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World Wide Web Consortium

August 19, 2023

"WWWC" redirects here. For the radio station, see WWWC (AM).
Not to be confused with the World Wide Web Foundation.

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is the main international standards organization for the World Wide Web. Founded in 1994 and led by Tim Berners-Lee, the consortium is made up of member organizations that maintain full-time staff working together in the development of standards for the World Wide Web. As of 5 March 2023, W3C had 462 members.[3][2] W3C also engages in education and outreach, develops software and serves as an open forum for discussion about the Web.

World Wide Web Consortium
Logo since 1997
AbbreviationW3C
Formation1 October 1994; 28 years ago (1994-10-01)
TypeStandards organization
PurposeDeveloping protocols and guidelines that ensure long-term growth for the Web.
HeadquartersCambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Location
Coordinates42°21′43″N 71°05′26″W / 42.36194°N 71.09056°W / 42.36194; -71.09056
Region served
Worldwide
Membership
460 member organizations[2]
Director
Tim Berners-Lee
Staff
63
Websitewww.w3.org

History

See also: History of the World Wide Web

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was founded in 1994 by Tim Berners-Lee after he left the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in October 1994.[4] It was founded at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Laboratory for Computer Science with support from the European Commission, and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, which had pioneered the ARPANET, one of the predecessors to the Internet.[3] It was located in Technology Square until 2004, when it moved, with the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, to the Stata Center.[5]

The organization tries to foster compatibility and agreement among industry members in the adoption of new standards defined by the W3C. Incompatible versions of HTML are offered by different vendors, causing inconsistency in how web pages are displayed. The consortium tries to get all those vendors to implement a set of core principles and components that are chosen by the consortium.

It was originally intended that CERN host the European branch of W3C; however, CERN wished to focus on particle physics, not information technology. In April 1995, the French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation became the European host of W3C, with Keio University Research Institute at SFC becoming the Asian host in September 1996.[6] Starting in 1997, W3C created regional offices around the world. As of September 2009, it had eighteen World Offices covering Australia, the Benelux countries (Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg), Brazil, China, Finland, Germany, Austria, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Israel, Italy, South Korea, Morocco, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, and, as of 2016, the United Kingdom and Ireland.[7]

In October 2012, W3C convened a community of major web players and publishers to establish a MediaWiki wiki that seeks to document open web standards called the WebPlatform and WebPlatform Docs.

In January 2013, Beihang University became the Chinese host.[8]

In 2022 the W3C WebFonts Working Group won an Emmy Award from the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences for standardizing font technology for custom downloadable fonts and typography for web and TV devices.[9]

On 1 January 2023, it reformed as a public-interest 501(c)(3) non-profit organization.[10][11]

Specification maturation

W3C develops technical specifications for HTML5, CSS, SVG, WOFF, the Semantic Web stack, XML, and other technologies.[12] Sometimes, when a specification becomes too large, it is split into independent modules that can mature at their own pace. Subsequent editions of a module or specification are known as levels and are denoted by the first integer in the title (e.g. CSS3 = Level 3). Subsequent revisions on each level are denoted by an integer following a decimal point (for example, CSS2.1 = Revision 1).

The W3C standard formation process is defined within the W3C process document, outlining four maturity levels through which each new standard or recommendation must progress.[13]

Working draft (WD)

After enough content has been gathered from 'editor drafts' and discussion, it may be published as a working draft (WD) for review by the community. A WD document is the first form of a standard that is publicly available. Commentary by virtually anyone is accepted, though no promises are made with regard to action on any particular element commented upon.[13]

At this stage, the standard document may have significant differences from its final form. As such, anyone who implements WD standards should be ready to significantly modify their implementations as the standard matures.[13]

Candidate recommendation (CR)

A candidate recommendation is a version of a standard that is more mature than the WD. At this point, the group responsible for the standard is satisfied that the standard meets its goal. The purpose of the CR is to elicit aid from the development community as to how implementable the standard is.[13]

The standard document may change further, but at this point, significant features are mostly decided. The design of those features can still change due to feedback from implementors.[13]

Proposed recommendation (PR)

A proposed recommendation is the version of a standard that has passed the prior two levels. The users of the standard provide input. At this stage, the document is submitted to the W3C Advisory Council for final approval.[13]

While this step is important, it rarely causes any significant changes to a standard as it passes to the next phase.[13]

W3C recommendation (REC)

This is the most mature stage of development. At this point, the standard has undergone extensive review and testing, under both theoretical and practical conditions. The standard is now endorsed by the W3C, indicating its readiness for deployment to the public, and encouraging more widespread support among implementors and authors.[13]

Recommendations can sometimes be implemented incorrectly, partially, or not at all, but many standards define two or more levels of conformance that developers must follow if they wish to label their product as W3C-compliant.[13]

Later revisions

A recommendation may be updated or extended by separately-published, non-technical errata or editor drafts until sufficient substantial edits accumulate for producing a new edition or level of the recommendation. Additionally, the W3C publishes various kinds of informative notes which are to be used as references.[13]

Certification

Unlike the Internet Society and other international standards bodies, the W3C does not have a certification program. The W3C has decided, for now, that it is not suitable to start such a program, owing to the risk of creating more drawbacks for the community than benefits.[13]

Administration

In January 2023, after 28 years of being jointly administered by the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (located in Stata Center) in the United States, the European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics [fr][14] (in Sophia Antipolis, France), Keio University (in Japan) and Beihang University (in China), the W3C incorporated as a legal entity, becoming a public-interest not-for-profit organization.[15]

The W3C has a staff team of 70–80 worldwide as of 2015.[16] W3C is run by a management team which allocates resources and designs strategy, led by CEO Jeffrey Jaffe[17] (as of March 2010), former CTO of Novell. It also includes an advisory board that supports strategy and legal matters and helps resolve conflicts.[18][19] The majority of standardization work is done by external experts in the W3C's various working groups.[20]

Membership

The Consortium is governed by its membership. The list of members is available to the public.[2] Members include businesses, nonprofit organizations, universities, governmental entities, and individuals.[21]

Membership requirements are transparent except for one requirement: An application for membership must be reviewed and approved by the W3C. Many guidelines and requirements are stated in detail, but there is no final guideline about the process or standards by which membership might be finally approved or denied.[22]

The cost of membership is given on a sliding scale, depending on the character of the organization applying and the country in which it is located.[23] Countries are categorized by the World Bank's most recent grouping by gross national income per capita.[24]

Criticism

In 2012 and 2013, the W3C started considering adding DRM-specific Encrypted Media Extensions (EME) to HTML5, which was criticised as being against the openness, interoperability, and vendor neutrality that distinguished websites built using only W3C standards from those requiring proprietary plug-ins like Flash.[25][26][27][28][29] On 18 September 2017, the W3C published the EME specification as a recommendation, leading to the Electronic Frontier Foundation's resignation from W3C.[30][31] As feared by the opponents of EME, as of 2020, none of the widely used Content Decryption Modules used with EME is available for licensing without a per-browser licensing fee.[32][33]

Standards

W3C/Internet Engineering Task Force standards (over Internet protocol suite):

References

  1. ^ "W3C Invites Chinese Web Developers, Industry, Academia to Assume Greater Role in Global Web Innovation". W3.org. 20 January 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
  2. ^ a b c "Current Members – W3C". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  3. ^ a b W3C. "World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) About the Consortium". Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  4. ^ R, Valsala (1 July 2022). "Can we imagine life without the World Wide Web?". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
  5. ^ Michael Blanding, "The Past and Future of Kendall Square", MIT Technology Review August 18, 2015 [1]
  6. ^ "Press Release: Keio University joins MIT and INRIA in hosting W3C". www.w3.org. 9 September 1996. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  7. ^ Jacobs, Ian (June 2009). "W3C Offices". Retrieved 14 September 2009.
  8. ^ "Beihang University Becomes Newest Institution to Host W3C". www.w3.org. 20 January 2013.
  9. ^ Pedersen, Erik "Technology & Engineering Emmys Winners Unveiled." Deadline. April 25, 2022.
  10. ^ "W3C re-launched as a public-interest non-profit organization". W3C. 31 January 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  11. ^ "World Wide Web Consortium is now a public-interest nonprofit organization". MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 2 February 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  12. ^ "Standards - W3C". W3C. World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "World Wide Web Consortium | Development Process". W3.org. 12 April 2005. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  14. ^ "ERCIM - the European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics". www.ercim.eu. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
  15. ^ "Facts about W3C". W3.org. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  16. ^ "W3C people list". W3.org. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  17. ^ "Dr. Jeffrey Jaffe, W3C CEO". www.w3.org. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
  18. ^ "W3C pulls former Novell CTO for CEO spot". Itworld.com. 8 March 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  19. ^ . Mays Digital. Archived from the original on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
  20. ^ "Working Groups". www.w3.org. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
  21. ^ W3C (2010). "Membership FAQ – W3C". Retrieved 7 August 2010.
  22. ^ Jacobs, Ian (2008). "Join W3C". Retrieved 14 September 2008.
  23. ^ W3C Membership Fee Calculator
  24. ^ "World Bank Country Classification". Web.worldbank.org. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
  25. ^ Cory Doctorow (12 March 2013). . Technology blog at guardian.co.uk. Archived from the original on 19 March 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
  26. ^ Glyn Moody (13 February 2013). . Open Enterprise blog at ComputerworldUK.com. Archived from the original on 20 April 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
  27. ^ Scott Gilbertson (12 February 2013). . Webmonkey. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on 24 March 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  28. ^ . Defective by Design. Free Software Foundation. March 2013. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
  29. ^ Danny O'Brien (October 2013). "Lowering Your Standards: DRM and the Future of the W3C". Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
  30. ^ Peter Bright (18 September 2017). "HTML5 DRM finally makes it as an official W3C Recommendation". Ars Technica. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
  31. ^ Cory Doctorow (18 September 2017). "An open letter to the W3C Director, CEO, team and membership". Blog at Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
  32. ^ "Three years after the W3C approved a DRM standard, it's no longer possible to make a functional indie browser". Boing Boing. 8 January 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  33. ^ Doctorow, Cory (3 April 2019). "After years of insisting that DRM in HTML wouldn't block open source implementations, Google says it won't support open source implementations". Boing Boing. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
  34. ^ Groth, Paul; Moreau, Luc (30 April 2013). "PROV-Overview: An Overview of the PROV Family of Documents". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  35. ^ Simon Stewart, (Apple); David Burns, (BrowserStack) (24 June 2022). "WebDriver". WebDriver W3C Working Draft 24 June 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
  36. ^ "WebXR Device API — W3C Candidate Recommendation Snapshot". 31 March 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  37. ^ Sire, Stéphane; Vanoirbeek, Christine; Quint, Vincent; Roisin, Cécile (2010). Authoring XML all the time, everywhere and by everyone (PDF). XML Prague 2010. Prague: Center of Excellence - Institute for Theoretical Computer Science. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.660.6575. (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2022 – via Project WAM.
  38. ^ Kia, Émilien; Quint, Vincent; Vatton, Irène (15 December 2009). "XTiger language specification". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 12 April 2020.

External links

  • About the World Wide Web Consortium
  • W3C Technical Reports and Publications
  • W3C Process Document
  • W3C History
  • How to read W3C specs

August 19, 2023
world, wide, consortium, wwwc, redirects, here, radio, station, wwwc, confused, with, world, wide, foundation, main, international, standards, organization, world, wide, founded, 1994, berners, consortium, made, member, organizations, that, maintain, full, tim. WWWC redirects here For the radio station see WWWC AM Not to be confused with the World Wide Web Foundation The World Wide Web Consortium W3C is the main international standards organization for the World Wide Web Founded in 1994 and led by Tim Berners Lee the consortium is made up of member organizations that maintain full time staff working together in the development of standards for the World Wide Web As of 5 March 2023 update W3C had 462 members 3 2 W3C also engages in education and outreach develops software and serves as an open forum for discussion about the Web World Wide Web ConsortiumLogo since 1997AbbreviationW3CFormation1 October 1994 28 years ago 1994 10 01 TypeStandards organizationPurposeDeveloping protocols and guidelines that ensure long term growth for the Web HeadquartersCambridge Massachusetts United StatesLocation4 offices Main Office MIT CSAIL USAERCIM FranceKeio University SFC JapanBeihang University China 1 Coordinates42 21 43 N 71 05 26 W 42 36194 N 71 09056 W 42 36194 71 09056Region servedWorldwideMembership460 member organizations 2 DirectorTim Berners LeeStaff63Websitewww wbr w3 wbr org Contents 1 History 2 Specification maturation 2 1 Working draft WD 2 2 Candidate recommendation CR 2 3 Proposed recommendation PR 2 4 W3C recommendation REC 2 5 Later revisions 2 6 Certification 3 Administration 4 Membership 5 Criticism 6 Standards 7 References 8 External linksHistory EditSee also History of the World Wide Web The World Wide Web Consortium W3C was founded in 1994 by Tim Berners Lee after he left the European Organization for Nuclear Research CERN in October 1994 4 It was founded at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT Laboratory for Computer Science with support from the European Commission and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency which had pioneered the ARPANET one of the predecessors to the Internet 3 It was located in Technology Square until 2004 when it moved with the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory to the Stata Center 5 The organization tries to foster compatibility and agreement among industry members in the adoption of new standards defined by the W3C Incompatible versions of HTML are offered by different vendors causing inconsistency in how web pages are displayed The consortium tries to get all those vendors to implement a set of core principles and components that are chosen by the consortium It was originally intended that CERN host the European branch of W3C however CERN wished to focus on particle physics not information technology In April 1995 the French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation became the European host of W3C with Keio University Research Institute at SFC becoming the Asian host in September 1996 6 Starting in 1997 W3C created regional offices around the world As of September 2009 it had eighteen World Offices covering Australia the Benelux countries Belgium Netherlands and Luxembourg Brazil China Finland Germany Austria Greece Hong Kong Hungary India Israel Italy South Korea Morocco South Africa Spain Sweden and as of 2016 the United Kingdom and Ireland 7 In October 2012 W3C convened a community of major web players and publishers to establish a MediaWiki wiki that seeks to document open web standards called the WebPlatform and WebPlatform Docs In January 2013 Beihang University became the Chinese host 8 In 2022 the W3C WebFonts Working Group won an Emmy Award from the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences for standardizing font technology for custom downloadable fonts and typography for web and TV devices 9 On 1 January 2023 it reformed as a public interest 501 c 3 non profit organization 10 11 Specification maturation EditW3C develops technical specifications for HTML5 CSS SVG WOFF the Semantic Web stack XML and other technologies 12 Sometimes when a specification becomes too large it is split into independent modules that can mature at their own pace Subsequent editions of a module or specification are known as levels and are denoted by the first integer in the title e g CSS3 Level 3 Subsequent revisions on each level are denoted by an integer following a decimal point for example CSS2 1 Revision 1 The W3C standard formation process is defined within the W3C process document outlining four maturity levels through which each new standard or recommendation must progress 13 Working draft WD Edit After enough content has been gathered from editor drafts and discussion it may be published as a working draft WD for review by the community A WD document is the first form of a standard that is publicly available Commentary by virtually anyone is accepted though no promises are made with regard to action on any particular element commented upon 13 At this stage the standard document may have significant differences from its final form As such anyone who implements WD standards should be ready to significantly modify their implementations as the standard matures 13 Candidate recommendation CR Edit A candidate recommendation is a version of a standard that is more mature than the WD At this point the group responsible for the standard is satisfied that the standard meets its goal The purpose of the CR is to elicit aid from the development community as to how implementable the standard is 13 The standard document may change further but at this point significant features are mostly decided The design of those features can still change due to feedback from implementors 13 Proposed recommendation PR Edit A proposed recommendation is the version of a standard that has passed the prior two levels The users of the standard provide input At this stage the document is submitted to the W3C Advisory Council for final approval 13 While this step is important it rarely causes any significant changes to a standard as it passes to the next phase 13 W3C recommendation REC Edit This is the most mature stage of development At this point the standard has undergone extensive review and testing under both theoretical and practical conditions The standard is now endorsed by the W3C indicating its readiness for deployment to the public and encouraging more widespread support among implementors and authors 13 Recommendations can sometimes be implemented incorrectly partially or not at all but many standards define two or more levels of conformance that developers must follow if they wish to label their product as W3C compliant 13 Later revisions Edit A recommendation may be updated or extended by separately published non technical errata or editor drafts until sufficient substantial edits accumulate for producing a new edition or level of the recommendation Additionally the W3C publishes various kinds of informative notes which are to be used as references 13 Certification Edit Unlike the Internet Society and other international standards bodies the W3C does not have a certification program The W3C has decided for now that it is not suitable to start such a program owing to the risk of creating more drawbacks for the community than benefits 13 Administration EditIn January 2023 after 28 years of being jointly administered by the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory located in Stata Center in the United States the European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics fr 14 in Sophia Antipolis France Keio University in Japan and Beihang University in China the W3C incorporated as a legal entity becoming a public interest not for profit organization 15 The W3C has a staff team of 70 80 worldwide as of 2015 update 16 W3C is run by a management team which allocates resources and designs strategy led by CEO Jeffrey Jaffe 17 as of March 2010 former CTO of Novell It also includes an advisory board that supports strategy and legal matters and helps resolve conflicts 18 19 The majority of standardization work is done by external experts in the W3C s various working groups 20 Membership EditThe Consortium is governed by its membership The list of members is available to the public 2 Members include businesses nonprofit organizations universities governmental entities and individuals 21 Membership requirements are transparent except for one requirement An application for membership must be reviewed and approved by the W3C Many guidelines and requirements are stated in detail but there is no final guideline about the process or standards by which membership might be finally approved or denied 22 The cost of membership is given on a sliding scale depending on the character of the organization applying and the country in which it is located 23 Countries are categorized by the World Bank s most recent grouping by gross national income per capita 24 Criticism EditIn 2012 and 2013 the W3C started considering adding DRM specific Encrypted Media Extensions EME to HTML5 which was criticised as being against the openness interoperability and vendor neutrality that distinguished websites built using only W3C standards from those requiring proprietary plug ins like Flash 25 26 27 28 29 On 18 September 2017 the W3C published the EME specification as a recommendation leading to the Electronic Frontier Foundation s resignation from W3C 30 31 As feared by the opponents of EME as of 2020 update none of the widely used Content Decryption Modules used with EME is available for licensing without a per browser licensing fee 32 33 Standards EditW3C Internet Engineering Task Force standards over Internet protocol suite ActivityPub decentralized social networking protocol Common Gateway Interface dynamic server side content standard CSS Data Catalog Vocabulary Document Object Model Encrypted Media Extensions DRM modules integration standard GRDDL HTML standard web markup language JSON LD linked data JSON extension MathML mathematical notation markup language Multimodal Architecture and Interfaces Web Ontology Language P3P PROV 34 Resource Description Framework family of metadata standards Semantic Interpretation for Speech Recognition Simple Knowledge Organization System Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language SOAP SPARQL Speech Recognition Grammar Specification Speech Synthesis Markup Language Scalable Vector Graphics vector image format VoiceXML WAI ARIA Web Content Accessibility Guidelines WebAssembly portable binary format and assembly language WebDriver a platform based on language neutral wire protocol to remotely instruct the behavior of web browsers 35 WebRTC real time communication standard Web Services Description Language WebXR Device API 36 XForms XHTML XHTML Voice XML XML Events XML Information Set XML Schema XPath XQuery XSL Formatting Objects XSLT XTiger 37 38 References Edit W3C Invites Chinese Web Developers Industry Academia to Assume Greater Role in Global Web Innovation W3 org 20 January 2013 Retrieved 30 November 2013 a b c Current Members W3C World Wide Web Consortium Retrieved 5 March 2023 a b W3C World Wide Web Consortium W3C About the Consortium Retrieved 21 March 2022 R Valsala 1 July 2022 Can we imagine life without the World Wide Web Deccan Herald Retrieved 15 July 2022 Michael Blanding The Past and Future of Kendall Square MIT Technology Review August 18 2015 1 Press Release Keio University joins MIT and INRIA in hosting W3C www w3 org 9 September 1996 Retrieved 13 July 2017 Jacobs Ian June 2009 W3C Offices Retrieved 14 September 2009 Beihang University Becomes Newest Institution to Host W3C www w3 org 20 January 2013 Pedersen Erik Technology amp Engineering Emmys Winners Unveiled Deadline April 25 2022 W3C re launched as a public interest non profit organization W3C 31 January 2023 Retrieved 3 August 2023 World Wide Web Consortium is now a public interest nonprofit organization MIT News Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2 February 2023 Retrieved 3 August 2023 Standards W3C W3C World Wide Web Consortium Retrieved 5 March 2023 a b c d e f g h i j k World Wide Web Consortium Development Process W3 org 12 April 2005 Retrieved 3 April 2012 ERCIM the European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics www ercim eu Retrieved 21 September 2021 Facts about W3C W3 org Retrieved 2 March 2023 W3C people list W3 org Retrieved 3 April 2012 Dr Jeffrey Jaffe W3C CEO www w3 org Retrieved 21 September 2021 W3C pulls former Novell CTO for CEO spot Itworld com 8 March 2010 Retrieved 3 April 2012 The World Wide Web Consortium Building a Better Internet Mays Digital Archived from the original on 18 August 2016 Retrieved 7 November 2015 Working Groups www w3 org Retrieved 21 September 2021 W3C 2010 Membership FAQ W3C Retrieved 7 August 2010 Jacobs Ian 2008 Join W3C Retrieved 14 September 2008 W3C Membership Fee Calculator World Bank Country Classification Web worldbank org Retrieved 3 July 2010 Cory Doctorow 12 March 2013 What I wish Tim Berners Lee understood about DRM Technology blog at guardian co uk Archived from the original on 19 March 2013 Retrieved 20 March 2013 Glyn Moody 13 February 2013 BBC Attacks the Open Web GNU Linux in Danger Open Enterprise blog at ComputerworldUK com Archived from the original on 20 April 2013 Retrieved 20 March 2013 Scott Gilbertson 12 February 2013 DRM for the Web Say It Ain t So Webmonkey Conde Nast Archived from the original on 24 March 2013 Retrieved 21 March 2013 Tell W3C We don t want the Hollyweb Defective by Design Free Software Foundation March 2013 Archived from the original on 3 April 2013 Retrieved 25 March 2013 Danny O Brien October 2013 Lowering Your Standards DRM and the Future of the W3C Electronic Frontier Foundation Retrieved 3 October 2013 Peter Bright 18 September 2017 HTML5 DRM finally makes it as an official W3C Recommendation Ars Technica Retrieved 18 September 2017 Cory Doctorow 18 September 2017 An open letter to the W3C Director CEO team and membership Blog at Electronic Frontier Foundation Retrieved 18 September 2017 Three years after the W3C approved a DRM standard it s no longer possible to make a functional indie browser Boing Boing 8 January 2020 Retrieved 18 August 2020 Doctorow Cory 3 April 2019 After years of insisting that DRM in HTML wouldn t block open source implementations Google says it won t support open source implementations Boing Boing Retrieved 25 July 2019 Groth Paul Moreau Luc 30 April 2013 PROV Overview An Overview of the PROV Family of Documents World Wide Web Consortium Retrieved 8 April 2016 Simon Stewart Apple David Burns BrowserStack 24 June 2022 WebDriver WebDriver W3C Working Draft 24 June 2022 Retrieved 28 June 2022 WebXR Device API W3C Candidate Recommendation Snapshot 31 March 2023 Retrieved 23 May 2023 Sire Stephane Vanoirbeek Christine Quint Vincent Roisin Cecile 2010 Authoring XML all the time everywhere and by everyone PDF XML Prague 2010 Prague Center of Excellence Institute for Theoretical Computer Science CiteSeerX 10 1 1 660 6575 Archived PDF from the original on 21 January 2022 via Project WAM Kia Emilien Quint Vincent Vatton Irene 15 December 2009 XTiger language specification World Wide Web Consortium Retrieved 12 April 2020 External links EditAbout the World Wide Web Consortium W3C Technical Reports and Publications W3C Process Document W3C History How to read W3C specs Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title World Wide Web Consortium amp oldid 1171112299, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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