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Wikipedia

AKM

May 04, 2023

For other uses, see AKM (disambiguation).

The AKM (Russian: Автома́т Кала́шникова модернизи́рованный, tr. Avtomát Kalášnikova modernizírovannyj, lit. 'Kalashnikov's Automatic Rifle Modernised') is an assault rifle designed by Soviet small arms designer Mikhail Kalashnikov in 1959. It was developed as a replacement to the AK-47 introduced a decade prior.

AKM
Both sides of the AKM
TypeAssault rifle
Place of originUSSR
Service history
In service1959–present
Used bySee Users
WarsSee Conflicts
Production history
DesignerMikhail Kalashnikov
Designed1950s
Manufacturer
Produced1959–1977[1]
(USSR)
No. built10,278,300[2]
VariantsSee Variants
Specifications
Mass
  • AKM: 3.3 kg (7.28 lb)
  • AKMS: 3.5 kg (7.7 lb)
  • 30-round magazine: 0.33 kg (0.73 lb)
  • 6H4 bayonet: 0.32 kg (0.71 lb)
Length
  • AKM, AKML: 880 mm (34.6 in)[3]
  • AKMS, AKMSN: 920 mm (36.2 in) stock extended / 655 mm (25.8 in) stock folded
Barrel length415 mm (16.3 in)[3]
Cartridge7.62×39mm
ActionGas operated, rotating bolt
Rate of fire
  • Cyclic rate of fire:
    600 rounds/min[3]
  • Practical rate of fire:
    • Semi-auto 40 rounds/min[3]
    • Full-auto 100 rounds/min[3]
Muzzle velocity715 m/s (2,346 ft/s)[3]
Effective firing range350 m (383 yd)[3]
Feed system10-, 20-, or 30-round detachable box magazines. Also compatible with 40-round box magazines and 75-round drum magazines from the RPK
Sights
  • Rear sight notch on sliding tangent, front post
  • 100–1,000 m sight adjustments
  • Sight radius: 378 mm (14.9 in)[3]

Introduced into service with the Soviet Army in 1959, the AKM is the most prevalent variant of the entire AK series of firearms and it has found widespread use with most member states of the former Warsaw Pact and its African and Asian allies as well as being widely exported and produced in many other countries. The production of these rifles was carried out at both the Tula Arms Plant and Izhmash. It was officially replaced in Soviet frontline service by the AK-74 in the late 1970s, but remains in use worldwide.

The AKM maintains the AK-47's wood stock, but has simpler individual parts that are favorable for mass production. Like the AK-47, many variants of the AKM exist such as the AKMS, AKML, and AKMP.

Design details

The AKM is an assault rifle chambered in 7.62×39mm Soviet intermediate cartridge. It is a selective fire, gas operated with a rotating bolt, firing in either semi-automatic or fully automatic, and has a cyclic rate of fire of around 600 rounds per minute (RPM). The gas operated action has a large bolt carrier with a permanently attached long stroke gas piston. The gas chamber is located above the barrel. The bolt carrier rides on the two rails, formed on the side of the receiver, with a significant space between the moving and stationary parts.[4]

Improvements over AK-47

 
The AKMS (top) compared to an AK-47 (bottom)

Compared with the AK-47, the AKM features detail improvements and enhancements that optimized the rifle for mass production; some parts and assemblies were conceived using simplified manufacturing methods. Notably, the AK-47's milled steel receiver was replaced by a U-shaped steel stamping. As a result of these modifications, the AKM's weight was reduced by ≈ 1 kg (2.2 lb), the accuracy during automatic fire was increased and several reliability issues were addressed. The AK-47's chrome-lined barrel was retained, a common feature of Soviet weapons which resists wear and corrosion, particularly under harsh field conditions and near-universal Eastern Bloc use of corrosively primed ammunition.

The AKM's receiver is stamped from a smooth 1.0 mm (0.04 in) sheet of steel, compared with the AK-47 where the receiver was machined from heavier gauge steel. A rear stock trunnion and forward barrel trunnion are fastened to the U-shaped receiver using rivets. The receiver housing also features a rigid tubular cross-section support that adds structural strength. Guide rails that assist the bolt carrier's movement which also incorporates the ejector are installed inside the receiver through spot welding. As a weight-saving measure, the stamped receiver cover is of thinner gauge metal than that of the AK-47. In order to maintain strength and durability it employs both longitudinal and latitudinal reinforcing ribs.

Barrel

The AKM has a barrel with a chrome-lined bore and four right-hand grooves at a 240 mm (1 in 9.45 in) or 31.5 calibers rifling twist rate. The forward barrel trunnion has a non-threaded socket for the barrel and a transverse hole for a pin that secures the barrel in place. The AKM's barrel is installed in the forward trunnion and pinned (as opposed to the AK-47, which has a one piece receiver with integral trunnions and a barrel that is screwed-in). Additionally the barrel has horizontal guide slots that help align and secure the handguards in place. To increase the weapon's accuracy during automatic fire, the AKM was fitted with a slant cut compensator that helps redirect expanding propellant gases upward and to the right during firing, which mitigates the rise of the muzzle during an automatic burst when held by a right-handed firer. The compensator is threaded on to the end of the barrel with a left-hand thread. Not all AKMs have slant compensators; some were also fitted with the older muzzle nut which came from the AK-47. Most AKMs with muzzle nuts were older production models. The AKM's slant compensator can also be used on the AK-47, which had a simple nut to cover the threads.

 
AKM Bolt carrier assembly and gas piston

Gas block

The gas block in the AKM does not have a cleaning rod capture or sling loop but is instead fitted with an integrated bayonet support collar that has a cleaning rod guide hole. The forward sling loop was relocated to the front handguard retainer cap. The handguard retainer also has notches that determine the position of the handguards on the barrel. The AKM's laminated wood handguards have lateral grooves that help securely grip the rifle.

Gas relief ports that alleviate gas pressure in the piston cylinder (placed horizontally in a row on the gas cylinder in the AK-47) were moved forward to the gas block and placed in a radial arrangement.

Bolt carrier assembly

The AKM's bolt carrier has a lightening cut milled into the right side halfway before the handle. The handle has its profile slimmed down too. The stem of the AKM bolt is fluted in another measure to help reduce weight. The round, fluted firing pin of the AK-47 was also replaced with a flat one on the AKM. All pieces are typically painted black instead of left unfinished ("in the white").

Stock

The buttstock, lower handguard and upper heatguard are manufactured from birch plywood laminates like the later model AK-47 furniture.[5] Such engineered woods are stronger and resist warping better than the conventional one-piece patterns, do not require lengthy maturing, and are cheaper. The wooden buttstock used in the AKM is further hollowed in order to reduce weight and is longer and straighter than that of the AK-47, which assists accuracy for subsequent shots during rapid and automatic fire. The wooden stock also houses the issued cleaning kit, which is a small diameter metal tube with a twist lock cap. The kit normally contains the cleaning jag to which a piece of cloth material is wrapped around and dipped into cleaning solution. It also contains a pin punch, an assembly pin to hold the trigger, disconnector and rate reducer together while putting these back into the receiver after cleaning the weapon, and a barrel brush. The kit is secured inside the butt stock via a spring-loaded trapdoor in the stock's pressed sheet metal butt cap. The stock is socketed into a stepped shaped rear trunnion with single upper tang and two screws. The rear trunnion itself is held to the stamped receiver with four rivets (two on each side). Under folding models instead have a U-shaped rear trunnion that reinforces the locking arms and is held to the receiver with six rivets (see Variants for more info).

Recoil/return spring assembly

The AKM uses a modified recoil/return spring mechanism, which replaces the telescoping recoil spring guide rod with a dual "U"-shaped wire guide.

Trigger assembly

The AKM has a modified trigger assembly, equipped with a hammer-release delaying device (installed on the same axis pin together with the trigger and disconnector) commonly called a "rate reducer" or "hammer retarder" (Russian: замедлитель срабатывания курка). In fact its primary purpose is not to reduce the rate of automatic fire; it is a safety device to ensure the weapon will only fire on automatic when the bolt is fully locked, as the hammer is tripped by the bolt carrier's last few millimetres of forward movement. The device also reduces "trigger slap" or "trigger bounce" and the weapon's rate of fire, which also reduces the dispersion of bullets when firing in fully automatic mode. The hammer was also changed and equipped with a protrusion that engages the rate reducer and the trigger has only one notched hammer release arm (compared with two parallel arms in the AK-47).[6]

Sights

The AKM's notched rear tangent iron sight is calibrated in 100 m (109 yd) increments from 100 to 1,000 m (109 to 1,094 yd) and compared with the AK-47 the leaf's position teeth that secure the sliding adjustable notch were transferred over from the right to the left edge of the ramp. The front sight is a post adjustable for elevation in the field and has a slightly different shape with the "ears" being angled with the back of the base instead of strait and its bottom portion is more narrow compared with the AK-47. Horizontal adjustment requires a special drift tool and is done by the armoury before issue or if the need arises by an armourer after issue. The sight line elements are approximately 48.5 mm (1.9 in) over the bore axis. The "point-blank range" battle zero setting "П" on the 7.62×39mm AKM rear tangent sight element corresponds to a 300 m (328 yd) zero.[7] For the AKM combined with service cartridges the 300 m battle zero setting limits the apparent "bullet rise" within approximately −5 to +31 cm (−2.0 to 12.2 in) relative to the line of sight. Soldiers are instructed to fire at any target within this range by simply placing the sights on the center of mass (the belt buckle, according to Russian and former Soviet doctrine) of the enemy target. Any errors in range estimation are tactically irrelevant, as a well-aimed shot will hit the torso of the enemy soldier.[7]

Magazines

 
AKMS with a 30-round "bakelite" magazine. Despite their name, the magazines are actually made of fiberglass and resin along with steel reinforcements. The magazine has an "arrow in triangle" Izhmash arsenal mark on the bottom right.

The early slab-sided steel AK-47 30-round detachable box magazines had 1 mm (0.039 in) sheet-metal bodies and weigh 0.43 kg (0.95 lb) empty.[8] The later steel AKM 30-round magazines had lighter sheet-metal bodies with prominent reinforcing ribs weighing 0.33 kg (0.73 lb) empty.[8][9] To further reduce weight a light weight magazine with an aluminium body with a prominent reinforcing waffle rib pattern weighing 0.19 kg (0.42 lb) empty was developed for the AKM that proved to be too fragile and the small issued amount of these magazines were quickly withdrawn from service.[10] As a replacement steel-reinforced 30-round plastic 7.62×39mm box magazines were introduced. These rust-coloured magazines weigh 0.24 kg (0.53 lb) empty and are often mistakenly identified as being made of Bakelite (a phenolic resin), but were actually fabricated from two-parts of AG-4S moulding compound (a glass-reinforced phenol-formaldehyde binder impregnated composite), assembled using an epoxy resin adhesive.[11][12][13][14] Noted for their durability, these magazines did, however, compromise the rifle's camouflage and lacked the small horizontal reinforcing ribs running down both sides of the magazine body near the front that were added on all later plastic magazine generations.[14] A second generation steel-reinforced dark-brown (colour shades vary from maroon to plum to near black) 30-round 7.62×39mm magazine was introduced in the early 1980s, fabricated from ABS plastic. The third generation steel-reinforced 30-round 7.62×39mm magazine is similar to the second generation, but is darker coloured and has a matte non-reflective surface finish. The current issue steel-reinforced matte true black non-reflective surface finished 7.62×39mm 30-round magazines, fabricated from ABS plastic weigh 0.25 kg (0.55 lb) empty.[15] Early steel AK-47 magazines are 9.75 in (248 mm) long, and the later ribbed steel AKM and newer plastic 7.62×39mm magazines are about 1 in (25 mm) shorter.[16][17]

The transition from steel to mainly plastic magazines yielded a significant weight reduction and allow a soldier to carry more rounds for the same weight.

Rifle Cartridge Cartridge weight Weight of empty magazine Weight of loaded magazine Max. 10.12 kg (22.3 lb) ammunition load*
AK-47 (1949) 7.62×39mm 16.3 g (252 gr) slab-sided steel
430 g (0.95 lb) 		30-rounds
916 g (2.019 lb)[18]		 11 magazines for 330 rounds
10.08 kg (22.2 lb)
AKM (1959) 7.62×39mm 16.3 g (252 gr) ribbed stamped-steel
330 g (0.73 lb) 		30-rounds
819 g (1.806 lb)[9][19]		 12 magazines for 360 rounds
9.83 kg (21.7 lb)
AK-103 (1994) 7.62×39mm 16.3 g (252 gr) steel-reinforced plastic
250 g (0.55 lb) 		30-rounds
739 g (1.629 lb)[9][19]		 13 magazines for 390 rounds
9.61 kg (21.2 lb)

Note: All 7.62×39mm AK magazines are backwards compatible with older AK variants.
*10.12 kg (22.3 lb) is the maximum amount of ammo that the average soldier can comfortably carry. It also allows for best comparison of the three most common 7.62×39mm AK-style magazines.

Accessories

 
A 6H4-type bayonet and scabbard.
 
AKM Type I bayonet of the Nationale Volksarmee that has cut an electrical wire.

The AKM comes supplied with a different accessory kit that contains a M1959 6H4 or 6H3-type bayonet and comes with synthetic or steel magazines. Both the 6H3 and 6H4 bayonet blade forms a wire-cutting device when coupled with its scabbard. The polymer grip and upper part of the scabbard provide insulation from the metal blade and bottom part of the metal scabbard, using a rubber insulator sleeve, to safely cut electrified wire. The kit also comes with a punch used to drive out various pins and a device that aids in assembling the rate reducing mechanism. The GP-25 Grenade launcher can also be fitted onto the AKM. There is also the PBS-1 silencer from the 1960s, designed to reduce the noise when firing, mostly used by Spetsnaz forces and the KGB.

Ammunition

The weapon uses the same ammunition as the AK-47: the 7.62×39mm M43 intermediate rifle cartridge. The AKM mechanism's design principles and procedures for loading and firing are practically identical to those of the AK-47, the only difference being the trigger assembly (during the return stage of the bolt carrier on fully automatic mode) as a result of incorporating the rate reducer device.

Variants

 
An AKMS without its magazine.
 
An AKML with a NSP-3.
 
AKMS with sound suppressor and silent BS-1 Tishina grenade launcher attached.

The main variant of the AKM is the AKMS (S – Skladnoy – Folding), which was equipped with an under-folding metal shoulder stock in place of the fixed wooden stock. The metal stock of the AKMS is somewhat different from the folding stock of the previous AKS-47 model as it has a modified locking mechanism, which locks both support arms of the AKMS stock instead of just one (left arm) as in the AKS-47 folding model. It is also made of riveted steel pressings, instead of the milled versions of most AKS-47s, and is more inline like the fixed stock AKM. Due to the stamped receiver, it also has a reinforcement plate beneath the pistol grip spot welded in place to prevent damage to the receiver if the gun is dropped on its pistol grip as well as better absorb the recoil with the stock folded.

The AKM was produced in the following versions: AKMP, AKML and AKMLP, whereas the AKMS led to the following models – AKMSP, AKMSN and AKMSNP. It is designed especially for use by paratroopers–as the folding stock permits more space for other equipment when jumping from a plane and then landing.

The AKMP rifle uses subdued Radium-illuminated aiming points integrated into the front and rear sight. These sights enable targets to be engaged in low-light conditions, e.g. when the battlefield is illuminated with flares, fires or muzzle flashes or when the target is visible as a shadow against an illuminated background. The sliding notch on the sight arm is then moved to the “S” setting (which corresponds to the “3” setting in the AKM). The sight itself is guided on the sliding scale and has a socket, which contains a tritium gas-filled capsule directly beneath the day-time notch. The tritium front post installs into the front sight base using a detent and spring.

The AKML comes equipped with a side-rail used to attach a night vision device. The mount comprises a flat plate riveted to the left wall of the receiver housing and a support bracket fixed to the mounting base with screws. To shield the light-sensitive photo detector plate of the night vision sight, the weapon uses a slotted flash suppressor, which replaces the standard recoil compensator. The AKML can also be deployed in the prone position with a detachable barrel-mounted bipod that helps stabilise the weapon and reduces operator fatigue during prolonged periods of observation. The bipod is supplied as an accessory and is carried in a holster attached to the duty belt.

The AKMN comes equipped with a side-rail used to attach a night vision device. The model designated AKMN-1 can thus mount the multi-model night vision scope 1PN51[20] and the AKMN2 the multi-model night vision scope 1PN58.[21]

The AKMLP is a version of the AKML with tritium sights (as in the AKMP).

The AKMSP rifle is based on the folding stock AKMS variant but fitted with tritium night sights, as in the AKMP.

The AKMSN model is derived from the AKMS and features an accessory rail used to mount a night vision sensor as seen on the AKML and additionally a flash hider and bipod. The left arm of the AKMSN's folding stock is bent outwards in order to avoid the sight mount bracket during folding and the sling loop was moved further to the rear. Similarly to the AKMN-1, the AKMSN-1 can mount the multi-model night vision scope 1PN51[20] and the AKMSN2 the multi-model night vision scope 1PN58.[21]

A version of the AKMSN additionally supplied with factory tritium night sights is called the AKMSNP.

A version of the AKM with a modified lower handguard designed to accept the 40 mm wz. 1974 Pallad grenade launcher was developed in Poland and designated the karabinek-granatnik wz. 1974.

Foreign variants

East Germany

Produced locally. Examples include the MPi-KM/MPI-KM-72 (fixed stock) and MPi-KMS/MPi-KMS-72 (side-folding stock).[4] East German guns used brown Bakelite furniture in place of wood.

Peru

Diseños Casanave International LLC has made an upgraded version of the AKM known as the Diseños Casanave International LLC SC-2026, which has a retractable polycarbonate stock and a railed handguard.[22] It has a range of 400 meters and weighs less than 4 kilograms.[22]

DICI also makes the Diseños Casanave International LLC SC-2026C, a carbine version of the SC-2026 made for vehicle crews/personnel and for special forces operators.[22]

Vietnam

Further information: STL-1A

The STL-1A was made by Z111 Factory as early as 2015 by changing parts of used AKMs with new plastic handguards, folding buttstocks, pistol grips and muzzle brakes resembling the AK-74, with an attachment lug for use with an M203 grenade launcher.[23][24] In 2018, an upgrade, known as the STL-1B was developed, which included Picatinny rails, since the 1A uses a side-type attachment.[24]

Romania

Further information: Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965
 
Cutaway of the PM md. 1963.

The Pistol Mitralieră model 1963 (abbreviated PM md. 63 or simply md. 63) is a Romanian assault rifle chambered in the 7.62×39mm cartridge, patterned after the AKM. It is exported as AIM.

Hungary

Further information: AK-63

The AK-63 (also known in Hungarian military service as the AMM) is a Hungarian variant of the AKM assault rifle manufactured by the Fegyver- és Gépgyár (FÉG) state arms plant in Hungary. It is currently used by the Hungarian Ground Forces as its standard infantry weapon, and by most other branches of the Hungarian Defence Forces.

China

Further information: Type 56 assault rifle

The Type 56 (Chinese: 56式自动步枪; literally; "Type 56 Automatic Rifle") also known as the AK-56,[25] is a Chinese 7.62×39mm rifle. It is a variant of the Soviet-designed AK-47 (specifically Type 3) and AKM rifles.[26] Production started in 1956 at State Factory 66 but was eventually handed over to Norinco and PolyTech, who continue to manufacture the rifle primarily for export.

North Korea

Further information: Type 58 assault rifle § Type 68

The Type 68 also known as Type 68 NK, is a North Korean version of the AKM, adopted in 1968 to replace the Type 58. It has no rate reducer.[27] It has its own bayonet, which is based on the AK-47 bayonet, but it has a different pommel mount for it.[28] These bayonets were also issued in Cuba, which have green scabbards instead of tan scabbards, which is used in the Korean People's Army.[29]

Semi-automatic only variant

The WASR-10 is a semi-automatic only variant developed from the AKM series rifle but is not another version rather a derivative or variant due to significant changes. The lack of the dimple over the magazine well is a peculiar WASR feature helpful in identification of WASR series rifles.[30]

The WASR series are manufactured in Romania by the arms-maker Cugir and widely imported into the United States for the sporting gun market by importer Century International Arms who modifies them with TAPCO stocks.[31] Century began installing the TAPCO Intrafuse AK G2 trigger group in 2007 to eliminate bolt slap trigger finger injuries.[32]

Accuracy potential

The following table represents the Russian method for determining accuracy, which is far more complex than Western methods. In the West, one fires a group of shots into the target and then simply measures the overall diameter of the group. The Russians, on the other hand, fire a group of shots into the target. They then draw two circles on the target, one for the maximum vertical dispersion of hits and one for the maximum horizontal dispersion of hits. They then disregard the hits on the outer part of the target and only count half of the hits (50% or R50) on the inner part of the circles. This dramatically reduces the overall diameter of the groups. They then use both the vertical and horizontal measurements of the reduced groups to measure accuracy. This circular error probable method used by the Russian and other European militaries cannot be converted and is not comparable to US military methods for determining rifle accuracy. When the R50 results are doubled the hit probability increases to 93.7%.

 
Circular error probable 20 hits distribution example
AKM short burst dispersion with 57-N-231 steel core service ammunition[33]
Range Vertical accuracy of fire (R50) Horizontal accuracy of fire (R50) Remaining bullet energy Remaining bullet velocity
0 m (0 yd) 0 cm (0.0 in) 0 cm (0.0 in) 2,036 J (1,502 ft⋅lbf) 718 m/s (2,356 ft/s)
100 m (109 yd) 8 cm (3.1 in) 11 cm (4.3 in) 1,540 J (1,140 ft⋅lbf) 624 m/s (2,047 ft/s)
200 m (219 yd) 15 cm (5.9 in) 22 cm (8.7 in) 1,147 J (846 ft⋅lbf) 539 m/s (1,768 ft/s)
300 m (328 yd) 23 cm (9.1 in) 33 cm (13.0 in) 843 J (622 ft⋅lbf) 462 m/s (1,516 ft/s)
400 m (437 yd) 31 cm (12.2 in) 44 cm (17.3 in) 618 J (456 ft⋅lbf) 395 m/s (1,296 ft/s)
500 m (547 yd) 39 cm (15.4 in) 56 cm (22.0 in) 461 J (340 ft⋅lbf) 342 m/s (1,122 ft/s)
600 m (656 yd) 47 cm (18.5 in) 67 cm (26.4 in) 363 J (268 ft⋅lbf) 303 m/s (994 ft/s)
700 m (766 yd) 55 cm (21.7 in) 78 cm (30.7 in) 314 J (232 ft⋅lbf) 282 m/s (925 ft/s)
800 m (875 yd) 64 cm (25.2 in) 90 cm (35.4 in) 284 J (209 ft⋅lbf) 268 m/s (879 ft/s)
  • R50 means the closest 50 percent of the shot group will all be within a circle of the mentioned diameter.

In general, this is an improvement with respect to firing accuracy to the AK-47. The vertical and horizontal mean (R50) deviations with service ammunition at 800 m (875 yd) for AK platforms are.

SKS, AK-47, AKM, and AK-74 dispersion at 800 m (875 yd)
Rifle Firing mode Vertical accuracy of fire (R50) Horizontal accuracy of fire (R50)
SKS (1945) semi-automatic 38 cm (15.0 in) 29 cm (11.4 in)
AK-47 (1949) semi-automatic 49 cm (19.3 in) 34 cm (13.4 in)
AK-47 (1949) short burst 76 cm (29.9 in) 89 cm (35.0 in)
AKM (1959) short burst 64 cm (25.2 in) 90 cm (35.4 in)
AK-74 (1974) short burst 48 cm (18.9 in) 64 cm (25.2 in)

Users

Former users

Non-state users

It is used by many organizations defined as terrorist organizations.

Conflicts

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s

2010s

2020s

Gallery

  •  

    An Iranian child soldier holding an AKM in the Iran–Iraq War.

  •  

    A Kbk AKMS fitted with a MILES laser training device in the hands of a Polish soldier in 1997.

  •  

    Foreground: A member of the United States Air Force field-qualifying with a USSR AKM in Iraq.

  •  

    AKM with NSP-3 night sight, and PBS-1 silencer.

  •  

    Gold plated assault rifle built by Tabuk in Iraq to the specifications of the AKMS.

  •  

    Egyptian soldiers in training with an Egyptian-made Maadi.

  •  

    A Romanian sub-officer with a PM md. 65.

  •  

    U.S. Marine firing an East German MPi-KMS-72.

  •  

    An Indian CRPF QRT operator with a Bulgarian AR-M1F41 modified with Israeli FAB Defense accessories

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ Stott, Rob (August 15, 2013). The AK47 catalog volume 1. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781300588283 – via Google Books.
  2. ^ a b c d Rottman 2011, p. 23.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h . July 18, 2011. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011.
  4. ^ a b c Modern Firearms – AK-47 AKM 2008-03-06 at the Wayback Machine. World.guns.ru. Retrieved on 2014-04-20.
  5. ^ . Archived from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  6. ^ Edward Ezell (1 March 1986). The AK47 story: evolution of the Kalashnikov weapons. Stackpole Books. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-8117-0916-3. from the original on 11 May 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  7. ^ a b Rottman 2011, p. 42.
  8. ^ a b Dockery, Kevin (2007). Future Weapons. p. 102. ISBN 0425217507.
  9. ^ a b c "Ak 47 Technical Description – Manual". Scribd.com. 2010-09-30. from the original on 2012-03-28. Retrieved 2012-08-23.
  10. ^ "A Brief History of the Kalashnikov Magazine Part 1: Metal Magazines". tfb.com. 17 September 2016. Retrieved 2020-01-28.
  11. ^ "Kalashnikovs 3 of the best" (PDF). "Shotgun News" magazine, Vol. 59 Issue no. 12 – May, 2005. (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  12. ^ "A Brief History of the Kalashnikov Magazine Part 2: Synthetic Magazines". tfb.com. 18 September 2016. Retrieved 2020-01-28.
  13. ^ Grezin V. M. (1969). "Elastic characteristics of AG-4S glass-reinforced plastic under short-time and long-time loads". Polymer Mechanics. 2 (2): 188–190. Bibcode:1966PoMec...2..188G. doi:10.1007/BF00867112. S2CID 135895271.
  14. ^ a b Kokalis, 49
  15. ^ . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  16. ^ Rifle Evaluation Study 2012-12-01 at the Wayback Machine, United States Army, Combat Development Command, ADA046961, 20 Dec 1962
  17. ^ "Are kalashnikov magazines as robust as their reputation? He tormented a selection of AR magazines last year, now he takes on the AK. The results you may find surprising". from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  18. ^ Dockery, Kevin (2007). Future Weapons. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-425-21750-4.
  19. ^ a b Dockery, Kevin (2007). Future Weapons. p. 102.
  20. ^ a b ИЗДЕЛИЕ 1ПН51 ТЕХНИЧЕСКОЕ ОПИСАНИЕ И ИНСТРУКЦИЯ ПО ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИИ [PRODUCT 1PN51 TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION AND OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS] (in Russian). January 1992. pp. 11, 16.
  21. ^ a b ИЗДЕЛИЕ 1ПН58 ТЕХНИЧЕСКОЕ ОПИСАНИЕ И ИНСТРУКЦИЯ ПО ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИИ [PRODUCT 1PN58 TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION AND OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS] (in Russian). February 1991. pp. 5, 12–13.
  22. ^ a b c . Archived from the original on 2014-04-13.
  23. ^ "Lộ diện hai mẫu súng cực lạ do Việt Nam sản xuất". from the original on 2018-09-27. Retrieved 2018-09-27.
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Cited sources

External links

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May 04, 2023
other, uses, disambiguation, this, article, lead, section, short, adequately, summarize, points, please, consider, expanding, lead, provide, accessible, overview, important, aspects, article, september, 2018, russian, Автома, Кала, шникова, модернизи, рованный. For other uses see AKM disambiguation This article s lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article September 2018 The AKM Russian Avtoma t Kala shnikova modernizi rovannyj tr Avtomat Kalasnikova modernizirovannyj lit Kalashnikov s Automatic Rifle Modernised is an assault rifle designed by Soviet small arms designer Mikhail Kalashnikov in 1959 It was developed as a replacement to the AK 47 introduced a decade prior AKMBoth sides of the AKMTypeAssault riflePlace of originUSSRService historyIn service1959 presentUsed bySee UsersWarsSee ConflictsProduction historyDesignerMikhail KalashnikovDesigned1950sManufacturerIzhmash Tula Arms PlantProduced1959 1977 1 USSR No built10 278 300 2 VariantsSee VariantsSpecificationsMassAKM 3 3 kg 7 28 lb AKMS 3 5 kg 7 7 lb 30 round magazine 0 33 kg 0 73 lb 6H4 bayonet 0 32 kg 0 71 lb LengthAKM AKML 880 mm 34 6 in 3 AKMS AKMSN 920 mm 36 2 in stock extended 655 mm 25 8 in stock foldedBarrel length415 mm 16 3 in 3 Cartridge7 62 39mmActionGas operated rotating boltRate of fireCyclic rate of fire 600 rounds min 3 Practical rate of fire Semi auto 40 rounds min 3 Full auto 100 rounds min 3 Muzzle velocity715 m s 2 346 ft s 3 Effective firing range350 m 383 yd 3 Feed system10 20 or 30 round detachable box magazines Also compatible with 40 round box magazines and 75 round drum magazines from the RPKSightsRear sight notch on sliding tangent front post 100 1 000 m sight adjustments Sight radius 378 mm 14 9 in 3 Introduced into service with the Soviet Army in 1959 the AKM is the most prevalent variant of the entire AK series of firearms and it has found widespread use with most member states of the former Warsaw Pact and its African and Asian allies as well as being widely exported and produced in many other countries The production of these rifles was carried out at both the Tula Arms Plant and Izhmash It was officially replaced in Soviet frontline service by the AK 74 in the late 1970s but remains in use worldwide The AKM maintains the AK 47 s wood stock but has simpler individual parts that are favorable for mass production Like the AK 47 many variants of the AKM exist such as the AKMS AKML and AKMP Contents 1 Design details 1 1 Improvements over AK 47 1 2 Barrel 1 3 Gas block 1 4 Bolt carrier assembly 1 5 Stock 1 6 Recoil return spring assembly 1 7 Trigger assembly 1 8 Sights 1 9 Magazines 1 10 Accessories 1 11 Ammunition 2 Variants 2 1 Foreign variants 2 1 1 East Germany 2 1 2 Peru 2 1 3 Vietnam 2 1 4 Romania 2 1 5 Hungary 2 1 6 China 2 1 7 North Korea 2 2 Semi automatic only variant 3 Accuracy potential 4 Users 4 1 Former users 4 2 Non state users 5 Conflicts 5 1 1960s 5 2 1970s 5 3 1980s 5 4 1990s 5 5 2000s 5 6 2010s 5 7 2020s 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 8 1 Citations 8 2 Cited sources 9 External linksDesign details EditThe AKM is an assault rifle chambered in 7 62 39mm Soviet intermediate cartridge It is a selective fire gas operated with a rotating bolt firing in either semi automatic or fully automatic and has a cyclic rate of fire of around 600 rounds per minute RPM The gas operated action has a large bolt carrier with a permanently attached long stroke gas piston The gas chamber is located above the barrel The bolt carrier rides on the two rails formed on the side of the receiver with a significant space between the moving and stationary parts 4 Improvements over AK 47 Edit The AKMS top compared to an AK 47 bottom Compared with the AK 47 the AKM features detail improvements and enhancements that optimized the rifle for mass production some parts and assemblies were conceived using simplified manufacturing methods Notably the AK 47 s milled steel receiver was replaced by a U shaped steel stamping As a result of these modifications the AKM s weight was reduced by 1 kg 2 2 lb the accuracy during automatic fire was increased and several reliability issues were addressed The AK 47 s chrome lined barrel was retained a common feature of Soviet weapons which resists wear and corrosion particularly under harsh field conditions and near universal Eastern Bloc use of corrosively primed ammunition The AKM s receiver is stamped from a smooth 1 0 mm 0 04 in sheet of steel compared with the AK 47 where the receiver was machined from heavier gauge steel A rear stock trunnion and forward barrel trunnion are fastened to the U shaped receiver using rivets The receiver housing also features a rigid tubular cross section support that adds structural strength Guide rails that assist the bolt carrier s movement which also incorporates the ejector are installed inside the receiver through spot welding As a weight saving measure the stamped receiver cover is of thinner gauge metal than that of the AK 47 In order to maintain strength and durability it employs both longitudinal and latitudinal reinforcing ribs Barrel Edit The AKM has a barrel with a chrome lined bore and four right hand grooves at a 240 mm 1 in 9 45 in or 31 5 calibers rifling twist rate The forward barrel trunnion has a non threaded socket for the barrel and a transverse hole for a pin that secures the barrel in place The AKM s barrel is installed in the forward trunnion and pinned as opposed to the AK 47 which has a one piece receiver with integral trunnions and a barrel that is screwed in Additionally the barrel has horizontal guide slots that help align and secure the handguards in place To increase the weapon s accuracy during automatic fire the AKM was fitted with a slant cut compensator that helps redirect expanding propellant gases upward and to the right during firing which mitigates the rise of the muzzle during an automatic burst when held by a right handed firer The compensator is threaded on to the end of the barrel with a left hand thread Not all AKMs have slant compensators some were also fitted with the older muzzle nut which came from the AK 47 Most AKMs with muzzle nuts were older production models The AKM s slant compensator can also be used on the AK 47 which had a simple nut to cover the threads AKM Bolt carrier assembly and gas piston Gas block Edit The gas block in the AKM does not have a cleaning rod capture or sling loop but is instead fitted with an integrated bayonet support collar that has a cleaning rod guide hole The forward sling loop was relocated to the front handguard retainer cap The handguard retainer also has notches that determine the position of the handguards on the barrel The AKM s laminated wood handguards have lateral grooves that help securely grip the rifle Gas relief ports that alleviate gas pressure in the piston cylinder placed horizontally in a row on the gas cylinder in the AK 47 were moved forward to the gas block and placed in a radial arrangement Bolt carrier assembly Edit The AKM s bolt carrier has a lightening cut milled into the right side halfway before the handle The handle has its profile slimmed down too The stem of the AKM bolt is fluted in another measure to help reduce weight The round fluted firing pin of the AK 47 was also replaced with a flat one on the AKM All pieces are typically painted black instead of left unfinished in the white Stock Edit The buttstock lower handguard and upper heatguard are manufactured from birch plywood laminates like the later model AK 47 furniture 5 Such engineered woods are stronger and resist warping better than the conventional one piece patterns do not require lengthy maturing and are cheaper The wooden buttstock used in the AKM is further hollowed in order to reduce weight and is longer and straighter than that of the AK 47 which assists accuracy for subsequent shots during rapid and automatic fire The wooden stock also houses the issued cleaning kit which is a small diameter metal tube with a twist lock cap The kit normally contains the cleaning jag to which a piece of cloth material is wrapped around and dipped into cleaning solution It also contains a pin punch an assembly pin to hold the trigger disconnector and rate reducer together while putting these back into the receiver after cleaning the weapon and a barrel brush The kit is secured inside the butt stock via a spring loaded trapdoor in the stock s pressed sheet metal butt cap The stock is socketed into a stepped shaped rear trunnion with single upper tang and two screws The rear trunnion itself is held to the stamped receiver with four rivets two on each side Under folding models instead have a U shaped rear trunnion that reinforces the locking arms and is held to the receiver with six rivets see Variants for more info Recoil return spring assembly Edit The AKM uses a modified recoil return spring mechanism which replaces the telescoping recoil spring guide rod with a dual U shaped wire guide Trigger assembly Edit The AKM has a modified trigger assembly equipped with a hammer release delaying device installed on the same axis pin together with the trigger and disconnector commonly called a rate reducer or hammer retarder Russian zamedlitel srabatyvaniya kurka In fact its primary purpose is not to reduce the rate of automatic fire it is a safety device to ensure the weapon will only fire on automatic when the bolt is fully locked as the hammer is tripped by the bolt carrier s last few millimetres of forward movement The device also reduces trigger slap or trigger bounce and the weapon s rate of fire which also reduces the dispersion of bullets when firing in fully automatic mode The hammer was also changed and equipped with a protrusion that engages the rate reducer and the trigger has only one notched hammer release arm compared with two parallel arms in the AK 47 6 Sights Edit The AKM s notched rear tangent iron sight is calibrated in 100 m 109 yd increments from 100 to 1 000 m 109 to 1 094 yd and compared with the AK 47 the leaf s position teeth that secure the sliding adjustable notch were transferred over from the right to the left edge of the ramp The front sight is a post adjustable for elevation in the field and has a slightly different shape with the ears being angled with the back of the base instead of strait and its bottom portion is more narrow compared with the AK 47 Horizontal adjustment requires a special drift tool and is done by the armoury before issue or if the need arises by an armourer after issue The sight line elements are approximately 48 5 mm 1 9 in over the bore axis The point blank range battle zero setting P on the 7 62 39mm AKM rear tangent sight element corresponds to a 300 m 328 yd zero 7 For the AKM combined with service cartridges the 300 m battle zero setting limits the apparent bullet rise within approximately 5 to 31 cm 2 0 to 12 2 in relative to the line of sight Soldiers are instructed to fire at any target within this range by simply placing the sights on the center of mass the belt buckle according to Russian and former Soviet doctrine of the enemy target Any errors in range estimation are tactically irrelevant as a well aimed shot will hit the torso of the enemy soldier 7 Magazines Edit AKMS with a 30 round bakelite magazine Despite their name the magazines are actually made of fiberglass and resin along with steel reinforcements The magazine has an arrow in triangle Izhmash arsenal mark on the bottom right The early slab sided steel AK 47 30 round detachable box magazines had 1 mm 0 039 in sheet metal bodies and weigh 0 43 kg 0 95 lb empty 8 The later steel AKM 30 round magazines had lighter sheet metal bodies with prominent reinforcing ribs weighing 0 33 kg 0 73 lb empty 8 9 To further reduce weight a light weight magazine with an aluminium body with a prominent reinforcing waffle rib pattern weighing 0 19 kg 0 42 lb empty was developed for the AKM that proved to be too fragile and the small issued amount of these magazines were quickly withdrawn from service 10 As a replacement steel reinforced 30 round plastic 7 62 39mm box magazines were introduced These rust coloured magazines weigh 0 24 kg 0 53 lb empty and are often mistakenly identified as being made of Bakelite a phenolic resin but were actually fabricated from two parts of AG 4S moulding compound a glass reinforced phenol formaldehyde binder impregnated composite assembled using an epoxy resin adhesive 11 12 13 14 Noted for their durability these magazines did however compromise the rifle s camouflage and lacked the small horizontal reinforcing ribs running down both sides of the magazine body near the front that were added on all later plastic magazine generations 14 A second generation steel reinforced dark brown colour shades vary from maroon to plum to near black 30 round 7 62 39mm magazine was introduced in the early 1980s fabricated from ABS plastic The third generation steel reinforced 30 round 7 62 39mm magazine is similar to the second generation but is darker coloured and has a matte non reflective surface finish The current issue steel reinforced matte true black non reflective surface finished 7 62 39mm 30 round magazines fabricated from ABS plastic weigh 0 25 kg 0 55 lb empty 15 Early steel AK 47 magazines are 9 75 in 248 mm long and the later ribbed steel AKM and newer plastic 7 62 39mm magazines are about 1 in 25 mm shorter 16 17 The transition from steel to mainly plastic magazines yielded a significant weight reduction and allow a soldier to carry more rounds for the same weight Rifle Cartridge Cartridge weight Weight of empty magazine Weight of loaded magazine Max 10 12 kg 22 3 lb ammunition load AK 47 1949 7 62 39mm 16 3 g 252 gr slab sided steel430 g 0 95 lb 30 rounds916 g 2 019 lb 18 11 magazines for 330 rounds10 08 kg 22 2 lb AKM 1959 7 62 39mm 16 3 g 252 gr ribbed stamped steel330 g 0 73 lb 30 rounds819 g 1 806 lb 9 19 12 magazines for 360 rounds9 83 kg 21 7 lb AK 103 1994 7 62 39mm 16 3 g 252 gr steel reinforced plastic250 g 0 55 lb 30 rounds739 g 1 629 lb 9 19 13 magazines for 390 rounds9 61 kg 21 2 lb Note All 7 62 39mm AK magazines are backwards compatible with older AK variants 10 12 kg 22 3 lb is the maximum amount of ammo that the average soldier can comfortably carry It also allows for best comparison of the three most common 7 62 39mm AK style magazines Accessories Edit A 6H4 type bayonet and scabbard AKM Type I bayonet of the Nationale Volksarmee that has cut an electrical wire The AKM comes supplied with a different accessory kit that contains a M1959 6H4 or 6H3 type bayonet and comes with synthetic or steel magazines Both the 6H3 and 6H4 bayonet blade forms a wire cutting device when coupled with its scabbard The polymer grip and upper part of the scabbard provide insulation from the metal blade and bottom part of the metal scabbard using a rubber insulator sleeve to safely cut electrified wire The kit also comes with a punch used to drive out various pins and a device that aids in assembling the rate reducing mechanism The GP 25 Grenade launcher can also be fitted onto the AKM There is also the PBS 1 silencer from the 1960s designed to reduce the noise when firing mostly used by Spetsnaz forces and the KGB Ammunition Edit The weapon uses the same ammunition as the AK 47 the 7 62 39mm M43 intermediate rifle cartridge The AKM mechanism s design principles and procedures for loading and firing are practically identical to those of the AK 47 the only difference being the trigger assembly during the return stage of the bolt carrier on fully automatic mode as a result of incorporating the rate reducer device Variants EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed March 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message An AKMS without its magazine An AKML with a NSP 3 AKMS with sound suppressor and silent BS 1 Tishina grenade launcher attached The main variant of the AKM is the AKMS S Skladnoy Folding which was equipped with an under folding metal shoulder stock in place of the fixed wooden stock The metal stock of the AKMS is somewhat different from the folding stock of the previous AKS 47 model as it has a modified locking mechanism which locks both support arms of the AKMS stock instead of just one left arm as in the AKS 47 folding model It is also made of riveted steel pressings instead of the milled versions of most AKS 47s and is more inline like the fixed stock AKM Due to the stamped receiver it also has a reinforcement plate beneath the pistol grip spot welded in place to prevent damage to the receiver if the gun is dropped on its pistol grip as well as better absorb the recoil with the stock folded The AKM was produced in the following versions AKMP AKML and AKMLP whereas the AKMS led to the following models AKMSP AKMSN and AKMSNP It is designed especially for use by paratroopers as the folding stock permits more space for other equipment when jumping from a plane and then landing The AKMP rifle uses subdued Radium illuminated aiming points integrated into the front and rear sight These sights enable targets to be engaged in low light conditions e g when the battlefield is illuminated with flares fires or muzzle flashes or when the target is visible as a shadow against an illuminated background The sliding notch on the sight arm is then moved to the S setting which corresponds to the 3 setting in the AKM The sight itself is guided on the sliding scale and has a socket which contains a tritium gas filled capsule directly beneath the day time notch The tritium front post installs into the front sight base using a detent and spring The AKML comes equipped with a side rail used to attach a night vision device The mount comprises a flat plate riveted to the left wall of the receiver housing and a support bracket fixed to the mounting base with screws To shield the light sensitive photo detector plate of the night vision sight the weapon uses a slotted flash suppressor which replaces the standard recoil compensator The AKML can also be deployed in the prone position with a detachable barrel mounted bipod that helps stabilise the weapon and reduces operator fatigue during prolonged periods of observation The bipod is supplied as an accessory and is carried in a holster attached to the duty belt The AKMN comes equipped with a side rail used to attach a night vision device The model designated AKMN 1 can thus mount the multi model night vision scope 1PN51 20 and the AKMN2 the multi model night vision scope 1PN58 21 The AKMLP is a version of the AKML with tritium sights as in the AKMP The AKMSP rifle is based on the folding stock AKMS variant but fitted with tritium night sights as in the AKMP The AKMSN model is derived from the AKMS and features an accessory rail used to mount a night vision sensor as seen on the AKML and additionally a flash hider and bipod The left arm of the AKMSN s folding stock is bent outwards in order to avoid the sight mount bracket during folding and the sling loop was moved further to the rear Similarly to the AKMN 1 the AKMSN 1 can mount the multi model night vision scope 1PN51 20 and the AKMSN2 the multi model night vision scope 1PN58 21 A version of the AKMSN additionally supplied with factory tritium night sights is called the AKMSNP A version of the AKM with a modified lower handguard designed to accept the 40 mm wz 1974 Pallad grenade launcher was developed in Poland and designated the karabinek granatnik wz 1974 Foreign variants Edit East Germany Edit Produced locally Examples include the MPi KM MPI KM 72 fixed stock and MPi KMS MPi KMS 72 side folding stock 4 East German guns used brown Bakelite furniture in place of wood Peru Edit Disenos Casanave International LLC has made an upgraded version of the AKM known as the Disenos Casanave International LLC SC 2026 which has a retractable polycarbonate stock and a railed handguard 22 It has a range of 400 meters and weighs less than 4 kilograms 22 DICI also makes the Disenos Casanave International LLC SC 2026C a carbine version of the SC 2026 made for vehicle crews personnel and for special forces operators 22 Vietnam Edit Further information STL 1A The STL 1A was made by Z111 Factory as early as 2015 by changing parts of used AKMs with new plastic handguards folding buttstocks pistol grips and muzzle brakes resembling the AK 74 with an attachment lug for use with an M203 grenade launcher 23 24 In 2018 an upgrade known as the STL 1B was developed which included Picatinny rails since the 1A uses a side type attachment 24 Romania Edit Further information Pistol Mitralieră model 1963 1965 Cutaway of the PM md 1963 The Pistol Mitralieră model 1963 abbreviated PM md 63 or simply md 63 is a Romanian assault rifle chambered in the 7 62 39mm cartridge patterned after the AKM It is exported as AIM Hungary Edit Further information AK 63 The AK 63 also known in Hungarian military service as the AMM is a Hungarian variant of the AKM assault rifle manufactured by the Fegyver es Gepgyar FEG state arms plant in Hungary It is currently used by the Hungarian Ground Forces as its standard infantry weapon and by most other branches of the Hungarian Defence Forces China Edit Further information Type 56 assault rifle The Type 56 Chinese 56式自动步枪 literally Type 56 Automatic Rifle also known as the AK 56 25 is a Chinese 7 62 39mm rifle It is a variant of the Soviet designed AK 47 specifically Type 3 and AKM rifles 26 Production started in 1956 at State Factory 66 but was eventually handed over to Norinco and PolyTech who continue to manufacture the rifle primarily for export North Korea Edit Further information Type 58 assault rifle Type 68 The Type 68 also known as Type 68 NK is a North Korean version of the AKM adopted in 1968 to replace the Type 58 It has no rate reducer 27 It has its own bayonet which is based on the AK 47 bayonet but it has a different pommel mount for it 28 These bayonets were also issued in Cuba which have green scabbards instead of tan scabbards which is used in the Korean People s Army 29 Semi automatic only variant Edit The WASR 10 is a semi automatic only variant developed from the AKM series rifle but is not another version rather a derivative or variant due to significant changes The lack of the dimple over the magazine well is a peculiar WASR feature helpful in identification of WASR series rifles 30 The WASR series are manufactured in Romania by the arms maker Cugir and widely imported into the United States for the sporting gun market by importer Century International Arms who modifies them with TAPCO stocks 31 Century began installing the TAPCO Intrafuse AK G2 trigger group in 2007 to eliminate bolt slap trigger finger injuries 32 Accuracy potential EditThis article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian August 2017 Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at ru Avtomat Kalashnikova modernizirovannyj see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated ru Avtomat Kalashnikova modernizirovannyj to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation The following table represents the Russian method for determining accuracy which is far more complex than Western methods In the West one fires a group of shots into the target and then simply measures the overall diameter of the group The Russians on the other hand fire a group of shots into the target They then draw two circles on the target one for the maximum vertical dispersion of hits and one for the maximum horizontal dispersion of hits They then disregard the hits on the outer part of the target and only count half of the hits 50 or R50 on the inner part of the circles This dramatically reduces the overall diameter of the groups They then use both the vertical and horizontal measurements of the reduced groups to measure accuracy This circular error probable method used by the Russian and other European militaries cannot be converted and is not comparable to US military methods for determining rifle accuracy When the R50 results are doubled the hit probability increases to 93 7 Circular error probable 20 hits distribution example AKM short burst dispersion with 57 N 231 steel core service ammunition 33 Range Vertical accuracy of fire R50 Horizontal accuracy of fire R50 Remaining bullet energy Remaining bullet velocity0 m 0 yd 0 cm 0 0 in 0 cm 0 0 in 2 036 J 1 502 ft lbf 718 m s 2 356 ft s 100 m 109 yd 8 cm 3 1 in 11 cm 4 3 in 1 540 J 1 140 ft lbf 624 m s 2 047 ft s 200 m 219 yd 15 cm 5 9 in 22 cm 8 7 in 1 147 J 846 ft lbf 539 m s 1 768 ft s 300 m 328 yd 23 cm 9 1 in 33 cm 13 0 in 843 J 622 ft lbf 462 m s 1 516 ft s 400 m 437 yd 31 cm 12 2 in 44 cm 17 3 in 618 J 456 ft lbf 395 m s 1 296 ft s 500 m 547 yd 39 cm 15 4 in 56 cm 22 0 in 461 J 340 ft lbf 342 m s 1 122 ft s 600 m 656 yd 47 cm 18 5 in 67 cm 26 4 in 363 J 268 ft lbf 303 m s 994 ft s 700 m 766 yd 55 cm 21 7 in 78 cm 30 7 in 314 J 232 ft lbf 282 m s 925 ft s 800 m 875 yd 64 cm 25 2 in 90 cm 35 4 in 284 J 209 ft lbf 268 m s 879 ft s R50 means the closest 50 percent of the shot group will all be within a circle of the mentioned diameter In general this is an improvement with respect to firing accuracy to the AK 47 The vertical and horizontal mean R50 deviations with service ammunition at 800 m 875 yd for AK platforms are SKS AK 47 AKM and AK 74 dispersion at 800 m 875 yd Rifle Firing mode Vertical accuracy of fire R50 Horizontal accuracy of fire R50 SKS 1945 semi automatic 38 cm 15 0 in 29 cm 11 4 in AK 47 1949 semi automatic 49 cm 19 3 in 34 cm 13 4 in AK 47 1949 short burst 76 cm 29 9 in 89 cm 35 0 in AKM 1959 short burst 64 cm 25 2 in 90 cm 35 4 in AK 74 1974 short burst 48 cm 18 9 in 64 cm 25 2 in Users Edit Afghanistan 34 Albania 34 Algeria 34 Angola 34 Armenia 34 Azerbaijan 34 Bangladesh 34 Belarus 34 Benin 34 Bosnia Herzegovina 34 Botswana 34 Brazil Used by Caatinga infantry 35 Bulgaria Produced locally 34 36 Cambodia 34 Cape Verde 34 Central African Republic 34 Chad 34 Chile Used by Salvador Allende and his personal guard during the 1973 Chilean coup d etat and committed suicide with it 37 China Type 56 variant 2 Comoros 34 Congo Brazzaville 34 Congo Kinshasa 34 Cuba Produced locally under license 34 Also used Type 68s in the 1980s 38 Djibouti 39 Egypt The Maadi is an Egyptian copy of the AKM manufactured by Factory 54 of the Maadi Company for Engineering Industries in Cairo for the Egyptian Army and for export sales 40 41 42 43 44 El Salvador ex guerilla rifles used by the National Civil Police 45 Equatorial Guinea 34 Eritrea 34 Ethiopia 46 Finland Holds stocks of imported AKM clones for wartime reserve service the Chinese Type 56 known as the RK 56 TP and the East German MPi KM as the RK 72 47 along with locally designed AK derivatives the Rk 62 and the Rk 95 TP France 100 Polish made AKM rifles obtained for CENTIAL 51e RI training center 48 Gabon 34 Georgia 34 Ghana Used by Ministry of Interior units 49 Guatemala 50 Guinea 34 Guinea Bissau 34 Guyana 34 Hungary There is a Hungarian derivative of the AKM called AK 63 manufactured by FEG The AK 63 comes with a fixed wooden or plastic stock but there is a version with an under folding metal stock called AK 63D 34 India Various models of AKM and AKM style rifle in use A local variant developed and manufactured by the Rifle Factory Ishapore 34 Iran From East German manufacturers in the Iran Army Soviet and Chinese manufacturers in IRGC and Iran Police 34 verification needed Iraq From Soviet German and Romanian manufactures 34 51 Iraqi Kurdistan 52 better source needed Israel Captured from Arab armies over the course of the Arab Israeli conflict 34 Ivory Coast 53 Kazakhstan 34 Kenya Kenyan police responding to the 2013 Westgate shopping mall shooting seen armed with AKM and variant rifles 54 Kyrgyzstan 55 Laos 34 Lesotho 34 Liberia 34 Libya 34 Madagascar 34 Mali Armed and Security Forces of Mali 34 Moldova 34 Mongolia 34 Morocco 34 Mozambique 34 Nicaragua 56 Niger 57 better source needed Nigeria 34 North Korea Type 68 variant 34 The variant does not have a rate reducer 27 North Macedonia 34 Panama Used by National Border Service SENAFRONT and National Aeronaval Service SENAN Both Soviet and East German made rifles formerly used by the defunct Panama Defense Forces 58 Pakistan Type 56 variant 34 Peru 34 Paratroopers and military police only Philippines Philippine Army Several units being used by the First Scout Ranger Regiment 59 Palestine Poland Used for training and mobilization Qatar 34 Romania Produced locally as the PM md 63 34 36 Russia 34 Still in limited military and police use 2 Officially replaced in most Russian military units by the AK 74 Some usage mainly in urban environments due to the ability to penetrate heavy cover Rwanda including at least 450 Egyptian supplied Misrs 60 Sao Tome and Principe 34 Serbia Several variants based on the AKM built by Zastava Arms factory most notably the M70 and M70B 61 34 Seychelles 34 Sierra Leone 34 Slovenia 34 Somalia 34 Somaliland 62 South Sudan 40 500 Russian made bought from Ukraine in 2010 used by security forces 63 Sudan 34 Suriname 34 Sweden A small number of AKM s are used by the Swedish Armed Forces for familiarization training 64 but they are not issued to combat units Syria 34 Tajikistan 34 Tanzania 34 Togo 34 Transnistria Turkey 34 Turkmenistan 34 Uganda 65 Lord Resistance Army 66 Ukraine 34 still in limited use officially replaced in most Ukrainian military units by the AK 74 AKMS used by Ukrainian Security Service United Arab Emirates 34 Uzbekistan 34 Venezuela Purchased in 2005 67 Vietnam 34 Russian AKM Chinese Type 56 68 and North Korean Type 68 variants 69 Standard infantry rifle of the Vietnamese Army Yemen 34 Zambia 34 Zimbabwe 34 Former users Edit East Germany Produced locally Examples include the MPi KM fixed stock and MPi KMS 72 side folding stock 4 Grenada 70 Oman used by the Dhofari rebels 71 Panama Used by the disbanded Panama Defense Forces PDF 58 Rhodesia Captured AKM rifles were issued primarily to helicopter crews 72 Soviet Union 2 Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus United States captured rifles were used in Vietnam 73 and other conflicts 74 North Vietnam used by PAVN forces South Vietnam the ARVN were supplied with captured AKM rifles 73 Yugoslavia Several variants based on the AKM built by Zastava Arms factory most notably the M70 and M70B 75 Non state users Edit It is used by many organizations defined as terrorist organizations Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front Received Type 68s in the 1980s 38 Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia 76 Islamic State 77 Conflicts Edit1960s Edit Vietnam War 1955 1975 Laotian Civil War 1959 1975 Portuguese Colonial War 1961 1974 The Troubles Late 1960s 1998 Rhodesian Bush War 1964 1979 South African Border War 1966 1990 Six Day War 1967 Cambodian Civil War 1967 1975 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 1968 1970s Edit Yom Kippur War 1973 78 Ethiopian Civil War 1974 1991 79 Lebanese Civil War 1975 1990 80 Angolan Civil War 1975 2002 81 Nicaraguan Revolution 1978 1990 Chadian Libyan conflict 1978 1987 Kurdish Turkish conflict 1978 present Cambodian Vietnamese War 1978 1989 Sino Vietnamese War 1979 Salvadoran Civil War 1979 1992 Soviet Afghan War 1979 1989 82 Insurgency in Aceh 1976 2005 1980s Edit Iran Iraq War 1980 1988 83 Sri Lankan Civil War 1983 2009 United States invasion of Grenada 1983 70 Lord s Resistance Army insurgency 1987 present First Liberian Civil War 1989 1997 1990s Edit Gulf War 1990 1991 Rwandan Civil War 1990 1994 60 Somali Civil War 1991 present 84 Yugoslav Wars 1991 2001 Georgian Civil War 1991 1993 85 Algerian Civil War 1991 2002 First Chechen War 1994 1996 Eritrean Ethiopian War 1998 2000 Second Liberian Civil War 1999 2003 Second Chechen War 1999 2009 2000s Edit War in Afghanistan 2001 2021 First Ivorian Civil War 2002 2007 Iraq War 2003 2011 War in Darfur 2003 present 86 Mexican Drug War 2006 present Russo Georgian War 2008 Boko Haram insurgency 2009 present 2010s Edit Second Ivorian Civil War 2010 2011 Libyan Civil War 2011 Syrian Civil War 2011 present Central African Republic Civil War 2012 present 87 War in Iraq 2013 2017 Russo Ukrainian War 2014 present Yemeni Civil War 2014 present Insurgency in Cabo Delgado 2017 present 2020s Edit Nagorno Karabakh War 2020 88 2021 Taliban insurgency Tigray War 2020 present Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan clashes 2021 Russian invasion of Ukraine 2022 Gallery Edit An Iranian child soldier holding an AKM in the Iran Iraq War A Kbk AKMS fitted with a MILES laser training device in the hands of a Polish soldier in 1997 Foreground A member of the United States Air Force field qualifying with a USSR AKM in Iraq AKM with NSP 3 night sight and PBS 1 silencer Gold plated assault rifle built by Tabuk in Iraq to the specifications of the AKMS Egyptian soldiers in training with an Egyptian made Maadi A Romanian sub officer with a PM md 65 U S Marine firing an East German MPi KMS 72 An Indian CRPF QRT operator with a Bulgarian AR M1F41 modified with Israeli FAB Defense accessoriesSee also EditComparison of the AK 47 and M16 Saiga semi automatic rifleReferences EditCitations Edit Stott Rob August 15 2013 The AK47 catalog volume 1 Lulu com ISBN 9781300588283 via Google Books a b c d Rottman 2011 p 23 a b c d e f g h IZHMASH JSC official site July 18 2011 Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 a b c Modern Firearms AK 47 AKM Archived 2008 03 06 at the Wayback Machine World guns ru Retrieved on 2014 04 20 Type 2 amp Type 3 AK 47 Archived from the original on 26 October 2016 Retrieved 18 October 2016 Edward Ezell 1 March 1986 The AK47 story evolution of the Kalashnikov weapons Stackpole Books p 36 ISBN 978 0 8117 0916 3 Archived from the original on 11 May 2016 Retrieved 5 January 2016 a b Rottman 2011 p 42 a b Dockery Kevin 2007 Future Weapons p 102 ISBN 0425217507 a b c Ak 47 Technical Description Manual Scribd com 2010 09 30 Archived from the original on 2012 03 28 Retrieved 2012 08 23 A Brief History of the Kalashnikov Magazine Part 1 Metal Magazines tfb com 17 September 2016 Retrieved 2020 01 28 Kalashnikovs 3 of the best PDF Shotgun News magazine Vol 59 Issue no 12 May 2005 Archived PDF from the original on 23 September 2015 Retrieved 10 April 2015 A Brief History of the Kalashnikov Magazine Part 2 Synthetic Magazines tfb com 18 September 2016 Retrieved 2020 01 28 Grezin V M 1969 Elastic characteristics of AG 4S glass reinforced plastic under short time and long time loads Polymer Mechanics 2 2 188 190 Bibcode 1966PoMec 2 188G doi 10 1007 BF00867112 S2CID 135895271 a b Kokalis 49 ficialnyj sajt gruppy predpriyatij IZhMASh Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 Retrieved 2 October 2014 Rifle Evaluation Study Archived 2012 12 01 at the Wayback Machine United States Army Combat Development Command ADA046961 20 Dec 1962 Are kalashnikov magazines as robust as their reputation He tormented a selection of AR magazines last year now he takes on the AK The results you may find surprising Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 Retrieved 2 October 2014 Dockery Kevin 2007 Future Weapons p 102 ISBN 978 0 425 21750 4 a b Dockery Kevin 2007 Future Weapons p 102 a b IZDELIE 1PN51 TEHNIChESKOE OPISANIE I INSTRUKCIYa PO EKSPLUATACII PRODUCT 1PN51 TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION AND OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS in Russian January 1992 pp 11 16 a b IZDELIE 1PN58 TEHNIChESKOE OPISANIE I INSTRUKCIYa PO EKSPLUATACII PRODUCT 1PN58 TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION AND OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS in Russian February 1991 pp 5 12 13 a b c FUSILES DE ASALTO Archived from the original on 2014 04 13 Lộ diện hai mẫu sung cực lạ do Việt Nam sản xuất Archived from the original on 2018 09 27 Retrieved 2018 09 27 a b Vietnam has upgraded Kalashnikov AKM under the name STL 1A weapons defence industry military technology UK analysis focus army defence military industry army Archived from the original on 2018 09 27 Retrieved 2018 09 27 Why General Kalashnikov couldn t sell the AK in India India Today Retrieved 2021 03 12 Miller David 2001 The Illustrated Directory of 20th Century Guns Salamander Books Ltd ISBN 1 84065 245 4 a b US Department of Defense TYPE 68 AKM ASSAULT RIFLE PDF North Korea Country Handbook 1997 Appendix A Equipment Recognition p A 77 Cobb Ralph E 2010 Bayonets of North Korea worldbayonets com Cobb Ralph E 2009 Bayonets of Cuba worldbayonets com Big Mike s Hobby Channel 25 September 2015 AK Comparison SAR 1 vs WASR 10 Archived from the original on 2021 12 21 Retrieved 18 October 2016 via YouTube Century s GP WASR 10 15 October 2013 Archived from the original on 11 October 2016 Retrieved 18 October 2016 TAPCO INTRAFUSE AK G2 Trigger Group Single Archived from the original on 2015 05 16 Retrieved 2016 07 29 Manual on small business 7 62 mm modernized Kalashnikov assault rifle AKM and AKMS 3rd ed Moscow Military Publishing 1983 160 p Ill a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt Jones Richard D Jane s Infantry Weapons 2009 2010 Jane s Information Group 35 edition January 27 2009 ISBN 978 0 7106 2869 5 World Infantry Weapons Brazil Archived from the original on 2 June 2016 a b Personal infantry weapons old weapons or new hardware in the coming decades Free Online Library Archived 2013 09 25 at the Wayback Machine Thefreelibrary com Retrieved on 2014 04 20 Gander Terry J Hogg Ian V Jane s Infantry Weapons 1995 1996 Jane s Information Group 21 edition May 1995 ISBN 978 0 7106 1241 0 a b DPRK s AKs Inside the Shadowy World of North Korean AK Rifles September 11 2018 Rottman 2011 p 60 Maadi Company for Engineering Industries Factory 54 Special Weapons Facilities Egypt Fas org Archived from the original on 2009 04 18 Retrieved 2009 11 20 John Pike 2005 04 27 Maadi Company for Engineering Industries Factory 54 Globalsecurity org Archived from the original on 2009 09 15 Retrieved 2009 11 20 Exhibits Page 16 Avtomats in action com Archived from the original on 25 December 2009 Retrieved 2009 11 20 Jeff Freeman Egyptian Rifles Home comcast net Archived from the original on 2009 02 07 Retrieved 2009 11 20 Search the Small Arms Survey 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Brigade 3rd Battalion prepare to defend a newly adopted base they arrived at a week ago days after the Islamic State militants offensive swept through Iraq Osie Greenway Archived from the original on 2017 08 01 Retrieved 2017 07 04 de Tessieres Savannah April 2012 Enquete nationale sur les armes legeres et de petit calibre en Cote d Ivoire les defis du controle des armes et de la lutte contre la violence armee avant la crise post electorale PDF Report Special Report No 14 in French UNDP Commission Nationale de Lutte contre la Proliferation et la Circulation Illicite des Armes Legeres et de Petit Calibre and Small Arms Survey Archived from the original PDF on 2018 10 09 Retrieved 2018 08 30 Al Shabab gunmen remain holed up in Nairobi mall after deadly shooting america aljazeera com Small Arms Survey 2004 An Anomaly in Central Asia Small Arms in Kyrgyzstan Small Arms Survey 2004 Rights at Risk Oxford University Press p 313 Archived from the original PDF on 2018 08 30 Retrieved 2018 08 29 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31 Retrieved 2018 08 30 Reaching for the gun Arms flows and holdings in South Sudan PDF Sudan Issue Brief 19 April 2011 4 Archived PDF from the original on 24 August 2016 Retrieved 3 January 2019 M16 M16a2 Kalashnikov Ak 47 Utlandska Vapensatsen Archived 2016 04 10 at the Wayback Machine SoldF com Retrieved on 2014 04 20 Scarlata Paul July 2013 The military rifle cartridges of Uganda from Arabs to Amin Shotgun News Archived from the original on 2018 11 24 Retrieved 2018 11 24 Small Arms Survey 2006 Fuelling Fear The Lord s Resistance Army and Small Arms Small Arms Survey 2006 Unfinished Business Oxford University Press p 283 ISBN 978 0 19 929848 8 Archived from the original PDF on 2018 08 30 Retrieved 2018 08 29 Pike John Venezuela Ground Forces or Army Fuerzas Terrestres or Ejercito Archived from the original on 10 July 2015 Retrieved 18 October 2016 Rottman Gordon L 10 Feb 2009 North Vietnamese Army Soldier 1958 75 Warrior 135 Osprey Publishing p 28 ISBN 9781846033711 US Department 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the North Caucasus www calibreobscura com October 28 2018 Retrieved October 23 2021 David Campbell 2016 Israeli Soldier vs Syrian Soldier Golan Heights 1967 73 Combat 18 illustrated by Johnny Shumate Osprey Publishing p 78 ISBN 9781472813305 Archived from the original on 2018 09 30 Retrieved 2018 09 30 Scarlata Paul March 1 2009 Ethiopian military rifle cartridges Part 2 from Mauser to Kalashnikov Shotgun News Archived from the original on November 24 2018 Retrieved November 24 2018 Thompson Leroy MacSwan Ken 1985 Uniforms of the Soldiers of Fortune Poole Blandford Press p 145 ISBN 9780713713282 McNab 2002 pp 18 50 Campbell David 30 Nov 2017 Soviet Paratrooper vs Mujahideen Fighter Afghanistan 1979 89 Combat 29 Osprey Publishing pp 21 22 ISBN 9781472817648 McNab 2002 p 138 Small Arms Survey 2012 Surveying the Battlefield Illicit Arms In Afghanistan Iraq and Somalia Small Arms Survey 2012 Moving Targets Cambridge University Press p 338 ISBN 978 0 521 19714 4 Archived from the original PDF on 2018 08 31 Retrieved 2018 08 30 Small Arms Survey 2003 Dangerous Supply Small Arms and Conflict in the Republic of Georgia Small Arms Survey 2003 Development Denied Oxford University Press p 197 Archived from the original PDF on 2018 08 29 Retrieved 2018 08 29 Small Arms Survey 2009 Revealing Provenance Weapons Tracing during and after Conflict Small Arms Survey 2009 Shadows of War Cambridge University Press p 111 ISBN 978 0 521 88041 1 Archived from the original PDF on 2018 08 30 Retrieved 2018 08 30 Touchard Laurent 17 December 2013 Centrafrique le Soudan a t il arme les ex Seleka Jeune Afrique in French Archived from the original on 30 January 2019 Retrieved 29 January 2019 Bhadrakumar M K October 6 2020 A tour of Transcaucasia s troubles Asia Times Cited sources Edit Rottman Gordon 24 May 2011 The AK 47 Kalashnikov series assault rifles Osprey Publishing ISBN 978 1 84908 835 0 External links Edit Media related to AKM at Wikimedia Commons Modern Firearms article Na zamenu AK 47 Yurij Ponomaryov in Russian AKM rate reducer and full auto sear functional routine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title AKM amp oldid 1152261197, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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