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Wikipedia

Google Chrome

July 07, 2023

This article is about the web browser. For the operating system, see ChromeOS. For other uses, see Chrome (disambiguation).

Google Chrome is a cross-platform web browser developed by Google. It was first released in 2008 for Microsoft Windows, built with free software components from Apple WebKit and Mozilla Firefox.[15] Versions were later released for Linux, macOS, iOS, and also for Android, where it is the default browser.[16] The browser is also the main component of ChromeOS, where it serves as the platform for web applications.

Google Chrome
Google Chrome running on Windows 11
Developer(s)Google
Initial release
Windows XPBeta / September 2, 2008; 14 years ago (2008-09-02)
Windows XP1.0 / December 11, 2008; 14 years ago (2008-12-11)
macOS, LinuxPreview / June 4, 2009; 14 years ago (2009-06-04)
macOS, LinuxBeta / December 8, 2009; 13 years ago (2009-12-08)
Multi­platform5.0 / May 25, 2010; 13 years ago (2010-05-25)
Stable release(s) [±]
Windows, macOS, Linux114.0.5735.198/199[1]  / 26 June 2023; 11 days ago (26 June 2023)
Windows Server 2012/2012 R2109.0.5414.149[2] / 8 June 2023; 29 days ago (2023-06-08)
Android114.0.5735.196[3]  / 26 June 2023; 11 days ago (26 June 2023)
iOS114.0.5735.124[4]  / 13 June 2023; 24 days ago (13 June 2023)
Extended Support Release114.0.5736.198/199[1]  / 26 June 2023; 11 days ago (26 June 2023)
Preview release(s) [±]
Windows, macOS, Linux115.0.5790.56[5]  / 28 June 2023; 9 days ago (28 June 2023)
Android115.0.5790.53[6]  / 28 June 2023; 9 days ago (28 June 2023)
iOS115.0.5790.55[7]  / 28 June 2023; 9 days ago (28 June 2023)
Written inC, C++, Assembly, HTML, Java (Android app only), JavaScript, Python[8][9][10]
EnginesBlink (WebKit on iOS), V8 JavaScript engine
Operating system
PlatformIA-32, x86-64, ARMv7, ARMv8-A
Included with
Available in47 languages[13]
TypeWeb browser, mobile browser
LicenseProprietary freeware, based on open source components[14][note 1]
Websitewww.google.com/chrome/

Most of Chrome's source code comes from Google's free and open-source software project Chromium, but Chrome is licensed as proprietary freeware.[14] WebKit was the original rendering engine, but Google eventually forked it to create the Blink engine;[17] all Chrome variants except iOS used Blink as of 2017.[18]

As of October 2022, StatCounter estimates that Chrome has a 67% worldwide browser market share (after peaking at 72.38% in November 2018) on personal computers (PC),[19] is most used on tablets (having surpassed Safari), and is also dominant on smartphones[20][21] and at 65% across all platforms combined, making it the most used web browser in the world today.[22] Because of this success, Google has expanded the "Chrome" brand name to other products: ChromeOS, Chromecast, Chromebook, Chromebit, Chromebox, and Chromebase.

History

See also: History of Google

Google CEO Eric Schmidt opposed the development of an independent web browser for six years. He stated that "at the time, Google was a small company", and he did not want to go through "bruising browser wars". After co-founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page hired several Mozilla Firefox developers and built a demonstration of Chrome, Schmidt said that "It was so good that it essentially forced me to change my mind."[23]

In September 2004, rumors of Google building a web browser first appeared. Online journals and U.S. newspapers stated at the time that Google was hiring former Microsoft web developers among others. It also came shortly after the release of Mozilla Firefox 1.0, which was surging in popularity and taking market share from Internet Explorer, which had noted security problems.[24]

Development of the browser began in 2006,[25] spearheaded by Sundar Pichai.[26] Chrome was "largely developed" in Google's Kitchener office.[27]

Announcement

The release announcement was originally scheduled for September 3, 2008, and a comic by Scott McCloud was to be sent to journalists and bloggers explaining the features within the new browser.[28] Copies intended for Europe were shipped early and German blogger Philipp Lenssen of Google Blogoscoped made a scanned copy of the 38-page comic available on his website after receiving it on September 1, 2008.[29][30] Google subsequently made the comic available on Google Books,[31] and mentioned it on their official blog along with an explanation for the early release.[32] The product was named "Chrome" as an initial development project code name, because it is associated with fast cars and speed. Google kept the development project name as the final release name, as a "cheeky" or ironic moniker, as one of the main aims was to minimize the user interface chrome.[33][34]

Public release

 
An early version of Chromium for Linux, explaining the difference between Chrome and Chromium

The browser was first publicly released, officially as a beta version,[35] on September 2, 2008, for Windows XP and newer, and with support for 43 languages, and later as a "stable" public release on December 11, 2008. On that same day, a CNET news item drew attention to a passage in the Terms of Service statement for the initial beta release, which seemed to grant to Google a license to all content transferred via the Chrome browser.[36] This passage was inherited from the general Google terms of service.[37] Google responded to this criticism immediately by stating that the language used was borrowed from other products, and removed this passage from the Terms of Service.[14]

Chrome quickly gained about 1% usage share.[32][38][39] After the initial surge, usage share dropped until it hit a low of 0.69% in October 2008. It then started rising again and by December 2008, Chrome again passed the 1% threshold.[40] In early January 2009, CNET reported that Google planned to release versions of Chrome for OS X and Linux in the first half of the year.[41] The first official Chrome OS X and Linux developer previews were announced on June 4, 2009,[42] with a blog post saying they were missing many features and were intended for early feedback rather than general use.[43] In December 2009, Google released beta versions of Chrome for OS X and Linux.[44][45] Google Chrome 5.0, announced on May 25, 2010, was the first stable release to support all three platforms.[46]

Chrome was one of the twelve browsers offered on BrowserChoice.eu to European Economic Area users of Microsoft Windows in 2010.[47]

Development

Chrome was assembled from 25 different code libraries from Google and third parties such as Mozilla's Netscape Portable Runtime, Network Security Services, NPAPI (dropped as of version 45),[48] Skia Graphics Engine, SQLite, and a number of other open-source projects.[49] The V8 JavaScript virtual machine was considered a sufficiently important project to be split off (as was Adobe/Mozilla's Tamarin) and handled by a separate team in Denmark coordinated by Lars Bak. According to Google, existing implementations were designed "for small programs, where the performance and interactivity of the system weren't that important", but web applications such as Gmail "are using the web browser to the fullest when it comes to DOM manipulations and JavaScript", and therefore would significantly benefit from a JavaScript engine that could work faster.

Chrome initially used the WebKit rendering engine to display web pages. In 2013, they forked the WebCore component to create their own layout engine Blink. Based on WebKit, Blink only uses WebKit's "WebCore" components, while substituting other components, such as its own multi-process architecture, in place of WebKit's native implementation.[17] Chrome is internally tested with unit testing, automated testing of scripted user actions, fuzz testing, as well as WebKit's layout tests (99% of which Chrome is claimed to have passed), and against commonly accessed websites inside the Google index within 20–30 minutes.[31] Google created Gears for Chrome, which added features for web developers typically relating to the building of web applications, including offline support.[31] Google phased out Gears as the same functionality became available in the HTML5 standards.[50]

In March 2011, Google introduced a new simplified logo to replace the previous 3D logo that had been used since the project's inception. Google designer Steve Rura explained the company reasoning for the change: "Since Chrome is all about making your web experience as easy and clutter-free as possible, we refreshed the Chrome icon to better represent these sentiments. A simpler icon embodies the Chrome spirit – to make the web quicker, lighter, and easier for all."[51]

On January 11, 2011, the Chrome product manager, Mike Jazayeri, announced that Chrome would remove H.264 video codec support for its HTML5 player, citing the desire to bring Google Chrome more in line with the currently available open codecs available in the Chromium project, which Chrome is based on.[52] Despite this, on November 6, 2012, Google released a version of Chrome on Windows which added hardware-accelerated H.264 video decoding.[53] In October 2013, Cisco announced that it was open-sourcing its H.264 codecs and would cover all fees required.[54]

On February 7, 2012, Google launched Google Chrome Beta for Android 4.0 devices.[55] On many new devices with Android 4.1 and later preinstalled, Chrome is the default browser.[56] In May 2017, Google announced a version of Chrome for augmented reality and virtual reality devices.[57]

Features

Google Chrome features a minimalistic user interface, with its user-interface principles later being implemented into other browsers. For example, the merging of the address bar and search bar into the omnibox or omnibar[58][59] Chrome also has a reputation for strong browser performance.[60][61]

Web standards support

 
The results of the Acid3 test on Google Chrome 4.0

The first release of Google Chrome passed both the Acid1 and Acid2 tests. Beginning with version 4.0, Chrome has passed all aspects of the Acid3 test.[62]

As of May 2011, Chrome has very good support for JavaScript/ECMAScript according to Ecma International's ECMAScript standards conformance Test 262[63] (version ES5.1 May 18, 2012). This test reports as the final score the number of tests a browser failed; hence lower scores are better. In this test, Chrome version 37 scored 10 failed/11,578 passed. For comparison, Firefox 19 scored 193 failed/11,752 passed and Internet Explorer 9 has a score of 600+ failed, while Internet Explorer 10 has a score of 7 failed.

In 2011, on the official CSS 2.1 test suite by standardization organization W3C, WebKit, the Chrome rendering engine, passes 89.75% (89.38% out of 99.59% covered) CSS 2.1 tests.[64]

On the HTML5 web standards test, Chrome 41 scores 518 out of 555 points, placing it ahead of the five most popular desktop browsers.[65][66] Chrome 41 on Android scores 510 out of 555 points.[67][68][69] Chrome 44 scores 526, only 29 points less than the maximum score.[70]

User interface

Google Chrome logos
 
2D motif from March 2011 until October 2015
 
Material Design motif used from September 2014 onward for mobile versions and October 2015 onward for desktop versions
 
New Google Chrome logo from 2022. It has increased brightness and clarity compared to the previous logo.

By default, the main user interface includes back, forward, refresh/cancel and menu buttons. A home button is not shown by default, but can be added through the Settings page to take the user to the new tab page or a custom home page.[71]

Tabs are the main component of Chrome's user interface and have been moved to the top of the window rather than below the controls. This subtle change contrasts with many existing tabbed browsers which are based on windows and contain tabs. Tabs, with their state, can be transferred seamlessly between window containers by dragging. Each tab has its own set of controls, including the Omnibox.[31]

The Omnibox is a URL box that combines the functions of both the address bar and search box. If a user enters the URL of a site previously searched from, Chrome allows pressing Tab to search the site again directly from the Omnibox. When a user starts typing in the Omnibox, Chrome provides suggestions for previously visited sites (based on the URL or in-page text), popular websites (not necessarily visited before – powered by Google Instant), and popular searches. Although Instant can be turned off, suggestions based on previously visited sites cannot be turned off. Chrome will also autocomplete the URLs of sites visited often.[31] If a user types keywords into the Omnibox that don't match any previously visited websites and presses enter, Chrome will conduct the search using the default search engine.

One of Chrome's differentiating features is the New Tab Page, which can replace the browser home page and is displayed when a new tab is created. Originally, this showed thumbnails of the nine most visited websites, along with frequent searches, recent bookmarks, and recently closed tabs; similar to Internet Explorer and Firefox with Google Toolbar, or Opera's Speed Dial.[31] In Google Chrome 2.0, the New Tab Page was updated to allow users to hide thumbnails they did not want to appear.[72]

Starting in version 3.0, the New Tab Page was revamped to display thumbnails of the eight most visited websites. The thumbnails could be rearranged, pinned, and removed. Alternatively, a list of text links could be displayed instead of thumbnails. It also features a "Recently closed" bar that shows recently closed tabs and a "tips" section that displays hints and tricks for using the browser.[73] Starting with Google Chrome 3.0, users can install themes to alter the appearance of the browser.[74] Many free third-party themes are provided in an online gallery,[75] accessible through a "Get themes" button in Chrome's options.[76]

Chrome includes a bookmarks submenu that lists the user's bookmarks, provides easy access to Chrome's Bookmark Manager, and allows the user to toggle a bookmarks bar on or off.

On January 2, 2019, Google introduced Native Dark Theme for Chrome on Windows 10.[77]

in 2023, it was announced that Chrome would be completely revamped, using Google's Material You design language, the revamp would include more rounded corners, Chrome colors being swapped out for a similar dynamic color system introduced in Android 12, a revamped address bar, new icons and tabs, and a more simplified 3 dot menu.[78]

Built-in tools

Starting with Google Chrome 4.1 the application added a built-in translation bar using Google Translate. Language translation is currently available for 52 languages.[79] When Chrome detects a foreign language other than the user's preferred language set during the installation time, it asks the user whether or not to translate.

Chrome allows users to synchronize their bookmarks, history, and settings across all devices with the browser installed by sending and receiving data through a chosen Google Account, which in turn updates all signed-in instances of Chrome. This can be authenticated either through Google credentials, or a sync passphrase.

For web developers, Chrome features an element inspector which allows users to look into the DOM and see what makes up the webpage.[80]

Chrome has special URLs that load application-specific pages instead of websites or files on disk. Chrome also has a built-in ability to enable experimental features. Originally called about:labs, the address was changed to about:flags to make it less obvious to casual users.[81][82]

The desktop edition of Chrome is able to save pages as HTML with assets in a "_files" subfolder, or as unprocessed HTML-only document. It also offers an option to save in the MHTML format.[83]

Desktop shortcuts and apps

Chrome allows users to make local desktop shortcuts that open web applications in the browser. The browser, when opened in this way, contains none of the regular interface except for the title bar, so as not to "interrupt anything the user is trying to do". This allows web applications to run alongside local software (similar to Mozilla Prism and Fluid).[31]

This feature, according to Google, would be enhanced with the Chrome Web Store, a one-stop web-based web applications directory which opened in December 2010.[84][85]

In September 2013, Google started making Chrome apps "For your desktop". This meant offline access, desktop shortcuts, and less dependence on Chrome—apps launch in a window separate from Chrome, and look more like native applications.[86]

Chrome Web Store

Main article: Chrome Web Store

Announced on December 7, 2010, the Chrome Web Store allows users to install web applications as extensions to the browser, although most of these extensions function simply as links to popular web pages and/or games, some of the apps like Springpad do provide extra features like offline access. The themes and extensions have also been tightly integrated into the new store, allowing users to search the entire catalog of Chrome extras.[87]

The Chrome Web Store was opened on February 11, 2011, with the release of Google Chrome 9.0.[88]

Extensions

Browser extensions are able to modify Google Chrome. They are supported by the browser's desktop edition.[89] These extensions are written using web technologies like HTML, JavaScript, and CSS.[90] They are distributed through Chrome Web Store,[91] initially known as the Google Chrome Extensions Gallery.[89]

On September 9, 2009, Google enabled extensions by default on Chrome's developer channel, and provided several sample extensions for testing.[92] In December, the Google Chrome Extensions Gallery beta began with approximately 300 extensions.[45][93] It was launched on January 25, 2010, along with Google Chrome 4.0, containing approximately 1500 extensions.[94]

In 2014, Google started preventing some Windows users from installing extensions not hosted on the Chrome Web Store.[95][96] The following year Google reported a "75% drop in customer support help requests for uninstalling unwanted extensions" which led them to expand this restriction to all Windows and Mac users.[97]

Notable examples

See also: Category:Google Chrome extensions

Speed

The JavaScript virtual machine used by Chrome, the V8 JavaScript engine, has features such as dynamic code generation, hidden class transitions, and precise garbage collection.[31]

In 2008, several websites performed benchmark tests using the SunSpider JavaScript Benchmark tool as well as Google's own set of computationally intense benchmarks, which include ray tracing and constraint solving.[101] They unanimously reported that Chrome performed much faster than all competitors against which it had been tested, including Safari (for Windows), Firefox 3.0, Internet Explorer 7, Opera, and Internet Explorer 8.[102][103][104][60]{[105][106] However, on October 11, 2010, independent tests of JavaScript performance, Chrome has been scoring just behind Opera's Presto engine since it was updated in version 10.5.[107]

On September 3, 2008, Mozilla responded by stating that their own TraceMonkey JavaScript engine (then in beta), was faster than Chrome's V8 engine in some tests.[108][109][110] John Resig, Mozilla's JavaScript evangelist, further commented on the performance of different browsers on Google's own suite, commenting on Chrome's "decimating" of the other browsers, but he questioned whether Google's suite was representative of real programs. He stated that Firefox 3.0 performed poorly on recursion-intensive benchmarks, such as those of Google, because the Mozilla team had not implemented recursion-tracing yet.[111]

Two weeks after Chrome's launch in 2008, the WebKit team announced a new JavaScript engine, SquirrelFish Extreme,[112] citing a 36% speed improvement over Chrome's V8 engine.[113][114][115]

Like most major web browsers, Chrome uses DNS prefetching to speed up website lookups,[80] as do other browsers like Firefox,[116] Safari,[117] Internet Explorer (called DNS Pre-resolution),[118] and in Opera as a UserScript (not built-in).[119]

Chrome formerly used their now-deprecated SPDY protocol instead of only HTTP[120][121] when communicating with servers that support it, such as Google services, Facebook, Twitter. SPDY support was removed in Chrome version 51. This was due to SPDY being replaced by HTTP/2, a standard that was based upon it.

In November 2019, Google said it was working on several "speed badging" systems that let visitors know why a page is taking time to show up. The variations include simple text warnings and more subtle signs that indicate a site is slow. No date has been given for when the badging system will be included with the Chrome browser.[122]

Chrome formerly supported a Data Saver feature for making pages load faster called Lite Mode.[123] Previously, Chrome engineers Addy Osmani and Scott Little announced Lite Mode would automatically lazy-load images and iframes for faster page loads.[124] Lite Mode was switched off in Chrome 100, citing a decrease in mobile data costs for many countries.[125]

Security

See also: Browser security

Chrome periodically retrieves updates of two blacklists (one for phishing and one for malware), and warns users when they attempt to visit a site flagged as potentially harmful. This service is also made available for use by others via a free public API called "Google Safe Browsing API".[31]

Chrome uses a process-allocation model to sandbox tabs.[126] Using the principle of least privilege, each tab process cannot interact with critical memory functions (e.g. OS memory, user files) or other tab processes – similar to Microsoft's "Protected Mode" used by Internet Explorer 9 or greater. The Sandbox Team is said to have "taken this existing process boundary and made it into a jail". This enforces a computer security model whereby there are two levels of multilevel security (user and sandbox) and the sandbox can only respond to communication requests initiated by the user.[127] On Linux sandboxing uses the seccomp mode.[128][129]

In January 2015, TorrentFreak reported that using Chrome when connected to the internet using a VPN can be a serious security issue due to the browser's support for WebRTC.[130]

On September 9, 2016, it was reported that starting with Chrome 56, users will be warned when they visit insecure HTTP websites to encourage more sites to make the transition to HTTPS.[131]

On December 4, 2018, Google announced its Chrome 71 release with new security features, including a built-in ad featuring system. In addition, Google also announced its plan to crack down on websites that make people involuntarily subscribe to mobile subscription plans.[132]

On September 2, 2020, with the release of Chrome 85, Google extended support for Secure DNS in Chrome for Android. DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH), was designed to improve safety and privacy while browsing the web. Under the update, Chrome automatically switches to DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH), if the current DNS provider supports the feature.[133]

Password management

Windows

Since 2008, Chrome has been faulted for not including a master password to prevent casual access to a user's passwords. Chrome developers have indicated that a master password does not provide real security against determined hackers and have refused to implement one. Bugs filed on this issue have been marked "WontFix".[134][135] As of February 2014, Google Chrome asks the user to enter the Windows account password before showing saved passwords.[136]

Linux

On Linux, Google Chrome/Chromium can store passwords in three ways: GNOME Keyring, KWallet or plain text. Google Chrome/Chromium chooses which store to use automatically, based on the desktop environment in use.[137] Passwords stored in GNOME Keyring or KWallet are encrypted on disk, and access to them is controlled by dedicated daemon software. Passwords stored in plain text are not encrypted. Because of this, when either GNOME Keyring or KWallet is in use, any unencrypted passwords that have been stored previously are automatically moved into the encrypted store. Support for using GNOME Keyring and KWallet was added in version 6, but using these (when available) was not made the default mode until version 12.

macOS

As of version 45, the Google Chrome password manager is no longer integrated with Keychain, since the interoperability goal is no longer possible.[138]

Security vulnerabilities

No security vulnerabilities in Chrome were exploited in the three years of Pwn2Own from 2009 to 2011.[139] At Pwn2Own 2012, Chrome was defeated by a French team who used zero day exploits in the version of Flash shipped with Chrome to take complete control of a fully patched 64-bit Windows 7 PC using a booby-trapped website that overcame Chrome's sandboxing.[140]

Chrome was compromised twice at the 2012 CanSecWest Pwnium.[140][141][142] Google's official response to the exploits was delivered by Jason Kersey, who congratulated the researchers, noting "We also believe that both submissions are works of art and deserve wider sharing and recognition."[143] Fixes for these vulnerabilities were deployed within 10 hours of the submission.[144][145]

A significant number of security vulnerabilities in Chrome occurred in the Adobe Flash Player. For example, the 2016 Pwn2Own successful attack on Chrome relied on four security vulnerabilities. Two of the vulnerabilities were in Flash, one was in Chrome, and one was in the Windows kernel.[146] In 2016, Google announced that it was planning to phase out Flash Player in Chrome, starting in version 53. The first phase of the plan was to disable Flash for ads and "background analytics", with the ultimate goal of disabling it completely by the end of the year, except on specific sites that Google has deemed to be broken without it. Flash would then be re-enabled with the exclusion of ads and background analytics on a site-by-site basis.[147]

Leaked documents published by WikiLeaks, codenamed Vault 7 and dated from 2013 to 2016, detail the capabilities of the CIA, such as the ability to compromise web browsers (including Google Chrome).[148][149]

Malware blocking and ad blocking

Google introduced download scanning protection in Chrome 17.[150] In February 2018, Google introduced an ad blocking feature based on recommendations from the Interactive Advertising Bureau. Sites that employ invasive ads are given a 30-day warning, after which their ads will be blocked.[151] Consumer Reports recommended users install dedicated ad-blocking tools instead, which offer increased security against malware and tracking.[152]

Plugins

  • Chrome supported, up to version 45, plug-ins with the Netscape Plugin Application Programming Interface (NPAPI),[153] so that plug-ins (for example Adobe Flash Player) run as unrestricted separate processes outside the browser and cannot be sandboxed as tabs are. ActiveX is not supported.[153] Since 2010, Adobe Flash has been integral to Chrome and does not need be installed separately. Flash is kept up to date as part of Chrome's own updates.[154] Java applet support was available in Chrome with Java 6 update 12 and above.[155] Support for Java under OS X was provided by a Java Update released on May 18, 2010.[156]
  • On August 12, 2009, Google introduced a replacement for NPAPI that is more portable and more secure[157] called Pepper Plugin API (PPAPI).[158] The default bundled PPAPI Flash Player (or Pepper-based Flash Player) was available on ChromeOS first, then replaced the NPAPI Flash Player on Linux from Chrome version 20, on Windows from version 21 (which also reduced Flash crashes by 20%),[159] and eventually came to OS X at version 23.[160]
  • On September 23, 2013, Google announced that it would be deprecating and then removing NPAPI support. NPAPI support was removed from Linux in Chrome release 35.[161] NPAPI plugins like Java can no longer work in Chrome (but there are workarounds for Flash by using PPAPI Flash Player on Linux including for Chromium).[162]
  • On April 14, 2015, Google released Chrome v42, disabling the NPAPI by default. This makes plugins that do not have a PPAPI plugin counterpart incompatible with Chrome, such as Java, Silverlight and Unity. However, NPAPI support could be enabled through the chrome://flags menu, until the release of version 45 on September 1, 2015, that removed NPAPI support entirely.[163]

Privacy

Incognito mode

"Incognito mode" redirects here. For other uses, see Incognito.
 
Google Chrome Incognito mode message

The private browsing feature called Incognito mode prevents the browser from locally storing any history information, cookies, site data, or form inputs.[164] Downloaded files and bookmarks will be stored. In addition, user activity is not hidden from visited websites or the Internet service provider.[165]

Incognito mode is similar to the private browsing feature in other web browsers. It does not prevent saving in all windows: "You can switch between an incognito window and any regular windows you have open. You'll only be in incognito mode when you're using the incognito window".[166]

The iOS version of Chrome also supports the optional ability to lock incognito tabs with Face ID, Touch ID or the device's passcode.[167]

Listening capabilities

In June 2015, the Debian developer community discovered that Chromium 43 and Chrome 43 were programmed to download the Hotword Shared Module, which could enable the OK Google voice recognition extension, although by default it was "off". This raised privacy concerns in the media.[168][169] The module was removed in Chrome 45, which was released on September 1, 2015, and was only present in Chrome 43 and 44.[170][171]

User tracking concerns

Chrome sends details about its users and their activities to Google through both optional and non-optional user tracking mechanisms.[172][173]

Some of the tracking mechanisms can be optionally enabled and disabled through the installation interface[174] and through the browser's options dialog.[175] Unofficial builds, such as SRWare Iron, seek to remove these features from the browser altogether.[176] The RLZ feature is not included in the Chromium browser either.[177]

In March 2010, Google devised a new method to collect installation statistics: the unique ID token included with Chrome is now used for only the first connection that Google Update makes to its server.[178]

The optional suggestion service included in Google Chrome has been criticized because it provides the information typed into the Omnibox to the search provider before the user even hits return. This allows the search engine to provide URL suggestions, but also provides them with web use information tied to an IP address.[179]

Chrome previously was able to suggest similar pages when a page could not be found. For this, in some cases Google servers were contacted.[180] The feature has since been removed.[citation needed]

A 2019 review by Washington Post technology columnist Geoffrey A. Fowler found that in a typical week of browsing, Chrome allowed thousands of more cookies to be stored than Mozilla Firefox. Fowler pointed out that because of its advertising businesses, despite the privacy controls it offers users, Google is a major producer of third-party cookies and has a financial interest in collecting user data; he recommended switching to Firefox, Apple Safari, or Chromium-based Brave.[181]

Tracking methods
Method[176] Information sent When Optional? Opt-in?
Installation Randomly generated token included in an installer; used to measure the success rate of Google Chrome once at installation[182]

On installation

No —
RLZ identifier[183] Encoded string, according to Google, contains non-identifying information on where Chrome was downloaded from and its installation week; it is used to measure promotional campaigns;[182] Google provides source code to decode this string[177]

Can be disabled in ChromeOS.[182] For Chrome browsers running in all other operating systems:[182]

  • Desktop versions of Chrome can avoid it by downloading the browser directly from Google.
  • Mobile versions of Chrome always send the RLZ identifier on first launch.
  • On Google search query
  • On first launch and first use of address bar[182]
 Partial
[note 2][182]		 No
clientID[175] Unique identifier along with user preferences, logs of use metrics and crashes Un­known Yes[184] Yes
Omnibox predictions[175] Text typed into the address bar is sent to the user's search engine when not in incognito mode. When in incognito mode, the suggestions are created on-device instead.[182] While typing Yes No
Google Update Information about how often Chrome is used, details about the OS and Chrome version Periodically Partial
[note 3][185]		 No
FLoC
Main article: Federated Learning of Cohorts

In January 2021, Google stated it was making progress on developing privacy-friendly alternatives which would replace third-party cookies currently being used by advertisers and companies to track browsing habits. Google then promised to phase out the use of cookies in their web-browser in 2022, implementing their FLoC technology instead. The announcement triggered antitrust concerns from multiple countries for abusing the Chrome browser's market monopoly, with the U.K.'s Competition and Markets Authority and the European Commission both opening formal probes.[186][187][188][189] The FLoC proposal also drew criticism from DuckDuckGo, Brave, and the Electronic Frontier Foundation for misrepresenting its ability to track users online.[190][191][192][193]

On January 25, 2022, Google announced it had killed off development of its FLoC technologies and proposed the new Topics API to replace it. Topics is similarly intended to replace cookies, using one's weekly web activity[clarification needed] to determine a set of five interests. Topics is supposed to[clarification needed] refresh every three weeks, changing the type of ads served to the user and not retaining the gathered data.[194][195]

Do Not Track

In February 2012, Google announced that Chrome would implement the Do Not Track (DNT) standard to inform websites the user's desire not to be tracked. The protocol was implemented in version 23. In line with the W3's draft standard for DNT,[196] it is turned off by default in Chrome.[197]

Stability

 
Screenshot of a Chrome browser crash

A multi-process architecture is implemented in Chrome where, by default, a separate process is allocated to each site instance and plugin.[198] This procedure is termed process isolation,[199] and raises security and stability by preventing tasks from interfering with each other. An attacker successfully gaining access to one application gains access to no others,[200] and failure in one instance results in a Sad Tab screen of death, similar to the well-known Sad Mac, but only one tab crashes instead of the whole application. This strategy exacts a fixed per-process cost up front, but results in less memory bloat over time as fragmentation is confined to each instance and no longer needs further memory allocations.[31] This architecture was later adopted in Safari[201] and Firefox.[202]

Chrome includes a process management utility called Task Manager which lets users see what sites and plugins are using the most memory, downloading the most bytes and overusing the CPU and provides the ability to terminate them.[203] Chrome Version 23 ensures its users an improved battery life for the systems supporting Chrome's GPU accelerated video decoding.[204][53]

Release channels, cycles and updates

The first production release on December 11, 2008 marked the end of the initial Beta test period and the beginning of production. Shortly thereafter, on January 8, 2009, Google announced an updated release system with three channels: Stable (corresponding to the traditional production), Beta, and Developer preview (also called the "Dev" channel). Where there were before only two channels: Beta and Developer, now there were three. Concurrently, all Developer channel users were moved to the Beta channel along with the promoted Developer release. Google explained that now the Developer channel builds would be less stable and polished than those from the initial Google Chrome's Beta period. Beta users could opt back to the Developer channel as desired.

Each channel has its own release cycle and stability level. The Stable channel updated roughly quarterly, with features and fixes that passed "thorough" testing in the Beta channel. Beta updated roughly monthly, with "stable and complete" features migrated from the Developer channel. The Developer channel updated once or twice per week and was where ideas and features were first publicly exposed "(and sometimes fail) and can be very unstable at times". [Quoted remarks from Google's policy announcements.][205][206][207]

 
Google Chrome Canary application icon

On July 22, 2010, Google announced it would ramp up the speed at which it releases new stable versions; the release cycles were shortened from quarterly to six weeks for major Stable updates.[208] Beta channel releases now come roughly at the same rate as Stable releases, though approximately one month in advance, while Dev channel releases appear roughly once or twice weekly, allowing time for basic release-critical testing.[209] This faster release cycle also brought a fourth channel: the "Canary" channel, updated daily from a build produced at 09:00 UTC from the most stable of the last 40 revisions.[210] The name refers to the practice of using canaries in coal mines, so if a change "kills" Chrome Canary, it will be blocked from migrating down to the Developer channel, at least until fixed in a subsequent Canary build.[211] Canary is "the most bleeding-edge official version of Chrome and somewhat of a mix between Chrome dev and the Chromium snapshot builds". Canary releases run side by side with any other channel; it is not linked to the other Google Chrome installation and can therefore run different synchronization profiles, themes, and browser preferences. This ensures that fallback functionality remains even when some Canary updates may contain release-breaking bugs.[212] It does not natively include the option to be the default browser, although on Windows and OS X it can be set through System Preferences. Canary was Windows-only at first; an OS X version was released on May 3, 2011.[213]

The Chrome beta channel for Android was launched on January 10, 2013; like Canary, it runs side by side with the stable channel for Android.[214][215] Chrome Dev for Android was launched on April 29, 2015.[216]

All Chrome channels are automatically distributed according to their respective release cycles. The mechanism differs by platform. On Windows, it uses Google Update, and auto-update can be controlled via Group Policy.[217] Alternatively, users may download a standalone installer of a version of Chrome that does not auto-update.[218][219] On OS X, it uses Google Update Service, and auto-update can be controlled via the OS X "defaults" system.[220] On Linux, it lets the system's normal package management system supply the updates. This auto-updating behavior is a key difference from Chromium, the non-branded open-source browser which forms the core of Google Chrome. Because Chromium also serves as the pre-release development trunk for Chrome, its revisions are provided as source code and buildable snapshots are produced continuously with each new commit, requiring users to manage their own browser updates.[221]

In March 2021, Google announced that starting with Chrome 94 in the third quarter of 2021, Google Chrome Stable releases will be made every four weeks, instead of six weeks as they have been since 2010. Also, Google announced a new release channel for system administrators and browser embedders with releases every eight weeks.[222]

Release version numbers

Releases are identified by a four-part version number, e.g. 42.0.2311.90 (Windows Stable release April 14, 2015[223]). The components are major.minor.build.patch.[224][225]

Major.minor reflects scheduling policy
Build.patch identifies content progression
  • Major represents a product release. These are scheduled 7–8 per year, unlike other software systems where the major version number updates only with substantial new content.
  • Minor is usually 0. References to version 'x' or 'x.0', e.g. 42.0, refer to this major.minor designation.
  • Build is ever increasing. For a release cycle, e.g. 42.0, there are several builds in the Canary and Developer period. The last build number from Developer is kept throughout Beta and Stable and is locked with the major.minor for that release.
  • Patch resets with each build, incrementing with each patch. The first patch is 0, but usually the first publicly released patch is somewhat higher. In Beta and Stable, only patch increments.

Chromium and Chrome release schedules are linked through Chromium (Major) version Branch Point dates, published annually.[224] The Branch Points precede the final Chrome Developer build (initial) release by 4 days (nearly always) and the Chrome Stable initial release by roughly 53 days.[226]

Example: The version 42 Branch Point was February 20, 2015.[224] Developer builds stopped advancing at build 2311 with release 42.0.2311.4 on February 24,[227] 4 days later. The first Stable release, 42.0.2311.90, was April 14, 2015,[223] 53 days after the Branch Point.

Color management

Main article: Color management

Chrome supports color management by using the system-provided ICC v2 and v4 support on macOS, and from version 22 supports ICC v2 profiles by default on other platforms.[228]

Dinosaur Game

Main article: Dinosaur Game

In Chrome, when not connected to the Internet and an error message displaying "No internet" is shown, on the top, an "8-bit" Tyrannosaurus rex is shown, but when pressing the space bar on a keyboard, mouse-clicking on it or tapping it on touch devices, the T-Rex instantly jumps once and dashes across a cactus-ridden desert, revealing it to be an Easter egg in the form of a platform game.[229][230][231][232] The game itself is an infinite runner, and there is no time limit in the game as it progresses faster and periodically tints to a black background. A school Chromebook administrator can disable the game.[233]

Platforms

The current version of Chrome runs on:

As of April 2016, stable 32-bit and 64-bit builds are available for Windows, with only 64-bit stable builds available for Linux and macOS.[235][236][237] 64-bit Windows builds became available in the developer channel and as canary builds on June 3, 2014,[238] in the beta channel on July 30, 2014,[239] and in the stable channel on August 26, 2014.[240] 64-bit OS X builds became available as canary builds on November 7, 2013,[241] in the beta channel on October 9, 2014,[242] and in the stable channel on November 18, 2014.[235]

Starting with the release of version 89, Chrome will only be supported on Intel/Intel x86 and AMD processors with the SSE3 instruction set.[243][244][245]


Operating system Latest version Support status
Windows 10 and later 114 2015–
7, 8, and 8.1 109[246] 2009–2023
XP SP2+ and Vista 49 2008–2016
macOS 10.15 and later 114 2019–
10.13 and 10.14 114[247] 2017–2023
10.11 and 10.12 103 2015–2022
10.10 87[248][249] 2014–2021
10.9 67 2013–2018
10.6–10.8 (x64) 49 2010–2016
10.6 (IA-32) 38 2010–2014
10.5 (IA-32,x64) 21 2010–2012
Linux desktop x64 114 2010–
IA-32 48 2010–2016
Android 7.0 and later 114 2016–
6.x 106[250] 2015–2022
5.x 95[251] 2014–2021
4.4 81[252] 2013–2020
4.1-4.3 (ARMv7,IA-32,x64) 71[253] 2012–2019
4.0 (ARMv7,IA-32) 42 2012–2015
iOS 15.0 and later 114 2021–
14.x 113 2020–2023
13.x 93 2019–2021
12.2-12.5.x 92 2019–2021
12.0-12.1.x 86 2018–2020
11.x 76 2017–2019
10.x 71 2016–2019
9.x 63 2015–2018
8.x , 7.x 47 2013–2016
6.x 37 2012–2014
5.x 29 2012–2013
4.x 23 2012


Android

 
Google Chrome running on an Android phone

A beta version for Android 4.0 devices was launched on February 7, 2012, available for a limited number of countries from Google Play.[254][255]

Notable features: synchronization with desktop Chrome to provide the same bookmarks and view the same browser tabs,[256] page pre-rendering,[257] hardware acceleration.[258]

Many of the latest HTML5 features: almost all of the Web Platform's features: GPU-accelerated canvas, including CSS 3D Transforms, CSS animations, SVG, WebSocket (including binary messages), Dedicated Workers; it has overflow scroll support, strong HTML5 video support, and new capabilities such as IndexedDB, WebWorkers, Application Cache and the File APIs, date- and time-pickers, parts of the Media Capture API.[257][259] Also supports mobile oriented features such as Device Orientation and Geolocation.[259]

Mobile customizations: swipe gesture tab switching,[256] link preview allows zooming in on (multiple) links to ensure the desired one is clicked,[256] font size boosting to ensure readability regardless of the zoom level.[259]

Features missing in the mobile version include sandboxed tabs,[257] Safe Browsing,[257] apps or extensions,[258] Adobe Flash (now and in the future),[258] Native Client,[258] and the ability to export user data such a list of their opened tabs or their browsing history into portable local files.[260]

Development changes: remote debugging,[257][261] part of the browser layer has been implemented in Java, communicating with the rest of the Chromium and WebKit code through Java Native Bindings.[259] The code of Chrome for Android is a fork of the Chromium project. It is a priority to upstream most new and modified code to Chromium and WebKit to resolve the fork.[259]

The April 17, 2012, update included availability in 31 additional languages and in all countries where Google Play is available. A desktop version of a website can also be requested as opposed to a mobile version. In addition, Android users can now add bookmarks to their Android home screens if they choose and decide which apps should handle links opened in Chrome.[262]

On June 27, 2012, Google Chrome for Android exited beta and became stable.[263][264]

Chrome 18.0.1026311, released on September 26, 2012, was the first version of Chrome for Android to support mobile devices based on Intel x86.[265]

Starting from version 25, the Chrome version for Android is aligned with the desktop version, and usually new stable releases are available at the same time between the Android and the desktop version. Google released a separate Chrome for Android beta channel on January 10, 2013, with version 25.[214] As of 2013 a separate beta version of Chrome is available in the Google Play Store – it can run side by side with the stable release.[266]

iOS

Chrome is available on Apple's mobile iOS operating system as Google Chrome for iOS. Released in the Apple App Store on June 26, 2012, it supports the iPad, iPhone, and iPod Touch, and the current version requires that the device has iOS 14.0 or greater installed.[267] In accordance with Apple's requirements for browsers released through their App Store, this version of Chrome uses the iOS WebKit – which is Apple's own mobile rendering engine and components, developed for their Safari browser – therefore it is restricted from using Google's own V8 JavaScript engine.[268][269] Chrome is the default web browser for the iOS Gmail application.

In a review by Chitika, Chrome was noted as having 1.5% of the iOS web browser market as of July 18, 2012.[270] In October 2013, Chrome had 3% of the iOS browser market.[271]

Linux

On Linux distributions, support for 32-bit Intel processors ended in March 2016 although Chromium is still supported.[272] As of Chrome version 26, Linux installations of the browser may be updated only on systems that support GCC v4.6 and GTK v2.24 or later. Thus deprecated systems include (for example) Debian 6's 2.20, and RHEL 6's 2.18.[273]

Windows

Support for Google Chrome on Windows XP and Windows Vista ended in April 2016.[274] The last release of Google Chrome that can be run on Windows XP and Windows Vista was version 49.0.2623.112,[275] released on April 7, 2016,[276] then re-released on April 11, 2016.[277]

Support for Google Chrome on Windows 7 was supposed to end upon the announcement on July 15, 2021,[278] and suddenly moved to January 15, 2022, however due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and enterprises are taking more time to migrate to Windows 10 or 11, the end of support date was pushed at least until January 15, 2023.[279] Support for Windows 7, Windows 8, and Windows 8.1 ended in January 2023 and the last version on Windows 7 is Chrome 109.[280][281][282]

"Windows 8 mode" was introduced in 2012 and has since been discontinued. It was provided to the developer channel, which enabled Windows 8 and Windows 8.1 users to run Chrome with a full-screen, tablet-optimized interface, with access to snapping, sharing, and search functionalities.[283] In October 2013, Windows 8 mode on the developer channel changed to use a desktop environment mimicking the interface of ChromeOS with a dedicated windowing system and taskbar for web apps.[284] This was removed on version 49 and users that have upgraded to Windows 10 will lose this feature.[285]

macOS

Google dropped support for Mac OS X Leopard with the release of Chrome 22.[286] Support for 32-bit versions of Chrome ended in November 2014 with the release of Chrome 39.[287][288][235] Support for Mac OS X Snow Leopard, Mac OS X Lion, and OS X Mountain Lion ended in April 2016 with the release of Chrome 50. Support for OS X Mavericks ended in April 2018 with the release of Chrome 66. Support for OS X Yosemite ended in January 2021 with the release of Chrome 88. Support for OS X El Capitan and macOS Sierra ended in August 2022 with the release of Chrome 104.[citation needed]

ChromeOS

Main article: ChromeOS

Google Chrome is the basis of Google's ChromeOS operating system that ships on specific hardware from Google's manufacturing partners.[289] The user interface has a minimalist design resembling the Google Chrome browser. ChromeOS is aimed at users who spend most of their computer time on the Web; the only applications on the devices are a browser incorporating a media player and a file manager.[290][291][292][293][294]

Google announced ChromeOS on July 7, 2009.[295]

Reception

Google Chrome was met with acclaim upon release. In 2008, Matthew Moore of The Daily Telegraph summarized the verdict of early reviewers: "Google Chrome is attractive, fast and has some impressive new features..."[296]

Initially, Microsoft reportedly played down the threat from Chrome and predicted that most people would embrace Internet Explorer 8. Opera Software said that "Chrome will strengthen the Web as the biggest application platform in the world".[297] But by February 25, 2010, BusinessWeek had reported that "For the first time in years, energy and resources are being poured into browsers, the ubiquitous programs for accessing content on the Web. Credit for this trend – a boon to consumers – goes to two parties. The first is Google, whose big plans for the Chrome browser have shaken Microsoft out of its competitive torpor and forced the software giant to pay fresh attention to its own browser, Internet Explorer. Microsoft all but ceased efforts to enhance IE after it triumphed in the last browser war, sending Netscape to its doom. Now it's back in gear."[298] Mozilla said that Chrome's introduction into the web browser market comes as "no real surprise", that "Chrome is not aimed at competing with Firefox", and furthermore that it would not affect Google's revenue relationship with Mozilla.[299][300]

Chrome's design bridges the gap between desktop and so-called "cloud computing." At the touch of a button, Chrome lets you make a desktop, Start menu, or QuickLaunch shortcut to any Web page or Web application, blurring the line between what's online and what's inside your PC. For example, I created a desktop shortcut for Google Maps. When you create a shortcut for a Web application, Chrome strips away all of the toolbars and tabs from the window, leaving you with something that feels much more like a desktop application than like a Web application or page.

— PC World[301]

With its dominance in the web browser market, Google has been accused of using Chrome and Blink development to push new web standards that are proposed in-house by Google and subsequently implemented by its services first and foremost. These have led to performance disadvantages and compatibility issues with competing browsers, and in some cases, developers intentionally refusing to test their websites on any other browser than Chrome.[302] Tom Warren of The Verge went as far as comparing Chrome to Internet Explorer 6, the default browser of Windows XP that was often targeted by competitors due to its similar ubiquity in the early 2000s.[303]

In 2019, Google similarly faced criticism over planned changes to its extensions API for Chrome (dubbed "Manifest V3"), which would inhibit the effectiveness of certain forms of ad blocking software by preventing the use of the WebRequest API to block and modify network connections. Google intends extensions to transition to another API known as DeclarativeWebRequest, which allows the extension to set up pre-configured rules that are processed by the browser itself rather than through the extension. However, concerns over how well the API would perform, in combination with concerns over a cap on the number of entries that may be blacklisted, led to criticism that these changes were designed to inhibit ad blocking (citing Google's vested interest in the online advertising industry). Google cited performance issues associated with WebRequest, as it requires all network traffic to go through the extension before the page is loaded, as well as its use in malicious extensions, as justification for these changes. In June 2019, it announced that it would increase the aforementioned cap from 30,000 to 150,000 entries to help quell concerns.[304][305][306]

Usage

Market share

Further information: Usage share of web browsers and Browser wars

Chrome overtook Firefox in November 2011, in worldwide usage. As of September 2022, according to StatCounter, Google Chrome had 67% worldwide desktop usage share, making it the most widely used web browser.[308]

Along with Safari and Mozilla Firefox, Chrome receives a weekend "bump", which boosts its market share by as much as three percentage points on weekends, at the expense of Internet Explorer.[309]

It was reported by StatCounter, a web analytics company, that for the single day of Sunday, March 18, 2012, Chrome was the most used web browser in the world for the first time. Chrome secured 32.7% of the global web browsing on that day, while Internet Explorer followed closely behind with 32.5%.[310]

From May 14–21, 2012, Google Chrome was for the first time responsible for more Internet traffic than Microsoft's Internet Explorer, which long had held its spot as the most used web browser in the world.[311] According to StatCounter, 31.88% of web traffic was generated by Chrome for a sustained period of one week and 31.47% by Internet Explorer. Though Chrome had topped Internet Explorer for a single day's usage in the past, this was the first time it had led for one full week.[312]

At the 2012 Google I/O developers' conference, Google claimed that there were 310 million active users of Chrome, almost double the number in 2011, which was stated as 160 million active users.[313]

In June 2013, according to StatCounter, Chrome overtook Internet Explorer for the first time in the US.[314]

In August 2013, Chrome was used by 43% of internet users worldwide. This study was done by Statista, which also noted that in North America, 36% of people use Chrome, the lowest in the world.[315]

Desktop/laptop browser statistics
Google Chrome
 
 66.14%
Microsoft Edge
 
 10.98%
Safari
 
 9.01%
Mozilla Firefox
 
 7.21%
Opera
 
 3.3%
Internet Explorer
 
 0.75%
Others
 
 2.62%
Desktop web browser market share according to StatCounter for December 2022[316]

Enterprise deployment

In December 2010, Google announced that to make it easier for businesses to use Chrome they would provide an official Chrome MSI package. For business use it is helpful to have full-fledged MSI packages that can be customized via transform files (.mst) – but the MSI provided with Chrome is only a very limited MSI wrapper fitted around the normal installer, and many businesses find that this arrangement does not meet their needs.[317] The normal downloaded Chrome installer puts the browser in the user's local app data directory and provides invisible background updates, but the MSI package will allow installation at the system level, providing system administrators control over the update process[318] – it was formerly possible only when Chrome was installed using Google Pack. Google also created group policy objects to fine-tune the behavior of Chrome in the business environment, for example by setting automatic updates intervals, disabling auto-updates, and configuring a home page.[319] Until version 24 the software is known not to be ready for enterprise deployments with roaming profiles or Terminal Server/Citrix environments.[320]

In 2010, Google first started supporting Chrome in enterprise environments by providing an MSI wrapper around the Chrome installer. Google starting providing group policy objects, with more added each release,[321] and today there are more than 500 policies available to control Chrome's behavior in enterprise environments.[322] In 2016, Google launched Chrome Browser Enterprise Support, a paid service enabling IT admins access to Google experts to support their browser deployment.[323] In 2019, Google launched Chrome Browser Cloud Management, a dashboard that gives business IT managers the ability to control content accessibility, app usage and browser extensions installed on its deployed computers.[324]

Chromium

Main article: Chromium (web browser)

In September 2008, Google released a large portion of Chrome's source code as an open-source project called Chromium. This move enabled third-party developers to study the underlying source code and to help port the browser to the macOS and Linux operating systems. The Google-authored portion of Chromium is released under the permissive BSD license.[325] Other portions of the source code are subject to a variety of open-source licenses.[326] Chromium is similar to Chrome, but lacks built-in automatic updates and a built-in Flash player, as well as Google branding and has a blue-colored logo instead of the multicolored Google logo.[327][328] Chromium does not implement user RLZ tracking.[177][172][329] Initially, the Google Chrome PDF viewer, PDFium, was excluded from Chromium, but was later made open-source in May 2014.[330][331] PDFium can be used to fill PDF forms.[332]

Developing for Chrome

It is possible to develop applications, extensions, and themes for Chrome. They are zipped in a .crx file and contain a manifest.json file that specifies basic information (such as version, name, description, privileges, etc.), and other files for the user interface (icons, popups, etc.). Google has an official developer's guide on how to create, develop, and publish projects.[333] Chrome has its own web store where users and developers can upload and download these applications and extensions.[334]

Impersonation by malware

As with Microsoft Internet Explorer, the popularity of Google Chrome has led to the appearance of malware abusing its name. In late 2015, an adware replica of Chrome named "eFast" appeared, which would usurp the Google Chrome installation and hijack file type associations to make shortcuts for common file types and communication protocols link to itself, and inject advertisements into web pages. Its similar-looking icon was intended to deceive users.[335][336][337]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Chrome's WebKit & Blink layout engines and its V8 JavaScript engine are each free and open-source software, while its other components are each either open-source or proprietary. However, section 9 of Google Chrome's Terms of Service designates the whole package as proprietary freeware.
  2. ^ RLZ can be disabled in Chrome OS, and is not sent on desktop versions of Chrome if it was downloaded directly from Google. RLZ cannot be disabled on mobile versions of Chrome.
  3. ^ Requires advanced user intervention

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External links

 
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July 07, 2023
google, chrome, this, article, about, browser, operating, system, chromeos, other, uses, chrome, disambiguation, cross, platform, browser, developed, google, first, released, 2008, microsoft, windows, built, with, free, software, components, from, apple, webki. This article is about the web browser For the operating system see ChromeOS For other uses see Chrome disambiguation Google Chrome is a cross platform web browser developed by Google It was first released in 2008 for Microsoft Windows built with free software components from Apple WebKit and Mozilla Firefox 15 Versions were later released for Linux macOS iOS and also for Android where it is the default browser 16 The browser is also the main component of ChromeOS where it serves as the platform for web applications Google ChromeGoogle Chrome running on Windows 11Developer s GoogleInitial releaseWindows XPBeta September 2 2008 14 years ago 2008 09 02 Windows XP1 0 December 11 2008 14 years ago 2008 12 11 macOS LinuxPreview June 4 2009 14 years ago 2009 06 04 macOS LinuxBeta December 8 2009 13 years ago 2009 12 08 Multi platform5 0 May 25 2010 13 years ago 2010 05 25 Stable release s Windows macOS Linux114 0 5735 198 199 1 26 June 2023 11 days ago 26 June 2023 Windows Server 2012 2012 R2109 0 5414 149 2 8 June 2023 29 days ago 2023 06 08 Android114 0 5735 196 3 26 June 2023 11 days ago 26 June 2023 iOS114 0 5735 124 4 13 June 2023 24 days ago 13 June 2023 Extended Support Release114 0 5736 198 199 1 26 June 2023 11 days ago 26 June 2023 Preview release s Windows macOS Linux115 0 5790 56 5 28 June 2023 9 days ago 28 June 2023 Android115 0 5790 53 6 28 June 2023 9 days ago 28 June 2023 iOS115 0 5790 55 7 28 June 2023 9 days ago 28 June 2023 Written inC C Assembly HTML Java Android app only JavaScript Python 8 9 10 EnginesBlink WebKit on iOS V8 JavaScript engineOperating systemAndroid Nougat or later 11 ChromeOS iOS 15 or later 12 Linux macOS 10 13 or later Windows 10 or laterPlatformIA 32 x86 64 ARMv7 ARMv8 AIncluded withAndroid Nougat or later ChromeOSAvailable in47 languages 13 TypeWeb browser mobile browserLicenseProprietary freeware based on open source components 14 note 1 Websitewww wbr google wbr com wbr chrome wbr Most of Chrome s source code comes from Google s free and open source software project Chromium but Chrome is licensed as proprietary freeware 14 WebKit was the original rendering engine but Google eventually forked it to create the Blink engine 17 all Chrome variants except iOS used Blink as of 2017 18 As of October 2022 update StatCounter estimates that Chrome has a 67 worldwide browser market share after peaking at 72 38 in November 2018 on personal computers PC 19 is most used on tablets having surpassed Safari and is also dominant on smartphones 20 21 and at 65 across all platforms combined making it the most used web browser in the world today 22 Because of this success Google has expanded the Chrome brand name to other products ChromeOS Chromecast Chromebook Chromebit Chromebox and Chromebase Contents 1 History 1 1 Announcement 1 2 Public release 1 3 Development 2 Features 2 1 Web standards support 2 2 User interface 2 3 Built in tools 2 4 Desktop shortcuts and apps 2 4 1 Chrome Web Store 2 5 Extensions 2 5 1 Notable examples 2 6 Speed 2 7 Security 2 7 1 Password management 2 7 1 1 Windows 2 7 1 2 Linux 2 7 1 3 macOS 2 7 2 Security vulnerabilities 2 7 3 Malware blocking and ad blocking 2 7 4 Plugins 2 8 Privacy 2 8 1 Incognito mode 2 8 2 Listening capabilities 2 8 3 User tracking concerns 2 8 3 1 FLoC 2 8 4 Do Not Track 2 9 Stability 2 10 Release channels cycles and updates 2 10 1 Release version numbers 2 11 Color management 2 12 Dinosaur Game 3 Platforms 3 1 Android 3 2 iOS 3 3 Linux 3 4 Windows 3 5 macOS 3 6 ChromeOS 4 Reception 5 Usage 5 1 Market share 5 2 Enterprise deployment 5 3 Chromium 6 Developing for Chrome 7 Impersonation by malware 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External linksHistorySee also History of Google Google CEO Eric Schmidt opposed the development of an independent web browser for six years He stated that at the time Google was a small company and he did not want to go through bruising browser wars After co founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page hired several Mozilla Firefox developers and built a demonstration of Chrome Schmidt said that It was so good that it essentially forced me to change my mind 23 In September 2004 rumors of Google building a web browser first appeared Online journals and U S newspapers stated at the time that Google was hiring former Microsoft web developers among others It also came shortly after the release of Mozilla Firefox 1 0 which was surging in popularity and taking market share from Internet Explorer which had noted security problems 24 Development of the browser began in 2006 25 spearheaded by Sundar Pichai 26 Chrome was largely developed in Google s Kitchener office 27 Announcement The release announcement was originally scheduled for September 3 2008 and a comic by Scott McCloud was to be sent to journalists and bloggers explaining the features within the new browser 28 Copies intended for Europe were shipped early and German blogger Philipp Lenssen of Google Blogoscoped made a scanned copy of the 38 page comic available on his website after receiving it on September 1 2008 29 30 Google subsequently made the comic available on Google Books 31 and mentioned it on their official blog along with an explanation for the early release 32 The product was named Chrome as an initial development project code name because it is associated with fast cars and speed Google kept the development project name as the final release name as a cheeky or ironic moniker as one of the main aims was to minimize the user interface chrome 33 34 Public release An early version of Chromium for Linux explaining the difference between Chrome and Chromium The browser was first publicly released officially as a beta version 35 on September 2 2008 for Windows XP and newer and with support for 43 languages and later as a stable public release on December 11 2008 On that same day a CNET news item drew attention to a passage in the Terms of Service statement for the initial beta release which seemed to grant to Google a license to all content transferred via the Chrome browser 36 This passage was inherited from the general Google terms of service 37 Google responded to this criticism immediately by stating that the language used was borrowed from other products and removed this passage from the Terms of Service 14 Chrome quickly gained about 1 usage share 32 38 39 After the initial surge usage share dropped until it hit a low of 0 69 in October 2008 It then started rising again and by December 2008 Chrome again passed the 1 threshold 40 In early January 2009 CNET reported that Google planned to release versions of Chrome for OS X and Linux in the first half of the year 41 The first official Chrome OS X and Linux developer previews were announced on June 4 2009 42 with a blog post saying they were missing many features and were intended for early feedback rather than general use 43 In December 2009 Google released beta versions of Chrome for OS X and Linux 44 45 Google Chrome 5 0 announced on May 25 2010 was the first stable release to support all three platforms 46 Chrome was one of the twelve browsers offered on BrowserChoice eu to European Economic Area users of Microsoft Windows in 2010 47 Development Chrome was assembled from 25 different code libraries from Google and third parties such as Mozilla s Netscape Portable Runtime Network Security Services NPAPI dropped as of version 45 48 Skia Graphics Engine SQLite and a number of other open source projects 49 The V8 JavaScript virtual machine was considered a sufficiently important project to be split off as was Adobe Mozilla s Tamarin and handled by a separate team in Denmark coordinated by Lars Bak According to Google existing implementations were designed for small programs where the performance and interactivity of the system weren t that important but web applications such as Gmail are using the web browser to the fullest when it comes to DOM manipulations and JavaScript and therefore would significantly benefit from a JavaScript engine that could work faster Chrome initially used the WebKit rendering engine to display web pages In 2013 they forked the WebCore component to create their own layout engine Blink Based on WebKit Blink only uses WebKit s WebCore components while substituting other components such as its own multi process architecture in place of WebKit s native implementation 17 Chrome is internally tested with unit testing automated testing of scripted user actions fuzz testing as well as WebKit s layout tests 99 of which Chrome is claimed to have passed and against commonly accessed websites inside the Google index within 20 30 minutes 31 Google created Gears for Chrome which added features for web developers typically relating to the building of web applications including offline support 31 Google phased out Gears as the same functionality became available in the HTML5 standards 50 In March 2011 Google introduced a new simplified logo to replace the previous 3D logo that had been used since the project s inception Google designer Steve Rura explained the company reasoning for the change Since Chrome is all about making your web experience as easy and clutter free as possible we refreshed the Chrome icon to better represent these sentiments A simpler icon embodies the Chrome spirit to make the web quicker lighter and easier for all 51 On January 11 2011 the Chrome product manager Mike Jazayeri announced that Chrome would remove H 264 video codec support for its HTML5 player citing the desire to bring Google Chrome more in line with the currently available open codecs available in the Chromium project which Chrome is based on 52 Despite this on November 6 2012 Google released a version of Chrome on Windows which added hardware accelerated H 264 video decoding 53 In October 2013 Cisco announced that it was open sourcing its H 264 codecs and would cover all fees required 54 On February 7 2012 Google launched Google Chrome Beta for Android 4 0 devices 55 On many new devices with Android 4 1 and later preinstalled Chrome is the default browser 56 In May 2017 Google announced a version of Chrome for augmented reality and virtual reality devices 57 FeaturesGoogle Chrome features a minimalistic user interface with its user interface principles later being implemented into other browsers For example the merging of the address bar and search bar into the omnibox or omnibar 58 59 Chrome also has a reputation for strong browser performance 60 61 Web standards support The results of the Acid3 test on Google Chrome 4 0This section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information September 2022 The first release of Google Chrome passed both the Acid1 and Acid2 tests Beginning with version 4 0 Chrome has passed all aspects of the Acid3 test 62 As of May 2011 update Chrome has very good support for JavaScript ECMAScript according to Ecma International s ECMAScript standards conformance Test 262 63 version ES5 1 May 18 2012 This test reports as the final score the number of tests a browser failed hence lower scores are better In this test Chrome version 37 scored 10 failed 11 578 passed For comparison Firefox 19 scored 193 failed 11 752 passed and Internet Explorer 9 has a score of 600 failed while Internet Explorer 10 has a score of 7 failed In 2011 on the official CSS 2 1 test suite by standardization organization W3C WebKit the Chrome rendering engine passes 89 75 89 38 out of 99 59 covered CSS 2 1 tests 64 On the HTML5 web standards test Chrome 41 scores 518 out of 555 points placing it ahead of the five most popular desktop browsers 65 66 Chrome 41 on Android scores 510 out of 555 points 67 68 69 Chrome 44 scores 526 only 29 points less than the maximum score 70 User interface Google Chrome logos 2D motif from March 2011 until October 2015 Material Design motif used from September 2014 onward for mobile versions and October 2015 onward for desktop versions New Google Chrome logo from 2022 It has increased brightness and clarity compared to the previous logo By default the main user interface includes back forward refresh cancel and menu buttons A home button is not shown by default but can be added through the Settings page to take the user to the new tab page or a custom home page 71 Tabs are the main component of Chrome s user interface and have been moved to the top of the window rather than below the controls This subtle change contrasts with many existing tabbed browsers which are based on windows and contain tabs Tabs with their state can be transferred seamlessly between window containers by dragging Each tab has its own set of controls including the Omnibox 31 The Omnibox is a URL box that combines the functions of both the address bar and search box If a user enters the URL of a site previously searched from Chrome allows pressing Tab to search the site again directly from the Omnibox When a user starts typing in the Omnibox Chrome provides suggestions for previously visited sites based on the URL or in page text popular websites not necessarily visited before powered by Google Instant and popular searches Although Instant can be turned off suggestions based on previously visited sites cannot be turned off Chrome will also autocomplete the URLs of sites visited often 31 If a user types keywords into the Omnibox that don t match any previously visited websites and presses enter Chrome will conduct the search using the default search engine One of Chrome s differentiating features is the New Tab Page which can replace the browser home page and is displayed when a new tab is created Originally this showed thumbnails of the nine most visited websites along with frequent searches recent bookmarks and recently closed tabs similar to Internet Explorer and Firefox with Google Toolbar or Opera s Speed Dial 31 In Google Chrome 2 0 the New Tab Page was updated to allow users to hide thumbnails they did not want to appear 72 Starting in version 3 0 the New Tab Page was revamped to display thumbnails of the eight most visited websites The thumbnails could be rearranged pinned and removed Alternatively a list of text links could be displayed instead of thumbnails It also features a Recently closed bar that shows recently closed tabs and a tips section that displays hints and tricks for using the browser 73 Starting with Google Chrome 3 0 users can install themes to alter the appearance of the browser 74 Many free third party themes are provided in an online gallery 75 accessible through a Get themes button in Chrome s options 76 Chrome includes a bookmarks submenu that lists the user s bookmarks provides easy access to Chrome s Bookmark Manager and allows the user to toggle a bookmarks bar on or off On January 2 2019 Google introduced Native Dark Theme for Chrome on Windows 10 77 in 2023 it was announced that Chrome would be completely revamped using Google s Material You design language the revamp would include more rounded corners Chrome colors being swapped out for a similar dynamic color system introduced in Android 12 a revamped address bar new icons and tabs and a more simplified 3 dot menu 78 Built in tools Starting with Google Chrome 4 1 the application added a built in translation bar using Google Translate Language translation is currently available for 52 languages 79 When Chrome detects a foreign language other than the user s preferred language set during the installation time it asks the user whether or not to translate Chrome allows users to synchronize their bookmarks history and settings across all devices with the browser installed by sending and receiving data through a chosen Google Account which in turn updates all signed in instances of Chrome This can be authenticated either through Google credentials or a sync passphrase For web developers Chrome features an element inspector which allows users to look into the DOM and see what makes up the webpage 80 Chrome has special URLs that load application specific pages instead of websites or files on disk Chrome also has a built in ability to enable experimental features Originally called about labs the address was changed to about flags to make it less obvious to casual users 81 82 The desktop edition of Chrome is able to save pages as HTML with assets in a files subfolder or as unprocessed HTML only document It also offers an option to save in the MHTML format 83 Desktop shortcuts and apps Chrome allows users to make local desktop shortcuts that open web applications in the browser The browser when opened in this way contains none of the regular interface except for the title bar so as not to interrupt anything the user is trying to do This allows web applications to run alongside local software similar to Mozilla Prism and Fluid 31 This feature according to Google would be enhanced with the Chrome Web Store a one stop web based web applications directory which opened in December 2010 84 85 In September 2013 Google started making Chrome apps For your desktop This meant offline access desktop shortcuts and less dependence on Chrome apps launch in a window separate from Chrome and look more like native applications 86 Chrome Web Store Main article Chrome Web Store Announced on December 7 2010 the Chrome Web Store allows users to install web applications as extensions to the browser although most of these extensions function simply as links to popular web pages and or games some of the apps like Springpad do provide extra features like offline access The themes and extensions have also been tightly integrated into the new store allowing users to search the entire catalog of Chrome extras 87 The Chrome Web Store was opened on February 11 2011 with the release of Google Chrome 9 0 88 Extensions Browser extensions are able to modify Google Chrome They are supported by the browser s desktop edition 89 These extensions are written using web technologies like HTML JavaScript and CSS 90 They are distributed through Chrome Web Store 91 initially known as the Google Chrome Extensions Gallery 89 On September 9 2009 Google enabled extensions by default on Chrome s developer channel and provided several sample extensions for testing 92 In December the Google Chrome Extensions Gallery beta began with approximately 300 extensions 45 93 It was launched on January 25 2010 along with Google Chrome 4 0 containing approximately 1500 extensions 94 In 2014 Google started preventing some Windows users from installing extensions not hosted on the Chrome Web Store 95 96 The following year Google reported a 75 drop in customer support help requests for uninstalling unwanted extensions which led them to expand this restriction to all Windows and Mac users 97 Notable examples See also Category Google Chrome extensions Adblock Plus 98 Adblock for Chrome Cut the Rope Dropbox Evernote Web Facebook Messenger 99 Ghostery Google Maps HTTPS Everywhere Pandora Radio Pixlr Express Privacy Badger Streamus discontinued Turn Off the Lights TweetDeck Stop Tony Meow uBlock Origin 100 Speed The JavaScript virtual machine used by Chrome the V8 JavaScript engine has features such as dynamic code generation hidden class transitions and precise garbage collection 31 In 2008 several websites performed benchmark tests using the SunSpider JavaScript Benchmark tool as well as Google s own set of computationally intense benchmarks which include ray tracing and constraint solving 101 They unanimously reported that Chrome performed much faster than all competitors against which it had been tested including Safari for Windows Firefox 3 0 Internet Explorer 7 Opera and Internet Explorer 8 102 103 104 60 105 106 However on October 11 2010 independent tests of JavaScript performance Chrome has been scoring just behind Opera s Presto engine since it was updated in version 10 5 107 On September 3 2008 Mozilla responded by stating that their own TraceMonkey JavaScript engine then in beta was faster than Chrome s V8 engine in some tests 108 109 110 John Resig Mozilla s JavaScript evangelist further commented on the performance of different browsers on Google s own suite commenting on Chrome s decimating of the other browsers but he questioned whether Google s suite was representative of real programs He stated that Firefox 3 0 performed poorly on recursion intensive benchmarks such as those of Google because the Mozilla team had not implemented recursion tracing yet 111 Two weeks after Chrome s launch in 2008 the WebKit team announced a new JavaScript engine SquirrelFish Extreme 112 citing a 36 speed improvement over Chrome s V8 engine 113 114 115 Like most major web browsers Chrome uses DNS prefetching to speed up website lookups 80 as do other browsers like Firefox 116 Safari 117 Internet Explorer called DNS Pre resolution 118 and in Opera as a UserScript not built in 119 Chrome formerly used their now deprecated SPDY protocol instead of only HTTP 120 121 when communicating with servers that support it such as Google services Facebook Twitter SPDY support was removed in Chrome version 51 This was due to SPDY being replaced by HTTP 2 a standard that was based upon it In November 2019 Google said it was working on several speed badging systems that let visitors know why a page is taking time to show up The variations include simple text warnings and more subtle signs that indicate a site is slow No date has been given for when the badging system will be included with the Chrome browser 122 Chrome formerly supported a Data Saver feature for making pages load faster called Lite Mode 123 Previously Chrome engineers Addy Osmani and Scott Little announced Lite Mode would automatically lazy load images and iframes for faster page loads 124 Lite Mode was switched off in Chrome 100 citing a decrease in mobile data costs for many countries 125 Security See also Browser security Chrome periodically retrieves updates of two blacklists one for phishing and one for malware and warns users when they attempt to visit a site flagged as potentially harmful This service is also made available for use by others via a free public API called Google Safe Browsing API 31 Chrome uses a process allocation model to sandbox tabs 126 Using the principle of least privilege each tab process cannot interact with critical memory functions e g OS memory user files or other tab processes similar to Microsoft s Protected Mode used by Internet Explorer 9 or greater The Sandbox Team is said to have taken this existing process boundary and made it into a jail This enforces a computer security model whereby there are two levels of multilevel security user and sandbox and the sandbox can only respond to communication requests initiated by the user 127 On Linux sandboxing uses the seccomp mode 128 129 In January 2015 TorrentFreak reported that using Chrome when connected to the internet using a VPN can be a serious security issue due to the browser s support for WebRTC 130 On September 9 2016 it was reported that starting with Chrome 56 users will be warned when they visit insecure HTTP websites to encourage more sites to make the transition to HTTPS 131 On December 4 2018 Google announced its Chrome 71 release with new security features including a built in ad featuring system In addition Google also announced its plan to crack down on websites that make people involuntarily subscribe to mobile subscription plans 132 On September 2 2020 with the release of Chrome 85 Google extended support for Secure DNS in Chrome for Android DNS over HTTPS DoH was designed to improve safety and privacy while browsing the web Under the update Chrome automatically switches to DNS over HTTPS DoH if the current DNS provider supports the feature 133 Password management Windows Since 2008 Chrome has been faulted for not including a master password to prevent casual access to a user s passwords Chrome developers have indicated that a master password does not provide real security against determined hackers and have refused to implement one Bugs filed on this issue have been marked WontFix 134 135 As of February 2014 update Google Chrome asks the user to enter the Windows account password before showing saved passwords 136 Linux On Linux Google Chrome Chromium can store passwords in three ways GNOME Keyring KWallet or plain text Google Chrome Chromium chooses which store to use automatically based on the desktop environment in use 137 Passwords stored in GNOME Keyring or KWallet are encrypted on disk and access to them is controlled by dedicated daemon software Passwords stored in plain text are not encrypted Because of this when either GNOME Keyring or KWallet is in use any unencrypted passwords that have been stored previously are automatically moved into the encrypted store Support for using GNOME Keyring and KWallet was added in version 6 but using these when available was not made the default mode until version 12 macOS As of version 45 the Google Chrome password manager is no longer integrated with Keychain since the interoperability goal is no longer possible 138 Security vulnerabilities No security vulnerabilities in Chrome were exploited in the three years of Pwn2Own from 2009 to 2011 139 At Pwn2Own 2012 Chrome was defeated by a French team who used zero day exploits in the version of Flash shipped with Chrome to take complete control of a fully patched 64 bit Windows 7 PC using a booby trapped website that overcame Chrome s sandboxing 140 Chrome was compromised twice at the 2012 CanSecWest Pwnium 140 141 142 Google s official response to the exploits was delivered by Jason Kersey who congratulated the researchers noting We also believe that both submissions are works of art and deserve wider sharing and recognition 143 Fixes for these vulnerabilities were deployed within 10 hours of the submission 144 145 A significant number of security vulnerabilities in Chrome occurred in the Adobe Flash Player For example the 2016 Pwn2Own successful attack on Chrome relied on four security vulnerabilities Two of the vulnerabilities were in Flash one was in Chrome and one was in the Windows kernel 146 In 2016 Google announced that it was planning to phase out Flash Player in Chrome starting in version 53 The first phase of the plan was to disable Flash for ads and background analytics with the ultimate goal of disabling it completely by the end of the year except on specific sites that Google has deemed to be broken without it Flash would then be re enabled with the exclusion of ads and background analytics on a site by site basis 147 Leaked documents published by WikiLeaks codenamed Vault 7 and dated from 2013 to 2016 detail the capabilities of the CIA such as the ability to compromise web browsers including Google Chrome 148 149 Malware blocking and ad blocking Google introduced download scanning protection in Chrome 17 150 In February 2018 Google introduced an ad blocking feature based on recommendations from the Interactive Advertising Bureau Sites that employ invasive ads are given a 30 day warning after which their ads will be blocked 151 Consumer Reports recommended users install dedicated ad blocking tools instead which offer increased security against malware and tracking 152 Plugins Chrome supported up to version 45 plug ins with the Netscape Plugin Application Programming Interface NPAPI 153 so that plug ins for example Adobe Flash Player run as unrestricted separate processes outside the browser and cannot be sandboxed as tabs are ActiveX is not supported 153 Since 2010 Adobe Flash has been integral to Chrome and does not need be installed separately Flash is kept up to date as part of Chrome s own updates 154 Java applet support was available in Chrome with Java 6 update 12 and above 155 Support for Java under OS X was provided by a Java Update released on May 18 2010 156 On August 12 2009 Google introduced a replacement for NPAPI that is more portable and more secure 157 called Pepper Plugin API PPAPI 158 The default bundled PPAPI Flash Player or Pepper based Flash Player was available on ChromeOS first then replaced the NPAPI Flash Player on Linux from Chrome version 20 on Windows from version 21 which also reduced Flash crashes by 20 159 and eventually came to OS X at version 23 160 On September 23 2013 Google announced that it would be deprecating and then removing NPAPI support NPAPI support was removed from Linux in Chrome release 35 161 NPAPI plugins like Java can no longer work in Chrome but there are workarounds for Flash by using PPAPI Flash Player on Linux including for Chromium 162 On April 14 2015 Google released Chrome v42 disabling the NPAPI by default This makes plugins that do not have a PPAPI plugin counterpart incompatible with Chrome such as Java Silverlight and Unity However NPAPI support could be enabled through the chrome flags menu until the release of version 45 on September 1 2015 that removed NPAPI support entirely 163 Privacy Incognito mode Incognito mode redirects here For other uses see Incognito Google Chrome Incognito mode message The private browsing feature called Incognito mode prevents the browser from locally storing any history information cookies site data or form inputs 164 Downloaded files and bookmarks will be stored In addition user activity is not hidden from visited websites or the Internet service provider 165 Incognito mode is similar to the private browsing feature in other web browsers It does not prevent saving in all windows You can switch between an incognito window and any regular windows you have open You ll only be in incognito mode when you re using the incognito window 166 The iOS version of Chrome also supports the optional ability to lock incognito tabs with Face ID Touch ID or the device s passcode 167 Listening capabilities In June 2015 the Debian developer community discovered that Chromium 43 and Chrome 43 were programmed to download the Hotword Shared Module which could enable the OK Google voice recognition extension although by default it was off This raised privacy concerns in the media 168 169 The module was removed in Chrome 45 which was released on September 1 2015 and was only present in Chrome 43 and 44 170 171 User tracking concerns Chrome sends details about its users and their activities to Google through both optional and non optional user tracking mechanisms 172 173 Some of the tracking mechanisms can be optionally enabled and disabled through the installation interface 174 and through the browser s options dialog 175 Unofficial builds such as SRWare Iron seek to remove these features from the browser altogether 176 The RLZ feature is not included in the Chromium browser either 177 In March 2010 Google devised a new method to collect installation statistics the unique ID token included with Chrome is now used for only the first connection that Google Update makes to its server 178 The optional suggestion service included in Google Chrome has been criticized because it provides the information typed into the Omnibox to the search provider before the user even hits return This allows the search engine to provide URL suggestions but also provides them with web use information tied to an IP address 179 Chrome previously was able to suggest similar pages when a page could not be found For this in some cases Google servers were contacted 180 The feature has since been removed citation needed A 2019 review by Washington Post technology columnist Geoffrey A Fowler found that in a typical week of browsing Chrome allowed thousands of more cookies to be stored than Mozilla Firefox Fowler pointed out that because of its advertising businesses despite the privacy controls it offers users Google is a major producer of third party cookies and has a financial interest in collecting user data he recommended switching to Firefox Apple Safari or Chromium based Brave 181 Tracking methods Method 176 Information sent When Optional Opt in Installation Randomly generated token included in an installer used to measure the success rate of Google Chrome once at installation 182 On installation No RLZ identifier 183 Encoded string according to Google contains non identifying information on where Chrome was downloaded from and its installation week it is used to measure promotional campaigns 182 Google provides source code to decode this string 177 Can be disabled in ChromeOS 182 For Chrome browsers running in all other operating systems 182 Desktop versions of Chrome can avoid it by downloading the browser directly from Google Mobile versions of Chrome always send the RLZ identifier on first launch On Google search query On first launch and first use of address bar 182 Partial note 2 182 NoclientID 175 Unique identifier along with user preferences logs of use metrics and crashes Un known Yes 184 YesOmnibox predictions 175 Text typed into the address bar is sent to the user s search engine when not in incognito mode When in incognito mode the suggestions are created on device instead 182 While typing Yes NoGoogle Update Information about how often Chrome is used details about the OS and Chrome version Periodically Partial note 3 185 NoFLoC Main article Federated Learning of Cohorts In January 2021 Google stated it was making progress on developing privacy friendly alternatives which would replace third party cookies currently being used by advertisers and companies to track browsing habits Google then promised to phase out the use of cookies in their web browser in 2022 implementing their FLoC technology instead The announcement triggered antitrust concerns from multiple countries for abusing the Chrome browser s market monopoly with the U K s Competition and Markets Authority and the European Commission both opening formal probes 186 187 188 189 The FLoC proposal also drew criticism from DuckDuckGo Brave and the Electronic Frontier Foundation for misrepresenting its ability to track users online 190 191 192 193 On January 25 2022 Google announced it had killed off development of its FLoC technologies and proposed the new Topics API to replace it Topics is similarly intended to replace cookies using one s weekly web activity clarification needed to determine a set of five interests Topics is supposed to clarification needed refresh every three weeks changing the type of ads served to the user and not retaining the gathered data 194 195 Do Not Track In February 2012 Google announced that Chrome would implement the Do Not Track DNT standard to inform websites the user s desire not to be tracked The protocol was implemented in version 23 In line with the W3 s draft standard for DNT 196 it is turned off by default in Chrome 197 Stability Screenshot of a Chrome browser crash A multi process architecture is implemented in Chrome where by default a separate process is allocated to each site instance and plugin 198 This procedure is termed process isolation 199 and raises security and stability by preventing tasks from interfering with each other An attacker successfully gaining access to one application gains access to no others 200 and failure in one instance results in a Sad Tab screen of death similar to the well known Sad Mac but only one tab crashes instead of the whole application This strategy exacts a fixed per process cost up front but results in less memory bloat over time as fragmentation is confined to each instance and no longer needs further memory allocations 31 This architecture was later adopted in Safari 201 and Firefox 202 Chrome includes a process management utility called Task Manager which lets users see what sites and plugins are using the most memory downloading the most bytes and overusing the CPU and provides the ability to terminate them 203 Chrome Version 23 ensures its users an improved battery life for the systems supporting Chrome s GPU accelerated video decoding 204 53 Release channels cycles and updates The first production release on December 11 2008 marked the end of the initial Beta test period and the beginning of production Shortly thereafter on January 8 2009 Google announced an updated release system with three channels Stable corresponding to the traditional production Beta and Developer preview also called the Dev channel Where there were before only two channels Beta and Developer now there were three Concurrently all Developer channel users were moved to the Beta channel along with the promoted Developer release Google explained that now the Developer channel builds would be less stable and polished than those from the initial Google Chrome s Beta period Beta users could opt back to the Developer channel as desired Each channel has its own release cycle and stability level The Stable channel updated roughly quarterly with features and fixes that passed thorough testing in the Beta channel Beta updated roughly monthly with stable and complete features migrated from the Developer channel The Developer channel updated once or twice per week and was where ideas and features were first publicly exposed and sometimes fail and can be very unstable at times Quoted remarks from Google s policy announcements 205 206 207 Google Chrome Canary application icon On July 22 2010 Google announced it would ramp up the speed at which it releases new stable versions the release cycles were shortened from quarterly to six weeks for major Stable updates 208 Beta channel releases now come roughly at the same rate as Stable releases though approximately one month in advance while Dev channel releases appear roughly once or twice weekly allowing time for basic release critical testing 209 This faster release cycle also brought a fourth channel the Canary channel updated daily from a build produced at 09 00 UTC from the most stable of the last 40 revisions 210 The name refers to the practice of using canaries in coal mines so if a change kills Chrome Canary it will be blocked from migrating down to the Developer channel at least until fixed in a subsequent Canary build 211 Canary is the most bleeding edge official version of Chrome and somewhat of a mix between Chrome dev and the Chromium snapshot builds Canary releases run side by side with any other channel it is not linked to the other Google Chrome installation and can therefore run different synchronization profiles themes and browser preferences This ensures that fallback functionality remains even when some Canary updates may contain release breaking bugs 212 It does not natively include the option to be the default browser although on Windows and OS X it can be set through System Preferences Canary was Windows only at first an OS X version was released on May 3 2011 213 The Chrome beta channel for Android was launched on January 10 2013 like Canary it runs side by side with the stable channel for Android 214 215 Chrome Dev for Android was launched on April 29 2015 216 All Chrome channels are automatically distributed according to their respective release cycles The mechanism differs by platform On Windows it uses Google Update and auto update can be controlled via Group Policy 217 Alternatively users may download a standalone installer of a version of Chrome that does not auto update 218 219 On OS X it uses Google Update Service and auto update can be controlled via the OS X defaults system 220 On Linux it lets the system s normal package management system supply the updates This auto updating behavior is a key difference from Chromium the non branded open source browser which forms the core of Google Chrome Because Chromium also serves as the pre release development trunk for Chrome its revisions are provided as source code and buildable snapshots are produced continuously with each new commit requiring users to manage their own browser updates 221 In March 2021 Google announced that starting with Chrome 94 in the third quarter of 2021 Google Chrome Stable releases will be made every four weeks instead of six weeks as they have been since 2010 Also Google announced a new release channel for system administrators and browser embedders with releases every eight weeks 222 Release version numbers Releases are identified by a four part version number e g 42 0 2311 90 Windows Stable release April 14 2015 223 The components are major minor build patch 224 225 Major minor reflects scheduling policy Build patch identifies content progressionMajor represents a product release These are scheduled 7 8 per year unlike other software systems where the major version number updates only with substantial new content Minor is usually 0 References to version x or x 0 e g 42 0 refer to this major minor designation Build is ever increasing For a release cycle e g 42 0 there are several builds in the Canary and Developer period The last build number from Developer is kept throughout Beta and Stable and is locked with the major minor for that release Patch resets with each build incrementing with each patch The first patch is 0 but usually the first publicly released patch is somewhat higher In Beta and Stable only patch increments Chromium and Chrome release schedules are linked through Chromium Major version Branch Point dates published annually 224 The Branch Points precede the final Chrome Developer build initial release by 4 days nearly always and the Chrome Stable initial release by roughly 53 days 226 Example The version 42 Branch Point was February 20 2015 224 Developer builds stopped advancing at build 2311 with release 42 0 2311 4 on February 24 227 4 days later The first Stable release 42 0 2311 90 was April 14 2015 223 53 days after the Branch Point Color management Main article Color management Chrome supports color management by using the system provided ICC v2 and v4 support on macOS and from version 22 supports ICC v2 profiles by default on other platforms 228 Dinosaur Game Main article Dinosaur Game In Chrome when not connected to the Internet and an error message displaying No internet is shown on the top an 8 bit Tyrannosaurus rex is shown but when pressing the space bar on a keyboard mouse clicking on it or tapping it on touch devices the T Rex instantly jumps once and dashes across a cactus ridden desert revealing it to be an Easter egg in the form of a platform game 229 230 231 232 The game itself is an infinite runner and there is no time limit in the game as it progresses faster and periodically tints to a black background A school Chromebook administrator can disable the game 233 PlatformsThe current version of Chrome runs on Windows 10 or later 234 macOS 10 13 or later 234 64 bit versions of Ubuntu 14 04 Debian 8 openSUSE 13 3 and Fedora 24 234 Android Nougat or later iOS 15 or laterAs of April 2016 update stable 32 bit and 64 bit builds are available for Windows with only 64 bit stable builds available for Linux and macOS 235 236 237 64 bit Windows builds became available in the developer channel and as canary builds on June 3 2014 238 in the beta channel on July 30 2014 239 and in the stable channel on August 26 2014 240 64 bit OS X builds became available as canary builds on November 7 2013 241 in the beta channel on October 9 2014 242 and in the stable channel on November 18 2014 235 Starting with the release of version 89 Chrome will only be supported on Intel Intel x86 and AMD processors with the SSE3 instruction set 243 244 245 viewtalkedit Operating system Latest version Support statusWindows 10 and later 114 2015 7 8 and 8 1 109 246 2009 2023XP SP2 and Vista 49 2008 2016macOS 10 15 and later 114 2019 10 13 and 10 14 114 247 2017 202310 11 and 10 12 103 2015 202210 10 87 248 249 2014 202110 9 67 2013 201810 6 10 8 x64 49 2010 201610 6 IA 32 38 2010 201410 5 IA 32 x64 21 2010 2012Linux desktop x64 114 2010 IA 32 48 2010 2016Android 7 0 and later 114 2016 6 x 106 250 2015 20225 x 95 251 2014 20214 4 81 252 2013 20204 1 4 3 ARMv7 IA 32 x64 71 253 2012 20194 0 ARMv7 IA 32 42 2012 2015iOS 15 0 and later 114 2021 14 x 113 2020 202313 x 93 2019 202112 2 12 5 x 92 2019 202112 0 12 1 x 86 2018 202011 x 76 2017 201910 x 71 2016 20199 x 63 2015 20188 x 7 x 47 2013 20166 x 37 2012 20145 x 29 2012 20134 x 23 2012 Android Google Chrome running on an Android phone A beta version for Android 4 0 devices was launched on February 7 2012 available for a limited number of countries from Google Play 254 255 Notable features synchronization with desktop Chrome to provide the same bookmarks and view the same browser tabs 256 page pre rendering 257 hardware acceleration 258 Many of the latest HTML5 features almost all of the Web Platform s features GPU accelerated canvas including CSS 3D Transforms CSS animations SVG WebSocket including binary messages Dedicated Workers it has overflow scroll support strong HTML5 video support and new capabilities such as IndexedDB WebWorkers Application Cache and the File APIs date and time pickers parts of the Media Capture API 257 259 Also supports mobile oriented features such as Device Orientation and Geolocation 259 Mobile customizations swipe gesture tab switching 256 link preview allows zooming in on multiple links to ensure the desired one is clicked 256 font size boosting to ensure readability regardless of the zoom level 259 Features missing in the mobile version include sandboxed tabs 257 Safe Browsing 257 apps or extensions 258 Adobe Flash now and in the future 258 Native Client 258 and the ability to export user data such a list of their opened tabs or their browsing history into portable local files 260 Development changes remote debugging 257 261 part of the browser layer has been implemented in Java communicating with the rest of the Chromium and WebKit code through Java Native Bindings 259 The code of Chrome for Android is a fork of the Chromium project It is a priority to upstream most new and modified code to Chromium and WebKit to resolve the fork 259 The April 17 2012 update included availability in 31 additional languages and in all countries where Google Play is available A desktop version of a website can also be requested as opposed to a mobile version In addition Android users can now add bookmarks to their Android home screens if they choose and decide which apps should handle links opened in Chrome 262 On June 27 2012 Google Chrome for Android exited beta and became stable 263 264 Chrome 18 0 1026311 released on September 26 2012 was the first version of Chrome for Android to support mobile devices based on Intel x86 265 Starting from version 25 the Chrome version for Android is aligned with the desktop version and usually new stable releases are available at the same time between the Android and the desktop version Google released a separate Chrome for Android beta channel on January 10 2013 with version 25 214 As of 2013 update a separate beta version of Chrome is available in the Google Play Store it can run side by side with the stable release 266 iOS Chrome is available on Apple s mobile iOS operating system as Google Chrome for iOS Released in the Apple App Store on June 26 2012 it supports the iPad iPhone and iPod Touch and the current version requires that the device has iOS 14 0 or greater installed 267 In accordance with Apple s requirements for browsers released through their App Store this version of Chrome uses the iOS WebKit which is Apple s own mobile rendering engine and components developed for their Safari browser therefore it is restricted from using Google s own V8 JavaScript engine 268 269 Chrome is the default web browser for the iOS Gmail application In a review by Chitika Chrome was noted as having 1 5 of the iOS web browser market as of July 18 2012 update 270 In October 2013 Chrome had 3 of the iOS browser market 271 Linux On Linux distributions support for 32 bit Intel processors ended in March 2016 although Chromium is still supported 272 As of Chrome version 26 Linux installations of the browser may be updated only on systems that support GCC v4 6 and GTK v2 24 or later Thus deprecated systems include for example Debian 6 s 2 20 and RHEL 6 s 2 18 273 Windows Support for Google Chrome on Windows XP and Windows Vista ended in April 2016 274 The last release of Google Chrome that can be run on Windows XP and Windows Vista was version 49 0 2623 112 275 released on April 7 2016 276 then re released on April 11 2016 277 Support for Google Chrome on Windows 7 was supposed to end upon the announcement on July 15 2021 278 and suddenly moved to January 15 2022 however due to the ongoing COVID 19 pandemic and enterprises are taking more time to migrate to Windows 10 or 11 the end of support date was pushed at least until January 15 2023 279 Support for Windows 7 Windows 8 and Windows 8 1 ended in January 2023 and the last version on Windows 7 is Chrome 109 280 281 282 Windows 8 mode was introduced in 2012 and has since been discontinued It was provided to the developer channel which enabled Windows 8 and Windows 8 1 users to run Chrome with a full screen tablet optimized interface with access to snapping sharing and search functionalities 283 In October 2013 Windows 8 mode on the developer channel changed to use a desktop environment mimicking the interface of ChromeOS with a dedicated windowing system and taskbar for web apps 284 This was removed on version 49 and users that have upgraded to Windows 10 will lose this feature 285 macOS Google dropped support for Mac OS X Leopard with the release of Chrome 22 286 Support for 32 bit versions of Chrome ended in November 2014 with the release of Chrome 39 287 288 235 Support for Mac OS X Snow Leopard Mac OS X Lion and OS X Mountain Lion ended in April 2016 with the release of Chrome 50 Support for OS X Mavericks ended in April 2018 with the release of Chrome 66 Support for OS X Yosemite ended in January 2021 with the release of Chrome 88 Support for OS X El Capitan and macOS Sierra ended in August 2022 with the release of Chrome 104 citation needed ChromeOS Main article ChromeOS Google Chrome is the basis of Google s ChromeOS operating system that ships on specific hardware from Google s manufacturing partners 289 The user interface has a minimalist design resembling the Google Chrome browser ChromeOS is aimed at users who spend most of their computer time on the Web the only applications on the devices are a browser incorporating a media player and a file manager 290 291 292 293 294 Google announced ChromeOS on July 7 2009 295 ReceptionThis section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information June 2019 Google Chrome was met with acclaim upon release In 2008 Matthew Moore of The Daily Telegraph summarized the verdict of early reviewers Google Chrome is attractive fast and has some impressive new features 296 Initially Microsoft reportedly played down the threat from Chrome and predicted that most people would embrace Internet Explorer 8 Opera Software said that Chrome will strengthen the Web as the biggest application platform in the world 297 But by February 25 2010 BusinessWeek had reported that For the first time in years energy and resources are being poured into browsers the ubiquitous programs for accessing content on the Web Credit for this trend a boon to consumers goes to two parties The first is Google whose big plans for the Chrome browser have shaken Microsoft out of its competitive torpor and forced the software giant to pay fresh attention to its own browser Internet Explorer Microsoft all but ceased efforts to enhance IE after it triumphed in the last browser war sending Netscape to its doom Now it s back in gear 298 Mozilla said that Chrome s introduction into the web browser market comes as no real surprise that Chrome is not aimed at competing with Firefox and furthermore that it would not affect Google s revenue relationship with Mozilla 299 300 Chrome s design bridges the gap between desktop and so called cloud computing At the touch of a button Chrome lets you make a desktop Start menu or QuickLaunch shortcut to any Web page or Web application blurring the line between what s online and what s inside your PC For example I created a desktop shortcut for Google Maps When you create a shortcut for a Web application Chrome strips away all of the toolbars and tabs from the window leaving you with something that feels much more like a desktop application than like a Web application or page PC World 301 With its dominance in the web browser market Google has been accused of using Chrome and Blink development to push new web standards that are proposed in house by Google and subsequently implemented by its services first and foremost These have led to performance disadvantages and compatibility issues with competing browsers and in some cases developers intentionally refusing to test their websites on any other browser than Chrome 302 Tom Warren of The Verge went as far as comparing Chrome to Internet Explorer 6 the default browser of Windows XP that was often targeted by competitors due to its similar ubiquity in the early 2000s 303 In 2019 Google similarly faced criticism over planned changes to its extensions API for Chrome dubbed Manifest V3 which would inhibit the effectiveness of certain forms of ad blocking software by preventing the use of the WebRequest API to block and modify network connections Google intends extensions to transition to another API known as DeclarativeWebRequest which allows the extension to set up pre configured rules that are processed by the browser itself rather than through the extension However concerns over how well the API would perform in combination with concerns over a cap on the number of entries that may be blacklisted led to criticism that these changes were designed to inhibit ad blocking citing Google s vested interest in the online advertising industry Google cited performance issues associated with WebRequest as it requires all network traffic to go through the extension before the page is loaded as well as its use in malicious extensions as justification for these changes In June 2019 it announced that it would increase the aforementioned cap from 30 000 to 150 000 entries to help quell concerns 304 305 306 UsageMarket share Further information Usage share of web browsers and Browser wars Usage share of web browsers according to StatCounter 307 Chrome overtook Firefox in November 2011 in worldwide usage As of September 2022 update according to StatCounter Google Chrome had 67 worldwide desktop usage share making it the most widely used web browser 308 Along with Safari and Mozilla Firefox Chrome receives a weekend bump which boosts its market share by as much as three percentage points on weekends at the expense of Internet Explorer 309 It was reported by StatCounter a web analytics company that for the single day of Sunday March 18 2012 Chrome was the most used web browser in the world for the first time Chrome secured 32 7 of the global web browsing on that day while Internet Explorer followed closely behind with 32 5 310 From May 14 21 2012 Google Chrome was for the first time responsible for more Internet traffic than Microsoft s Internet Explorer which long had held its spot as the most used web browser in the world 311 According to StatCounter 31 88 of web traffic was generated by Chrome for a sustained period of one week and 31 47 by Internet Explorer Though Chrome had topped Internet Explorer for a single day s usage in the past this was the first time it had led for one full week 312 At the 2012 Google I O developers conference Google claimed that there were 310 million active users of Chrome almost double the number in 2011 which was stated as 160 million active users 313 In June 2013 according to StatCounter Chrome overtook Internet Explorer for the first time in the US 314 In August 2013 Chrome was used by 43 of internet users worldwide This study was done by Statista which also noted that in North America 36 of people use Chrome the lowest in the world 315 Desktop laptop browser statisticsGoogle Chrome 66 14 Microsoft Edge 10 98 Safari 9 01 Mozilla Firefox 7 21 Opera 3 3 Internet Explorer 0 75 Others 2 62 Desktop web browser market share according to StatCounter for December 2022 316 Enterprise deployment In December 2010 Google announced that to make it easier for businesses to use Chrome they would provide an official Chrome MSI package For business use it is helpful to have full fledged MSI packages that can be customized via transform files mst but the MSI provided with Chrome is only a very limited MSI wrapper fitted around the normal installer and many businesses find that this arrangement does not meet their needs 317 The normal downloaded Chrome installer puts the browser in the user s local app data directory and provides invisible background updates but the MSI package will allow installation at the system level providing system administrators control over the update process 318 it was formerly possible only when Chrome was installed using Google Pack Google also created group policy objects to fine tune the behavior of Chrome in the business environment for example by setting automatic updates intervals disabling auto updates and configuring a home page 319 Until version 24 the software is known not to be ready for enterprise deployments with roaming profiles or Terminal Server Citrix environments 320 In 2010 Google first started supporting Chrome in enterprise environments by providing an MSI wrapper around the Chrome installer Google starting providing group policy objects with more added each release 321 and today there are more than 500 policies available to control Chrome s behavior in enterprise environments 322 In 2016 Google launched Chrome Browser Enterprise Support a paid service enabling IT admins access to Google experts to support their browser deployment 323 In 2019 Google launched Chrome Browser Cloud Management a dashboard that gives business IT managers the ability to control content accessibility app usage and browser extensions installed on its deployed computers 324 Chromium Main article Chromium web browser In September 2008 Google released a large portion of Chrome s source code as an open source project called Chromium This move enabled third party developers to study the underlying source code and to help port the browser to the macOS and Linux operating systems The Google authored portion of Chromium is released under the permissive BSD license 325 Other portions of the source code are subject to a variety of open source licenses 326 Chromium is similar to Chrome but lacks built in automatic updates and a built in Flash player as well as Google branding and has a blue colored logo instead of the multicolored Google logo 327 328 Chromium does not implement user RLZ tracking 177 172 329 Initially the Google Chrome PDF viewer PDFium was excluded from Chromium but was later made open source in May 2014 330 331 PDFium can be used to fill PDF forms 332 Developing for ChromeIt is possible to develop applications extensions and themes for Chrome They are zipped in a crx file and contain a manifest json file that specifies basic information such as version name description privileges etc and other files for the user interface icons popups etc Google has an official developer s guide on how to create develop and publish projects 333 Chrome has its own web store where users and developers can upload and download these applications and extensions 334 Impersonation by malwareAs with Microsoft Internet Explorer the popularity of Google Chrome has led to the appearance of malware abusing its name In late 2015 an adware replica of Chrome named eFast appeared which would usurp the Google Chrome installation and hijack file type associations to make shortcuts for common file types and communication protocols link to itself and inject advertisements into web pages Its similar looking icon was intended to deceive users 335 336 337 See 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March 7 2012 Retrieved April 8 2012 CanSecWest Pwnium Google Chrome hacked with sandbox bypass ZDNet CBS Interactive March 7 2012 Retrieved April 8 2012 Teenager hacks Google Chrome with three 0day vulnerabilities ZDNet CBS Interactive March 9 2012 Retrieved April 8 2012 Kersey Jason March 10 2012 Chrome Stable Update Retrieved March 10 2012 Goodin Dan October 10 2012 Google Chrome exploit fetches Pinkie Pie 60 000 hacking prize Ars Technica Conde Nast Retrieved March 9 2017 Pwnium 2 results and wrap up Chromium Blog October 10 2012 Pwn2own Day 1 Exploits Google Chrome Adobe Flash Apple Safari March 17 2016 Retrieved September 20 2016 Google targets HTML5 default for Chrome instead of Flash in Q4 2016 VentureBeat May 15 2016 Retrieved September 20 2016 WikiLeaks posts trove of CIA documents detailing mass hacking CBS News March 7 2017 Greenberg Andy March 7 2017 How the CIA Can Hack Your Phone PC and TV Says WikiLeaks Wired Chrome Browser Google com Retrieved April 21 2014 Tsukayama Hayley February 15 2018 Google s Chrome ad blocker means the Web s largest ad company is also now advertising s biggest traffic cop The Washington Post Retrieved February 15 2018 Chaikivsky Andrew February 15 2018 Want to Protect Against Websites That Spy on You Get an Ad Blocker Consumer Reports Retrieved February 15 2018 a b Google Chrome FAQ for web developers Archived from the original on September 4 2008 Retrieved April 8 2012 Paul Ryan March 2010 Google bakes Flash into Chrome hopes to improve plug in API Retrieved March 14 2010 Java and Google Chrome java com Retrieved December 11 2009 Issue 10812 chromium No java plugin support yet Retrieved May 18 2010 Pepper wiki Code google com February 24 2012 Retrieved March 23 2013 Pepper Plugin API PPAPI Chromium org Retrieved March 23 2013 Chromium Blog The road to safer more stable and flashier Flash blog chromium org August 8 2012 Retrieved August 29 2012 Securing Flash Player for our Mac users Google Chrome Blog Retrieved November 14 2012 Chromium Blog Saying Goodbye to Our Old Friend NPAPI Chromium Blog Retrieved July 13 2015 PSA Chrome for Linux planning to drop NPAPI support as soon as April Retrieved April 22 2015 Another thing I found last night is a Debian package called PepperFlashPlayer Apparently it works the same way as the existing FlashPlayer package which downloads Adobe Flash from Adobe and installs it it downloads Chrome from Google extracts the PPAPI Flash plugin and installs it for Chromium That might be a good workaround for Chromium users in the interim Note I am not endorsing this method just making people aware of it But obviously it would be better if PPAPI Flash were available in a more official context NPAPI deprecation developer guide www chromium org Browse in private Computer Google Chrome Help support google com Retrieved April 1 2018 Google 2023 How Chrome Incognito keeps your browsing private support google com Archived from the original on June 27 2023 Retrieved June 27 2023 Explore Google Chrome Features Incognito Mode September 2 2008 Retrieved September 4 2008 Chrome for iOS will let you lock down incognito tabs with Face ID July 20 2021 Retrieved July 21 2021 Falkvinge Rick June 18 2015 Google Chrome Listening In To Your Room Shows The Importance Of Privacy Defense In Depth Private Internet Access Blog Retrieved April 7 2018 Bright Peter Not OK Google Chromium voice extension pulled after spying concerns Ars Technica Retrieved April 7 2018 Diff 0366a5184a70b3eefb5fcef2c2e13721669f00d8 chromium src Git at Google chromium googlesource com Retrieved September 26 2017 Chrome Releases Stable Channel Update googlechromereleases blogspot ca Retrieved September 1 2015 a b Google Chrome Chromium and Google The Chromium Blog October 1 2008 Welcome to the Botnet April 7 2018 Archived from the original on April 7 2018 Retrieved April 7 2018 Google Chrome Privacy Notice google com September 23 2021 Retrieved February 6 2022 a b c Google Reacts to Some Chrome Privacy Concerns Archived from the original on September 12 2008 Retrieved September 24 2008 a b SRWare Iron webpage Retrieved October 12 2008 a b c In The Open For RLZ The Chromium Blog June 2 2010 Retrieved June 20 2010 Google Chrome Unique Identifier Change The Register March 16 2010 Retrieved March 24 2010 Fried Ina October 7 2008 Google s Omnibox could be Pandora s box CNET CBS Interactive Retrieved March 9 2017 Google Chrome Privacy Whitepaper Archived from the original on May 9 2019 Fowler Geoffrey A Review Goodbye Chrome Google s Web browser has become spy software Washington Post a b c d e f g Google Chrome Privacy Whitepaper PDF Retrieved April 8 2012 amp rlz in Google referrer Organic traffic or AdWords December 9 2008 Retrieved February 27 2009 Controlled by the setting Send usage statistics and error reports default off Turning Off Auto Updates in Google Chrome Retrieved December 12 2014 Google Facing Fresh E U Inquiry Over Ad Technology The New York Times June 22 2021 Archived from the original on April 15 2023 Schechner Sam January 25 2021 Google Progresses Plan to Remove Third Party Cookies The Wall Street Journal ISSN 0099 9660 Retrieved January 25 2021 Patel Bowdeya Tweh and Sahil January 14 2020 Google Chrome to Phase Out Third Party Cookies in Effort to Boost Privacy The Wall Street Journal ISSN 0099 9660 Retrieved January 25 2021 Schechner Sam January 8 2021 Google Chrome Privacy Plan Faces U K Competition Probe The Wall Street Journal ISSN 0099 9660 Retrieved January 25 2021 Clark Mitchell April 9 2021 DuckDuckGo promises to block Google s latest ad tracking tech if Google allows it The Verge Retrieved April 16 2021 Thurrott Paul April 12 2021 Brave is Blocking Google FLoC Thurrott com Retrieved April 16 2021 EFF technologist cites Google breach of trust on FLoC key ad tech change agent departs IAB Tech Lab Information Trust Exchange Governing Association Retrieved April 16 2021 Google s FLoC Is a Terrible Idea Electronic Frontier Foundation March 3 2021 Roth Emma January 25 2022 Google abandons FLoC introduces Topics API to replace tracking cookies The Verge Retrieved January 25 2022 Li Abner January 25 2022 Google drops FLoC and proposes new Topics API for replacing third party cookies used by ads 9to5Google Retrieved January 25 2022 Tracking DNT W3C Retrieved December 17 2015 Google and Chrome To Support Do Not Track Archived from the original on February 26 2012 Retrieved March 3 2012 Reisn Charlie September 11 2008 Multi process Architecture Retrieved September 12 2008 Process Models The Chromium Projects September 3 2008 Retrieved September 12 2008 Prince Brian December 11 2008 Google Chrome Puts Security in a Sandbox eWeek com Ziff Davis Retrieved June 4 2010 webkit dev Announcing WebKit2 lists webkit org April 8 2010 Retrieved April 8 2012 Firefox Lorentz Beta Available for Download and Testing Mozilla April 8 2010 Orgera Scott May 30 2022 How to Use the Google Chrome Task Manager Lifewire Archived from the original on June 30 2022 Retrieved December 5 2022 Chrome 23 Closes 15 Security Vulnerabilities Promises Longer Battery Life amp Added Do Not Track DNT Retrieved November 9 2012 Larson Mark January 8 2009 Google Chrome Release Channels Retrieved January 9 2009 Larson Mark January 8 2009 Dev update New WebKit version new features and a new Dev channel Retrieved January 9 2009 Fette Ian December 11 2008 Thanks For All Your Help Retrieved May 1 2015 Laforge Anthony July 22 2010 Release Early Release Often Retrieved July 25 2010 The Chromium Authors Chrome Release Channels Retrieved October 29 2014 Irish Paul November 2 2012 Chrome Canary for Developers Retrieved October 29 2014 Bridge Henry August 2 2010 Google Chrome in a Coal Mine Chromium Blog Retrieved March 19 2015 Mathews Lee July 23 2010 Google drops Chrome Canary build down the Chrome mineshaft Archived from the original on July 25 2010 Retrieved July 25 2010 Adding more yellow to the Mac color scheme blog chromium org May 2 2011 Retrieved February 4 2012 a b Protalinski Emil January 10 2013 Google launches Chrome Beta channel for Android 4 0 phones and tablets releases version 25 The Next Web Retrieved March 9 2017 Chrome beta for Android on Google Play Play google com Retrieved March 23 2013 Google Launches Dev Channel for Chrome on Android Chrome Story Archived from the original on July 11 2015 Retrieved July 13 2015 Dorwin David May 14 2009 Google Update Releases Update Controls Retrieved May 13 2010 Download amp install Google Chrome Computer Google Chrome Help support google com Get a fast free web browser Google com Retrieved February 17 2017 Fix problems installing Chrome Google Chrome Help support google com Tour of the Chromium Buildbot Waterfall The Chromium Projects Retrieved December 2 2014 Kwan Campbell Google to shorten Chrome update cycle to four weeks ZDNet Retrieved March 5 2021 a b Version 42 Stable Release Chrome Releases April 14 2015 Retrieved December 28 2015 a b c Chromium Development Calendar and Release Info The Chromium Projects Retrieved May 1 2015 Mike Frysinger March 14 2014 Version Numbers The Chromium Projects Retrieved May 1 2015 Anthony LaForge December 16 2010 Chrome Release Cycle 12 16 2010 Google Slides Retrieved May 1 2015 Version 42 Developer Update Chrome Releases February 26 2015 Retrieved December 28 2015 Issue 143 Handle color profiles in tagged images Code google com September 2 2008 Retrieved March 23 2013 Google Chrome Easter Egg T Rex Mini Game Business Insider Play Google Chrome s Secret Offline Game www yahoo com How do I find the secret dinosaur game on Google Chrome when my internet connection is down RadioTimes Google Chrome s Unable to connect to the Internet page has a hidden endless runner game The Independent September 26 2014 Issue 462221 chromium Disable offline game T Rex if device is enrolled Monorail Chromium org February 26 2015 Retrieved July 27 2016 a b c Download and install Google Chrome Google Help See system requirements Retrieved April 20 2016 a b c Stable Channel Update googleblog com November 18 2014 Retrieved November 18 2014 64 bit Support The Chromium Projects chromium org Retrieved March 5 2012 Google Chrome Download the Fast Secure Browser from Google www google com Try out the new 64 bit Windows Canary and Dev channels blog chromium org Retrieved July 1 2014 Announcing the Chrome 64 bit Beta Channel for Windows googleblog com Retrieved August 11 2014 64 bits of awesome 64 bit Windows Support now in Stable August 26 2014 Retrieved August 27 2014 Mark Mentovai November 8 2013 Yesterday s Mac canary was 64 bit chromium dev Mailing list Retrieved February 6 2022 Beta Channel Update October 9 2014 Retrieved February 14 2022 February 2021 Jess Weatherbed 08 February 8 2021 Google Chrome will no longer support some older processors TechRadar Retrieved February 16 2021 Chrome Browser system requirements Google Chrome Enterprise Help support google com Retrieved February 8 2021 Require SSE3 for Chrome on x86 Retrieved February 8 2021 Holt Kristopher October 25 2022 Google will end Chrome support on Windows 7 and 8 1 in early 2023 Engadget Yahoo Retrieved October 27 2022 M116 will be the last Chromium to support macOS 10 13 and 10 14 groups google com January 27 2023 Retrieved June 27 2023 What s Next for Google Chrome Alliance IT October 12 2020 Retrieved November 19 2020 Chrome Enterprise release notes Google November 17 2020 Retrieved November 19 2020 PSA Android 6 0 Marshmallow support is now deprecated in the Chromium code base groups google com Retrieved October 28 2022 Chrome 95 brings Material You to everyone adds secure payment confirmation and more XDA Developers October 21 2021 Retrieved November 18 2021 PSA Android KitKat Support is now deprecated in the Chromium code base groups google com Google Chrome for Android is dropping support for Android 4 1 4 3 Jelly Bean XDA Developers October 5 2018 Retrieved December 10 2018 Install Chrome for Android Beta Google Chrome Help Google Inc Retrieved April 6 2012 Smith Mat February 7 2012 Google Chrome Beta arrives on Android video Engadget Retrieved September 22 2012 a b c Beta version of Chrome for Android 4 0 released www neowin net Retrieved February 9 2012 a b c d e Google Operating System Chrome for Android googlesystem blogspot com February 7 2012 Retrieved August 18 2021 a b c d Google Chrome for Android 23 Questions and Answers Chrome Story Archived from the original on February 11 2012 Retrieved February 9 2012 a b c d e Beverloo Peter February 7 2012 Bringing Google Chrome to Android Retrieved February 14 2022 Piczkowski Marcin March 7 2019 When You Never Close Tabs on Your Mobile Chrome Browser DEV to Kayce Basques April 13 2015 Remote debug Android devices developer chrome com Retrieved February 11 2022 Lardinois Frederic April 17 2012 Chrome For Android Gets Desktop View Home Screen Bookmarks File Downloads Google Chrome for Android comes out of beta Hits Play today Engadget AOL June 27 2012 Retrieved June 27 2012 Rajagopalan Srikanth June 27 2012 Chrome for Android out of Beta Google Chrome Releases blog Retrieved September 22 2012 Chrome for Android Update Googlechromereleases blogspot hu September 26 2012 Retrieved March 23 2013 Chrome Beta for Android play google com May 26 2013 Retrieved July 4 2013 Google Chrome App Store Google Chrome on iOS Hits 1 Free App Forbes Archived from the original on November 24 2020 Retrieved August 29 2017 Beasley Mike June 3 2014 iOS 8 WebKit changes finally allow all apps to have the same performance as Safari Reisinger Don July 18 2012 Chrome already nabs 1 5 percent of iOS browser market CNET CBS Interactive Retrieved March 9 2017 Chrome s Share of iOS Usage Doubles Year Over Year to 3 Macrumors October 11 2013 Retrieved April 21 2014 Google ends 32 bit Linux support for Chrome OSNews Chrome stops declaring Linux systems obsolete The H Open News and Features H online com February 14 2013 Retrieved March 30 2013 Pawliger Marc November 10 2015 Updates to Chrome platform support Chrome Blog Retrieved March 9 2017 Cunningham Andrew April 14 2016 Chrome 50 ends support for Windows XP OS X 10 6 other old versions ArsTechnica Archived from the original on May 5 2016 Retrieved October 9 2016 Stable Channel Update googlechromereleases blogspot com Retrieved August 10 2016 Google Chrome 49 0 2623 112 filehippo com Retrieved August 10 2016 How Chrome is helping enterprises still using Windows 7 Google Cloud Blog Retrieved January 15 2020 Chrome support for Windows 7 now until January 15 2022 Google Cloud Blog Retrieved November 23 2020 Sunsetting support for Windows 7 8 1 in early 2023 Google Chrome Community support google com Google Chrome to drop support for Windows 7 8 1 in Feb 2023 BleepingComputer Haller John February 9 2023 Google Chrome Portable 110 0 5481 78 Stable web browser Released Drops Windows 7 and 8 PortableApps com Retrieved May 23 2023 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Newman Jared June 12 2012 Google Chrome Gets Early Metro Style App for Windows 8 PCWorld IDG Archived from the original on September 9 2012 Retrieved June 13 2012 Google is building Chrome OS straight into Windows 8 The Verge October 5 2013 Retrieved October 5 2013 Unable to open Google Chrome in windows 8 mode Google Product Forums Retrieved September 29 2016 Chrome no longer supports Mac OS X 10 5 Google Inc Archived from the original on March 29 2015 Chrome updates on Mac 32 bit Chrome help Google Inc Google to Discontinue 32 bit Chrome for Mac Next Month OMG Chrome September 4 2014 Dylan F Tweney November 19 2009 Gadget Lab Hardware News and Reviews Google Chrome OS Ditch Your Hard Drives the Future Is the Web Wired Conde Nast Archived from the original on April 9 2014 Retrieved November 22 2009 Sengupta Caesar Papakipos Matt November 19 2009 Releasing the Chromium OS open source project Official Google Blog Retrieved March 9 2017 Stokes Jon January 20 2010 Google talks Chrome OS HTML5 and the future of software Ars Technica Conde Nast Retrieved March 9 2017 Womack Brian July 8 2009 Google to Challenge Microsoft With Operating System Bloomberg Retrieved July 8 2009 Hansell Saul July 8 2009 Would you miss Windows with a Google operating system The New York Times Retrieved July 8 2009 Pichai Sundar Upson Linus July 7 2009 Introducing the Google Chrome OS Official Google Blog Retrieved March 9 2017 Mediati Nick July 7 2009 Google Announces Chrome OS PC World IDG Archived from the original on January 19 2010 Retrieved July 8 2009 Moore Matthew September 2 2008 Google Chrome browser Review of reviews Daily Telegraph Archived from the original on January 10 2022 Retrieved September 24 2011 Liedtke Michael September 3 2008 Google polishes product line with Chrome browser The Jakarta Post Associated Press Archived from the original on June 23 2012 Jaroslovsky Rich February 25 2010 Browser Wars The Sequel BusinessWeek Archived from the original on March 1 2010 Thoughts on Chrome amp More John s Blog September 1 2008 Retrieved May 13 2010 Collins Barry September 2 2008 Mozilla Google s not trying to kill us PC Pro Dennis Publishing Archived from the original on February 10 2009 Retrieved July 11 2012 Mediati Nick September 3 2008 Google Chrome Web Browser PC World IDG Retrieved September 7 2008 Google s Chrome Becomes Web Gatekeeper and Rivals Complain Bloomberg com May 28 2019 Retrieved May 28 2019 Warren Tom January 4 2018 Chrome is turning into the new Internet Explorer 6 The Verge Retrieved May 28 2019 Cimpanu Catalin Google promises to play nice with ad blockers again ZDNet Retrieved June 13 2019 Tung Liam Google Chrome could soon kill off most ad blocker extensions ZDNet Retrieved June 13 2019 Mihalcik Carrie Google says Chrome isn t killing ad blockers CNET Retrieved June 13 2019 Top 5 Browsers from December 2010 to December 2011 StatCounter Retrieved January 8 2012 Desktop Browser Market Share Worldwide StatCounter Global Web Browser Marketshares Clicky Analytics Retrieved April 8 2012 Chrome is world s number one browser for a day StatCounter March 21 2012 Chrome overtakes Internet Explorer as No 1 browser maybe CNN May 21 2012 Retrieved May 21 2012 Pachal Peter May 21 2012 Google Chrome Now the No 1 Browser in the World mashable com Chrome tops 310 million users almost 100 growth over last year June 28 2012 Stats Counter US Monthly bar graph June 2013 Retrieved July 25 2013 Fox Zoe August 14 2013 43 of Global Web Surfers Choose Google Chrome Mashable Desktop Browser Market Share Worldwide StatCounter Global Stats Retrieved January 25 2023 Change MSI from a wrapper to full MSI January 4 2011 Retrieved April 8 2012 Paul Ryan December 16 2010 Google offering MSI to simplify Chrome enterprise deployment Ars Technica Conde Nast Retrieved March 9 2017 Google Update for Enterprise Google Help Retrieved July 11 2012 Issue 2423 chromium Windows Roaming Profile support An open source browser project to help move the web forward Google Project Hosting September 17 2008 Retrieved April 8 2012 Chrome Enterprise release notes Google Chrome Enterprise Help support google com Chrome Enterprise Policy List amp Management Documentation Google Cloud Google launches Chrome Enterprise subscription service for Chrome OS August 22 2017 Wheatley Mike April 11 2019 Google debuts centralized controls for Chrome browser deployments siliconangle com Archived from the original on April 12 2019 Retrieved May 6 2020 Home Chromium Developer Documentation Chromium Developer Documentation 2009 Retrieved May 5 2009 Chromium Terms and Conditions Google Code September 2 2008 Archived from the original on September 4 2008 Retrieved September 3 2008 Chromium Project March 2011 ChromiumBrowserVsGoogleChrome Retrieved July 10 2011 McAllister Neil September 11 2008 Building Google Chrome A first look InfoWorld IDG Archived from the original on September 13 2008 Retrieved September 16 2008 As the name suggests Chromium is a rawer less polished version of Chrome The UI is mostly identical with only a few very minor visual differences The most readily evident difference is the logo which sheds the Google colors in favor of a subdued blue design Differences between Google Chrome and Linux distro Chromium 2010 Retrieved September 1 2010 Chromium revision log Changes in revision 271531 May 20 2014 Retrieved May 24 2014 Change log for Chromium wiki showing removal of a part that said PDF support were different between Chromium and Google Chrome May 20 2014 Retrieved May 24 2014 Garthwaite Emily June 19 2014 Google throws PDFium into the open source community IT Pro Portal Retrieved September 11 2016 Developer s Guide Google Chrome Developer chrome com September 17 2012 Retrieved February 17 2014 Chrome Web Store chrome google com Latest in Malware eFast Browser Attacks with False Google Chrome Traps Users with Adware Bay Computing March 30 2017 Retrieved September 11 2021 Clever Malware Replaces Web Browser with Dangerous eFast Chrome Lookalike Remove Spyware amp Malware with SpyHunter EnigmaSoft Ltd October 20 2015 Retrieved September 11 2021 eFast Browser Removal Guide Bleeping Computer October 28 2015 Retrieved September 11 2021 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Google Chrome Official website Chrome Internals 2009 on YouTube Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Google Chrome amp oldid 1162218164, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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