fbpx
Wikipedia

Yuval Noah Harari

October 15, 2023

Yuval Noah Harari (Hebrew: יובל נח הררי [juˈval ˈnoaχ haˈʁaʁi]; born 1976) is an Israeli author, public intellectual,[1][2][3] historian and professor in the Department of History at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.[4] He is the author of the popular science bestsellers Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind (2014), Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow (2016), and 21 Lessons for the 21st Century (2018). His writings examine free will, consciousness, intelligence, happiness, and suffering.

Yuval Noah Harari
Harari in 2017
Born (1976-02-24) February 24, 1976 (age 47)
Kiryat Atta, Haifa District,
Israel
Alma materHebrew University (BA)
Jesus College, Oxford (DPhil)
Known forSapiens: A Brief History of Humankind (2011)
Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow (2015)
21 Lessons for the 21st Century (2018)
SpouseItzik Yahav
Scientific career
FieldsBig History
Social philosophy
InstitutionsHebrew University of Jerusalem
ThesisHistory and I: War and the Relations between History and Personal Identity in Renaissance Military Memoirs, c. 1450–1600 (2002)
Doctoral advisorSteven Gunn
WebsiteOfficial website
Signature

Harari writes about a "cognitive revolution" that supposedly occurred roughly 70,000 years ago when Homo sapiens supplanted the rival Neanderthals and other species of the genus Homo, developed language skills and structured societies, and ascended as apex predators, aided by the agricultural revolution and accelerated by the scientific revolution, which have allowed humans to approach near mastery over their environment. His books also examine the possible consequences of a futuristic biotechnological world in which intelligent biological organisms are surpassed by their own creations; he has said, "Homo sapiens as we know them will disappear in a century or so".[5]

In Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, Harari surveys human history from the evolutionary emergence of Homo sapiens to 21st-century political and technological revolutions. The book is based on his lectures to an undergraduate world history class.

Early life Edit

Yuval Noah Harari was born and raised in Kiryat Ata, Haifa District, Israel, as one of three children born to Shlomo and Pnina Harari. His family was a secular Jewish family. His father was a state-employed armaments engineer and his mother was an office administrator.[1][6][7] Harari taught himself to read at age three.[citation needed] He studied in a class for intellectually gifted children at the Leo Baeck Education Center in Haifa from the age of eight. He deferred mandatory military service in the Israel Defense Forces to pursue university studies as part of the Atuda program but was later exempted from completing his military service following his studies due to health issues.[1] He began studying history and international relations at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem at age 17.[8]

Education and academic career Edit

Harari studied at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem from 1993 to 1998, where he received a B.A. degree and specialized in medieval history and military history. He completed his D.Phil. degree at Jesus College, Oxford, in 2002, under the supervision of Steven J. Gunn. From 2003 to 2005, he pursued postdoctoral studies in history as a Yad Hanadiv Fellow.[9] While at Oxford, Harari first encountered the writings of Jared Diamond, whom he has acknowledged as an influence on his own writing. At a Berggruen Institute salon, Harari said that Diamond's Guns, Germs, and Steel "was kind of an epiphany in my academic career. I realized that I could actually write such books."[1][10]

Literary career Edit

Harari has published numerous books and articles, including Special Operations in the Age of Chivalry, 1100–1550;[11] The Ultimate Experience: Battlefield Revelations and the Making of Modern War Culture, 1450–2000;[12] The Concept of 'Decisive Battles' in World History;[13] and Armchairs, Coffee and Authority: Eye-witnesses and Flesh-witnesses Speak about War, 1100–2000.[14]

His book Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind was originally published in Hebrew in 2011 based on the 20 lectures of an undergraduate world history class he was teaching. It was then released in English in 2014 and has since been translated into some 45 additional languages.[15] The book surveys the entire length of human history, starting from the evolution of Homo sapiens in the Stone Age. Harari compares indigenous peoples to apes[16] in his fall of man narrative,[17] leading up to the political and technological revolutions of the 21st century. The Hebrew edition became a bestseller in Israel, and generated much interest among the general public, turning Harari into a celebrity.[18][failed verification] Joseph Drew wrote that "Sapiens provides a wide-ranging and thought-provoking introduction for students of comparative civilization," considering it as a work that "highlights the importance and wide expanse of the social sciences."[19]

Harari's follow-up book, Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow, was published in 2016 and examines the possibilities for the future of Homo sapiens.[20] The book's premise outlines that, in the future, humanity is likely to make a significant attempt to gain happiness, immortality and God-like powers.[21] The book goes on to openly speculate various ways this ambition might be realised for Homo sapiens in the future based on the past and present. Among several possibilities for the future, Harari develops the term dataism for a philosophy or mindset that worships big data.[22][23] Writing in The New York Times Book Review, Siddhartha Mukherjee stated that although the book "fails to convince me entirely," he considers it "essential reading for those who think about the future."[24]

Harari's book, 21 Lessons for the 21st Century, published on 30 August 2018, focused more on present-day concerns.[25][26][27][28] A review in the New Statesman commented on what it called "risible moral dictums littered throughout the text", criticised Harari's writing style and stated that he was "trafficking in pointless asides and excruciating banalities."[29] Kirkus Reviews praised the book as a "tour de force" and described it as a "highly instructive exploration of current affairs and the immediate future of human societies.”[30]

In July 2019, Harari was criticised for allowing several omissions and amendments in the Russian edition of his third book 21 Lessons for the 21st Century, using a softer tone when speaking about Russian authorities.[31][32] Leonid Bershidsky in The Moscow Times called it "caution—or, to call it by its proper name, cowardice",[33] and Nettanel Slyomovics in Haaretz claimed that "he is sacrificing those same liberal ideas that he presumes to represent".[34] In a response, Harari stated that he "was warned that due to these few examples Russian censorship will not allow distribution of a Russian translation of the book" and that he "therefore faced a dilemma," namely to "replace these few examples with other examples, and publish the book in Russia," or "change nothing, and publish nothing," and that he "preferred publishing, because Russia is a leading global power and it seemed important that the book's ideas should reach readers in Russia, especially as the book is still very critical of the Putin regime—just without naming names."[35]

In November 2020 the first volume of his graphic adaptation of Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, Sapiens: A Graphic History – The Birth of Humankind, co-authored with David Vandermeulen and Daniel Casanave, was published and launched at a livestream event organised by How to Academy and Penguin Books.[36]

In 2022, Harari's book, Unstoppable Us: How Humans Took Over the World, illustrated by Ricard Zaplana Ruiz, was published and is a "Story of Human History — for Kids."[37] In fewer than 200 pages of child-friendly language, Harari covers the same content as his best-selling book Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, but "he has simplified the presentation for this younger audience without dumbing it down."[37] This book is "the first of four planned volumes."[37]

Personal life Edit

Harari is gay[38] and in 2002 met his husband Itzik Yahav, whom he has called "my internet of all things".[39][40] Yahav has also been Harari's personal manager.[41] They married in a civil ceremony in Toronto, Canada.[42] He lives in a suburb of Tel Aviv.[43]

Though he is an atheist,[44] Harari has practiced Vipassana meditation since 2000[45] and said that it "transformed" his life.[46] As of 2017 he practiced for two hours every day (one hour at the start and end of his work day[47]), every year undertook a meditation retreat of 30 days or longer, in silence and with no books or social media,[48][49][50] and is an assistant meditation teacher.[51] He dedicated Homo Deus to "my teacher, S. N. Goenka, who lovingly taught me important things", and said "I could not have written this book without the focus, peace and insight gained from practising Vipassana for fifteen years."[52] He also regards meditation as a way to research.[50]

Harari is a vegan and says this resulted from his research, including his view that the foundation of the dairy industry is breaking the bond between mother cow and calf.[7][53] As of May 2021, Harari did not have a smartphone,[54][55] but in an interview in October 2023, he described that he owned a smart phone only for use in travel and emergencies.[56]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, following former United States President Donald Trump's cut to WHO funding, Harari announced that he and his husband would donate $1 million to the WHO through Sapienship, their social impact company.[57][58]

Harari is among the critics of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, and is specifically opposed to the judicial reform plans of the thirty-seventh government of Israel. In a conversation with Lex Fridman in 2023 he said: "... And now the Netanyahu government is trying to neutralize, or take over, the supreme court, and they've already prepared a long list of laws – they already talk about it – what will happen the moment that this last check on the power is gone, they are openly trying to gain unlimited power".[59]

Awards and recognition Edit

Harari twice won the Polonsky Prize for "Creativity and Originality", in 2009 and 2012. In 2011, he won the Society for Military History's Moncado Award for outstanding articles in military history. In 2012, he was elected to the Young Israeli Academy of Sciences.[citation needed]

Sapiens was in the top 3 of The New York Times Best Seller list for 96 consecutive weeks. In 2018, Harari gave the first TED Talk as a digital avatar.[60]

In 2017, Homo Deus won Handelsblatt's German Economic Book Award for the most thoughtful and influential economic book of the year.[61]

In 2018 and 2020, Harari spoke at the World Economic Forum annual conference in Davos.[1]

Critical reception Edit

Harari's popular writings are considered to belong to the Big History genre, with Ian Parker writing in 2020 in the New Yorker that "Harari did not invent Big History, but updated it with hints of self-help and futurology, as well as a high-altitude, almost nihilistic composure about human suffering."[1]

His work has been more negatively received in academic circles, with Christopher Robert Hallpike stating 2020 in a review of Sapiens that: "one has often had to point out how surprisingly little he seems to have read on quite a number of essential topics. It would be fair to say that whenever his facts are broadly correct they are not new, and whenever he tries to strike out on his own he often gets things wrong, sometimes seriously." Hallpike further states that: "we should not judge Sapiens as a serious contribution to knowledge but as 'infotainment', a publishing event to titillate its readers by a wild intellectual ride across the landscape of history, dotted with sensational displays of speculation, and ending with blood-curdling predictions about human destiny. By these criteria, it is a most successful book."[62]

On 22 July 2022, American magazine Current Affairs published the article "The Dangerous Populist Science of Yuval Noah Harari", pointing out the lack of scientific support throughout his books: "The best-selling author is a gifted storyteller and popular speaker. But he sacrifices science for sensationalism, and his work is riddled with errors."[63]

In November 2022, the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung called Harari a historian and a brand. They pointed out that the Yahav Harari Group, built by his partner Yahaf, was a "booming product cosmos" selling comics and children's books, but soon films and documentaries. They observed an "icy deterministic touch" in his books which made them so popular in Silicon Valley. They stated that his listeners celebrated him like a pop star, even though he only had the sad message that people are "bad algorithms", soon to be redundant, to be replaced because machines could do it better.[64]

Published works Edit

Books Edit

  • Renaissance Military Memoirs: War, History and Identity, 1450–1600 (Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 2004), ISBN 978-184-383-064-1
  • Special Operations in the Age of Chivalry, 1100–1550 (Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 2007), ISBN 978-184-383-292-8
  • The Ultimate Experience: Battlefield Revelations and the Making of Modern War Culture, 1450–2000 (Houndmills: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2008), ISBN 978-023-058-388-7
  • Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind (London: Harvill Secker, 2014) ISBN 978-006-231-609-7
  • Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow (2016), ISBN 978-1910701881
  • Money: Vintage Minis (select excerpts from Sapiens and Homo Deus (London: Penguin Random House, 2018) ISBN 978-1784874025
  • 21 Lessons for the 21st Century (London: Jonathan Cape, 2018), ISBN 1787330672
  • Sapiens: A Graphic History, Volume 1 – The Birth of Humankind (London: Jonathan Cape, 2020)
  • Sapiens: A Graphic History, Volume 2 − The Pillars of Civilization (London: Jonathan Cape, 2021)
  • Unstoppable Us, Volume 1 − How Humans Took Over the World (Bright Matter Books, 2022), ISBN 0593643461

Articles Edit

  • "The Military Role of the Frankish Turcopoles – a Reassessment", Mediterranean Historical Review 12 (1) (June 1997), pp. 75–116.
  • "Inter-Frontal Cooperation in the Fourteenth Century and Edward III's 1346 Campaign", War in History 6 (4) (September 1999), pp. 379–395
  • "Strategy and Supply in Fourteenth-Century Western European Invasion Campaigns", The Journal of Military History 64 (2) (April 2000), pp. 297–334.
  • "Eyewitnessing in Accounts of the First Crusade: The Gesta Francorum and Other Contemporary Narratives", Crusades 3 (August 2004), pp. 77–99
  • "Martial Illusions: War and Disillusionment in Twentieth-Century and Renaissance Military Memoirs", The Journal of Military History 69 (1) (January 2005), pp. 43–72
  • "Military Memoirs: A Historical Overview of the Genre from the Middle Ages to the Late Modern Era", War in History 14:3 (2007), pp. 289–309
  • "The Concept of 'Decisive Battles' in World History", The Journal of World History 18 (3) (2007), 251–266
  • "Knowledge, Power and the Medieval Soldier, 1096–1550", in In Laudem Hierosolymitani: Studies in Crusades and Medieval Culture in Honour of Benjamin Z. Kedar, ed. Iris Shagrir, Ronnie Ellenblum and Jonathan Riley-Smith, (Ashgate, 2007)
  • "Combat Flow: Military, Political and Ethical Dimensions of Subjective Well-Being in War", Review of General Psychology (September 2008)
  • Introduction to Peter Singer's Animal Liberation, The Bodley Head, 2015.
  • "Armchairs, Coffee and Authority: Eye-witnesses and Flesh-witnesses Speak about War, 1100–2000", Journal of Military History 74:1 (gennaio, 2010), pp. 53–78.
  • "Yuval Noah Harari on big data, Google and the end of free will", Financial Times (August 2016).
  • "Why It's No Longer Possible for Any Country to Win a War", Time (23 June 2017).
  • "Why Technology Favors Tyranny", The Atlantic (October 2018).
  • "Yuval Noah Harari: the world after coronavirus", Financial Times (20 March 2020).
  • "Why Vladimir Putin has already lost this war", The Guardian (28 February 2022)
  • "The End of the New Peace", The Atlantic (December 2022)

References Edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f Parker, Ian (10 February 2020). "Yuval Noah Harari's History of Everyone, Ever". The New Yorker.
  2. ^ Anthony, Andrew (5 August 2018). "Yuval Noah Harari: 'The idea of free information is extremely dangerous'". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  3. ^ Lawton, Graham (17 August 2018). "Yuval Noah Harari: Why the reluctant guru is upsetting scientists". New Scientist. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  4. ^ Yuval Harari official website
  5. ^ "Yuval Noah Harari: Homo sapiens as we know them will disappear in a century or so". The Observer. 19 March 2017. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
  6. ^ Par Salomon Malka (28 September 2017) Les prédictions de Yuval Noah Harrari, L'arche magazine
  7. ^ a b Cadwalladr, Carole (5 July 2015). "Yuval Noah Harari: The age of the cyborg has begun – and the consequences cannot be known". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
  8. ^ "Harari".
  9. ^ "CV at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem". 2008.
  10. ^ "Historian Yuval Harari on the Books That Shaped Him – Activities". Berggruen Institute. 28 February 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  11. ^ Yuval Noah Harari, Special Operations in the Age of Chivalry, 1100–1550 (Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 2007).
  12. ^ Yuval Noah Harari, The Ultimate Experience: Battlefield Revelations and the Making of Modern War Culture, 1450–2000 (Houndmills: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2008)
  13. ^ Yuval Noah Harari, The Concept of 'Decisive Battles' in World History, in Journal of World History 18:3 (2007), 251–266.
  14. ^ Yuval Noah Harari, "Armchairs, Coffee and Authority: Eye-witnesses and Flesh-witnesses Speak about War, 1100–2000", The Journal of Military History 74:1 (January 2010), pp. 53–78.
  15. ^ Payne, Tom (26 September 2014). "Sapiens: a Brief History of Humankind by Yuval Noah Harari, review: 'urgent questions'". The Telegraph. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  16. ^ Graeber, David; Wengrow, David (2021). "In which we dispose of lingering assumptions that 'primitive' folk were somehow incapable of conscious reflection, and draw attention to the historical importance of eccentricity". The Dawn of Everything: A New History of Humanity. New York. ISBN 978-0-374-72110-7. OCLC 1284998482.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  17. ^ Graeber, David; Wengrow, David (2021). "On slow wheat, and pop theories of how we became farmers". The Dawn of Everything: A New History of Humanity. New York. ISBN 978-0-374-72110-7. OCLC 1284998482.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  18. ^ Fast talk / The road to happiness, in Haaretz, 25 April 2012  
  19. ^ Drew, Joseph (Spring 2019). "Yuval Noah Harari. Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind. New. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2015 [review]" (PDF). Comparative Civilizations Review. 80: 142–148. from the original on 2 December 2021.
  20. ^ Runciman, David (24 August 2016). "Homo Deus by Yuval Noah Harari review – how data will destroy human freedom". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
  21. ^ Harari, Yuval Noah (2016). Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow. London: Vintage. p. 75. ISBN 9781784703936. OCLC 953597984.
  22. ^ Harari, Yuval Noah (2017). Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow. London: Vintage. p. 429. ISBN 9781784703936. OCLC 953597984.
  23. ^ Harari, Yuval Noah (26 August 2016). "Yuval Noah Harari on big data, Google and the end of free will". Financial Times. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
  24. ^ Mukherjee, Siddhartha (13 March 2017). "The Future of Humans? One Forecaster Calls for Obsolescence". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  25. ^ Snell, James (25 August 2018). "Book review: Is '21 Lessons for the 21st Century' another hit for Yuval Noah Harari". The National. Retrieved 25 August 2018.
  26. ^ Lewis, Helen (15 August 2018). "21 Lessons for the 21st Century by Yuval Noah Harari review – a guru for our times?". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 August 2018.
  27. ^ Russell, Jenni (19 August 2018). "Review: 21 Lessons for the 21st Century by Yuval Noah Harari — chilling predictions from the author of Sapiens". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 25 August 2018.
  28. ^ Sexton, David (23 August 2018). "Can mindfulness save us from the menace of artificial intelligence?". Evening Standard. Retrieved 25 August 2018.
  29. ^ Jacobson, Gavin (22 August 2018). "Yuval Noah Harari's 21 Lessons for the 21st Century is a banal and risible self-help book". New Statesman. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  30. ^ "21 Lessons for the 21st Century". Kirkus. 27 June 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  31. ^ Brennan, David (23 July 2019). "Author Yuval Noah Harari Under Fire for Removing Putin Criticism From Russian Translation of New Book". Newsweek. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
  32. ^ "Yuval Noah Harari Lets Russians Delete Putin's Lies From Translation of His Book". Haaretz. 23 July 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
  33. ^ Bershidsky, Leonid (24 July 2019). "Putin Gets Stronger When Creators Censor Themselves". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  34. ^ Slyomovics, Nettanel (24 July 2019). "Yuval Noah Harari's Problem Is Much More Serious Than Self-censorship". Haaretz. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  35. ^ Harari, Yuval Noah (26 July 2019). "Prof. Yuval Noah Harari Responds to Censoring Russian Translation of His Book". Haaretz. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  36. ^ "Livestream Event | An Evening With Yuval Noah Harari". How To Academy. 12 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  37. ^ a b c Schwartz, John (6 November 2022). "Yuval Noah Harari Unspools the Story of Human History — for Kids". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
  38. ^ Anthony, Andrew (9 March 2017). "Yuval Noah Harari: 'Homo sapiens as we know them will disappear in a century or so'". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  39. ^ Adams, Tim (27 August 2016). "Yuval Noah Harari: 'We are acquiring powers thought to be divine'". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
  40. ^ "Fast Talk / The Road to Happiness". Haaretz. 25 April 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
  41. ^ "זה ייגמר בבכי: סוף העולם לפי יובל נח הררי". Retrieved 17 March 2018.
  42. ^ Nevatia, Shreevatsa (14 October 2015). . Mumbai Mirror. The Times Group. Archived from the original on 1 July 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  43. ^ Ferriss, Tim (30 October 2020). "Yuval Noah Harari on The Story of Sapiens, Forging the Skill of Awareness, and The Power of Disguised Books". tim.blog. The Tim Ferriss Show. Retrieved 30 June 2022. Oh, that's actually a mistake on Wikipedia. It's a moshav. It somehow got around that I live on a moshav, which is some kind of socialist, collective community, less radical than the kibbutz, but one of the experiments of socialists in Israel like decades ago. And it's just not true. I live in a kind of middle-class suburb of Tel Aviv.
  44. ^ Parker, Ian (10 February 2020). "Yuval Noah Harari's History of Everyone, Ever". The New Yorker. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  45. ^ "Yuval Harari, author of "Sapiens", on AI, religion, and 60-day meditation retreats". Retrieved 17 March 2018.
  46. ^ Adams, Tim (27 August 2016). "Yuval Noah Harari: 'We are quickly acquiring powers that were always thought to be divine'". The Guardian.
  47. ^ "How Humankind Could Become Totally Useless". Time. 16 February 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
  48. ^ "Interview – Yuval Harari" (PDF). The World Today. Chatham House. October–November 2015. pp. 30–32. (PDF) from the original on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
  49. ^ . The Australian. Josh Glancy. 3 September 2016. Archived from the original on 10 November 2016.
  50. ^ a b "Fast Talk The Road to Happiness". Haaretz. 25 April 2017.
  51. ^ "The messenger of inner peace: Satya Narayan Goenka; New Appointments". Vipassana Newsletter 23 (12). Vipassana Research Institute. 17 December 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
  52. ^ Homo Deus, Dedication and Acknowledgements p. 426
  53. ^ "Interview With Yuval Noah Harari: Masters in Business (Audio)". Retrieved 17 March 2018.
  54. ^ "# 68 – Reality and the Imagination". Waking Up podcast. Sam Harris. 19 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
  55. ^ Mayim Bialik and Yuval Noah Harari in conversation, SXSW Online 2021, 27 May 2021, retrieved 2 July 2021
  56. ^ HARARI: Change The Story! - Man on the Moon: Yuval Noah Harari x İlker Canikligil - B68. Flu TV. 2 October 2023.
  57. ^ Sterkl, Maria (25 April 2020). "Yuval Harari: Pandemic policy will influence world politics, economy for decades". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  58. ^ Harari, Yuval Noah (20 March 2020). "Yuval Noah Harari: the world after coronavirus". Financial Times. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  59. ^ "#390 - Yuval Noah Harari: Human Nature, Intelligence, Power, and Conspiracies". Spotify. 17 July 2023.
  60. ^ "Yuval Noah Harari". Rothberg International School. 20 February 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  61. ^ Minds, Brand (18 October 2018). "Brand Minds 2019 — Come and see Yuval Noah Harari live!". Medium. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  62. ^ Hallpike, C. R. (December 2017). . New English Review. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  63. ^ Narayanan, Darshana (6 July 2022). "The Dangerous Populist Science of Yuval Noah Harari". Current Affairs. No. March/April 2022. ISSN 2471-2647. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  64. ^ Thiel, Thomas (21 November 2022). "Bestellerautor Yuval Noah Harari: Der Hausprophet des Silicon Valley". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). ISSN 0174-4909. Retrieved 21 November 2022.

External links Edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yuval Noah Harari.
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Yuval Noah Harari.
  • Official website
  • Meet the author – Yuval Harari video interview – BBC News
  • Yuval Noah Harari at TED  
  • Why fascism is so tempting – and how your data could power it on YouTube
External video
  21 Lessons for the 21st Century: Noah Harari, Matter Of Fact With Stan Grant, ABC News

October 15, 2023
yuval, noah, harari, hebrew, יובל, נח, הררי, juˈval, ˈnoaχ, haˈʁaʁi, born, 1976, israeli, author, public, intellectual, historian, professor, department, history, hebrew, university, jerusalem, author, popular, science, bestsellers, sapiens, brief, history, hu. Yuval Noah Harari Hebrew יובל נח הררי juˈval ˈnoax haˈʁaʁi born 1976 is an Israeli author public intellectual 1 2 3 historian and professor in the Department of History at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem 4 He is the author of the popular science bestsellers Sapiens A Brief History of Humankind 2014 Homo Deus A Brief History of Tomorrow 2016 and 21 Lessons for the 21st Century 2018 His writings examine free will consciousness intelligence happiness and suffering Yuval Noah HarariHarari in 2017Born 1976 02 24 February 24 1976 age 47 Kiryat Atta Haifa District IsraelAlma materHebrew University BA Jesus College Oxford DPhil Known forSapiens A Brief History of Humankind 2011 Homo Deus A Brief History of Tomorrow 2015 21 Lessons for the 21st Century 2018 SpouseItzik YahavScientific careerFieldsBig HistorySocial philosophyInstitutionsHebrew University of JerusalemThesisHistory and I War and the Relations between History and Personal Identity in Renaissance Military Memoirs c 1450 1600 2002 Doctoral advisorSteven GunnWebsiteOfficial websiteSignatureHarari writes about a cognitive revolution that supposedly occurred roughly 70 000 years ago when Homo sapiens supplanted the rival Neanderthals and other species of the genus Homo developed language skills and structured societies and ascended as apex predators aided by the agricultural revolution and accelerated by the scientific revolution which have allowed humans to approach near mastery over their environment His books also examine the possible consequences of a futuristic biotechnological world in which intelligent biological organisms are surpassed by their own creations he has said Homo sapiens as we know them will disappear in a century or so 5 In Sapiens A Brief History of Humankind Harari surveys human history from the evolutionary emergence of Homo sapiens to 21st century political and technological revolutions The book is based on his lectures to an undergraduate world history class Contents 1 Early life 2 Education and academic career 3 Literary career 4 Personal life 5 Awards and recognition 6 Critical reception 7 Published works 7 1 Books 7 2 Articles 8 References 9 External linksEarly life EditYuval Noah Harari was born and raised in Kiryat Ata Haifa District Israel as one of three children born to Shlomo and Pnina Harari His family was a secular Jewish family His father was a state employed armaments engineer and his mother was an office administrator 1 6 7 Harari taught himself to read at age three citation needed He studied in a class for intellectually gifted children at the Leo Baeck Education Center in Haifa from the age of eight He deferred mandatory military service in the Israel Defense Forces to pursue university studies as part of the Atuda program but was later exempted from completing his military service following his studies due to health issues 1 He began studying history and international relations at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem at age 17 8 Education and academic career EditHarari studied at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem from 1993 to 1998 where he received a B A degree and specialized in medieval history and military history He completed his D Phil degree at Jesus College Oxford in 2002 under the supervision of Steven J Gunn From 2003 to 2005 he pursued postdoctoral studies in history as a Yad Hanadiv Fellow 9 While at Oxford Harari first encountered the writings of Jared Diamond whom he has acknowledged as an influence on his own writing At a Berggruen Institute salon Harari said that Diamond s Guns Germs and Steel was kind of an epiphany in my academic career I realized that I could actually write such books 1 10 Literary career EditHarari has published numerous books and articles including Special Operations in the Age of Chivalry 1100 1550 11 The Ultimate Experience Battlefield Revelations and the Making of Modern War Culture 1450 2000 12 The Concept of Decisive Battles in World History 13 and Armchairs Coffee and Authority Eye witnesses and Flesh witnesses Speak about War 1100 2000 14 His book Sapiens A Brief History of Humankind was originally published in Hebrew in 2011 based on the 20 lectures of an undergraduate world history class he was teaching It was then released in English in 2014 and has since been translated into some 45 additional languages 15 The book surveys the entire length of human history starting from the evolution of Homo sapiens in the Stone Age Harari compares indigenous peoples to apes 16 in his fall of man narrative 17 leading up to the political and technological revolutions of the 21st century The Hebrew edition became a bestseller in Israel and generated much interest among the general public turning Harari into a celebrity 18 failed verification Joseph Drew wrote that Sapiens provides a wide ranging and thought provoking introduction for students of comparative civilization considering it as a work that highlights the importance and wide expanse of the social sciences 19 Harari s follow up book Homo Deus A Brief History of Tomorrow was published in 2016 and examines the possibilities for the future of Homo sapiens 20 The book s premise outlines that in the future humanity is likely to make a significant attempt to gain happiness immortality and God like powers 21 The book goes on to openly speculate various ways this ambition might be realised for Homo sapiens in the future based on the past and present Among several possibilities for the future Harari develops the term dataism for a philosophy or mindset that worships big data 22 23 Writing in The New York Times Book Review Siddhartha Mukherjee stated that although the book fails to convince me entirely he considers it essential reading for those who think about the future 24 Harari s book 21 Lessons for the 21st Century published on 30 August 2018 focused more on present day concerns 25 26 27 28 A review in the New Statesman commented on what it called risible moral dictums littered throughout the text criticised Harari s writing style and stated that he was trafficking in pointless asides and excruciating banalities 29 Kirkus Reviews praised the book as a tour de force and described it as a highly instructive exploration of current affairs and the immediate future of human societies 30 In July 2019 Harari was criticised for allowing several omissions and amendments in the Russian edition of his third book 21 Lessons for the 21st Century using a softer tone when speaking about Russian authorities 31 32 Leonid Bershidsky in The Moscow Times called it caution or to call it by its proper name cowardice 33 and Nettanel Slyomovics in Haaretz claimed that he is sacrificing those same liberal ideas that he presumes to represent 34 In a response Harari stated that he was warned that due to these few examples Russian censorship will not allow distribution of a Russian translation of the book and that he therefore faced a dilemma namely to replace these few examples with other examples and publish the book in Russia or change nothing and publish nothing and that he preferred publishing because Russia is a leading global power and it seemed important that the book s ideas should reach readers in Russia especially as the book is still very critical of the Putin regime just without naming names 35 In November 2020 the first volume of his graphic adaptation of Sapiens A Brief History of Humankind Sapiens A Graphic History The Birth of Humankind co authored with David Vandermeulen and Daniel Casanave was published and launched at a livestream event organised by How to Academy and Penguin Books 36 In 2022 Harari s book Unstoppable Us How Humans Took Over the World illustrated by Ricard Zaplana Ruiz was published and is a Story of Human History for Kids 37 In fewer than 200 pages of child friendly language Harari covers the same content as his best selling book Sapiens A Brief History of Humankind but he has simplified the presentation for this younger audience without dumbing it down 37 This book is the first of four planned volumes 37 Personal life EditHarari is gay 38 and in 2002 met his husband Itzik Yahav whom he has called my internet of all things 39 40 Yahav has also been Harari s personal manager 41 They married in a civil ceremony in Toronto Canada 42 He lives in a suburb of Tel Aviv 43 Though he is an atheist 44 Harari has practiced Vipassana meditation since 2000 45 and said that it transformed his life 46 As of 2017 he practiced for two hours every day one hour at the start and end of his work day 47 every year undertook a meditation retreat of 30 days or longer in silence and with no books or social media 48 49 50 and is an assistant meditation teacher 51 He dedicated Homo Deus to my teacher S N Goenka who lovingly taught me important things and said I could not have written this book without the focus peace and insight gained from practising Vipassana for fifteen years 52 He also regards meditation as a way to research 50 Harari is a vegan and says this resulted from his research including his view that the foundation of the dairy industry is breaking the bond between mother cow and calf 7 53 As of May 2021 Harari did not have a smartphone 54 55 but in an interview in October 2023 he described that he owned a smart phone only for use in travel and emergencies 56 During the COVID 19 pandemic following former United States President Donald Trump s cut to WHO funding Harari announced that he and his husband would donate 1 million to the WHO through Sapienship their social impact company 57 58 Harari is among the critics of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and is specifically opposed to the judicial reform plans of the thirty seventh government of Israel In a conversation with Lex Fridman in 2023 he said And now the Netanyahu government is trying to neutralize or take over the supreme court and they ve already prepared a long list of laws they already talk about it what will happen the moment that this last check on the power is gone they are openly trying to gain unlimited power 59 Awards and recognition EditHarari twice won the Polonsky Prize for Creativity and Originality in 2009 and 2012 In 2011 he won the Society for Military History s Moncado Award for outstanding articles in military history In 2012 he was elected to the Young Israeli Academy of Sciences citation needed Sapiens was in the top 3 of The New York Times Best Seller list for 96 consecutive weeks In 2018 Harari gave the first TED Talk as a digital avatar 60 In 2017 Homo Deus won Handelsblatt s German Economic Book Award for the most thoughtful and influential economic book of the year 61 In 2018 and 2020 Harari spoke at the World Economic Forum annual conference in Davos 1 Critical reception EditHarari s popular writings are considered to belong to the Big History genre with Ian Parker writing in 2020 in the New Yorker that Harari did not invent Big History but updated it with hints of self help and futurology as well as a high altitude almost nihilistic composure about human suffering 1 His work has been more negatively received in academic circles with Christopher Robert Hallpike stating 2020 in a review of Sapiens that one has often had to point out how surprisingly little he seems to have read on quite a number of essential topics It would be fair to say that whenever his facts are broadly correct they are not new and whenever he tries to strike out on his own he often gets things wrong sometimes seriously Hallpike further states that we should not judge Sapiens as a serious contribution to knowledge but as infotainment a publishing event to titillate its readers by a wild intellectual ride across the landscape of history dotted with sensational displays of speculation and ending with blood curdling predictions about human destiny By these criteria it is a most successful book 62 On 22 July 2022 American magazine Current Affairs published the article The Dangerous Populist Science of Yuval Noah Harari pointing out the lack of scientific support throughout his books The best selling author is a gifted storyteller and popular speaker But he sacrifices science for sensationalism and his work is riddled with errors 63 In November 2022 the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung called Harari a historian and a brand They pointed out that the Yahav Harari Group built by his partner Yahaf was a booming product cosmos selling comics and children s books but soon films and documentaries They observed an icy deterministic touch in his books which made them so popular in Silicon Valley They stated that his listeners celebrated him like a pop star even though he only had the sad message that people are bad algorithms soon to be redundant to be replaced because machines could do it better 64 Published works EditBooks Edit Renaissance Military Memoirs War History and Identity 1450 1600 Woodbridge Boydell amp Brewer 2004 ISBN 978 184 383 064 1 Special Operations in the Age of Chivalry 1100 1550 Woodbridge Boydell amp Brewer 2007 ISBN 978 184 383 292 8 The Ultimate Experience Battlefield Revelations and the Making of Modern War Culture 1450 2000 Houndmills Palgrave Macmillan 2008 ISBN 978 023 058 388 7 Sapiens A Brief History of Humankind London Harvill Secker 2014 ISBN 978 006 231 609 7 Homo Deus A Brief History of Tomorrow 2016 ISBN 978 1910701881 Money Vintage Minis select excerpts from Sapiens and Homo Deus London Penguin Random House 2018 ISBN 978 1784874025 21 Lessons for the 21st Century London Jonathan Cape 2018 ISBN 1787330672 Sapiens A Graphic History Volume 1 The Birth of Humankind London Jonathan Cape 2020 Sapiens A Graphic History Volume 2 The Pillars of Civilization London Jonathan Cape 2021 Unstoppable Us Volume 1 How Humans Took Over the World Bright Matter Books 2022 ISBN 0593643461Articles Edit The Military Role of the Frankish Turcopoles a Reassessment Mediterranean Historical Review 12 1 June 1997 pp 75 116 Inter Frontal Cooperation in the Fourteenth Century and Edward III s 1346 Campaign War in History 6 4 September 1999 pp 379 395 Strategy and Supply in Fourteenth Century Western European Invasion Campaigns The Journal of Military History 64 2 April 2000 pp 297 334 Eyewitnessing in Accounts of the First Crusade The Gesta Francorum and Other Contemporary Narratives Crusades 3 August 2004 pp 77 99 Martial Illusions War and Disillusionment in Twentieth Century and Renaissance Military Memoirs The Journal of Military History 69 1 January 2005 pp 43 72 Military Memoirs A Historical Overview of the Genre from the Middle Ages to the Late Modern Era War in History 14 3 2007 pp 289 309 The Concept of Decisive Battles in World History The Journal of World History 18 3 2007 251 266 Knowledge Power and the Medieval Soldier 1096 1550 in In Laudem Hierosolymitani Studies in Crusades and Medieval Culture in Honour of Benjamin Z Kedar ed Iris Shagrir Ronnie Ellenblum and Jonathan Riley Smith Ashgate 2007 Combat Flow Military Political and Ethical Dimensions of Subjective Well Being in War Review of General Psychology September 2008 Introduction to Peter Singer s Animal Liberation The Bodley Head 2015 Armchairs Coffee and Authority Eye witnesses and Flesh witnesses Speak about War 1100 2000 Journal of Military History 74 1 gennaio 2010 pp 53 78 Yuval Noah Harari on big data Google and the end of free will Financial Times August 2016 Why It s No Longer Possible for Any Country to Win a War Time 23 June 2017 Why Technology Favors Tyranny The Atlantic October 2018 Yuval Noah Harari the world after coronavirus Financial Times 20 March 2020 Why Vladimir Putin has already lost this war The Guardian 28 February 2022 The End of the New Peace The Atlantic December 2022 References Edit a b c d e f Parker Ian 10 February 2020 Yuval Noah Harari s History of Everyone Ever The New Yorker Anthony Andrew 5 August 2018 Yuval Noah Harari The idea of free information is extremely dangerous The Observer ISSN 0029 7712 Retrieved 16 February 2023 Lawton Graham 17 August 2018 Yuval Noah Harari Why the reluctant guru is upsetting scientists New Scientist Retrieved 11 May 2023 Yuval Harari official website Yuval Noah Harari Homo sapiens as we know them will disappear in a century or so The Observer 19 March 2017 ISSN 0029 7712 Retrieved 17 March 2018 Par Salomon Malka 28 September 2017 Les predictions de Yuval Noah Harrari L arche magazine a b Cadwalladr Carole 5 July 2015 Yuval Noah Harari The age of the cyborg has begun and the consequences cannot be known The Guardian Retrieved 2 November 2016 Harari CV at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 2008 Historian Yuval Harari on the Books That Shaped Him Activities Berggruen Institute 28 February 2017 Retrieved 24 July 2020 Yuval Noah Harari Special Operations in the Age of Chivalry 1100 1550 Woodbridge Boydell amp Brewer 2007 Yuval Noah Harari The Ultimate Experience Battlefield Revelations and the Making of Modern War Culture 1450 2000 Houndmills Palgrave Macmillan 2008 Yuval Noah Harari The Concept of Decisive Battles in World History in Journal of World History 18 3 2007 251 266 Yuval Noah Harari Armchairs Coffee and Authority Eye witnesses and Flesh witnesses Speak about War 1100 2000 The Journal of Military History 74 1 January 2010 pp 53 78 Payne Tom 26 September 2014 Sapiens a Brief History of Humankind by Yuval Noah Harari review urgent questions The Telegraph Retrieved 29 October 2014 Graeber David Wengrow David 2021 In which we dispose of lingering assumptions that primitive folk were somehow incapable of conscious reflection and draw attention to the historical importance of eccentricity The Dawn of Everything A New History of Humanity New York ISBN 978 0 374 72110 7 OCLC 1284998482 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Graeber David Wengrow David 2021 On slow wheat and pop theories of how we became farmers The Dawn of Everything A New History of Humanity New York ISBN 978 0 374 72110 7 OCLC 1284998482 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Fast talk The road to happiness in Haaretz 25 April 2012 nbsp Drew Joseph Spring 2019 Yuval Noah Harari Sapiens A Brief History of Humankind New New York HarperCollins Publishers 2015 review PDF Comparative Civilizations Review 80 142 148 Archived from the original on 2 December 2021 Runciman David 24 August 2016 Homo Deus by Yuval Noah Harari review how data will destroy human freedom The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 20 October 2017 Harari Yuval Noah 2016 Homo Deus A Brief History of Tomorrow London Vintage p 75 ISBN 9781784703936 OCLC 953597984 Harari Yuval Noah 2017 Homo Deus A Brief History of Tomorrow London Vintage p 429 ISBN 9781784703936 OCLC 953597984 Harari Yuval Noah 26 August 2016 Yuval Noah Harari on big data Google and the end of free will Financial Times Retrieved 20 October 2017 Mukherjee Siddhartha 13 March 2017 The Future of Humans One Forecaster Calls for Obsolescence The New York Times Retrieved 30 July 2021 Snell James 25 August 2018 Book review Is 21 Lessons for the 21st Century another hit for Yuval Noah Harari The National Retrieved 25 August 2018 Lewis Helen 15 August 2018 21 Lessons for the 21st Century by Yuval Noah Harari review a guru for our times The Guardian Retrieved 25 August 2018 Russell Jenni 19 August 2018 Review 21 Lessons for the 21st Century by Yuval Noah Harari chilling predictions from the author of Sapiens The Times ISSN 0140 0460 Retrieved 25 August 2018 Sexton David 23 August 2018 Can mindfulness save us from the menace of artificial intelligence Evening Standard Retrieved 25 August 2018 Jacobson Gavin 22 August 2018 Yuval Noah Harari s 21 Lessons for the 21st Century is a banal and risible self help book New Statesman Retrieved 30 July 2021 21 Lessons for the 21st Century Kirkus 27 June 2018 Retrieved 30 July 2021 Brennan David 23 July 2019 Author Yuval Noah Harari Under Fire for Removing Putin Criticism From Russian Translation of New Book Newsweek Retrieved 24 July 2019 Yuval Noah Harari Lets Russians Delete Putin s Lies From Translation of His Book Haaretz 23 July 2019 Retrieved 24 July 2019 Bershidsky Leonid 24 July 2019 Putin Gets Stronger When Creators Censor Themselves The Moscow Times Retrieved 28 July 2019 Slyomovics Nettanel 24 July 2019 Yuval Noah Harari s Problem Is Much More Serious Than Self censorship Haaretz Retrieved 28 July 2019 Harari Yuval Noah 26 July 2019 Prof Yuval Noah Harari Responds to Censoring Russian Translation of His Book Haaretz Retrieved 30 July 2021 Livestream Event An Evening With Yuval Noah Harari How To Academy 12 November 2020 Retrieved 13 November 2020 a b c Schwartz John 6 November 2022 Yuval Noah Harari Unspools the Story of Human History for Kids The New York Times Retrieved 18 November 2022 Anthony Andrew 9 March 2017 Yuval Noah Harari Homo sapiens as we know them will disappear in a century or so The Guardian Retrieved 5 March 2019 Adams Tim 27 August 2016 Yuval Noah Harari We are acquiring powers thought to be divine The Guardian Retrieved 17 March 2018 Fast Talk The Road to Happiness Haaretz 25 April 2012 Retrieved 17 March 2018 זה ייגמר בבכי סוף העולם לפי יובל נח הררי Retrieved 17 March 2018 Nevatia Shreevatsa 14 October 2015 Sadly superhumans in the end are not going to be us Mumbai Mirror The Times Group Archived from the original on 1 July 2018 Retrieved 17 March 2018 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint uses authors parameter link Ferriss Tim 30 October 2020 Yuval Noah Harari on The Story of Sapiens Forging the Skill of Awareness and The Power of Disguised Books tim blog The Tim Ferriss Show Retrieved 30 June 2022 Oh that s actually a mistake on Wikipedia It s a moshav It somehow got around that I live on a moshav which is some kind of socialist collective community less radical than the kibbutz but one of the experiments of socialists in Israel like decades ago And it s just not true I live in a kind of middle class suburb of Tel Aviv Parker Ian 10 February 2020 Yuval Noah Harari s History of Everyone Ever The New Yorker Retrieved 28 August 2023 Yuval Harari author of Sapiens on AI religion and 60 day meditation retreats Retrieved 17 March 2018 Adams Tim 27 August 2016 Yuval Noah Harari We are quickly acquiring powers that were always thought to be divine The Guardian How Humankind Could Become Totally Useless Time 16 February 2017 Retrieved 17 March 2018 Interview Yuval Harari PDF The World Today Chatham House October November 2015 pp 30 32 Archived PDF from the original on 12 December 2017 Retrieved 17 March 2018 Yuval Noah Harari Sapiens and the age of the algorithm The Australian Josh Glancy 3 September 2016 Archived from the original on 10 November 2016 a b Fast Talk The Road to Happiness Haaretz 25 April 2017 The messenger of inner peace Satya Narayan Goenka New Appointments Vipassana Newsletter 23 12 Vipassana Research Institute 17 December 2013 Retrieved 17 March 2018 Homo Deus Dedication and Acknowledgements p 426 Interview With Yuval Noah Harari Masters in Business Audio Retrieved 17 March 2018 68 Reality and the Imagination Waking Up podcast Sam Harris 19 March 2017 Retrieved 17 March 2018 Mayim Bialik and Yuval Noah Harari in conversation SXSW Online 2021 27 May 2021 retrieved 2 July 2021 HARARI Change The Story Man on the Moon Yuval Noah Harari x Ilker Canikligil B68 Flu TV 2 October 2023 Sterkl Maria 25 April 2020 Yuval Harari Pandemic policy will influence world politics economy for decades The Times of Israel Retrieved 28 April 2020 Harari Yuval Noah 20 March 2020 Yuval Noah Harari the world after coronavirus Financial Times Retrieved 28 April 2020 390 Yuval Noah Harari Human Nature Intelligence Power and Conspiracies Spotify 17 July 2023 Yuval Noah Harari Rothberg International School 20 February 2020 Retrieved 28 April 2020 Minds Brand 18 October 2018 Brand Minds 2019 Come and see Yuval Noah Harari live Medium Retrieved 28 April 2020 Hallpike C R December 2017 A Response to Yuval Harari s Sapiens A Brief History of Humankind New English Review Archived from the original on 3 December 2021 Retrieved 31 August 2020 Narayanan Darshana 6 July 2022 The Dangerous Populist Science of Yuval Noah Harari Current Affairs No March April 2022 ISSN 2471 2647 Retrieved 12 July 2022 Thiel Thomas 21 November 2022 Bestellerautor Yuval Noah Harari Der Hausprophet des Silicon Valley Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung in German ISSN 0174 4909 Retrieved 21 November 2022 External links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yuval Noah Harari nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Yuval Noah Harari Official website Meet the author Yuval Harari video interview BBC News Yuval Noah Harari at TED nbsp Why fascism is so tempting and how your data could power it on YouTubeExternal video nbsp 21 Lessons for the 21st Century Noah Harari Matter Of Fact With Stan Grant ABC NewsPortals nbsp Biography nbsp History Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Yuval Noah Harari amp oldid 1179934193, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.