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Academic journal

January 26, 2023

An academic journal or scholarly journal is a periodical publication in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published. Academic journals serve as permanent and transparent forums for the presentation, scrutiny, and discussion of research. They nearly-universally require peer-review or other scrutiny from contemporaries competent and established in their respective fields.[1][2] Content typically takes the form of articles presenting original research, review articles, or book reviews. The purpose of an academic journal, according to Henry Oldenburg (the first editor of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society), is to give researchers a venue to "impart their knowledge to one another, and contribute what they can to the Grand design of improving natural knowledge, and perfecting all Philosophical Arts, and Sciences."[3]

There are different types of peer-reviewed research journals; these specific publications are about food science

The term academic journal applies to scholarly publications in all fields; this article discusses the aspects common to all academic field journals. Scientific journals and journals of the quantitative social sciences vary in form and function from journals of the humanities and qualitative social sciences; their specific aspects are separately discussed.

The first academic journal was Journal des sçavans (January 1665), followed soon after by Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (March 1665), and Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences (1666). The first fully peer-reviewed journal was Medical Essays and Observations (1733).[4]

History

 
Adrien Auzout's "A TABLE of the Apertures of Object-Glasses" from a 1665 article in Philosophical Transactions, showing a table

The idea of a published journal with the purpose of "[letting] people know what is happening in the Republic of Letters" was first conceived by François Eudes de Mézeray in 1663. A publication titled Journal littéraire général was supposed to be published to fulfill that goal, but never was. Humanist scholar Denis de Sallo (under the pseudonym "Sieur de Hédouville") and printer Jean Cusson took Mazerai's idea, and obtained a royal privilege from King Louis XIV on 8 August 1664 to establish the Journal des sçavans. The journal's first issue was published on 5 January 1665. It was aimed at people of letters, and had four main objectives:[5]

  1. review newly published major European books,
  2. publish the obituaries of famous people,
  3. report on discoveries in arts and science, and
  4. report on the proceedings and censures of both secular and ecclesiastical courts, as well as those of Universities both in France and outside.

Soon after, the Royal Society established Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in March 1665, and the Académie des Sciences established the Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences in 1666, which more strongly focused on scientific communications.[6] By the end of the 18th century, nearly 500 such periodicals had been published,[7] the vast majority coming from Germany (304 periodicals), France (53), and England (34). Several of those publications, however, and in particular the German journals, tended to be short-lived (under 5 years). A.J. Meadows has estimated the proliferation of journal to reach 10,000 journals in 1950, and 71,000 in 1987. However, Michael Mabe warns that the estimates will vary depending on the definition of what exactly counts as a scholarly publication, but that the growth rate has been "remarkably consistent over time", with an average rate of 3.46% per year from 1800 to 2003.[8]

In 1733, Medical Essays and Observations was established by the Medical Society of Edinburgh as the first fully peer-reviewed journal.[4] Peer review was introduced as an attempt to increase the quality and pertinence of submissions.[9] Other important events in the history of academic journals include the establishment of Nature (1869) and Science (1880), the establishment of Postmodern Culture in 1990 as the first online-only journal, the foundation of arXiv in 1991 for the dissemination of preprints to be discussed prior to publication in a journal, and the establishment of PLOS One in 2006 as the first megajournal.[4]

Scholarly articles

There are two kinds of article or paper submissions in academia: solicited, where an individual has been invited to submit work either through direct contact or through a general submissions call, and unsolicited, where an individual submits a work for potential publication without directly being asked to do so.[10] Upon receipt of a submitted article, editors at the journal determine whether to reject the submission outright or begin the process of peer review. In the latter case, the submission becomes subject to review by outside scholars of the editor's choosing who typically remain anonymous. The number of these peer reviewers (or "referees") varies according to each journal's editorial practice – typically, no fewer than two, though sometimes three or more, experts in the subject matter of the article produce reports upon the content, style, and other factors, which inform the editors' publication decisions. Though these reports are generally confidential, some journals and publishers also practice public peer review. The editors either choose to reject the article, ask for a revision and resubmission, or accept the article for publication. Even accepted articles are often subjected to further (sometimes considerable) editing by journal editorial staff before they appear in print. The peer review can take from several weeks to several months.[11]

Reviewing

Review articles

Main article: Review article

Review articles, also called "reviews of progress," are checks on the research published in journals. Some journals are devoted entirely to review articles, some contain a few in each issue, and others do not publish review articles. Such reviews often cover the research from the preceding year, some for longer or shorter terms; some are devoted to specific topics, some to general surveys. Some reviews are enumerative, listing all significant articles in a given subject; others are selective, including only what they think worthwhile. Yet others are evaluative, judging the state of progress in the subject field. Some journals are published in series, each covering a complete subject field year, or covering specific fields through several years. Unlike original research articles, review articles tend to be solicited or "peer-invited" submissions, often planned years in advance, which may themselves go through a peer-review process once received.[12][13] They are typically relied upon by students beginning a study in a given field, or for current awareness of those already in the field.[12]

Book reviews

Not to be confused with Literary book review.

Reviews of scholarly books are checks upon the research books published by scholars; unlike articles, book reviews tend to be solicited. Journals typically have a separate book review editor determining which new books to review and by whom. If an outside scholar accepts the book review editor's request for a book review, he or she generally receives a free copy of the book from the journal in exchange for a timely review. Publishers send books to book review editors in the hope that their books will be reviewed. The length and depth of research book reviews varies much from journal to journal, as does the extent of textbook and trade book review.[14]

Prestige and ranking

Main article: Journal ranking

An academic journal's prestige is established over time, and can reflect many factors, some but not all of which are expressible quantitatively. In each academic discipline, some journals receive a high number of submissions and opt to restrict how many they publish, keeping the acceptance rate low.[15] Size or prestige are not a guarantee of reliability.[16]

In the natural sciences and in the social sciences, the impact factor is an established proxy, measuring the number of later articles citing articles already published in the journal. There are other quantitative measures of prestige, such as the overall number of citations, how quickly articles are cited, and the average "half-life" of articles. Clarivate Analytics' Journal Citation Reports, which among other features, computes an impact factor for academic journals, draws data for computation from the Science Citation Index Expanded (for natural science journals), and from the Social Sciences Citation Index (for social science journals).[15] Several other metrics are also used, including the SCImago Journal Rank, CiteScore, Eigenfactor, and Altmetrics.

In the Anglo-American humanities, there is no tradition (as there is in the sciences) of giving impact-factors that could be used in establishing a journal's prestige. Recent moves have been made by the European Science Foundation (ESF) to change the situation, resulting in the publication of preliminary lists for the ranking of academic journals in the humanities.[15] These rankings have been severely criticized, notably by history and sociology of science British journals that have published a common editorial entitled "Journals under Threat."[17] Though it did not prevent ESF and some national organizations from proposing journal rankings, it largely prevented their use as evaluation tools.[18]

In some disciplines such as knowledge management/intellectual capital, the lack of a well-established journal ranking system is perceived by academics as "a major obstacle on the way to tenure, promotion and achievement recognition".[19] Conversely, a significant number of scientists and organizations consider the pursuit of impact factor calculations as inimical to the goals of science, and have signed the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment to limit its use.

The categorization of journal prestige in some subjects has been attempted, typically using letters to rank their academic world importance.[citation needed]

Three categories of techniques have developed to assess journal quality and create journal rankings:[20]

  • stated preference;
  • revealed preference; and
  • publication power approaches[21]

Costs

Main article: Publishers and business aspects
See also: Cost

Many academic journals are subsidized by universities or professional organizations, and do not exist to make a profit. However, they often accept advertising, page and image charges from authors to pay for production costs. On the other hand, some journals are produced by commercial publishers who do make a profit by charging subscriptions to individuals and libraries. They may also sell all of their journals in discipline-specific collections or a variety of other packages.[22]

Journal editors tend to have other professional responsibilities, most often as teaching professors. In the case of the largest journals, there are paid staff assisting in the editing. The production of the journals is almost always done by publisher-paid staff. Humanities and social science academic journals are usually subsidized by universities or professional organization.[23]

The cost and value proposition of subscription to academic journals is being continuously re-assessed by institutions worldwide. In the context of the big deal cancellations by several library systems in the world,[24] data analysis tools like Unpaywall Journals are used by libraries to estimate the specific cost and value of the various options: libraries can avoid subscriptions for materials already served by instant open access via open archives like PubMed Central.[25]

New developments

The Internet has revolutionized the production of, and access to, academic journals, with their contents available online via services subscribed to by academic libraries. Individual articles are subject-indexed in databases such as Google Scholar. Some of the smallest, most specialized journals are prepared in-house, by an academic department, and published only online – such form of publication has sometimes been in the blog format though some, like the open access journal Internet Archaeology, use the medium to embed searchable datasets, 3D models, and interactive mapping.[26] Currently, there is a movement in higher education encouraging open access, either via self archiving, whereby the author deposits a paper in a disciplinary or institutional repository where it can be searched for and read, or via publishing it in a free open access journal, which does not charge for subscriptions, being either subsidized or financed by a publication fee. Given the goal of sharing scientific research to speed advances, open access has affected science journals more than humanities journals.[27] Commercial publishers are experimenting with open access models, but are trying to protect their subscription revenues.[28]

The much lower entry cost of on-line publishing has also raised concerns of an increase in publication of "junk" journals with lower publishing standards. These journals, often with names chosen as similar to well-established publications, solicit articles via e-mail and then charge the author to publish an article, often with no sign of actual review. Jeffrey Beall, a research librarian at the University of Colorado, has compiled a list of what he considers to be "potential, possible, or probable predatory scholarly open-access publishers"; the list numbered over 300 journals as of April 2013, but he estimates that there may be thousands.[29] The OMICS Publishing Group, which publishes a number of the journals on this list, has threatened to sue Beall.[30]

Some academic journals use the registered report format, which aims to counteract issues such as data dredging and hypothesizing after the results are known. For example, Nature Human Behaviour has adopted the registered report format, as it "shift[s] the emphasis from the results of research to the questions that guide the research and the methods used to answer them".[31] The European Journal of Personality defines this format: "In a registered report, authors create a study proposal that includes theoretical and empirical background, research questions/hypotheses, and pilot data (if available). Upon submission, this proposal will then be reviewed prior to data collection, and if accepted, the paper resulting from this peer-reviewed procedure will be published, regardless of the study outcomes."[32]

Electronic journals

Further information: Electronic publishing

Some journals are born digital, such as the Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, in that they are solely published on the web and in a digital format. Most electronic journals originated as print journals, which subsequently evolved to have an electronic version, while still maintaining a print component, while others eventually become electronic-only.

An e-journal closely resembles a print journal in structure: there is a table of contents which lists the articles, and many electronic journals still use a volume/issue model, although some titles now publish on a continuous basis. Online journal articles are a specialized form of electronic document: they have the purpose of providing material for academic research and study, and they are formatted approximately like journal articles in traditional printed journals. Often a journal article will be available for download in two formats – as a PDF and in HTML format, although other electronic file types are often supported for supplementary material. Articles are indexed in bibliographic databases, as well as by search engines. E-journals allow new types on content to be included in journals, for example video material, or the data sets on which research has been based.

With the growth and development of the Internet, there has been a growth in the number of new journals, especially in those that exist as digital publications only. A subset of these journals exist as Open Access titles, meaning that they are free to access for all, and have Creative Commons licences which permit the reproduction of content in different ways. High quality open access journals are listed in Directory of Open Access Journals. Most however continue to exist as subscription journals, for which libraries, organisations and individuals purchase access.

Lists

See also: Lists of academic journals

The largest database providing detailed information about journals is Ulrichs Global Serials Directory. Other databases providing detailed information about journals are the Modern Language Association Directory of Periodicals and Genamics JournalSeek. Journal hosting websites like Project MUSE, JSTOR, Pubmed, Ingenta Web of Science, and Informaworld also provide journal lists. Some sites evaluate journals, providing information such as how long a journal takes to review articles and what types of articles it publishes.[note 1]

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ For example the Reviews of Peer-Reviewed Journals in the Humanities and Social Sciences

References

  1. ^ Gary Blake; Robert W. Bly (1993). The Elements of Technical Writing. Macmillan Publishers. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-02-013085-7.
  2. ^ Monavarian, Morteza (2021-03-01). "Basics of scientific and technical writing". MRS Bulletin. 46 (3): 284–286. Bibcode:2021MRSBu..46..284M. doi:10.1557/s43577-021-00070-y. ISSN 1938-1425. S2CID 233798866.
  3. ^ The Royal Society: Royal Society journal archive made permanently free to access, 26 October 2011.
  4. ^ a b c Mudrak, Ben. "Scholarly Publishing: A Brief History". American Journal Experts. Retrieved 2018-06-18.
  5. ^ "Histoire du Journal des Savants", p. 1-2
  6. ^ "History of Philosophical Transactions – The Secret History of the Scientific Journal". arts.st-andrews.ac.uk.
  7. ^ Kronick, David A. (1962). "Original Publication: The Substantive Journal". A history of scientific and technical periodicals:the origins and development of the scientific and technological press, 1665-1790. New York: The Scarecrow Press.
  8. ^ Mabe, Michael (1 July 2003). "The growth and number of journals". Serials: The Journal for the Serials Community. 16 (2): 191–197. doi:10.1629/16191. ISSN 1475-3308. S2CID 904752.
  9. ^ "Preface". Medical Essays and Observations (2nd ed.): v–xvi. 1737.
  10. ^ Gwen Meyer Gregory (2005). The successful academic librarian: Winning strategies from library leaders. Information Today. pp. 36–37. ISBN 978-1-57387-232-4.
  11. ^ Michèle Lamont (2009). How professors think: Inside the curious world of academic judgment. Harvard University Press. pp. 1–14. ISBN 978-0-674-05733-3.
  12. ^ a b Deborah E. De Lange (2011). Research Companion to Green International Management Studies: A Guide for Future Research, Collaboration and Review Writing. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 1–5. ISBN 978-1-84980-727-2.
  13. ^ Durham, William H. (October 2004). . Annual Review of Anthropology. 33 (1): annurev.an.33.090204.100001. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.33.090204.100001. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
  14. ^ Rita James Simon; Linda Mahan (1969). "A Note on the Role of Book Review Editor as Decision Maker". The Library Quarterly. 39 (4): 353–56. doi:10.1086/619794. JSTOR 4306026. S2CID 144242155.
  15. ^ a b c Rowena Murray (2009). Writing for Academic Journals (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 42–45. ISBN 978-0-335-23458-5.
  16. ^ Brembs B (2018). "Prestigious Science Journals Struggle to Reach Even Average Reliability". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 12: 37. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00037. PMC 5826185. PMID 29515380.
  17. ^ "Journals under Threat: A Joint Response from History of Science, Technology and Medicine Editors". Medical History. 53 (1): 1–4. 2009. doi:10.1017/s0025727300003288. PMC 2629173. PMID 19190746.
  18. ^ Pontille, David; Torny, Didier (2010). "The controversial policies of journal ratings: Evaluating social sciences and humanities". Research Evaluation. 19 (5): 347. doi:10.3152/095820210X12809191250889.
  19. ^ Nick Bontis; Alexander Serenko (2009). "A follow-up ranking of academic journals". Journal of Knowledge Management. 13 (1): 17. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.178.6943. doi:10.1108/13673270910931134.
  20. ^ Paul Benjamin Lowry; Sean LaMarc Humpherys; Jason Malwitz; Joshua Nix (2007). "A scientometric study of the perceived quality of business and technical communication journals". IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication. 50 (4): 352–78. doi:10.1109/TPC.2007.908733. S2CID 40366182. SSRN 1021608.
  21. ^ Alexander Serenko; Changquan Jiao (2011). "Investigating Information Systems Research in Canada" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences. 29 (1): 3–24. doi:10.1002/cjas.214.
  22. ^ Theodore C. Bergstrom (2001). "Free Labor for Costly Journals?". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 15 (3): 183–98. doi:10.1257/jep.15.4.183. S2CID 8593095.
  23. ^ Robert A. Day; Barbara Gastel (2011). How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper (7th ed.). ABC-CLIO. pp. 122–24. ISBN 978-0-313-39195-8.
  24. ^ Fernández-Ramos, Andrés; Rodríguez Bravo, María Blanca; Alvite Díez, María Luisa; Santos de Paz, Lourdes; Morán Suárez, María Antonia; Gallego Lorenzo, Josefa; Olea Merino, Isabel (2019). "Evolution of the big deals use in the public universities of the Castile and Leon region, Spain = Evolución del uso de los big deals en las universidades públicas de Castilla y León". El Profesional de la Información (in Spanish). 28 (6). doi:10.3145/epi.2019.nov.19.
  25. ^ Denise Wolfe (2020-04-07). "SUNY Negotiates New, Modified Agreement with Elsevier - Libraries News Center University at Buffalo Libraries". library.buffalo.edu. University at Buffalo. Retrieved 2020-04-18.
  26. ^ Greene, Kevin (2003). "Review: Internet Archaeology. Published twice yearly; ISSN 1363-5387. £105 and US$190 to instructions (access to Volume 1 free)". Antiquity. 77 (295): 200–202. doi:10.1017/S0003598X0006155X. S2CID 163702964.
  27. ^ Davis, Philip M; Walters, William H (July 2011). "The impact of free access to the scientific literature: A review of recent research". Journal of the Medical Library Association. 99 (3): 208–217. doi:10.3163/1536-5050.99.3.008. ISSN 1536-5050. PMC 3133904. PMID 21753913.
  28. ^ James Hendler (2007). "Reinventing Academic Publishing-Part 1". IEEE Intelligent Systems. 22 (5): 2–3. doi:10.1109/MIS.2007.4338485.
  29. ^ Kolata, Gina (April 7, 2013). "Scientific Articles Accepted (Personal Checks, Too)". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  30. ^ Deprez, Esme (August 29, 2017). "Medical journals have a fake news problem". Bloomberg. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  31. ^ "Promoting reproducibility with registered reports". Nature Human Behaviour. 1 (1): 0034. 10 January 2017. doi:10.1038/s41562-016-0034. S2CID 28976450.
  32. ^ "Streamlined review and registered reports soon to be official at EJP". THE EJP BLOG. European Journal of Personality. Retrieved 8 April 2018.

Further reading

  • Kronick, David A. (1962). "Original Publication: The Substantive Journal". A history of scientific and technical periodicals:the origins and development of the scientific and technological press, 1665-1790. New York: The Scarecrow Press.
  • Bakkalbasi, N; Bauer, K; Glover, J; Wang, L (2006). "Three options for citation tracking: Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science". Biomedical Digital Libraries. 3: 7. doi:10.1186/1742-5581-3-7. PMC 1533854. PMID 16805916.
  • Bontis, Nick; Serenko, A. (2009). "A follow-up ranking of academic journals". Journal of Knowledge Management. 13 (1): 16–26. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.178.6943. doi:10.1108/13673270910931134.
  • Hendler, James (2007). "Reinventing Academic Publishing – Part 1". IEEE Intelligent Systems. 22 (5): 2–3. doi:10.1109/mis.2007.4338485.
  • Paul Benjamin Lowry; Sean LaMarc Humpherys; Jason Malwitz; Joshua Nix (2007). "A scientometric study of the perceived quality of business and technical communication journals". IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication. 50 (4): 352–78. doi:10.1109/TPC.2007.908733. S2CID 40366182. SSRN 1021608.
  • Waller, A.C. (2001). Editorial Peer Review Its Strengths and Weaknesses. ASIST monograph series. Information Today. ISBN 978-1-57387-100-6.
  • Serenko, Alexander; Jiao, C. (2011). "Investigating information systems research in Canada" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences. 29 (1): 3–24. doi:10.1002/CJAS.214.
  • Ware, Mark; Mabe, Michael (2015). The STM Report: An overview of scientific and scholarly journal publishing (PDF) (4th ed.). International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers.

External links

 
Wikisource has several original texts related to Research articles.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Academic journals.
  • Journal Collection at the Internet Archive
  • , European Science Foundation
  • JournalSeek – A Searchable Database of Online Scholarly Journals
  • (Thomson Reuters) – a list of selected, and notable academic journals in the arts, humanities, sciences, and social sciences.
  • Links to electronic journals
  • Academic Journals: What are They? and Academic Journals Compared to Magazines. Academic Writing. Dennis G. Jerz. Seton Hill University. 2001.
  • Peer reviewed articles. San Diego State University.
  • Directory of Open Access Journals

January 26, 2023
academic, journal, academic, journal, scholarly, journal, periodical, publication, which, scholarship, relating, particular, academic, discipline, published, serve, permanent, transparent, forums, presentation, scrutiny, discussion, research, they, nearly, uni. An academic journal or scholarly journal is a periodical publication in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published Academic journals serve as permanent and transparent forums for the presentation scrutiny and discussion of research They nearly universally require peer review or other scrutiny from contemporaries competent and established in their respective fields 1 2 Content typically takes the form of articles presenting original research review articles or book reviews The purpose of an academic journal according to Henry Oldenburg the first editor of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society is to give researchers a venue to impart their knowledge to one another and contribute what they can to the Grand design of improving natural knowledge and perfecting all Philosophical Arts and Sciences 3 There are different types of peer reviewed research journals these specific publications are about food science The term academic journal applies to scholarly publications in all fields this article discusses the aspects common to all academic field journals Scientific journals and journals of the quantitative social sciences vary in form and function from journals of the humanities and qualitative social sciences their specific aspects are separately discussed The first academic journal was Journal des scavans January 1665 followed soon after by Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society March 1665 and Memoires de l Academie des Sciences 1666 The first fully peer reviewed journal was Medical Essays and Observations 1733 4 Contents 1 History 2 Scholarly articles 3 Reviewing 3 1 Review articles 3 2 Book reviews 4 Prestige and ranking 5 Costs 6 New developments 6 1 Electronic journals 7 Lists 8 See also 9 Explanatory notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External linksHistory Edit Adrien Auzout s A TABLE of the Apertures of Object Glasses from a 1665 article in Philosophical Transactions showing a table The idea of a published journal with the purpose of letting people know what is happening in the Republic of Letters was first conceived by Francois Eudes de Mezeray in 1663 A publication titled Journal litteraire general was supposed to be published to fulfill that goal but never was Humanist scholar Denis de Sallo under the pseudonym Sieur de Hedouville and printer Jean Cusson took Mazerai s idea and obtained a royal privilege from King Louis XIV on 8 August 1664 to establish the Journal des scavans The journal s first issue was published on 5 January 1665 It was aimed at people of letters and had four main objectives 5 review newly published major European books publish the obituaries of famous people report on discoveries in arts and science and report on the proceedings and censures of both secular and ecclesiastical courts as well as those of Universities both in France and outside Soon after the Royal Society established Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in March 1665 and the Academie des Sciences established the Memoires de l Academie des Sciences in 1666 which more strongly focused on scientific communications 6 By the end of the 18th century nearly 500 such periodicals had been published 7 the vast majority coming from Germany 304 periodicals France 53 and England 34 Several of those publications however and in particular the German journals tended to be short lived under 5 years A J Meadows has estimated the proliferation of journal to reach 10 000 journals in 1950 and 71 000 in 1987 However Michael Mabe warns that the estimates will vary depending on the definition of what exactly counts as a scholarly publication but that the growth rate has been remarkably consistent over time with an average rate of 3 46 per year from 1800 to 2003 8 In 1733 Medical Essays and Observations was established by the Medical Society of Edinburgh as the first fully peer reviewed journal 4 Peer review was introduced as an attempt to increase the quality and pertinence of submissions 9 Other important events in the history of academic journals include the establishment of Nature 1869 and Science 1880 the establishment of Postmodern Culture in 1990 as the first online only journal the foundation of arXiv in 1991 for the dissemination of preprints to be discussed prior to publication in a journal and the establishment of PLOS One in 2006 as the first megajournal 4 Scholarly articles EditThere are two kinds of article or paper submissions in academia solicited where an individual has been invited to submit work either through direct contact or through a general submissions call and unsolicited where an individual submits a work for potential publication without directly being asked to do so 10 Upon receipt of a submitted article editors at the journal determine whether to reject the submission outright or begin the process of peer review In the latter case the submission becomes subject to review by outside scholars of the editor s choosing who typically remain anonymous The number of these peer reviewers or referees varies according to each journal s editorial practice typically no fewer than two though sometimes three or more experts in the subject matter of the article produce reports upon the content style and other factors which inform the editors publication decisions Though these reports are generally confidential some journals and publishers also practice public peer review The editors either choose to reject the article ask for a revision and resubmission or accept the article for publication Even accepted articles are often subjected to further sometimes considerable editing by journal editorial staff before they appear in print The peer review can take from several weeks to several months 11 Reviewing EditReview articles Edit Main article Review article Review articles also called reviews of progress are checks on the research published in journals Some journals are devoted entirely to review articles some contain a few in each issue and others do not publish review articles Such reviews often cover the research from the preceding year some for longer or shorter terms some are devoted to specific topics some to general surveys Some reviews are enumerative listing all significant articles in a given subject others are selective including only what they think worthwhile Yet others are evaluative judging the state of progress in the subject field Some journals are published in series each covering a complete subject field year or covering specific fields through several years Unlike original research articles review articles tend to be solicited or peer invited submissions often planned years in advance which may themselves go through a peer review process once received 12 13 They are typically relied upon by students beginning a study in a given field or for current awareness of those already in the field 12 Book reviews Edit Not to be confused with Literary book review Reviews of scholarly books are checks upon the research books published by scholars unlike articles book reviews tend to be solicited Journals typically have a separate book review editor determining which new books to review and by whom If an outside scholar accepts the book review editor s request for a book review he or she generally receives a free copy of the book from the journal in exchange for a timely review Publishers send books to book review editors in the hope that their books will be reviewed The length and depth of research book reviews varies much from journal to journal as does the extent of textbook and trade book review 14 Prestige and ranking EditMain article Journal ranking An academic journal s prestige is established over time and can reflect many factors some but not all of which are expressible quantitatively In each academic discipline some journals receive a high number of submissions and opt to restrict how many they publish keeping the acceptance rate low 15 Size or prestige are not a guarantee of reliability 16 In the natural sciences and in the social sciences the impact factor is an established proxy measuring the number of later articles citing articles already published in the journal There are other quantitative measures of prestige such as the overall number of citations how quickly articles are cited and the average half life of articles Clarivate Analytics Journal Citation Reports which among other features computes an impact factor for academic journals draws data for computation from the Science Citation Index Expanded for natural science journals and from the Social Sciences Citation Index for social science journals 15 Several other metrics are also used including the SCImago Journal Rank CiteScore Eigenfactor and Altmetrics In the Anglo American humanities there is no tradition as there is in the sciences of giving impact factors that could be used in establishing a journal s prestige Recent moves have been made by the European Science Foundation ESF to change the situation resulting in the publication of preliminary lists for the ranking of academic journals in the humanities 15 These rankings have been severely criticized notably by history and sociology of science British journals that have published a common editorial entitled Journals under Threat 17 Though it did not prevent ESF and some national organizations from proposing journal rankings it largely prevented their use as evaluation tools 18 In some disciplines such as knowledge management intellectual capital the lack of a well established journal ranking system is perceived by academics as a major obstacle on the way to tenure promotion and achievement recognition 19 Conversely a significant number of scientists and organizations consider the pursuit of impact factor calculations as inimical to the goals of science and have signed the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment to limit its use The categorization of journal prestige in some subjects has been attempted typically using letters to rank their academic world importance citation needed Three categories of techniques have developed to assess journal quality and create journal rankings 20 stated preference revealed preference and publication power approaches 21 Costs EditMain article Publishers and business aspects See also Cost Many academic journals are subsidized by universities or professional organizations and do not exist to make a profit However they often accept advertising page and image charges from authors to pay for production costs On the other hand some journals are produced by commercial publishers who do make a profit by charging subscriptions to individuals and libraries They may also sell all of their journals in discipline specific collections or a variety of other packages 22 Journal editors tend to have other professional responsibilities most often as teaching professors In the case of the largest journals there are paid staff assisting in the editing The production of the journals is almost always done by publisher paid staff Humanities and social science academic journals are usually subsidized by universities or professional organization 23 The cost and value proposition of subscription to academic journals is being continuously re assessed by institutions worldwide In the context of the big deal cancellations by several library systems in the world 24 data analysis tools like Unpaywall Journals are used by libraries to estimate the specific cost and value of the various options libraries can avoid subscriptions for materials already served by instant open access via open archives like PubMed Central 25 New developments EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Academic journal news newspapers books scholar JSTOR June 2010 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Internet has revolutionized the production of and access to academic journals with their contents available online via services subscribed to by academic libraries Individual articles are subject indexed in databases such as Google Scholar Some of the smallest most specialized journals are prepared in house by an academic department and published only online such form of publication has sometimes been in the blog format though some like the open access journal Internet Archaeology use the medium to embed searchable datasets 3D models and interactive mapping 26 Currently there is a movement in higher education encouraging open access either via self archiving whereby the author deposits a paper in a disciplinary or institutional repository where it can be searched for and read or via publishing it in a free open access journal which does not charge for subscriptions being either subsidized or financed by a publication fee Given the goal of sharing scientific research to speed advances open access has affected science journals more than humanities journals 27 Commercial publishers are experimenting with open access models but are trying to protect their subscription revenues 28 The much lower entry cost of on line publishing has also raised concerns of an increase in publication of junk journals with lower publishing standards These journals often with names chosen as similar to well established publications solicit articles via e mail and then charge the author to publish an article often with no sign of actual review Jeffrey Beall a research librarian at the University of Colorado has compiled a list of what he considers to be potential possible or probable predatory scholarly open access publishers the list numbered over 300 journals as of April 2013 but he estimates that there may be thousands 29 The OMICS Publishing Group which publishes a number of the journals on this list has threatened to sue Beall 30 Some academic journals use the registered report format which aims to counteract issues such as data dredging and hypothesizing after the results are known For example Nature Human Behaviour has adopted the registered report format as it shift s the emphasis from the results of research to the questions that guide the research and the methods used to answer them 31 The European Journal of Personality defines this format In a registered report authors create a study proposal that includes theoretical and empirical background research questions hypotheses and pilot data if available Upon submission this proposal will then be reviewed prior to data collection and if accepted the paper resulting from this peer reviewed procedure will be published regardless of the study outcomes 32 Electronic journals Edit Further information Electronic publishing This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed February 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Some journals are born digital such as the Electronic Journal of Combinatorics in that they are solely published on the web and in a digital format Most electronic journals originated as print journals which subsequently evolved to have an electronic version while still maintaining a print component while others eventually become electronic only An e journal closely resembles a print journal in structure there is a table of contents which lists the articles and many electronic journals still use a volume issue model although some titles now publish on a continuous basis Online journal articles are a specialized form of electronic document they have the purpose of providing material for academic research and study and they are formatted approximately like journal articles in traditional printed journals Often a journal article will be available for download in two formats as a PDF and in HTML format although other electronic file types are often supported for supplementary material Articles are indexed in bibliographic databases as well as by search engines E journals allow new types on content to be included in journals for example video material or the data sets on which research has been based With the growth and development of the Internet there has been a growth in the number of new journals especially in those that exist as digital publications only A subset of these journals exist as Open Access titles meaning that they are free to access for all and have Creative Commons licences which permit the reproduction of content in different ways High quality open access journals are listed in Directory of Open Access Journals Most however continue to exist as subscription journals for which libraries organisations and individuals purchase access Lists EditSee also Lists of academic journals This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed July 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message The largest database providing detailed information about journals is Ulrichs Global Serials Directory Other databases providing detailed information about journals are the Modern Language Association Directory of Periodicals and Genamics JournalSeek Journal hosting websites like Project MUSE JSTOR Pubmed Ingenta Web of Science and Informaworld also provide journal lists Some sites evaluate journals providing information such as how long a journal takes to review articles and what types of articles it publishes note 1 See also EditAcademic authorship Academic conference Academic writing arXiv IMRAD Journal Citation Reports Journalology Law review Medical journal Publish or perish Research paper mill Scientific journal Lists of academic journals List of scholarly publishing stingsExplanatory notes Edit For example the Reviews of Peer Reviewed Journals in the Humanities and Social SciencesReferences Edit Gary Blake Robert W Bly 1993 The Elements of Technical Writing Macmillan Publishers p 113 ISBN 978 0 02 013085 7 Monavarian Morteza 2021 03 01 Basics of scientific and technical writing MRS Bulletin 46 3 284 286 Bibcode 2021MRSBu 46 284M doi 10 1557 s43577 021 00070 y ISSN 1938 1425 S2CID 233798866 The Royal Society Royal Society journal archive made permanently free to access 26 October 2011 a b c Mudrak Ben Scholarly Publishing A Brief History American Journal Experts Retrieved 2018 06 18 Histoire du Journal des Savants p 1 2 History of Philosophical Transactions The Secret History of the Scientific Journal arts st andrews ac uk Kronick David A 1962 Original Publication The Substantive Journal A history of scientific and technical periodicals the origins and development of the scientific and technological press 1665 1790 New York The Scarecrow Press Mabe Michael 1 July 2003 The growth and number of journals Serials The Journal for the Serials Community 16 2 191 197 doi 10 1629 16191 ISSN 1475 3308 S2CID 904752 Preface Medical Essays and Observations 2nd ed v xvi 1737 Gwen Meyer Gregory 2005 The successful academic librarian Winning strategies from library leaders Information Today pp 36 37 ISBN 978 1 57387 232 4 Michele Lamont 2009 How professors think Inside the curious world of academic judgment Harvard University Press pp 1 14 ISBN 978 0 674 05733 3 a b Deborah E De Lange 2011 Research Companion to Green International Management Studies A Guide for Future Research Collaboration and Review Writing Edward Elgar Publishing pp 1 5 ISBN 978 1 84980 727 2 Durham William H October 2004 Preface A Peer Invited Publication Annual Review of Anthropology 33 1 annurev an 33 090204 100001 doi 10 1146 annurev an 33 090204 100001 Archived from the original on 21 September 2021 Retrieved 21 September 2021 Rita James Simon Linda Mahan 1969 A Note on the Role of Book Review Editor as Decision Maker The Library Quarterly 39 4 353 56 doi 10 1086 619794 JSTOR 4306026 S2CID 144242155 a b c Rowena Murray 2009 Writing for Academic Journals 2nd ed McGraw Hill Education pp 42 45 ISBN 978 0 335 23458 5 Brembs B 2018 Prestigious Science Journals Struggle to Reach Even Average Reliability Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 12 37 doi 10 3389 fnhum 2018 00037 PMC 5826185 PMID 29515380 Journals under Threat A Joint Response from History of Science Technology and Medicine Editors Medical History 53 1 1 4 2009 doi 10 1017 s0025727300003288 PMC 2629173 PMID 19190746 Pontille David Torny Didier 2010 The controversial policies of journal ratings Evaluating social sciences and humanities Research Evaluation 19 5 347 doi 10 3152 095820210X12809191250889 Nick Bontis Alexander Serenko 2009 A follow up ranking of academic journals Journal of Knowledge Management 13 1 17 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 178 6943 doi 10 1108 13673270910931134 Paul Benjamin Lowry Sean LaMarc Humpherys Jason Malwitz Joshua Nix 2007 A scientometric study of the perceived quality of business and technical communication journals IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication 50 4 352 78 doi 10 1109 TPC 2007 908733 S2CID 40366182 SSRN 1021608 Alexander Serenko Changquan Jiao 2011 Investigating Information Systems Research in Canada PDF Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences 29 1 3 24 doi 10 1002 cjas 214 Theodore C Bergstrom 2001 Free Labor for Costly Journals Journal of Economic Perspectives 15 3 183 98 doi 10 1257 jep 15 4 183 S2CID 8593095 Robert A Day Barbara Gastel 2011 How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper 7th ed ABC CLIO pp 122 24 ISBN 978 0 313 39195 8 Fernandez Ramos Andres Rodriguez Bravo Maria Blanca Alvite Diez Maria Luisa Santos de Paz Lourdes Moran Suarez Maria Antonia Gallego Lorenzo Josefa Olea Merino Isabel 2019 Evolution of the big deals use in the public universities of the Castile and Leon region Spain Evolucion del uso de los big deals en las universidades publicas de Castilla y Leon El Profesional de la Informacion in Spanish 28 6 doi 10 3145 epi 2019 nov 19 Denise Wolfe 2020 04 07 SUNY Negotiates New Modified Agreement with Elsevier Libraries News Center University at Buffalo Libraries library buffalo edu University at Buffalo Retrieved 2020 04 18 Greene Kevin 2003 Review Internet Archaeology Published twice yearly ISSN 1363 5387 105 and US 190 to instructions access to Volume 1 free Antiquity 77 295 200 202 doi 10 1017 S0003598X0006155X S2CID 163702964 Davis Philip M Walters William H July 2011 The impact of free access to the scientific literature A review of recent research Journal of the Medical Library Association 99 3 208 217 doi 10 3163 1536 5050 99 3 008 ISSN 1536 5050 PMC 3133904 PMID 21753913 James Hendler 2007 Reinventing Academic Publishing Part 1 IEEE Intelligent Systems 22 5 2 3 doi 10 1109 MIS 2007 4338485 Kolata Gina April 7 2013 Scientific Articles Accepted Personal Checks Too The New York Times Retrieved 23 September 2013 Deprez Esme August 29 2017 Medical journals have a fake news problem Bloomberg Retrieved 30 August 2017 Promoting reproducibility with registered reports Nature Human Behaviour 1 1 0034 10 January 2017 doi 10 1038 s41562 016 0034 S2CID 28976450 Streamlined review and registered reports soon to be official at EJP THE EJP BLOG European Journal of Personality Retrieved 8 April 2018 Further reading EditKronick David A 1962 Original Publication The Substantive Journal A history of scientific and technical periodicals the origins and development of the scientific and technological press 1665 1790 New York The Scarecrow Press Bakkalbasi N Bauer K Glover J Wang L 2006 Three options for citation tracking Google Scholar Scopus and Web of Science Biomedical Digital Libraries 3 7 doi 10 1186 1742 5581 3 7 PMC 1533854 PMID 16805916 Bontis Nick Serenko A 2009 A follow up ranking of academic journals Journal of Knowledge Management 13 1 16 26 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 178 6943 doi 10 1108 13673270910931134 Hendler James 2007 Reinventing Academic Publishing Part 1 IEEE Intelligent Systems 22 5 2 3 doi 10 1109 mis 2007 4338485 Paul Benjamin Lowry Sean LaMarc Humpherys Jason Malwitz Joshua Nix 2007 A scientometric study of the perceived quality of business and technical communication journals IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication 50 4 352 78 doi 10 1109 TPC 2007 908733 S2CID 40366182 SSRN 1021608 Waller A C 2001 Editorial Peer Review Its Strengths and Weaknesses ASIST monograph series Information Today ISBN 978 1 57387 100 6 Serenko Alexander Jiao C 2011 Investigating information systems research in Canada PDF Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences 29 1 3 24 doi 10 1002 CJAS 214 Ware Mark Mabe Michael 2015 The STM Report An overview of scientific and scholarly journal publishing PDF 4th ed International Association of Scientific Technical and Medical Publishers External links EditThis section s use of external links may not follow Wikipedia s policies or guidelines Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references June 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Wikisource has several original texts related to Research articles Wikimedia Commons has media related to Academic journals Journal Collection at the Internet Archive ERIH Initial lists European Science Foundation JournalSeek A Searchable Database of Online Scholarly Journals Master Journal List Thomson Reuters a list of selected and notable academic journals in the arts humanities sciences and social sciences Links to electronic journals JURN directory of Arts amp Humanities ejournals Academic Journals What are They and Academic Journals Compared to Magazines Academic Writing Dennis G Jerz Seton Hill University 2001 Peer reviewed articles San Diego State University Directory of Open Access Journals Portal Science Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Academic journal amp oldid 1134808336, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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