Zoe Lofgren

Susan Ellen "Zoe" Lofgren (/ˈzoʊ ˈlɒfɡrɪn/ ZO LOFF-grin;^[1][2] born December 21, 1947) is an American lawyer and politician serving as a U.S. representative from California. A member of the Democratic Party, Lofgren is in her 13th term in Congress, having been first elected in 1994. Lofgren has long served on the House Judiciary Committee, and has chaired the House Administration Committee since the beginning of the 116th Congress.

Zoe Lofgren
Lofgren in 2022
Ranking Member of the House Science Committee
Incumbent
Assumed office January 3, 2023
Preceded by	Frank Lucas
Chair of the House Administration Committee
In office January 3, 2019 – January 3, 2023
Preceded by	Gregg Harper
Succeeded by	Bryan Steil
Chair of the House Ethics Committee
In office January 3, 2009 – January 3, 2011
Preceded by	Gene Green (acting)
Succeeded by	Jo Bonner
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from California
Incumbent
Assumed office January 3, 1995
Preceded by	Don Edwards
Constituency	16th district (1995–2013) 19th district (2013–2023) 18th district (2023–present)
Personal details
Born	Susan Ellen Lofgren (1947-12-21) December 21, 1947 (age 75) San Mateo, California, U.S.
Political party	Democratic
Spouse	John Collins ​ (m. 1978)​
Children	1
Education	Stanford University (BA) Santa Clara University (JD)
Website	House website

Lofgren was the 16th district's first female U.S. representative, before part of the district was redistricted into the 19th congressional district. The district covers much of Santa Clara County, including Gilroy, Morgan Hill, and most of San Jose. Representing a district covering much of Silicon Valley, Lofgren has been noted for her activity in tech-related policy areas such as net neutrality and digital surveillance.^[3]

Early life, education and career

Lofgren was born in San Mateo, California, the daughter of Mary Violet, a school cafeteria employee, and Milton R. Lofgren, a beer truck driver.^[4][5][6] Her grandfather was Swedish.^[7] Lofgren attended Gunn High School (1966) in Palo Alto,^[8] and while in high school, Lofgren was a member of the Junior State of America, a student-run political debate, activism, and student governance organization.^[9] She earned her B.A. degree in political science from Stanford University in 1970 and her Juris Doctor degree from Santa Clara University School of Law in 1975.^[2]

After graduating from Stanford, Lofgren worked as a House Judiciary Committee staffer for Congressman Don Edwards when the committee prepared articles of impeachment against President Richard Nixon during the impeachment process against Nixon.^[10]

In 1978, Lofgren married John Marshall Collins.^[8] Returning to San Jose, she worked in Don Edwards's district office while earning her J.D. degree. After two years as partner at a San Jose immigration law firm, she was elected to the board of San Jose City College. In 1981, she was elected to the Santa Clara County Board of Supervisors, representing downtown San Jose and nearby communities, where she served for 13 years.^[11]

U.S. House of Representatives

Elections

In 1994, Lofgren entered a six-way Democratic primary in what was then the 16th district, when Edwards retired after 32 years in Congress. The district, then as now, is a Democratic stronghold, and it was understood that whoever won the Democratic primary would be only the second person to represent this district since its creation in 1963 (it was numbered as the 9th district from 1963 to 1975, as the 10th from 1975 to 1993, the 16th from 1993 to 2013, and has been the 19th since 2013). A decided underdog, she managed to defeat the favorite, former San Jose mayor Tom McEnery, by just over 1,100 votes. She breezed to victory in November, and has since been reelected with no substantive opposition.

During the 2004, 2006 and 2008 elections, Lofgren's campaign paid approximately $350,000 to two businesses her husband operates: Collins and Day and John Marshall Collins P.C. over a six-year period to support campaign efforts.^[12]

Tenure

 

Lofgren during the
109th Congress

Lofgren chairs the 46-member California Democratic Congressional Delegation. She serves on the Judiciary Committee and chairs the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration, Citizenship, Refugees, Border Security, and International Law. In 2007, she co-sponsored^[13] the Violent Radicalization and Homegrown Terrorism Prevention Act, which the ACLU characterized as "legislating against thought".^[14] In April 2011, she became the first member of Congress to call for federal investigation into the Secure Communities deportation program.^[15]

Beginning in 2009, Lofgren served as chair of the House Ethics Committee. In doing so, she presided over a rare sanction of censure, against longtime member Charles B. Rangel.^[16] In 2009, Lofgren was appointed and served as an impeachment manager in the impeachment trial of Judge Samuel B. Kent.^[17] In 2010, Lofgren was appointed and served as an impeachment manager (prosecutor) in the impeachment trial of Judge Thomas Porteous.^[18]

In the Stop Online Piracy Act House Judiciary Committee hearings, she defended the current state of the internet in opposition of the bill. She has also opposed the data retention requirements in the H.R. 1981 (the Protecting Children from Internet Pornographers Act of 2011).^[19]

In February 2013, Lofgren became one of the sponsors of the Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act to expedite open access to taxpayer-funded research.^[20]

In May 2016, Lofgren was publicly reprimanded during a House Judiciary Committee hearing after calling witness Gail Heriot of the United States Commission on Civil Rights an "ignorant bigot" because Heriot's written testimony before the hearing had suggested that calling oneself a female does not cause one to be a female.^[21] Following the oral warning from acting committee chairman Steve King, Lofgren responded, "I cannot allow that kind of bigotry to go into the record unchallenged".^[22]

In January 2020, Lofgren was selected as one of seven impeachment managers who presented the impeachment case against President Donald Trump during his first trial before the United States Senate.^[23] This marked her third time serving as an impeachment manager.^[17]

As of October 2021, Lofgren had voted in line with Joe Biden's stated position 100% of the time.^[24]

 

Lofgren speaking to the California Democratic Party State Convention in June 2019.

Committee assignments

• Committee on House Administration (Chair)
  • Subcommittee on Oversight (Ranking Member, 112th Congress)(Defunct subcommittee)
• Committee on the Judiciary
  • Subcommittee on Intellectual Property, Competition, and the Internet
  • Subcommittee on Immigration and Citizenship (Chair, 117th Congress)
• Committee on Science, Space and Technology (Ranking Member)
  • Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics
• Select Committee on the Modernization of Congress
• Select Committee on the January 6 Attack

Caucuses

• Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus (Associate member)^[25]
• Congressional Progressive Caucus^[26]
• Congressional Arts Caucus^[27]
• Afterschool Caucuses^[28]
• Congressional NextGen 9-1-1 Caucus^[29]
• Congressional Freethought Caucus^[30]
• Medicare for All Caucus^[31]

Political positions

Abortion

Lofgren is pro-choice^[32] and has a 100% rating from NARAL Pro-Choice America, an organization that advocates for abortion rights and tracks congressional records on the topic.^[33] In 2013, she was chosen as the lead House Democrat to argue against the Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act, which would have banned abortions after the mother was 20 weeks pregnant. Lofgren said, "Passage of the bill is wrong. It's the wrong policy for the freedom of American women."^[32] She opposed the overturning of Roe v. Wade, calling it "a bleak day" and vowing to keep abortion safe and accessible in California.^[34]

Tech policy

Lofgren, whose district covers much of Silicon Valley, has been noted for her activity in tech industry regulation and privacy policy.^[3] In 2012, she was one of two Democrats in Congress to oppose the Federal Trade Commission's (FTC) then-ongoing antitrust probe of Google.^[35] Lofgren criticized the European Commission's decision to fine Google $2.7 billion in 2017 over alleged anti-competitive behavior, arguing that the fine was "unfair to the U.S. companies participating in European markets".

In 2013, in the wake of the prosecution and subsequent suicide of Internet activist Aaron Swartz (who used a script to download scholarly research articles in excess of what JSTOR terms of service allowed), Lofgren introduced a bill, Aaron's Law (H.R. 2454, S. 1196^[36]) to exclude terms of service violations from the 1986 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act and from the wire fraud statute.^[37] By May 2014, Aaron's Law had stalled in committee. Brian Knappenberger, author of a documentary on Swartz, alleges this occurred due to Oracle Corporation's financial interest in maintaining the status quo.^[38]

In 2021, Lofgren opposed a series of bipartisan proposals aiming to "break up" Big Tech companies through antitrust enforcement.^[39] Alongside a group of other members of the California congressional delegation, she criticized the "antitrust package" due to concerns about its impact on the U.S. tech industry.^[40] Following allegations that Lofgren's opposition to antitrust measures were potentially influenced by her daughter's employment as a corporate counsel for Google, Lofgren was defended by colleagues Ro Khanna and Anna Eshoo, who called these criticisms "ad hominem attacks".^[41]

In 2022, Lofgren was one of 16 Democrats to vote against the Merger Filing Fee Modernization Act of 2021, an antitrust package that would crack down on corporations for anti-competitive behavior.^[42][43]

Energy policy

Lofgren has routinely voted for bills that would expand renewable energy investments. She believes that a clean energy infrastructure is required to curb the effects of climate change.^[44][45][46] In 2018, Lofgren co-sponsored the Nuclear Energy Innovation Capabilities Act.^[47] In February 2019, she co-sponsored the Green New Deal resolution (H.Res. 109).^[48]

Health care

Lofgren is a member of the Medicare for All Caucus and co-sponsored the legislation introduced by Representative John Conyers in 2017. She rescinded her sponsorship of a similar bill introduced by Representative Pramila Jayapal in 2019, arguing that the bill's two-year timeline was not feasible.^[31] Lofgren continues to support a public option for health insurance,^[49] and 2021 co-sponsored Jayapal's bill to lower the Medicare eligibility age from 65 to 60.^[50]

Net neutrality

Lofgren is a supporter of net neutrality policies to prevent internet service providers (ISPs) from engaging in data discrimination.^[3] In 2018, she signed a discharge petition to force a vote on net neutrality protections in Congress.^[51]

Electoral history

California's 16th congressional district

California's 16th congressional district Democratic Primary election, June 7, 1994^[52]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Zoe Lofgren	16,168	45.3
	Democratic	Tom McEnery	15,037	42.2
	Democratic	Dick Lane	1,537	4.3
	Democratic	Cynthia Williamson	1,414	4.0
	Democratic	Tom Harney	780	2.2
	Democratic	Edward R. Dykes	721	2.0
Total votes			35,657	100.0
Turnout

California's 16th congressional district election, 1994^[53]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Zoe Lofgren	74,935	65.0
	Republican	Lyle J. Smith	40,409	35.0
	No party	Fred Luke Barraza (write-in)	8	0.0
Total votes			115,352	100.0
Turnout
	Democratic hold

California's 16th congressional district election, 1996^[54]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Zoe Lofgren (incumbent)	94,020	65.7
	Republican	Chuck Wojslaw	43,197	30.2
	Libertarian	David Bonino	4,124	2.8
	Natural Law	Abaan Abu-Shumays	1,866	1.3
Total votes			143,207	100.0
Turnout
	Democratic hold

California's 16th congressional district election, 1998^[55]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Zoe Lofgren (incumbent)	85,503	72.82
	Republican	Horace Eugene Thayn	27,494	23.42
	Natural Law	John H. Black	4,417	3.76
Total votes			117,414	100.0
Turnout
	Democratic hold

California's 16th congressional district election, 2000^[56]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Zoe Lofgren (incumbent)	115,118	72.1
	Republican	Horace "Gene" Thayn	37,213	23.3
	Libertarian	Dennis Michael Umphress	4,742	3.0
	Natural Law	Edward J. Klein	2,673	1.6
Total votes			159,746	100.0
Turnout
	Democratic hold

California's 16th congressional district election, 2002^[57]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Zoe Lofgren (incumbent)	72,370	67.1
	Republican	Douglas Adams McNea	32,182	29.8
	Libertarian	Dennis Michael Umphress	3,434	3.1
Total votes			104,556	100.0
Turnout
	Democratic hold

California's 16th congressional district election, 2004^[58]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Zoe Lofgren (incumbent)	129,222	70.9
	Republican	Douglas Adams McNea	47,992	26.4
	Libertarian	Markus Welch	5,067	2.7
Total votes			182,281	100.0
Turnout
	Democratic hold

California's 16th congressional district election, 2006^[59]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Zoe Lofgren (incumbent)	98,929	72.8
	Republican	Charel Winston	37,130	27.2
Total votes			136,059	100.0
Turnout
	Democratic hold

California's 16th congressional district election, 2008^[60]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Zoe Lofgren (incumbent)	146,481	71.3
	Republican	Charel Winston	49,399	24.1
	Libertarian	Steven Wells	9,447	4.6
Total votes			205,327	100.0
Turnout
	Democratic hold

California's 16th congressional district election, 2010^[61]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Zoe Lofgren (incumbent)	105,841	67.9
	Republican	Daniel Sahagun	37,913	24.3
	Libertarian	Edward M. Gonzalez	12,304	7.8
Total votes			156,058	100.0
	Democratic hold

California's 19th congressional district

California's 19th congressional district election, 2012^[62]

Primary election
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Zoe Lofgren (incumbent)	60,726	65.2
	Republican	Robert Murray	21,421	23.0
	Republican	Phat Nguyen	7,192	7.7
	No party preference	Jay Cabrera	3,829	4.1
Total votes			93,168	100.0
General election
	Democratic	Zoe Lofgren (incumbent)	162,300	73.2
	Republican	Robert Murray	59,313	26.8
Total votes			221,613	100.0
	Democratic hold

California's 19th congressional district election, 2014^[63][64]

Primary election
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Zoe Lofgren (incumbent)	63,845	76.0
	Democratic	Robert Murray	20,132	24.0
Total votes			83,977	100.0
General election
	Democratic	Zoe Lofgren (incumbent)	85,888	67.2
	Democratic	Robert Murray	41,900	32.8
Total votes			127,788	100.0
	Democratic hold

California's 19th congressional district election, 2016^[65][66]

Primary election
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Zoe Lofgren (incumbent)	107,773	76.1
	Republican	G. Burt Lancaster	33,889	23.9
Total votes			194,251	100.0
General election
	Democratic	Zoe Lofgren (incumbent)	181,802	73.9
	Republican	G. Burt Lancaster	64,061	26.1
Total votes			245,863	100.0
	Democratic hold

California's 19th congressional district election, 2018^[67][68]

Primary election
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Zoe Lofgren (incumbent)	97,096	99.0
	Republican	Justin James Aguilera (write-in)	792	0.8
	Republican	Karl Ryan (write-in)	160	0.2
	American Independent	Robert Ornelas (write-in)	7	0.0
Total votes			98,055	100.0
General election
	Democratic	Zoe Lofgren (incumbent)	162,496	73.8
	Republican	Justin James Aguilera	57,823	26.2
Total votes			220,319	100.0
	Democratic hold

California's 19th congressional district election, 2020^[69][70]

Primary election
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Zoe Lofgren (incumbent)	104,456	62.7
	Republican	Justin James Aguilera	20,469	12.3
	Republican	Ignacio Cruz	19,109	11.5
	Democratic	Ivan Torres	18,916	11.4
	No party preference	Jason Mallory	3,516	2.1
Total votes			166,466	100.0
General election
	Democratic	Zoe Lofgren (incumbent)	224,385	71.7
	Republican	Justin James Aguilera	88,642	28.3
Total votes			313,027	100.0
	Democratic hold

California's 18th congressional district, 2022^[71]

Primary election
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Zoe Lofgren (incumbent)	50,104	56.1
	Republican	Peter Hernandez	27,935	31.3
	Democratic	Luis Acevedo-Arreguin	11,253	12.6
Total votes			89,292	100.0
General election
	Democratic	Zoe Lofgren (incumbent)	99,677	65.8
	Republican	Peter Hernandez	51,704	34.2
Total votes			151,381	100.0

Personal life

In 1978, Lofgren married John Marshall Collins, an attorney.^[8][72] The couple met at an election party.^[73] Lofgren's daughter, Sheila Collins, is a corporate counsel at Google.^[74][75]

See also

• PROTECT IP Act
• Aaron's Law
• Women in the United States House of Representatives

References

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External links

 

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• Congresswoman Zoe Lofgren official U.S. House website
• Zoe Lofgren for Congress
• Zoe Lofgren at Curlie
• Appearances on C-SPAN

• Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
• Financial information (federal office) at the Federal Election Commission
• Legislation sponsored at the Library of Congress
• Profile at Vote Smart

U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by Don Edwards	Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from California's 16th congressional district 1995–2013	Succeeded by Jim Costa
Preceded by Gene Green Acting	Chair of the House Ethics Committee 2009–2011	Succeeded by Jo Bonner
Preceded by Jeff Denham	Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from California's 19th congressional district 2013–2023	Succeeded by Jimmy Panetta
Preceded by Anna Eshoo	Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from California's 18th congressional district 2023–present	Incumbent
Preceded by Gregg Harper	Chair of the House Administration Committee 2019–2023	Succeeded by TBD
Preceded by Roy Blunt	Chair of the Joint Printing Committee 2019–2021	Succeeded by Amy Klobuchar
	Chair of the Joint Library Committee 2021–2023	Succeeded by TBD
U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded by Sheila Jackson Lee	United States representatives by seniority 21st	Succeeded by Earl Blumenauer