access to the people Issa s investigation has garnered some bipartisan support 203 On January 28 2013 Issa and ranking committee member Elijah Cummings published a letter to U S Attorney General Holder questioning why federal prosecutors had filed the superseding indictment 100 208 On February 20 WBUR reported that Ortiz was expected to testify at an upcoming Oversight Committee hearing about her office s handling of the Swartz case 209 On February 22 Associate Deputy Attorney General Steven Reich conducted a briefing for congressional staffers involved in the investigation 210 211 They were told that Swartz s Guerilla Open Access Manifesto played a role in prosecutorial decision making 45 210 211 Congressional staffers left this briefing believing that prosecutors thought Swartz had to be convicted of a felony carrying at least a short prison sentence in order to justify having filed the case against him in the first place 210 211 Excoriating the Department of Justice as the Department of Vengeance Stinebrickner Kauffman told the Guardian that the DOJ had erred in relying on Swartz s Guerilla Open Access Manifesto as an accurate indication of his beliefs by 2010 He was no longer a single issue activist she said He was into lots of things from healthcare to climate change to money in politics 45 On March 6 Holder testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee that the case was a good use of prosecutorial discretion 212 Stinebrickner Kauffman issued a statement in reply repeating and amplifying her claims of prosecutorial misconduct Public documents she wrote reveal that prosecutor Stephen Heymann instructed the Secret Service to seize and hold evidence without a warrant lied to the judge about that fact in written briefs and withheld exculpatory evidence for over a year violating his legal and ethical obligations to turn such evidence over to the defense 213 On March 22 Senator Al Franken wrote Holder a letter expressing concerns writing that charging a young man like Mr Swartz with federal offenses punishable by over 35 years of federal imprisonment seems remarkably aggressive particularly when it appears that one of the principal aggrieved parties did not support a criminal prosecution 214 Amendment to Computer Fraud and Abuse Act Edit Main article Aaron s Law Wikisource has original text related to this article Rep Zoe Lofgren Introduces Bipartisan Aaron s Law In 2013 Rep Zoe Lofgren D Calif introduced a bill Aaron s Law H R 2454 S 1196 215 to exclude terms of service violations from the 1986 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act and from the wire fraud statute 216 Lawrence Lessig wrote of the bill this is a critically important change The CFAA was the hook for the government s bullying This law would remove that hook In a single line no longer would it be a felony to breach a contract 217 Professor Orin Kerr a specialist in the nexus between computer law and criminal law wrote that he had been arguing for precisely this sort of reform of the Act for years 218 The ACLU too has called for reform of the CFAA to remove the dangerously broad criminalization of online activity 219 The EFF has mounted a campaign for these reforms 220 Lessig s inaugural Chair lecture as Furman Professor of Law and Leadership was entitled Aaron s Laws Law and Justice in a Digital Age he dedicated the lecture to Swartz 221 222 223 224 The Aaron s Law bill stalled in committee Brian Knappenberger alleges this was due to Oracle Corporation s financial interest in maintaining the status quo 225 Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act Edit The Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act FASTR is a bill that would mandate earlier public release of taxpayer funded research FASTR has been described as The Other Aaron s Law 226 Senator Ron Wyden D Ore and Senator John Cornyn R Tex introduced the Senate version in 2013 2015 and 2017 while the bill was introduced to the House by Reps Zoe Lofgren D Calif Mike Doyle D Pa and Kevin Yoder R Kans Senator Wyden wrote of the bill the FASTR act provides that access to taxpayer funded research should never be hidden behind a paywall 227 While the legislation had not passed as of August 2017 update it helped to prompt some motion toward more open access on the part of the US administration Shortly after the bill s original introduction the Office of Science and Technology Policy directed each Federal agency with over 100 million in annual conduct of research and development expenditures to develop a plan to support increased public access to the results of research funded by the Federal Government 228 Media EditSwartz has been featured in various works of art and has posthumously received dedications from numerous artists In 2013 Kenneth Goldsmith dedicated his Printing out the Internet exhibition to Swartz 229 230 There are also dedicated biographical films for Aaron The Internet s Own Boy The Story of Aaron Swartz Edit Main article The Internet s Own Boy The Story of Aaron Swartz On January 11 2014 marking the first anniversary of his death a preview was released of The Internet s Own Boy The Story of Aaron Swartz 231 a documentary about Swartz the NSA and SOPA 232 233 The film was officially released at the January 2014 Sundance Film Festival 234 Democracy Now covered the release of the documentary as well as Swartz s life and legal case in a sprawling interview with director Brian Knappenberger Swartz s father brother and his attorney 235 The documentary is released under a Creative Commons License 236 237 it debuted in theaters and on demand in June 2014 238 Mashable called the documentary a powerful homage to Aaron Swartz Its debut at Sundance received a standing ovation Mashable printed With the help of experts The Internet s Own Boy makes a clear argument Swartz unjustly became a victim of the rights and freedoms for which he stood 239 The Hollywood Reporter described it as a heartbreaking story of a tech wunderkind persecuted by the US government and a must see for anyone who knows enough to care about the way laws govern information transfer in the digital age 240 Killswitch Edit Main article Killswitch film In October 2014 Killswitch a documentary film featuring Aaron Swartz as well as Lawrence Lessig Tim Wu and Edward Snowden received its world premiere at the Woodstock Film Festival where it won the award for Best Editing The film focuses on Swartz s role in advocating for internet freedoms 241 242 In February 2015 Killswitch was invited to screen at the Capitol Visitor s Center in Washington D C by Congressman Alan Grayson The event was held on the eve of the Federal Communications Commission s historic decision on Net Neutrality Congressman Grayson Lawrence Lessig and Free Press CEO Craig Aaron spoke about Swartz and his fight on behalf of a free and open Internet at the event 243 244 Congressman Grayson states that Killswitch is one of the most honest accounts of the battle to control the Internet and access to information itself 243 Richard von Busack of the Metro Silicon Valley writes of Killswitch Some of the most lapidary use of found footage this side of The Atomic Cafe 241 Fred Swegles of the Orange County Register remarks Anyone who values unfettered access to online information is apt to be captivated by Killswitch a gripping and fast paced documentary 242 Kathy Gill of GeekWire asserts that Killswitch is much more than a dry recitation of technical history Director Ali Akbarzadeh producer Jeff Horn and writer Chris Dollar created a human centered story A large part of that connection comes from Lessig and his relationship with Swartz 245 Other films Edit Patriot of the Web is an independent biographical film about Aaron Swartz written and directed by Darius Burke The film was released on September 15 2019 onto YouTube 246 247 Actor Shawn Mcclintock plays Aaron Swartz 248 249 non primary source needed The film had a limited video on demand release in December 2017 on Reelhouse 250 and in January 2018 on Pivotshare 251 Another biographical film about Swartz Think Aaron is being developed by HBO Films 252 Works EditSpecifications Edit Markdown Swartz was a major contributor to John Gruber s Markdown 253 254 a lightweight markup language for generating HTML and author of its html2text translator The syntax for Markdown was influenced by Swartz s earlier atx language 2002 255 which today is primarily remembered for its syntax for specifying headers known as atx style headers 256 Markdown itself remains in widespread use with websites such as Reddit and GitHub using it RDF XML at W3C In 2001 Swartz joined the RDFCore working group at the World Wide Web Consortium W3C 257 where he authored RFC 3870 Application RDF XML Media Type Registration The document described a new media type RDF XML designed to support the Semantic Web 258 Software Edit DeadDrop In 2011 2012 Swartz Kevin Poulsen and James Dolan designed and implemented DeadDrop a system that allows anonymous informants to send electronic documents without fear of disclosure In May 2013 the first instance of the software was launched by The New Yorker under the name Strongbox 259 260 261 The Freedom of the Press Foundation has since taken over development of the software which has been renamed SecureDrop 262 Tor2web In 2008 263 Swartz worked with Virgil Griffith to design and implement Tor2web an HTTP proxy for Tor hidden services The proxy was designed to provide easy access to Tor from a basic web browser 264 265 The software is now maintained by Giovanni Pellerano within the GlobaLeaks project Publications Edit Swartz Aaron Hendler James October 2001 The Semantic Web A network of content for the digital city Proceedings of the Second Annual Digital Cities Workshop Kyoto JP Blogspace Swartz Aaron January February 2002 MusicBrainz A Semantic Web service PDF IEEE Intelligent Systems 17 1 76 77 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 380 9338 doi 10 1109 5254 988466 ISSN 1541 1672 Gruber John Swartz Aaron December 2004 Markdown definition Daring Fireball Archived from the original on April 2 2004 Swartz Aaron July 2008 Guerilla Open Access Manifesto Swartz Aaron Hendler James 2009 Building programmable Web sites S F Morgan amp Claypool ISBN 978 1 59829 920 5 Swartz Aaron Interviewee We can change the world Video Archived from the original on December 21 2021 via YouTube Swartz Aaron Speaker May 21 2012 Keynote address at Freedom To Connect 2012 How we stopped SOPA Video D C Archived from the original on December 21 2021 via YouTube Swartz Aaron February 2013 2009 Aaron Swartz s A Programmable Web An Unfinished Work Synthesis Lectures on the Semantic Web Theory and Technology PDF Morgan amp Claypool Publishers 3 2 1 64 doi 10 2200 S00481ED1V01Y201302WBE005 S2CID 42502385 To Dan Connolly who not only created the Web but found time to teach it to me Swartz Aaron Lucchese Adriano November 2014 Raw Thought Raw Nerve Inside the Mind of Aaron Swartz PDF ePub New York City Discovery Publisher Swartz Aaron January 2016 The Boy Who Could Change the World The Writings of Aaron Swartz The New Press OL 25886237M See also Edit Scholia has a profile for Aaron Swartz Q302817 Alexandra Elbakyan List of Wikipedia people Sci Hub Shadow libraryNotes Edit Swartz involvement in Reddit is debated He is considered the co founder of Reddit by Y Combinator owner Paul Graham as a result of the merger of Swartz project Infogami and Reddit 3 With the merger of Infogami and Reddit Swartz became a co owner and director of parent company Not A Bug Inc along with Reddit cofounders Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian 4 Ohanian considers Swartz a co owner of Reddit 5 6 The MIT network administration office told MIT police that approximately 70 gigabytes of data had been downloaded 98 of which was from JSTOR 14 The first federal indictment alleged approximately 4 8 million articles 1 7 million of which were made available by independent publishers for purchase through JSTOR s Publisher Sales Service 15 The subsequent DOJ press release alleged over four million articles The superseding indictment removed the estimates and instead characterized the amount as a major portion of the total archive in which JSTOR had invested 15 References Edit a b c Yearwood Pauline February 22 2013 Brilliant life tragic death Chicago Jewish News p 1 Archived from the original on October 17 2013 Aaron Hillel Swartz was not depressed or suicidal a rabbi s wife who has known him since he was a child says At age 13 he won the ArsDigita Prize a competition for young people who create noncommercial websites a b Skaggs Paula January 16 2013 Aaron Swartz Remembered as Internet Activist who Changed the World Patch Archived from the original on December 15 2019 Retrieved November 23 2015 Lagorio Chafkin Christine 2018 We Are the Nerds The Birth and Tumultuous Life of Reddit the Internet s Culture Laboratory Hachette Books p 4 ISBN 978 0316435406 Archived from the original on August 19 2020 Retrieved May 20 2020 Not A Bug Inc Private company information Bloomberg Business October 31 2006 Archived from the original on June 9 2015 Retrieved May 30 2015 a b Singel Ryan July 19 2011 Feds Charge Activist as Hacker for Downloading Millions of Academic Articles Wired Archived from the original on January 15 2013 Retrieved January 12 2013 There was a third co founder of reddit Today I Learned Reddit October 18 2010 archived from the original on April 21 2017 retrieved August 25 2017 Aaron isn t a founder of reddit Lessig Lawrence December 22 2013 Why They Mattered Aaron Swartz Politico Retrieved November 29 2022 Then Aaron got lost in a story that Kafka could have penned a two year struggle with an over eager federal prosecutor keen to make an example out of this young man s delict but failing to see that instead he was making Aaron a martyr Guynn Jessica January 29 2013 A martyr in the fight for free online access to research Los Angeles Times Retrieved November 29 2022 O Brien Terrence June 27 2014 How Aaron Swartz went from internet activist to martyr Engadget Retrieved November 29 2022 Stoller Matt July 9 2014 Aaron Swartz and 21st Century Martyrdom Motherboard Retrieved November 29 2022 Lichfield Gideon January 14 2013 Why Aaron Swartz is becoming a martyr and why you should care Quartz Retrieved November 29 2022 Carey Bridget January 14 2013 Computer prodigy Aaron Swartz remembered CNET Retrieved November 29 2022 Gustin Sam January 13 2013 Aaron Swartz Tech Prodigy and Internet Activist Is Dead at 26 Time Retrieved November 29 2022 O Brien Terrence June 27 2014 How Aaron Swartz went from internet activist to martyr Engadget Retrieved November 29 2022 Amsden David February 15 2013 The Brilliant Life and Tragic Death of Aaron Swarz Rolling Stone Archived from the original on July 27 2018 Retrieved April 14 2021 As a teen programming prodigy he had helped to develop RSS the now ubiquitous tool allowing users to self syndicate information online and at 19 he was one of the builders of Reddit the social news site that was purchased by Conde Nast which turned Swartz into a millionaire before he could legally order a beer Schwartz John January 12 2013 Internet Activist a Creator of RSS Is Dead at 26 Apparently a Suicide The New York Times Archived from the original on January 12 2013 Retrieved January 13 2013 She called Mr Swartz a complicated prodigy and said graybeards approached him with awe Swartz Aaron Sociology or Anthropology Raw Thought Archived from the original on January 16 2013 Retrieved January 16 2013 Swartz Aaron May 13 2008 Simplistic Sociological Functionalism Raw Thought Archived from the original on January 16 2013 Retrieved January 16 2013 a b Seidman Bianca July 22 2011 Internet activist charged with hacking into MIT network Arlington Va Public Broadcasting Service Archived from the original on November 7 2017 Retrieved August 23 2017 Swartz was in the middle of a fellowship at Harvard s Edmond J Safra Center for Ethics in its Lab on Institutional Corruption a b Lab Fellows 2010 2011 Aaron Swartz Edmond J Safra Center for Ethics Harvard University 2010 Archived from the original on May 29 2013 During the fellowship year he will conduct experimental and ethnographic studies of the political system to prepare a monograph on the mechanisms of political corruption a b Gerstein Josh July 22 2011 MIT also pressing charges against hacking suspect Politico Archived from the original on September 12 2015 Retrieved August 27 2019 Swartz s alleged use of MIT facilities and Web connections to access the JSTOR database resulted in two state felony charges for breaking into a depository and breaking amp entering in the daytime according to local prosecutors a b c d e Commonwealth v Swartz 11 52CR73 amp 11 52CR75 MIT Police Incident Report 11 351 Mass Dist Ct nolle prosequi December 16 2011 Captain Albert P and Special Agent Pickett were able to apprehend the suspect at 24 Lee Street He was arrested for two counts of Breaking and Entering in the daytime with the intent to commit a felony a b c d e f g Indictment USA v Swartz 1 11 cr 10260 No 2 D Mass July 14 2011 MIT July 14 2011 Archived from the original on January 17 2013 Retrieved January 23 2013 Superseded by Superseding Indictment USA v Swartz 1 11 cr 10260 No 53 D Mass September 12 2012 Docketalarm com September 12 2012 Archived from the original on June 11 2020 Retrieved January 23 2013 US Attorney s Office District of Massachusetts July 19 2011 Alleged Hacker Charged With Stealing Over Four Million Documents from MIT Network Press release Archived from the original on May 26 2012 Retrieved January 17 2013 Timothy Lee Aaron Swartz and the Corrupt Practice of Plea Bargaining Forbes Archived from the original on October 7 2020 Retrieved September 27 2020 Aaron Swartz Tech Prodigy and Internet Activist Is Dead at 26 Time January 13 2013 Archived from the original on October 21 2019 Retrieved January 13 2013 Aaron Swartz internet freedom activist dies aged 26 BBC News January 13 2013 Archived from the original on January 13 2013 Retrieved January 13 2013 a b Internet Hall of Fame Announces 2013 Inductees Internet Hall of Fame June 26 2013 Archived from the original on March 21 2020 Retrieved August 3 2013 The Brilliant Life and Tragic Death of Aaron Swartz Rolling Stone February 15 2013 Archived from the original on October 4 2017 Retrieved August 23 2017 By Eternity Solomon January 13 2013 Israeli Life USA January 13 2013 Archived from the original on June 17 2018 Retrieved February 7 2021 a b Nelson Valerie J January 12 2013 Aaron Swartz dies at 26 Internet folk hero founded Reddit Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on January 13 2014 Retrieved February 20 2020 Repairing the World Was Aaron Swartz s Calling Haaretz Retrieved September 19 2021 a b c Swartz Aaron September 27 2007 How to get a job like mine blog Aaron Swartz Archived from the original on October 11 2007 We negotiated for months I started going crazy from having to think so much about money The company almost fell apart before the deal went through Reddit co creator Aaron Swartz dies from suicide Chicago Tribune January 13 2013 Archived from the original on April 9 2016 Retrieved January 14 2013 Skaggs Paula January 15 2013 Internet activist Aaron Swartz s teachers remember brilliant student Patch Northbrook Ill Archived from the original on November 4 2018 Retrieved May 30 2015 Swartz attended North Shore Country Day School through 9th grade Swartz Aaron January 14 2002 It s always cool to run Weblog Aaron Swartz Archived from the original on October 31 2018 Retrieved March 23 2013 I would have been in 10th grade this year Now I m taking a couple classes at a local college The Brilliant Life and Tragic Death of Aaron Swarz Penske Media Corporation February 15 2013 Archived from the original on July 27 2018 Retrieved April 14 2021 Second ArsDigita Prize 2000 Finalists and Winners December 1 2001 Archived from the original on December 1 2001 Retrieved March 6 2016 Schofield Jack January 13 2013 Aaron Swartz obituary The Guardian London Archived from the original on September 20 2016 Retrieved December 10 2016 At 13 he won an ArsDigita prize for creating a non commercial website RSS creator Aaron Swartz dead at 26 Harvard Magazine January 14 2013 Archived from the original on November 28 2017 Retrieved February 17 2014 Swartz helped create RSS a family of Web feed formats used to publish frequently updated works blog entries news headlines in a standardized format at the age of 14 Lessig Lawrence January 12 2013 Remembering Aaron Swartz Creative Commons Archived from the original on December 4 2015 Retrieved November 1 2017 Aaron was one of the early architects of Creative Commons As a teenager he helped design the code layer to our licenses Sekhri Aaron January 14 2013 Aaron Swartz prodigy and drop out takes own life The Stanford Daily Archived from the original on March 20 2019 Retrieved March 20 2019 a b Ryan Singel September 13 2005 Stars Rise at Startup Summer Camp Wired Archived from the original on November 30 2014 Retrieved December 19 2014 Grehan Rick August 10 2011 Pillars of Python Web py Web framework InfoWorld Archived from the original on November 28 2017 Retrieved May 29 2015 Web py the brainchild of Aaron Swartz who developed it while working at Reddit com describes itself as a minimalist s framework Test Center Scorecard Capability 7 Ease of Development 9 Documentation 7 Overall Score 7 6 Good a b Swartz Aaron 2007 Introducing Infogami Infogami CondeNet Archived from the original on December 24 2007 A passion for your users brings good karma Interview with Alexis Ohanian co founder of reddit com StartupStories November 11 2006 Archived from the original on August 23 2007 Breaking News Conde Nast Wired Acquires Reddit Techcrunch October 31 2006 Archived from the original on February 15 2018 Retrieved June 25 2017 Lenssen Philipp 2007 A Chat with Aaron Swartz Google Blogoscoped Archived from the original on April 27 2010 Retrieved May 11 2010 Aaron Swartz s Jottit has been officially released Reddit 2007 Archived from the original on April 18 2016 Retrieved October 20 2015 Klein Sam July 24 2011 Aaron Swartz vs United States The Longest Now Weblogs at Harvard Law School Archived from the original on January 29 2013 Retrieved February 7 2013 He founded watchdog net to aggregate data about politicians including where their money comes from The team Watchdog net Archived from the original on December 23 2008 Founder Aaron Swartz We re funded by a grant from the Sunlight Network and the Sunlight Foundation Norton Quinn March 3 2013 Life inside the Aaron Swartz investigation The Atlantic D C Archived from the original on June 17 2018 Retrieved March 8 2013 a b c McVeigh Karen Aaron Swartz s partner accuses US of delaying investigation into prosecution Archived March 11 2017 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian March 1 2013 Retrieved May 20 2015 a b Swartz Aaron July 2008 Guerilla Open Access Manifesto Internet Archive We need to buy secret databases and put them on the Web We need to download scientific journals and upload them to file sharing networks Murphy Samantha July 22 2011 Guerilla activist releases 18 000 scientific papers MIT Technology Review In a 2008 Guerilla Open Access Manifesto Swartz called for activists to fight back against services that held academic papers hostage behind paywalls Leopold Jason January 18 2013 Aaron Swartz s FOIA Requests Shed Light on His Struggle The Public Record Archived from the original on January 22 2013 Retrieved January 23 2013 FOI Request Records related to Bradley Manning Muckrock Archived from the original on October 17 2013 Retrieved January 23 2013 a b c Lee Timothy B The inside story of Aaron Swartz s campaign to liberate court filings Archived June 16 2018 at the Wayback Machine Ars Technica February 8 2013 Retrieved March 8 2013 Will Wrigley February 7 2013 Darrell Issa Praises Aaron Swartz Internet Freedom at Memorial HuffPost Archived from the original on February 11 2013 Retrieved February 21 2013 a b c d e f g h Schwartz John February 12 2009 An Effort to Upgrade a Court Archive System to Free and Easy The New York Times Archived from the original on October 21 2018 Retrieved January 12 2013 a b c d e f g Singeln Ryan October 5 2009 FBI Investigated Coder for Liberating Paywalled Court Records Wired Archived from the original on February 11 2014 Retrieved January 12 2013 Johnson Bobbie November 11 2009 Recap Cracking open US courtrooms The Guardian London Archived from the original on October 8 2018 Retrieved December 10 2016 Project Free Law RECAP Project Turning PACER Around Since 2009 Free Law Project Retrieved December 20 2022 Malamud Carl January 24 2013 Aaron s Army Speech Memorial for Aaron Swartz at the Internet Archive San Francisco Archived from the original on September 11 2018 Retrieved January 27 2013 Malamud Carl March 30 2013 On Crime and Access to Knowledge An Unpublished Essay Archived from the original on March 26 2016 Retrieved March 17 2015 Timothy Lee Bio Archived from the original on October 8 2018 Retrieved May 6 2016 Progressive Change Campaign Committee Statement on the Passing of Aaron Swartz Archived from the original on December 22 2015 Retrieved November 19 2014 How to Get a Job Like Mine Aaron Swartz s Raw Thought aaronsw com Archived from the original on October 31 2018 Retrieved July 11 2013 BoldProgressives September 23 2009 Victory HonorKennedy com Archived from the original on April 23 2017 Retrieved November 15 2013 via YouTube Eckersley Peter January 12 2013 Farewell to Aaron Swartz an Extraordinary Hacker and activist Deeplinks Blog Electronic Frontier Foundation Archived from the original on November 25 2018 Retrieved May 29 2013 Matthews Laura July 19 2011 Who is Aaron Swartz the JSTOR MIT Hacker International Business Times Archived from the original on January 12 2013 Retrieved January 13 2013 Our Mission blog Demand Progress Archived from the original on October 29 2018 Retrieved May 30 2015 a b Sleight Graham February 1 2013 Homeland by Cory Doctorow The Washington Post Archived from the original on June 16 2018 Retrieved August 23 2017 As Doctorow made clear in his eloquent obituary he drew on advice from Swartz in setting out how his protagonist could use the information now available about voters to create a grass roots anti establishment political campaign One of the book s two afterwords is by Swartz a b c Wagner Daniel Verena Dobnik January 13 2013 Swartz death fuels debate over computer crime Associated Press Archived from the original on March 30 2013 Retrieved February 26 2013 JSTOR s attorney Mary Jo White formerly the top federal prosecutor in Manhattan had called the lead Boston prosecutor in the case and asked him to drop it said Peters a b Swartz Aaron May 21 2012 How we stopped SOPA video Keynote address at the Freedom To Connect 2012 conference New York Democracy Now Archived from the original on November 1 2018 Retrieved January 27 2013 T he Combating Online Infringement and Counterfeiting Act was introduced on September 20th 2010 And then it began being called PIPA and eventually SOPA a b Aaron Swartz interviewee amp Amy Goodman May 21 2012 Freedom to Connect Aaron Swartz 1986 2013 on victory to save open Internet fight online censors Video N Y C Democracy Now Archived from the original on January 20 2013 Swartz Aaron August 16 2012 How we stopped SOPA video Speech at ThoughtWorks New York Yahoo Archived from the original on June 15 2018 Retrieved November 15 2013 Remembering Aaron Swartz thewikipedian net January 15 2013 Archived from the original on January 13 2018 Retrieved February 7 2013 Wikimedia Foundation elections Board elections 2006 Results en Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees Election September 24 2006 6th 423 18 AaronSw Aaron Swartz a b c Swartz Aaron September 4 2006 Who Writes Wikipedia Raw Thought Archived from the original on August 3 2014 Retrieved January 12 2013 Blodget Henry January 3 2009 Who The Hell Writes Wikipedia Anyway Business Insider Archived from the original on July 30 2012 Retrieved January 12 2013 Terms and Conditions of Use JSTOR New York ITHAKA January 15 2013 Archived from the original on September 16 2015 Retrieved August 29 2017 JSTOR s integrated digital platform is a trusted digital repository providing for long term preservation and access to scholarly materials journal issues manuscripts and monographs spatial geographic information systems data plant specimens a b c Larissa MacFarquhar March 11 2013 Requiem for a dream The tragedy of Aaron Swartz The New Yorker Archived from the original on July 21 2014 Swartz wrote a script that instructed his computer to download articles continuously something that was forbidden by JSTOR s terms of service He spoofed the computer s address This happened several times MIT traced the requests to his laptop which he had hidden in an unlocked closet JSTOR July 30 2013 JSTOR Evidence in United States vs Aaron Swartz Page 136 PDF 1 6 Archived PDF from the original on April 2 2016 Retrieved March 21 2017 via archive org details JSTORSwartzEvidenceAllDocs Archive org JSTOR July 30 2013 JSTOR Evidence in United States vs Aaron Swartz Page 134 PDF 1 6 Archived PDF from the original on April 2 2016 Retrieved March 21 2017 via archive org details JSTORSwartzEvidenceAllDocs Archive org Lindsay Jay July 19 2011 Feds Harvard fellow hacked millions of papers Boston Associated Press Archived from the original on January 16 2013 Retrieved January 15 2013 JSTOR Statement Misuse Incident and Criminal Case JSTOR Archived from the original on January 12 2013 Retrieved January 12 2013 a b Cohen Noam January 20 2013 How M I T ensnared a hacker bucking a freewheeling culture The New York Times p A1 Archived from the original on October 6 2018 Retrieved February 23 2017 Suspect is seen on camera entering network closet in an unlocked building Within a mile of MIT he was stopped by an MIT police captain and U S Secret Service agent Pickett Peters Justin February 7 2013 The Idealist Aaron Swartz wanted to save the world Why couldn t he save himself Slate N Y C 6 Archived from the original on February 10 2013 Retrieved February 10 2013 The superseding indictment claimed that Swartz had contrived to break into a restricted access wiring closet at MIT But the closet door had been unlocked and remained unlocked even after the university and authorities were aware that someone had been in there trying to access the school s network a b Merritt Jeralyn January 14 2013 MIT to conduct internal probe on its role in Aaron Swartz case TalkLeft blog Att y Jeralyn Merritt Archived from the original on October 16 2017 Retrieved April 7 2013 The wiring closet was not locked and was accessible to the public If you look at the pictures supplied by the Government you can see graffiti on one wall JSTOR Statement Misuse Incident and Criminal Case JSTOR July 19 2011 Archived from the original on January 12 2013 Retrieved January 12 2013 Aaron Swartz Internet Pioneer Found Dead Amid Prosecutor Bullying In Unconventional Case HuffPost January 12 2013 Archived from the original on May 29 2018 Retrieved February 20 2020 JSTOR July 30 2013 JSTOR Evidence in United States vs Aaron Swartz PDF 1 6 Archived PDF from the original on April 2 2016 Retrieved March 21 2017 via archive org details JSTORSwartzEvidenceAllDocs Archive org JSTOR July 30 2013 JSTOR Evidence in United States vs Aaron Swartz Page 3142 PDF 1 6 Archived PDF from the original on April 2 2016 Retrieved March 21 2017 via archive org details JSTORSwartzEvidenceAllDocs Archive org JSTOR July 30 2013 JSTOR Evidence in United States vs Aaron Swartz Page 3143 PDF 1 6 Archived PDF from the original on April 2 2016 Retrieved March 21 2017 via archive org details JSTORSwartzEvidenceAllDocs Archive org JSTOR July 30 2013 JSTOR Evidence in United States vs Aaron Swartz Page 3127 PDF 1 6 Archived PDF from the original on April 2 2016 Retrieved March 21 2017 via archive org details JSTORSwartzEvidenceAllDocs Archive org JSTOR July 30 2013 JSTOR Evidence in United States vs Aaron Swartz Page 3128 PDF 1 6 Archived PDF from the original on April 2 2016 Retrieved March 21 2017 via archive org details JSTORSwartzEvidenceAllDocs Archive org JSTOR July 30 2013 JSTOR Evidence in United States vs Aaron Swartz Page 3129 PDF 1 6 Archived PDF from the original on April 2 2016 Retrieved March 21 2017 via archive org details JSTORSwartzEvidenceAllDocs Archive org JSTOR July 30 2013 JSTOR Evidence in United States vs Aaron Swartz Page 3136 PDF 1 6 Archived PDF from the original on April 2 2016 Retrieved March 21 2017 via archive org details JSTORSwartzEvidenceAllDocs Archive org Hak Susana Paz Gabriella January 26 2011 Compilation of December 15 2010 January 20 2011 PDF Hak De Paz Police Log Compilations MIT Crime Club p 6 Archived PDF from the original on March 17 2016 Retrieved January 22 2013 January 6 2 20 pm Aaron Swartz was arrested at 24 Lee Street as a suspect for breaking and entering Singel Ryan February 27 2011 Rogue academic downloader busted by MIT webcam stakeout arrest report says Wired N Y C Archived from the original on March 22 2014 Retrieved March 5 2017 Swartz is accused of stealing the articles by attaching a laptop directly to a network switch in a restricted room though neither the police report nor the indictment mentions a door lock or signage indicating the room is off limits Bilton Nick July 19 2011 Internet Activist Charged in Data Theft Boston Bits Blog The New York Times Company Archived from the original on July 21 2011 Retrieved July 19 2011 Hawkinson John November 18 2011 Swartz indicted for breaking and entering The Tech MIT p 11 Archived from the original on April 22 2017 Retrieved May 18 2013 Swartz was indicted in Middlesex Superior Court for breaking and entering larceny over 250 and unauthorized access to a computer network Cambridge man indicted on breaking amp entering charges larceny charges in connection with data theft Press release Middlesex District Attorney November 17 2011 Archived from the original on June 16 2018 Retrieved May 30 2015 Swartz was indicted today on charges of Breaking and Entering with Intent to Commit a Felony Larceny over 250 and Unauthorized Access to a Computer Network by a Middlesex Superior Grand Jury a b Hawkinson John State drops charges against Swartz federal charges remain Archived November 19 2015 at the Wayback Machine The Tech March 16 2012 Retrieved May 14 2013 Bombardieri Marcella March 30 2014 The inside story of MIT and Aaron Swartz Boston Globe Archived from the original on November 19 2015 Retrieved November 19 2015 US Government Ups Felony Count in JSTOR Aaron Swartz Case From Four To Thirteen Tech dirt September 17 2012 Archived from the original on January 12 2013 Retrieved January 12 2013 a b Zetter Kim January 29 2013 Congress Demands Justice Department Explain Aaron Swartz Prosecution Threat Level Wired Archived from the original on January 31 2013 Retrieved February 1 2013 Smith Spark Laura Prosecutor defends case against Aaron Swartz CNN Archived from the original on August 30 2014 Retrieved June 13 2014 Cullen Kevin Ellement John MIT hacking case lawyer says Aaron Swartz was offered plea deal of six months behind bars Boston Globe Boston Globe Media Partners LLC Archived from the original on July 21 2014 Retrieved June 13 2014 Dealing With Aaron Swartz in the Nixonian Tradition Overzealous Overcharging Leads to a Tragic Result Archived January 26 2013 at the Wayback Machine Justia John Dean January 25 2013 Retrieved September 18 2020 Boeri David February 20 2013 Ortiz Under Fire Critics Say Swartz Tragedy Is Evidence Of Troublesome Pattern WBUR Archived from the original on November 2 2013 Retrieved May 16 2014 Landergan Katherine January 14 2013 US District Court drops charges against Aaron Swartz MIT Your Campus The Boston Globe Archived from the original on October 8 2013 Retrieved January 23 2013 United States v Swartz 1 11 cr 10260 106 D Mass filed January 14 2013 Poulsen Kevin December 4 2013 This Is the MIT Surveillance Video That Undid Aaron Swartz Wired Archived from the original on December 5 2013 Retrieved December 7 2013 a b Kemp Joe Trapasso Clare Mcshane Larry January 12 2013 Aaron Swartz co founder of Reddit and online activist hangs himself in Brooklyn apartment authorities say Daily News New York Archived from the original on January 14 2013 Retrieved January 14 2013 Swartz left no note before his Friday morning death in the seventh floor apartment at a luxury Sullivan Place building police sources said a b Co founder of Reddit Aaron Swartz found dead News CBS January 13 2013 Archived from the original on January 13 2013 Retrieved January 12 2013 Lessig Lawrence January 12 2013 Prosecutor as bully Archived from the original on January 12 2013 Retrieved January 12 2013 Schwartz John January 12 2013 Internet Activist a Creator of RSS Is Dead at 26 Apparently a Suicide The New York Times Archived from the original on January 12 2013 Retrieved January 13 2013 Gustin Sam January 14 2013 MIT orders review of Aaron Swartz suicide as soul searching begins Time Archived from the original on January 16 2013 Retrieved January 16 2013 Lessig Lawrence January 12 2013 Prosecutor as bully Lessig Blog v2 Archived from the original on January 12 2013 Retrieved January 12 2013 Aaron consulted me as a friend and lawyer M y obligations to Harvard created a conflict that made it impossible for me to continue as a lawyer I get wrong But I also get proportionality Doctorow Cory January 12 2013 RIP Aaron Swartz Boing Boing archived from the original on January 17 2013 retrieved January 16 2013 Thomas Owen January 12 2013 Family of Aaron Swartz Blames MIT Prosecutors For His Death Business Insider Archived from the original on January 14 2013 Retrieved January 12 2013 Gallardo Michelle January 15 2013 Aaron Swartz Reddit co founder remembered at funeral ABC News Archived from the original on November 9 2014 Retrieved January 15 2013 Aaron Swartz Memorial Ice Cream Social Hour Free Software Foundation working together for free software Fsf org Archived from the original on January 18 2013 Retrieved January 18 2013 Aaron Swartz Tribute Hundreds Honor Information Activist HuffPost January 19 2013 Archived from the original on November 9 2014 Retrieved January 20 2013 a b Ante Spencer Anjali Athavaley Joe Palazzolo January 14 2013 Legal case strained troubled activist The Wall Street Journal p B1 Archived from the original on August 26 2017 Retrieved August 3 2017 With the government s position hardening Mr Swartz realized that he would have to face a costly public trial He would need to ask for help financing his defense Hsieh Steven Why Did the Justice System Target Aaron Swartz Archived August 20 2017 at the Wayback Machine Rolling Stone January 23 2013 Retrieved January 26 2013 Peltz Jennifer January 19 2013 Aaron Swartz Tribute Hundreds Honor Information Activist Associated Press Archived from the original on January 22 2013 Retrieved February 8 2013 Fishman Rob January 19 2013 Grief And Anger at Aaron Swartz s Memorial BuzzFeed Archived from the original on January 23 2013 Retrieved January 26 2013 Aaron Swartz Memorial at the Internet Archive Part 1 January 24 2013 retrieved November 24 2021 Kahle Brewster January 12 2013 Aaron Swartz hero of the open world dies Internet Archive Blogs Archived from the original on January 12 2013 Retrieved November 24 2021 Memorial for Aaron Swartz Internet Archive Blogs January 15 2013 Retrieved January 18 2013 Aaron Swartz DC Memorial Aaronswartzdcmemorial eventbrite com Archived from the original on February 4 2013 Retrieved February 1 2013 Farrell Henry January 29 2013 Aaron Swartz Memorial in Washington DC Crooked Timber Archived from the original on February 15 2013 Retrieved February 1 2013 a b c Gross Grant Lawmakers pledge to change hacking law during Swartz memorial Archived November 11 2013 at the Wayback Machine InfoWorld February 5 2013 Retrieved February 5 2013 a b c Carter Zach February 5 2013 Aaron Swartz Memorial on Capitol Hill Draws Darrell Issa Elizabeth Warren HuffPost Archived from the original on February 5 2013 Retrieved February 5 2013 Taren Stinebrickner Kauffman March 13 2013 TarenSK MIT Memorial Service Archived from the original on June 12 2013 Retrieved March 15 2013 including links to video of the ceremony speeches Rob Fishman January 19 2013 Grief And Anger at Aaron Swartz s Memorial BuzzFeed Archived from the original on October 19 2013 Retrieved July 16 2014 Holden Karnofsky January 16 2013 In memory of Aaron Swartz Archived from the original on August 27 2014 Retrieved July 16 2014 Ortiz Carmen M January 16 2013 Statement Of United States Attorney Carmen M Ortiz Regarding The Death Of Aaron Swartz www justice gov Archived from the original on December 15 2014 Retrieved November 24 2021 a b Remember Aaron Swartz Tumblr Archived from the original on January 13 2013 Retrieved January 12 2013 Guy Sandra January 15 2013 Aaron Swartz was killed by government father says at funeral Chicago Sun Times Archived from the original on August 24 2014 Swartz s father said that at a school event 3 year old Aaron read to his parents while all of the other parents read to their children Murphey Shelly US attorney s husband stirs Twitter storm on Swartz case Archived October 9 2020 at the Wayback Machine Boston Globe January 16 2013 Retrieved January 17 2013 Pierce Charles P January 17 2013 Still More About The Death Of Aaron Swartz Archived September 18 2014 at the Wayback Machine Esquire Retrieved January 18 2013 Swartz death fuels debate over computer crime USA Today January 14 2013 Archived from the original on January 21 2013 Retrieved January 29 2013 Smith Gerry January 15 2013 Aaron Swartz case snowballed out of MIT s hands source says HuffPost Archived from the original on January 16 2013 Retrieved January 16 2013 President Reif writes to MIT community regarding Aaron Swartz Press release MIT January 13 2013 Archived from the original on February 14 2021 Retrieved April 7 2013 I have asked Abelson to lead a thorough analysis of MIT s involvement from the time that we first perceived unusual activity on our network in fall 2010 homepage Swartz Review MIT January 23 2013 Archived from the original on February 6 2013 IS amp T has created this web site so community members can suggest questions and issues to guide the review What questions should MIT be asking at this stage of the Aaron Swartz review Nanos Janelle January 24 2013 MIT prof announces plans for Swartz review A website is launched allowing for discussion of how his case was handled Boston Magazine Archived from the original on October 16 2017 Retrieved April 7 2013 MIT and Aaron Swartz s lawyers argue over releasing evidence Techdirt March 20 2013 Archived from the original on March 23 2013 Retrieved March 24 2013 Rebecca Greenfield March 19 2013 MIT s peace offering of Aaron Swartz documents still won t be enough The Atlantic Wire Archived from the original on April 12 2015 Retrieved March 24 2013 Report Details MIT s Involvement in the Aaron Swartz Case alum mit edu August 2013 Archived from the original on August 29 2013 Retrieved September 7 2016 Schwartz John July 30 2013 M I T Releases Report on Its Role in the Case of Aaron Swartz The New York Times Archived from the original on July 30 2013 Retrieved July 30 2013 MIT releases report on its actions in the Aaron Swartz case MIT news MIT News Office July 30 2013 Archived from the original on August 3 2013 Retrieved July 30 2013 Report to the President MIT and the Prosecution of Aaron Swartz PDF Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2013 Archived PDF from the original on December 29 2014 Retrieved July 30 2013 Grandoni Dino January 15 2013 Tom Dolan Husband of Aaron Swartz s Prosecutor HuffPost archived from the original on January 16 2013 retrieved January 16 2013 McCullagh Declan Prosecutor in Aaron Swartz hacking case comes under fire Archived February 21 2014 at the Wayback Machine CNET January 15 2013 Retrieved January 17 2013 Stout Matt Ortiz We never intended full penalty for Swartz Archived January 18 2013 at the Wayback Machine Boston Herald January 17 2013 Retrieved January 17 2013 Barnes James Hacker s suicide linked to overzealous prosecutors Archived August 19 2018 at the Wayback Machine The Global Legal Post January 15 2013 Retrieved January 17 2013 Dobuzinskis Alex P J Huffstutter January 13 2013 Internet activist programmer Aaron Swartz dead at 26 Reuters Archived from the original on September 24 2015 Retrieved June 30 2017 That belief that information should be shared and available for the good of society prompted Swartz to found the nonprofit group Demand Progress Vartanian Hrag February 7 2013 A roller tribute to two digital anarchist heroes Brooklyn NY Hyperallergic Archived from the original on June 5 2013 Retrieved June 1 2013 Yuval Noah Harari April 18 2013 Data Processing Part 1 Video YouTube Archived from the original on December 24 2018 Retrieved September 27 2018 Keilman John January 18 2016 Legacy of open access activist still growing Chicago Tribune p 3 Archived from the original on November 22 2018 Retrieved April 16 2020 Anonymous hacks MIT Web sites to post Aaron Swartz tribute call to arms The Washington Post Archived from the original on October 19 2014 Retrieved January 13 2013 Kao Joanna January 19 2013 MIT email was down for 10 hours last night Mystery Hunt temporarily affected Tech Blogs MIT Archived from the original on February 17 2013 A mail loop caused by a series of malformed email messages led to an exhaustion of system resources Aush0k TibitXimer January 22 2013 R I P Aaron Swartz harvard edu Archived from the original on June 27 2017 hacked by aush0k and tibitximer Swartz Aaron August 2 2009 Life in a world of pervasive immorality The ethics of being alive Raw Thought Aaron Swartz s Weblog Archived from the original on October 31 2018 Retrieved January 24 2013 Is there sense in following the rules or are they just another example of the world s pervasive immorality Kao Joanna January 23 2013 MIT DNS hacked traffic redirected The Tech MIT p 1 Archived from the original on December 23 2017 Retrieved January 24 2013 From 11 58 a m to 1 05 pm MIT s DNS was redirected to CloudFlare where the hackers had configured servers to return a Harvard IP address By 7 15 pm CloudFlare removed the mail mit edu record which referred to the machine at KAIST Reported by Sabari Selvan United States Sentencing Commission ussc gov hacked and defaced by Anonymous Security updates Ehackingnews com Archived from the original on January 29 2013 Retrieved January 29 2013 Hackers take over sentencing commission website Associated Press January 26 2013 Archived from the original on October 18 2014 Retrieved January 26 2013 Two weeks ago today a line was crossed the statement said Aarons ArkAngel January 26 2013 Anonymous Operation Last Resort Anonymous hacked USSC GOV Flash video Archived from the original on August 24 2018 Retrieved November 15 2013 via YouTube Anonymous hackers target US agency site BBC News January 26 2013 Archived from the original on September 26 2018 Retrieved June 20 2018 The hackers said the site was chosen for symbolic reasons The federal sentencing guidelines enable prosecutors to cheat citizens of their constitutionally guaranteed right to a fair trial the video statement said Stanza Arrow January 6 2014 Springer Link hacked in honor of Aaron Swartz Press release Slashdot Archived from the original on January 14 2014 Retrieved January 14 2014 The material is published in honor of Aaron Swartz in springer lta co nf Author s pseudonym is an anagram of aaron swartz Petition Remove United States District Attorney Carmen Ortiz from office for overreach in the case of Aaron Swartz Wh gov January 12 2013 Archived from the original on February 18 2013 Retrieved January 20 2013 Smith Gerry January 13 2013 Were The Charges Against Internet Activist Aaron Swartz Too Severe HuffPost Archived from the original on August 5 2016 Retrieved February 20 2020 Fire Assistant U S Attorney Steve Heymann White House January 12 2013 Archived from the original on October 19 2013 Retrieved January 29 2013 Glenn Greenwald January 16 2013 Carmen Ortiz and Stephen Heymann accountability for prosecutorial abuse guardian co uk The Guardian London Archived from the original on August 4 2013 Retrieved January 29 2013 Convicted hacker Stephen Watt on Aaron Swartz It s just not justice VentureBeat January 25 2013 Archived from the original on January 20 2013 Retrieved January 29 2013 Fung Brian Peterson Andrea January 8 2015 After long delay Obama declines to rule on petition calling for firing of DOJ officials over Aaron Swartz s suicide The Washington Post Archived from the original on January 16 2015 Retrieved March 13 2015 Rosenblatt Seth November 9 2013 Call to action kicks off second Aaron Swartz hackathon CNET News Archived from the original on November 10 2013 Retrieved November 10 2013 Guthrie Weissman Cale November 8 2013 Tonight begins the second annual Aaron Swartz hackathon Pando Daily Archived from the original on December 3 2013 Retrieved November 10 2013 Aaron Swartz Hackathon Archived from the original on March 29 2014 Retrieved November 9 2013 Higgins Parker November 6 2001 Aaron Swartz Hackathons This Weekend to Continue his Work Electronic Frontier Foundation EFF Archived from the original on November 10 2013 Retrieved November 10 2013 Rocheleau Matt October 21 2013 In Aaron Swartz memory hackathons to be held across globe including at MIT next month Boston Archived from the original on October 25 2013 Retrieved November 10 2013 Worldwide Aaron Swartz Memorial Hackathon Series Noisebridge Archived from the original on November 8 2013 Retrieved November 9 2013 Aaron projects Noisebridge Archived from the original on November 10 2013 Retrieved November 9 2013 Lessig Lawrence January 10 2014 Aaron s Walk The New Hampshire Rebellion HuffPost Archived from the original on July 31 2014 Retrieved September 5 2014 Boyko Brian January 11 2014 It Begins Thank you Archived from the original on September 4 2014 Retrieved September 5 2014 Information Power to The People Ahmet Ogut s website Archived from the original on April 3 2019 Retrieved March 31 2019 Links scraped from Twitter hashtag pdftribute PDFTribute Archived from the original on January 15 2013 Retrieved January 15 2013 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link Cutler Kim Mai January 13 2013 PDF tribute to Aaron Swartz attracts roughly 1 500 links to copyright protected research TechCrunch Archived from the original on November 4 2018 Retrieved June 25 2017 a b Musil Steven January 13 2013 Researchers honor Swartz s memory with PDF protest CNet News Archived from the original on February 14 2014 Retrieved January 14 2013 Vivalt Eva January 12 2013 In memoriam Aid Economics Eva Vivalt Archived from the original on March 13 2013 Who we are aidgrade org 2012 Archived from the original on October 17 2013 Retrieved April 7 2013 Ohlheiser Abby January 14 2013 Aaron Swartz death pdftribute hashtag aggregates copyrighted articles released online in tribute to internet activist Slate Archived from the original on January 15 2013 Retrieved January 16 2013 Economie de la publication scientifique et libre acces un debat relance par la mort d Aaron Swartz Slate in French January 21 2013 Archived from the original on October 8 2018 Retrieved October 8 2018 Aaron Swartz Lessig Lawrence Bortolotti Marie Mathilde Szidon Amarante March 22 2017 Celui qui pourrait changer le monde Aaron Swartz ecrits 1986 2013 Editions B42 DL 2017 ISBN 9782917855775 OCLC 993094009 La controverse en matiere de publication des articles scientifiques Archived from the original on October 8 2018 Retrieved October 8 2018 Manjoo Farhad How MIT Can Honor Aaron Swartz Archived August 19 2018 at the Wayback Machine Slate January 31 2013 Retrieved May 9 2013 Chan Jennifer To honor Aaron Swartz let knowledge go free U S News amp World Report 1 February 2013 Archived August 19 2018 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved February 2 2013 Project Free Law RECAP Project Turning PACER Around recapthelaw org Archived from the original on May 9 2016 Retrieved April 4 2013 Kopfstein Janus March 13 2013 Aaron Swartz to receive posthumous Freedom of Information award for open access advocacy The Verge Archived from the original on March 15 2013 Retrieved March 24 2013 James Madison Award Ala org January 17 2013 Archived from the original on March 22 2013 Retrieved March 24 2013 Entire library journal editorial board resigns citing crisis of conscience after death of Aaron Swartz The Verge March 26 2013 Archived from the original on December 31 2013 Retrieved August 29 2017 New Jake March 26 2013 Journal s Editorial Board Resigns in Protest of Publisher s Policy Toward Authors The Chronicle of Higher Education Archived from the original on January 8 2014 Retrieved May 30 2015 It was just days after Aaron Swartz death and I was having a crisis of conscience about publishing in a journal that was not open access Feral Librarian March 23 2013 Archived from the original on August 24 2014 Retrieved November 19 2014 Swartz Aaron If I get hit by a truck Archived from the original on January 17 2003 Retrieved May 29 2016 Aaron Swartz The Economist January 19 2013 Archived from the original on January 19 2013 Retrieved January 20 2013 a b Sasso Brendan Jennifer Martinez January 15 2013 Lawmakers slam DOJ prosecution of Swartz as ridiculous absurd Hillicon Valley The Hill Archived from the original on April 17 2014 Retrieved January 16 2013 a b Reilly Ryan J January 15 2013 Darrell Issa Probing Prosecution of Aaron Swartz Internet Pioneer Who Killed Himself HuffPost Archived from the original on January 20 2013 Retrieved January 20 2013 United States Senator John Cornyn Texas United States Senator John Cornyn Texas Archived from the original on September 23 2015 Retrieved January 19 2013 Pearce Matt January 18 2013 Aaron Swartz suicide has U S lawmakers scrutinizing prosecutors Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on January 20 2013 Retrieved January 20 2013 Carter Zach January 18 2013 John Cornyn Criticizes Eric Holder Over Aaron Swartz s Death HuffPost Archived from the original on January 20 2013 Retrieved January 20 2013 Top senator scolds Holder over Reddit founder s suicide The Washington Times January 18 2013 Archived from the original on January 19 2013 Retrieved January 20 2013 Issa letter to Holder on Aaron Swartz case PDF Archived from the original PDF on February 28 2013 Retrieved February 1 2013 Boeri David and David Frank Ortiz Under Fire Critics Say Swartz Tragedy Is Evidence Of Troublesome Pattern Archived November 2 2013 at the Wayback Machine WBUR February 20 2013 Retrieved February 24 2013 a b c Reilly Ryan J Aaron Swartz Prosecutors Weighed Guerilla Manifesto Justice Official Tells Congressional Committee Archived June 25 2018 at the Wayback Machine HuffPost February 22 2013 Retrieved March 2 2013 a b c Masnick Mike DOJ Admits It Had To Put Aaron Swartz In Jail To Save Face Over The Arrest Archived June 25 2018 at the Wayback Machine techdirt February 25 2013 Retrieved March 2 2013 Masnick Mike March 7 2013 Holder DOJ used discretion in bullying Swartz press lacked discretion in quoting facts Techdirt Archived from the original on November 8 2018 Retrieved April 12 2013 Masnick Mike March 8 2013 Aaron Swartz s partner accuses DOJ of lying seizing evidence without a warrant amp withholding exculpatory evidence Techdirt Archived from the original on November 8 2018 Retrieved June 28 2019 Carter Zach March 22 2013 Al Franken Sends Eric Holder Letter Over Remarkably Aggressive Aaron Swartz Prosecution HuffPost Archived from the original on March 25 2013 Retrieved March 24 2013 H R 2454 at Congress gov H R 2454 Archived July 15 2018 at the Wayback Machine at GovTrack H R 2454 Archived November 12 2013 at the Wayback Machine at OpenCongress S 1196 at Congress gov S 1196 Archived July 15 2018 at the Wayback Machine at GovTrack S 1196 Archived November 12 2013 at the Wayback Machine at OpenCongress Musil Steven November 30 2011 New Aaron s Law aims to alter controversial computer fraud law Internet amp Media News CNET Archived from the original on January 16 2013 Retrieved January 16 2013 Greenberg Andrew Andy January 16 2013 Aaron s Law Suggests Reforms To Computer Fraud Act But Not Enough To Have Protected Aaron Swartz Forbes Archived from the original on January 20 2013 Retrieved January 16 2013 Kerr Oren Aaron s Law Drafting the Best Limits of the CFAA And A Reader Poll on A Few Examples Archived August 19 2018 at the Wayback Machine Volokh Conspiracy January 27 2013 Retrieved April 23 2013 Help Protect The Next Aaron Swartz Aclu org January 11 2013 Archived from the original on February 5 2013 Retrieved February 7 2013 Reform Draconian Computer Crime Law Action eff org Archived from the original on February 7 2013 Retrieved February 7 2013 Video of Lawrence Lessig s lecture Aaron s Laws Law and Justice in a Digital Age February 20 2013 Archived from the original on March 24 2013 Retrieved March 24 2013 via YouTube Lawrence Lessig the next words A Lecture on Aaron s Law Lessig Archived from the original on February 8 2013 Retrieved February 21 2013 Transcript Lawrence Lessig on Aaron s Laws Law and Justice in a Digital Age Archived from the original on November 22 2017 Retrieved April 20 2013 Harvard Civil Rights Civil Liberties Law Review A summary of Lawrence Lessig s Chair Lecture at Harvard Law School Harvardcrcl org January 14 2013 Archived from the original on May 30 2015 Retrieved May 30 2015 Dekel Jonathan May 1 2014 Swartz doc director Oracle and Larry Ellison killed Aaron s Law Postmedia Archived from the original on October 3 2018 Retrieved October 23 2015 Peterson Andrea February 16 2013 How FASTR Will Help Americans Thinkprogress org Archived from the original on February 27 2013 Retrieved March 24 2013 Wyden Bill Makes Taxpayer Funded Research Available to the Public U S Senator Ron Wyden Wyden senate gov February 14 2013 Archived from the original on February 19 2013 Retrieved March 24 2013 White House Issues Public Access Directive Publishers Weekly February 22 2013 Archived from the original on June 6 2013 Retrieved May 28 2013 Zak Dan July 26 2013 Printing Out the Internet exhibit is crowdsourced work of art The Washington Post Archived from the original on October 17 2013 Retrieved August 20 2013 Crowdsourced art project aims to print out entire internet CBC News July 30 2013 Archived from the original on September 2 2013 Retrieved August 20 2013 Aaron Swartz documentary TakePart Archived from the original on November 19 2014 Retrieved November 19 2014 Zelman Joanna WATCH Aaron Swartz Found NSA Scope Scary HuffPost Archived from the original on August 17 2016 Retrieved February 20 2020 Sneak preview of The Internet s Own Boy The Story of Aaron Swartz Archived June 17 2018 at the Wayback Machine PandoDaily The Internet s Own Boy The Story Of Aaron Swartz Festival Program Sundance Institute Archived from the original on March 25 2014 The Internet s Own Boy Film on Aaron Swartz Captures Late Activist s Struggle for Online Freedom Democracy Now January 21 2014 Archived from the original on January 21 2014 Retrieved January 21 2014 Knappenberger Brian June 27 2014 The Internet s Own Boy The Story of Aaron Swartz Internet Archive Retrieved August 3 2014 Newton Casey January 23 2014 The Internet s Own Boy fights for reform after Aaron Swartz s death The Verge Archived from the original on June 17 2018 Retrieved August 29 2017 Matheson Whitney June 28 2014 Internet s Own Boy Tech activist s legacy USA Today p B8 The Internet s Own Boy Is a Powerful Homage to Aaron Swartz Mashable January 23 2014 Archived from the original on January 25 2014 Retrieved January 23 2014 DeFore John January 21 2014 The Internet s Own Boy The Story of Aaron Swartz Sundance Review The Hollywood Reporter Archived from the original on February 5 2014 Retrieved January 23 2014 a b von Busack Richard Breaking the Internet Killswitch Screens at Cinequest Metro Silicon Valley Archived from the original on September 16 2019 Retrieved February 25 2015 a b Swegles Fred Battle for Internet Control Fuels O C produced Movie Orange County Register Archived from the original on April 4 2017 Retrieved April 16 2015 a b Grayson Alan Grayson Screen Award Winning Killswitch Documentary Congressman Grayson s House of Rep Official Web Page Archived from the original on February 27 2015 Retrieved February 23 2015 The Price That You Pay for Rocking The Boat HuffPost March 27 2015 Archived from the original on March 28 2015 Retrieved March 27 2015 Gill Kathy Lawrence Lessig at Killswitch Seattle Premiere Money Politics and the Battle for the Internet GeekWire Archived from the original on June 6 2015 Retrieved June 5 2015 Patriot of the Web YouTube September 14 2019 Archived from the original on October 19 2020 Retrieved September 2 2020 Burke Darius September 15 2019 Patriot of the Web Biography Drama History Thriller Mary Peyton Stewart Charles Luise Scott Sederquist Michael Barry Grandad Productions Writer1Films archived from the original on April 4 2017 retrieved September 15 2020 Patriot of the Web IMDb October 13 2018 Archived from the original on April 4 2017 Retrieved July 21 2018 Patriot of the Web aswartzmovie Twitter Archived from the original on December 24 2018 Retrieved February 19 2018 Patriot of the Web reelhouse org Archived from the original on July 4 2018 Retrieved February 19 2018 Patriot of the Web Darius Burke Watch Online for Just 4 99 grandadproductions grandadproductions Archived from the original on July 4 2018 Retrieved February 19 2018 Andreeva Nellie December 4 2017 Think Aaron Movie Based on Life Of Hacktivist Aaron Swartz in Works at HBO Films Deadline Hollywood Archived from the original on November 6 2019 Retrieved February 20 2020 Markdown Aaron Swartz The Weblog March 19 2004 Archived from the original on December 24 2017 Retrieved February 15 2013 Gruber John Daring Fireball Markdown Daring Fireball Archived from the original on April 2 2004 Retrieved April 25 2014 atx the true structured text format www aaronsw com Archived from the original on January 25 2021 Retrieved November 2 2020 Gruber John Daring Fireball Markdown Syntax Daring Fireball Archived from the original on February 22 2011 Retrieved August 16 2015 RDFCore Working Group Membership W3 December 1 2002 Archived from the original on January 15 2013 Retrieved January 15 2013 Swartz A September 2004 Request for Comments No 3870 application rdf xml Media Type Registration Network Working Group The Internet Society doi 10 17487 RFC3870 Archived from the original on September 17 2013 Retrieved January 15 2013 A media type for use with the Extensible Markup Language serialization of the Resource Description Framework It allows RDF consumers to identify RDF XML documents Poulsen Kevin Strongbox and Aaron Swartz The New Yorker Archived from the original on June 5 2013 Retrieved May 16 2013 Davidson Amy May 15 2013 Introducing Strongbox The New Yorker Archived from the original on June 29 2013 Retrieved June 20 2013 Kassner Michael May 20 2013 Aaron Swartz legacy lives on with New Yorker s Strongbox How it works TechRepublic Archived from the original on July 29 2013 Retrieved June 20 2013 Charlton Alistair October 16 2013 Aaron Swartz Designed Whistleblower Tool SecureDrop Launched by Press Freedom Foundation International Business Times Archived from the original on October 17 2013 Aaron Swartz In Defense of Anonymity Archived from the original on August 20 2019 Retrieved February 4 2014 Zetter Kim December 12 2008 New Service Makes Tor Anonymized Content Available to All Wired Archived from the original on March 18 2014 Retrieved February 22 2014 tor2web brings anonymous Tor sites to the regular web arstechnica com December 15 2008 Archived from the original on November 2 2018 Retrieved February 22 2014 External links EditThis article s use of external links may not follow Wikipedia s policies or guidelines Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references June 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message Aaron Swartz at Wikipedia s sister projects Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Official website Github com aaronsw Aaron Swartz Aaron Swartz on Twitter Remembrances 2013 with obituary and official statement from family and partner The Internet s Own Boy The Story of Aaron Swartz The Documentary Network June 29 2014 a film by Brian Knappenberger Luminant Media The Aaron Swartz Collection at Internet Archive 2013 podcasts e mail correspondence other materials Aaron Swartz at IMDb Posting about Swartz as Wikipedia contributor Archived January 13 2018 at the Wayback Machine 2013 at The Wikipedian Case Docket US v Swartz Report to the President MIT and the Prosecution of Aaron Swartz JSTOR Evidence in United States vs Aaron Swartz A collection of documents and events from JSTOR s perspective Hundreds of emails and other documents they provided the government concerning the case Federal law enforcement documents about Aaron Swartz released under the Freedom of Information ActFurther reading Edit External video Presentation by Justin Peters on The Idealist June 11 2016 C SPANNanos Janelle January 2014 Losing Aaron Boston Peters Justin 2016 The Idealist Aaron Swartz and the Rise of Free Culture on the Internet Scribner ISBN 978 1476767727 Biography of Swartz Poulsen Kevin MIT Moves to Intervene in Release of Aaron Swartz s Secret Service File Wired July 18 2013 Documentary Edit Brian Knappenberger Producer and Director The Internet s Own Boy The Story of Aaron Swartz Participant Media 2014 Via The Internet Archive www archive org Run time 105 minutes Ali Akbarzadeh Director Killswitch The Battle to Control the Internet Akorn Entertainment 2014 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Aaron Swartz amp oldid 1133028412, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.