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National Autonomous University of Mexico

March 16, 2023

"University of Mexico" and "UNAM" redirect here. For the earlier institution with this name, see Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico. For other uses, see UNAM (disambiguation).

The National Autonomous University of Mexico (Spanish: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM) is a public research university in Mexico. It is consistently ranked as one of the best universities in Latin America,[10][11][12] where it's also the biggest in terms of enrollment.[13] A portion of UNAM's main campus in Mexico City, known as Ciudad Universitaria (University City), is a UNESCO World Heritage site that was designed by some of Mexico's best-known architects of the 20th century and hosted the 1968 Summer Olympic Games. Murals in the main campus were painted by some of the most recognized artists in Mexican history, such as Diego Rivera and David Alfaro Siqueiros. With acceptance rates usually below 10%, UNAM is also known for its competitive admission process.[14] All Mexican Nobel laureates are either alumni or faculty of UNAM.[15]

National Autonomous University of Mexico
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Official seal of the University, designed by rector José Vasconcelos
Latin: Universitas Nationalis Autonoma Mexici
Former name
Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico
MottoPor mi raza hablará el espíritu
Motto in English
"Through my race shall the spirit speak"
TypePublic university
EstablishedOriginally established on 21 September 1551, reopened on 22 September 1910[1][2][3][4][5][6]
EndowmentUS$2.4 billion (2012)[7]
RectorEnrique Graue Wiechers
Academic staff
41,318 (as of 2019)[8]
Students356,530 (2011–2018 academic year)[8]
Undergraduates213,004 (as of 2018)[8]
Postgraduates30,089 (as of 2018)[8]
Location
Mexico City
,
Mexico

19°19′44″N 99°11′14″W / 19.32889°N 99.18722°W / 19.32889; -99.18722Coordinates: 19°19′44″N 99°11′14″W / 19.32889°N 99.18722°W / 19.32889; -99.18722
CampusUrban, 7.3 km2 (2.8 sq mi), main campus only
Colors   Blue and gold
Sporting affiliations
41 varsity teams[9]
MascotPuma
Websiteenglish.unam.mx
Official nameCentral University City Campus of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM)
TypeCultural
Criteriai, ii, iv
Designated2007 (31st session)
Reference no.1250
RegionLatin America and the Caribbean

UNAM was founded, in its modern form, on 22 September 1910 by Justo Sierra[1][2][3][4] as a secular alternative to its predecessor, the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico (the first Western-style university in North America, founded in 1551).[16][17] UNAM obtained administrative autonomy from the government in 1929. This has given the university the freedom to define its own curriculum and manage its own budget without government interference. This has had a profound effect on academic life at the university, which some claim boosts academic freedom and independence.[18] UNAM was also the birthplace of the student movement of 1968.[19]

History

 
Justo Sierra, founder of the National University of Mexico in its current incarnation.
 
Joaquín Eguía Lis, the university's first rector.

Its founding goes back to 1551, when Charles I, king of Spain (Charles V, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire) decreed the foundation of the University of Mexico.[20] The university was renamed on 22 September 1910 by Justo Sierra,[1][2][3][4] then minister of education in the Porfirio Díaz regime, who sought to create a very different institution from its 19th-century precursor, the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico, which had been founded on 21 September 1551 by a royal decree signed by Crown Prince Phillip II on behalf of Charles I of Spain[21] and brought to a definitive closure in 1865 by Maximilian I of Mexico.[22][23] Instead of reviving what he saw as an anachronistic institution with strong ties to the Roman Catholic Church,[24] he aimed to merge and expand Mexico City's decentralized colleges of higher education (including former faculties of the old university) and create a new university, secular in nature and national in scope, that could reorganize higher education within the country, serve as a model of positivism and encompass the ideas of the dominant Mexican liberalism.[2]

The project initially unified the Fine Arts, Business, Political Science, Jurisprudence, Engineering, Medicine, Normal, and the National Preparatory schools;[25] its first rector was Joaquin Eguía y Lis.[26]

The new university's challenges were mostly political, due to the ongoing Mexican Revolution and the fact that the federal government had direct control over the university's policies and curriculum; some resisted its establishment on philosophical grounds. This opposition led to disruptions in the function of the university when political instability forced resignations in the government, including that of President Díaz. Internally, the first student strike occurred in 1912 to protest examination methods introduced by the director of the School of Jurisprudence, Luis Cabrera Lobato. By July of that year, a majority of the law students decided to abandon the university and join the newly created Free School of Law.[26]

In 1914 initial efforts to gain autonomy for the university failed.[26] In 1920, José Vasconcelos became rector. In 1921, he created the school's coat-of-arms: the image of an eagle and a condor surrounding a map of Latin America, from Mexico's northern border to Tierra del Fuego, and the motto, "The Spirit shall speak for my people". Efforts to gain autonomy for the university continued in the early 1920s. In the mid-1920s, the second wave of student strikes opposed a new grading system. The strikes included major classroom walkouts in the law school and confrontation with police at the medical school. The striking students were supported by many professors and subsequent negotiations eventually led to autonomy for the university. The institution was no longer a dependency of the Secretariat of Public Education; the university rector became the final authority, eliminating much of the confusing overlap in authority.[27]

During the early 1930s, the rector of UNAM was Manuel Gómez Morín. The government attempted to implement socialist education at Mexican universities, which Gómez Morín, many professors, and Catholics opposed as an infringement on academic freedom. Gómez Morín with the support of the Jesuit-founded student group, the Unión Nacional de Estudiantes Católicos, successfully fought against socialist education. UNAM supported the recognition of the academic certificates by Catholic preparatory schools, which validated their educational function. UNAM played an important role in the founding of the Jesuit institution in 1943, the Universidad Iberoamericana in 1943.[28] However, UNAM opposed initiatives at the Universidad Iberoamericana in later years, opposing the establishment of majors in industrial relations and communications.[29]

In 1943 initial decisions were made to move the university from the various buildings it occupied in the city center to a new and consolidated university campus; the new Ciudad Universitaria (lit. University City) would be in San Ángel, to the south of the city.[30] The first stone laid was that of the faculty of Sciences, the first building of Ciudad Universitaria. President Miguel Alemán Valdés participated in the ceremony on 20 November 1952. The University Olympic Stadium was inaugurated on the same day. In 1957 the Doctorate Council was created to regulate and organize graduate studies.[31]

 
View of the Central Library, circa 1974.

Another major student strike, again over examination regulations, occurred in 1966. Students invaded the rectorate and forced the rector to resign. The Board of Regents did not accept this resignation, so the professors went on strike, paralyzing the university and forcing the Board's acceptance. In the summer, violent outbreaks occurred on a number of the campuses of the university's affiliated preparatory schools; police took over several high school campuses, with injuries.

Students at UNAM, along with other Mexico City universities, mobilized in what has come to be called Mexico 68, protests against the 1968 Mexico City Olympics, but also a whole array of political and social tensions. During August 1968, protests formed on the main campus against the police actions on the main campus and in the center of the city. The protests grew into a student movement that demanded the resignation of the police chief, among other things. More protests followed in September, gaining frequency and numbers. During a meeting of the student leaders, the army fired on the Chihuahua building in Tlatelolco, where the student organization supposedly was. In the Tlatelolco massacre, the police action resulted in many dead, wounded, and detained. Protests continued on after that. Only ten days later, the 1968 Olympic Games opened at the University Stadium. The university was shut down for the duration.[32]

The 1970s and 1980s saw the opening of satellite campuses in other parts of Mexico and nearby areas, to decentralize the system. There were some minor student strikes, mostly concerning grading and tuition.[33][34]

The last major student strike at the university occurred in 1999–2000 when students shut down the campus for almost a year to protest a proposal to charge students the equivalent of US$150 per semester for those who could afford it. Referendums were held by both the university and the strikers, but neither side accepted the others' results. Acting on a judge's order, the police stormed the buildings held by strikers on 7 February 2000, putting an end to the strike.[35][36][37]

In 2009 the university was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities[38] and began the celebration of its centennial anniversary with several activities that will last until 2011.[39]

The UNAM has actively included minorities into different educational fields, as in technology.[40][41][42][43] In 2016, the university adopted United Nations platforms throughout all of its campuses to support and empower women.[44][45][46]

Seal

The university logo was designed by José Vasconcelos in 1920, a prolific ideologue of pan-American identity and Mexican culture in particular. As rector of the university, he expressed the importance of ending the oppression and the bloody confrontations of yesteryear, with the new battlefields being those of culture and education, as means to achieve a new era of unification of Latin Americans. He imprinted this vision in the university seal, featuring a Mexican eagle and an Andean condor, forming a double-headed eagle supported by an allegory of volcanoes and cacti (a reference to the foundational myth of Tenochtitlan). In the central part of the shield is the map of Latin America, which goes from the northern border of Mexico to Cape Horn. Framing this map is the phrase "For my people the spirit shall speak." In the upper part of the seal there is a ribbon that says "National Autonomous University of Mexico".

Motto

The motto that animates the National University, "For my people the spirit shall speak", reveals the humanistic vocation with which it was conceived. The author of this famous phrase, José Vasconcelos, assumed the rectory in 1920, within the framework of the Latin American University Reform, and at a time when the hopes of the Mexican Revolution were still alive; There was a great faith in the homeland, and the redemptive spirit extended into the environment. It "means in this motto the conviction that our race will elaborate a culture of new tendencies, of spiritual and free essence," explained the "Master of America" when presenting the proposal. Later, he would specify: "I imagined the university shield that I presented to the Council, roughly and with a legend: 'For my people the spirit shall speak', pretending to mean that we woke up from a long night of oppression" [47]

Imagotype

On April 20, 1974, the then rector Guillermo Soberón Acevedo presented the new sport's emblem of the UNAM in the Auditorium of the Faculty of Sciences. The university commissioned the design to Manuel Andrade Rodríguez, as part of the renovation of the General Directorate of Sports and Recreation Activities. The image was chosen among 16 works, and required more than 800 sketches.[48]

The image type consists of the face of a puma in gold, made from the silhouette of a closed fist, on a blue triangle with rounded corners. In turn, this triangle expresses the three fundamental pillars of the university: Education, Research and the Diffusion of Culture.

The emblem of the puma serves as a seal for the sports teams of the university. In 2013, the British newspaper The Guardian included it in a list of one of the most remarkable club logos in football soccer.[49]

Campuses

University City

Main article: University City of Mexico
 
General view of the main campus (University City) in Mexico City.

"Ciudad Universitaria" (University City) is UNAM's main campus, located within the Coyoacán borough in the southern part of Mexico City. The construction of UNAM's central campus was the original idea of two students from the National School of Architecture in 1928: Mauricio De Maria y Campos[50] and Marcial Gutiérrez Camarena. It was designed by architects Mario Pani, Armando Franco Rovira, Enrique del Moral, Eugenio Peschard, Ernesto Gómez Gallardo Argüelles, Domingo García Ramos, and others such as Mauricio De Maria y Campos who always showed great interest in participating in the project. Architects De Maria y Campos, Del Moral, and Pani were given the responsibility as directors and coordinators to assign each architect to each selected building or constructions which enclose the Estadio Olímpico Universitario, about 40 schools and institutes, the Cultural Center, an ecological reserve, the Central Library, and a few museums. It was built during the 1950s on an ancient solidified lava bed to replace the scattered buildings in downtown Mexico City, where classes were given. It was completed in 1954, and is almost a separate region within Mexico City, with its own regulations, councils, and police (to some extent), in a more fundamental way than most universities around the world.

In June 2007, its main campus, Ciudad Universitaria, was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[51]

Satellite campuses

 
Gardens of the School of Higher Studies, (FES) Aragón campus.

Apart from University City (Ciudad Universitaria), UNAM has several campuses in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City (Acatlán, Aragón, Cuautitlán, Iztacala, and Zaragoza), as well as many others in several locations across Mexico (in Santiago de Querétaro, Morelia, Mérida, Sisal, Ensenada, Cuernavaca, Temixco and Leon), mainly aimed at research and graduate studies. Its School of Music, formerly the National School of Music, is located in Coyoacán. Its Center of Teaching for Foreigners has a campus in Taxco, in the southern Mexican state of Guerrero, focusing in Spanish language and Mexican culture for foreigners, as well as locations in the upscale neighborhood of [Polanco] in central Mexico City.[52][53][54]

The university has extension schools in the United States, and Canada, focusing on the Spanish language, English language, Mexican culture, and, in the case of UNAM Canada, French language: UNAM San Antonio, Texas; UNAM Los Angeles, California; UNAM Chicago, Illinois; Gatineau, Quebec; and Seattle, Washington.[55]

It operates Centers for Mexican Studies and/or Centers of Teaching for Foreigners in Beijing, China (jointly with the Beijing Foreign Studies University); Madrid, Spain (jointly with the Cervantes Institute); San Jose, Costa Rica (jointly with the University of Costa Rica); London, United Kingdom (with King's College London);[56] Paris, France (jointly with Paris-Sorbonne University); and Northridge, California, United States (jointly with California State University Northridge).

Museums and buildings of interest

Palacio de Minería

 
Colegio de Minería (College of Mining) building on Tacuba street in the historic center of Mexico City.
 
University Museum of Modern Art (MUAC).

Under the care of the School of Engineering, UNAM, the Colonial Palace of Mining is located in the historical center of Mexico City. Formerly the School of Engineering, it has three floors, and hosts the International Book Expo ("Feria Internacional del Libro" or "FIL") and the International Day of Computing Security Congress ("DISC"). It also has a permanent exhibition of historical books, mostly topographical and naturalist works of 19th-century Mexican scientists, in the former library of the School of Engineers. It also contains several exhibitions related to mining, the prime engineering occupation during the Spanish colonization. It is considered to be one of the most significant examples of Mexican architecture of its period, conceived by Manuel Tolsa during de Spanish colonial rule in a neoclassical style (18th century).

It hosts every year one of Mexico's top book fairs, known in spanish as Feria Internacional del Libro de Palacio de Mineria. Which is more than 40 years old and has each year more than 100,000 attendants. [57]

Casa del Lago

The House of the Lake, in Chapultepec Park, is a place devoted to cultural activities, including dancing, theater, and ballet. It also serves as a meeting place for university-related organizations and committees.

National Biodiversity Pavillion

Main article: National_Biodiversity_Pavilion

Opened in 2021, with the sponsorship of Carlos Slim,[58] the museum hosts a number of permanent exhibits which consist mostly on samples of local flora and fauna from Mexico.

Museum of San Ildefonso

Main article: San Ildefonso College

This museum and cultural center is considered to be the birthplace of the Mexican muralism movement.[59][60] San Ildefonso began as a prestigious Jesuit boarding school, and after the Reform War, it gained educational prestige again as National Preparatory School, which was closely linked to the founding of UNAM. This school, and the building, closed completely in 1978, then reopened as a museum and cultural center in 1994, administered jointly by UNAM, the National Council for Culture and Arts and the government of the Federal District of Mexico City. The museum has permanent and temporary art and archaeological exhibitions, in addition to the many murals painted on its walls by José Clemente Orozco, Diego Rivera and others.[61][62] The complex is located between San Ildefonso Street and Justo Sierra Street in the historic center of Mexico City.[59]

Chopo University Museum

Main article: Chopo University Museum

The Chopo University Museum possesses an artistic architecture, large crystal panels and two iron towers designed by Gustave Eiffel. It opened with part of the collection of the now-defunct Public Museum of Natural History, Archeology and History, which eventually became the National Museum of Cultures.[63] It served the National Museum of Natural History for almost 50 years, and is now devoted to the temporary exhibitions of visual arts.

Museo Experimental El Eco

Main article: Museo Experimental El Eco

The Museo Experimental El Eco is one of the two buildings by German modern artist Mathias Goeritz and an example of Emotional architecture. Goeritz was a close collaborator of architect Luis Barragán and author of several public sculptures including the Torres de Satélite. The building was acquired and renovated by the National University in 2004 and since 2005 it exhibits contemporary art and a yearly architecture competition Pabellón Eco.

National Astronomical Observatory

Main article: National Astronomical Observatory (Mexico)

The National Astronomical Observatory is located in the Sierra San Pedro Mártir mountain range in Baja California, about 130 km south of United States-Mexican border. It has been in operation since 1970, and it currently has three large reflecting telescopes.

Nobel laureates

All three of Mexico's Nobel laureates are alumni of UNAM:

In addition, eleven faculty of UNAM have taken part of the Nobel Peace Prize (Ana María Cetto twice), in 1995, 2005 and 2007; as members of the Pugwash Conference, the International Atomic Energy Agency and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.[64][65]

Noted faculty

See also Category:National Autonomous University of Mexico faculty
 
Science museum, UNIVERSUM.
 
Landscape in school.

Noted alumni

 
Square of the Student. Faculty of Higher Education (FES) Aragón. One of the five UNAM campuses in Greater Mexico City.
See also Category:National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni

World heads of state

Politicians

Diplomats

Artists, writers, and humanists

 
The Conquest of Energy by José Chávez Morado.

Physicians and surgeons

Scientists

Business people

Athletes

Organization

 
Gardens at the School of Engineering.
 
School of Sciences.
 
School of Chemistry.

UNAM is organized in schools or colleges, rather than departments. Both undergraduate and graduate studies are available. UNAM is also responsible for the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria (ENP) (National Preparatory School), and the Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades (CCH) (Science and Humanities College), which consist of several high schools, in Mexico City. Counting ENEP, CCH, FES (Facultad de Estudios Superiores), higher-secondary, undergraduate and graduate students, UNAM has over 324,413 students, making it one of the world's largest universities.[8]

Schools and colleges

UNAM has a set of schools covering different academic fields such as "engineering" or "law". All of UNAM's schools offer undergraduate and graduate studies (master's degrees and PhDs). However, the schools that UNAM calls "national schools" only offer undergraduate studies, as this type of school is mainly focused on practical experience. This is the case of the National School of Nursing and Obstetrics, and the National School of Social Work.[74]

List of schools, and institutes

Open University and Distance Education System

The Open University and Distance Education System or "Sistema de Universidad Abierta y Educación a Distancia" (SUAyED) is an alternative to the university's on-campus education. The open education programs require on-campus assistance at least one in every 15 days, usually on Saturdays (semi-presence). The distance education programs are entirely online using content provided through online platforms where students, teachers, and peers communicate online. About 32,000 of UNAM's students are enrolled in open or distance programs.[75]

SUAyED offers bachelor and postgraduate degrees.

Research

 
Vessel for oceanography research.

UNAM has excelled in many areas of research. For instance, it was recognized by UNESCO as producing globally some of the most impactful research on Artificial Intelligence.[76] The university houses many of Mexico's premiere research institutions. UNAM is currently recognized as one of the most international research universities in Latin America.[77] In recent years, it has attracted students and hired professional scientists from all over the world, most notably from Europe, India, and the United States, creating a unique and diverse scientific community.[78][79][80][81]

Scientific research at UNAM is divided between faculties, institutes, centers, and schools, and covers a range of disciplines in Latin America. Some notable UNAM institutes include the Institute of Astronomy, the Institute of Biotechnology, the Institute of Nuclear Sciences, the Institute of Ecology, the Institute of Physics, Institute of Renewable Energies, the Institute of Cell Physiology, the Institute of Geophysics, the Institute of Engineering, the Institute of Materials Research, the Institute of Chemistry, the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, and the Applied Mathematics and Systems Research Institute.

Research centers tend to focus on multidisciplinary problems particularly relevant to Mexico and the developing world, most notably, the Center for Applied Sciences and Technological Development, which focuses on connecting the sciences to real-world problems (e.g., optics, nanosciences), and Center for Energy Research, which conducts world-class research in alternative energies.

All research centers are open to students from around the world. The UNAM holds a number of programs for students within the country, using scientific internships to encourage research in the country.

UNAM currently installed its first supercomputer Sirio (Cray Y/MP) in 1991. Since 2013 it operates a supercomputer named Miztli (HP) for scientific research.

Students and faculty

Sports, clubs, and traditions

Professional football club

 
UNAM's present-day Pumas football team. The team was originally created for alumni.
 
A view of university's University Olympic Stadium.

UNAM's football club, Club Universidad Nacional, participates in Liga MX, the top division of Mexican football. The club became two-time consecutive champions of the Apertura, and the Clausura in 2004. Their home ground is the Estadio Olímpico Universitario.

Pumas volleyball team

UNAM's volleyball team, Pumas, has had great success on a national and international level.[82] The manager for Mexico's representative volleyball team is from Pumas, and several players representing Mexico are also UNAM students and alumni. They played in the Olympics at Rio.

Cultural traditions

The university has an annual tradition to make a large display of Day of the Dead offerings (Spanish: ofrenda) all over the main square of Ciudad Universitaria. Each school builds an offering, and in the center, there is usually a large offering made according to a theme corresponding to the festivities of the university for that year.[83]

Political activism

UNAM students and professors are regarded throughout Mexico as politically very active, generally speaking. Since 2000, a small building at the School of Humanities (near the central library) has been effectively under the control of an anarcho-communist student group, who renamed the place from "Justo Sierra Auditorium" to "Che Guevara Auditorium".[84] While most of its students usually adhere to left-wing political ideologies and movements, the university has also produced several prominent right-wing and neoliberal politicians and businessmen, such as President Carlos Salinas de Gortari, catholic rector Manuel Gómez Morín and magnate Carlos Slim.

UNAM's history has made it a strong advocate of minorities, especially women in tech. The school of engineering has organized along with Google some of the largest all Latina Hackathons.[40] UNAM along with Google has organized large scale Latina Hackathons.[41]

Student associations

The UNAM contains several associations of current students and alumni that provide extra-curricular activities to the whole community, enriching the university's activities with cultural, social, and scientific events.

See also

  • XHUNAM-TV ("Teveunam", UNAM's educational and cultural television channel)
  • DGSCA (Dirección General de Servicios de Cómputo Académico, Hub of Computer Sciences/Engineering in UNAM)
  • Mexican Law Review

References

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  2. ^ a b c d Justo Sierra (1910-09-22). (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-03. ¿Tenemos una historia? No. La Universidad mexicana que nace hoy no tiene árbol genealógico
  3. ^ a b c Annick Lempérière. (PDF) (in Spanish). University of Paris I. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-03. La universidad soñada por Justo Sierra, ministro de Instrucción Pública, última creación duradera del régimen porfirista, se inauguró al mismo tiempo que la Escuela Nacional de Altos Estudios, que debía ceder su lugar a las humanidades, junto a los programas científicos de los cursos porfiristas. El discurso inaugural de Sierra iba a tono con el espíritu de las celebraciones. La universidad naciente no tenía nada en común, insistía, con la que la precedió: no tenía 'antecesores', sino 'precursores'.
  4. ^ a b c Javier Garciadiego. (PDF) (in Spanish). El Colegio de México. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-17. El mayor esfuerzo en la vida de Sierra fue, precisamente, revertir tal postura; así, se afanó obsesivamente en crear una universidad de ese tipo, pues era la institución que mejor encabezaba "los esfuerzos colectivos de la sociedad moderna para emanciparse integralmente del espíritu viejo". Al margen de numerosas diferencias sustanciales con los liberales, los positivistas, que dominaron el sistema nacional de instrucción pública superior desde 1865, también eran contrarios al establecimiento de una universidad, tanto por conveniencias políticas como por principios doctrinales. Esto hace más admirable el esfuerzo de don Justo, pues era un miembro destacado —canonizado, dice O'Gorman— del grupo de positivistas mexicanos. Su lucha no fue sólo pedagógica sino también política. Si bien no se puede coincidir con [Edmundo] O'Gorman respecto al carácter de Sierra como jerarca del positivismo mexicano, pues siempre fue cuestionado por los más ortodoxos como un pensador ecléctico, falto de disciplina, es de compartirse la admiración que profesa a don Justo, pues su lucha por la fundación de la Universidad Nacional implicó serios distanciamientos de sus principales compañeros políticos e intelectuales, ya fueran liberales o positivistas.
  5. ^ Manuel López de la Parra. (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2009-02-01. "Ciertamente no ha transcendido el hecho de que la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; autónoma desde 1929, está próxima a cumplir su primer centenario de vida académica, pues fue inaugurada el 22 de septiembre de 1910, en ocasión de los festejos del primer centenario del inicio de la Revolución de Independencia durante los últimos tiempos del Gobierno de don Porfirio Díaz, y con base en un proyecto elaborado por don Justo Sierra, por entonces, secretario de Instrucción Pública y Bellas Artes con la participación técnica de don Ezequiel A. Chávez, de acuerdo con el modelo típico de las universidades europeas, precisamente con mucho de la Universidad de París; por ese entonces la influencia europea estaba presente, y en especial, la cultura francesa.
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Bibliography

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External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Autonomous University of Mexico.
  • UNAM | Portal UNAM Official website] |(English version): [2]

March 16, 2023
national, autonomous, university, mexico, university, mexico, unam, redirect, here, earlier, institution, with, this, name, royal, pontifical, university, mexico, other, uses, unam, disambiguation, spanish, universidad, nacional, autónoma, méxico, unam, public. University of Mexico and UNAM redirect here For the earlier institution with this name see Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico For other uses see UNAM disambiguation The National Autonomous University of Mexico Spanish Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico UNAM is a public research university in Mexico It is consistently ranked as one of the best universities in Latin America 10 11 12 where it s also the biggest in terms of enrollment 13 A portion of UNAM s main campus in Mexico City known as Ciudad Universitaria University City is a UNESCO World Heritage site that was designed by some of Mexico s best known architects of the 20th century and hosted the 1968 Summer Olympic Games Murals in the main campus were painted by some of the most recognized artists in Mexican history such as Diego Rivera and David Alfaro Siqueiros With acceptance rates usually below 10 UNAM is also known for its competitive admission process 14 All Mexican Nobel laureates are either alumni or faculty of UNAM 15 National Autonomous University of MexicoUniversidad Nacional Autonoma de MexicoOfficial seal of the University designed by rector Jose VasconcelosLatin Universitas Nationalis Autonoma MexiciFormer nameRoyal and Pontifical University of MexicoMottoPor mi raza hablara el espirituMotto in English Through my race shall the spirit speak TypePublic universityEstablishedOriginally established on 21 September 1551 reopened on 22 September 1910 1 2 3 4 5 6 EndowmentUS 2 4 billion 2012 7 RectorEnrique Graue WiechersAcademic staff41 318 as of 2019 update 8 Students356 530 2011 2018 academic year update 8 Undergraduates213 004 as of 2018 update 8 Postgraduates30 089 as of 2018 update 8 LocationMexico City Mexico19 19 44 N 99 11 14 W 19 32889 N 99 18722 W 19 32889 99 18722 Coordinates 19 19 44 N 99 11 14 W 19 32889 N 99 18722 W 19 32889 99 18722CampusUrban 7 3 km2 2 8 sq mi main campus onlyColors Blue and goldSporting affiliations41 varsity teams 9 MascotPumaWebsiteenglish wbr unam wbr mxUNESCO World Heritage SiteOfficial nameCentral University City Campus of the National Autonomous University of Mexico UNAM TypeCulturalCriteriai ii ivDesignated2007 31st session Reference no 1250RegionLatin America and the CaribbeanUNAM was founded in its modern form on 22 September 1910 by Justo Sierra 1 2 3 4 as a secular alternative to its predecessor the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico the first Western style university in North America founded in 1551 16 17 UNAM obtained administrative autonomy from the government in 1929 This has given the university the freedom to define its own curriculum and manage its own budget without government interference This has had a profound effect on academic life at the university which some claim boosts academic freedom and independence 18 UNAM was also the birthplace of the student movement of 1968 19 Contents 1 History 2 Seal 2 1 Motto 2 2 Imagotype 3 Campuses 3 1 University City 3 2 Satellite campuses 3 3 Museums and buildings of interest 3 3 1 Palacio de Mineria 3 3 2 Casa del Lago 3 3 3 National Biodiversity Pavillion 3 3 4 Museum of San Ildefonso 3 3 5 Chopo University Museum 3 3 6 Museo Experimental El Eco 3 3 7 National Astronomical Observatory 4 Nobel laureates 5 Noted faculty 6 Noted alumni 6 1 World heads of state 6 2 Politicians 6 3 Diplomats 6 4 Artists writers and humanists 6 5 Physicians and surgeons 6 6 Scientists 6 7 Business people 6 8 Athletes 7 Organization 7 1 Schools and colleges 7 2 List of schools and institutes 7 3 Open University and Distance Education System 8 Research 9 Students and faculty 9 1 Sports clubs and traditions 9 1 1 Professional football club 9 1 2 Pumas volleyball team 9 1 3 Cultural traditions 9 2 Political activism 9 3 Student associations 10 See also 11 References 11 1 Bibliography 12 External linksHistory Edit Justo Sierra founder of the National University of Mexico in its current incarnation Joaquin Eguia Lis the university s first rector Its founding goes back to 1551 when Charles I king of Spain Charles V emperor of the Holy Roman Empire decreed the foundation of the University of Mexico 20 The university was renamed on 22 September 1910 by Justo Sierra 1 2 3 4 then minister of education in the Porfirio Diaz regime who sought to create a very different institution from its 19th century precursor the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico which had been founded on 21 September 1551 by a royal decree signed by Crown Prince Phillip II on behalf of Charles I of Spain 21 and brought to a definitive closure in 1865 by Maximilian I of Mexico 22 23 Instead of reviving what he saw as an anachronistic institution with strong ties to the Roman Catholic Church 24 he aimed to merge and expand Mexico City s decentralized colleges of higher education including former faculties of the old university and create a new university secular in nature and national in scope that could reorganize higher education within the country serve as a model of positivism and encompass the ideas of the dominant Mexican liberalism 2 The project initially unified the Fine Arts Business Political Science Jurisprudence Engineering Medicine Normal and the National Preparatory schools 25 its first rector was Joaquin Eguia y Lis 26 The new university s challenges were mostly political due to the ongoing Mexican Revolution and the fact that the federal government had direct control over the university s policies and curriculum some resisted its establishment on philosophical grounds This opposition led to disruptions in the function of the university when political instability forced resignations in the government including that of President Diaz Internally the first student strike occurred in 1912 to protest examination methods introduced by the director of the School of Jurisprudence Luis Cabrera Lobato By July of that year a majority of the law students decided to abandon the university and join the newly created Free School of Law 26 In 1914 initial efforts to gain autonomy for the university failed 26 In 1920 Jose Vasconcelos became rector In 1921 he created the school s coat of arms the image of an eagle and a condor surrounding a map of Latin America from Mexico s northern border to Tierra del Fuego and the motto The Spirit shall speak for my people Efforts to gain autonomy for the university continued in the early 1920s In the mid 1920s the second wave of student strikes opposed a new grading system The strikes included major classroom walkouts in the law school and confrontation with police at the medical school The striking students were supported by many professors and subsequent negotiations eventually led to autonomy for the university The institution was no longer a dependency of the Secretariat of Public Education the university rector became the final authority eliminating much of the confusing overlap in authority 27 During the early 1930s the rector of UNAM was Manuel Gomez Morin The government attempted to implement socialist education at Mexican universities which Gomez Morin many professors and Catholics opposed as an infringement on academic freedom Gomez Morin with the support of the Jesuit founded student group the Union Nacional de Estudiantes Catolicos successfully fought against socialist education UNAM supported the recognition of the academic certificates by Catholic preparatory schools which validated their educational function UNAM played an important role in the founding of the Jesuit institution in 1943 the Universidad Iberoamericana code spa promoted to code es in 1943 28 However UNAM opposed initiatives at the Universidad Iberoamericana code spa promoted to code es in later years opposing the establishment of majors in industrial relations and communications 29 In 1943 initial decisions were made to move the university from the various buildings it occupied in the city center to a new and consolidated university campus the new Ciudad Universitaria code spa promoted to code es lit University City would be in San Angel to the south of the city 30 The first stone laid was that of the faculty of Sciences the first building of Ciudad Universitaria code spa promoted to code es President Miguel Aleman Valdes participated in the ceremony on 20 November 1952 The University Olympic Stadium was inaugurated on the same day In 1957 the Doctorate Council was created to regulate and organize graduate studies 31 View of the Central Library circa 1974 Another major student strike again over examination regulations occurred in 1966 Students invaded the rectorate and forced the rector to resign The Board of Regents did not accept this resignation so the professors went on strike paralyzing the university and forcing the Board s acceptance In the summer violent outbreaks occurred on a number of the campuses of the university s affiliated preparatory schools police took over several high school campuses with injuries Students at UNAM along with other Mexico City universities mobilized in what has come to be called Mexico 68 protests against the 1968 Mexico City Olympics but also a whole array of political and social tensions During August 1968 protests formed on the main campus against the police actions on the main campus and in the center of the city The protests grew into a student movement that demanded the resignation of the police chief among other things More protests followed in September gaining frequency and numbers During a meeting of the student leaders the army fired on the Chihuahua building in Tlatelolco where the student organization supposedly was In the Tlatelolco massacre the police action resulted in many dead wounded and detained Protests continued on after that Only ten days later the 1968 Olympic Games opened at the University Stadium The university was shut down for the duration 32 The 1970s and 1980s saw the opening of satellite campuses in other parts of Mexico and nearby areas to decentralize the system There were some minor student strikes mostly concerning grading and tuition 33 34 The last major student strike at the university occurred in 1999 2000 when students shut down the campus for almost a year to protest a proposal to charge students the equivalent of US 150 per semester for those who could afford it Referendums were held by both the university and the strikers but neither side accepted the others results Acting on a judge s order the police stormed the buildings held by strikers on 7 February 2000 putting an end to the strike 35 36 37 In 2009 the university was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities 38 and began the celebration of its centennial anniversary with several activities that will last until 2011 39 The UNAM has actively included minorities into different educational fields as in technology 40 41 42 43 In 2016 the university adopted United Nations platforms throughout all of its campuses to support and empower women 44 45 46 Seal EditThe university logo was designed by Jose Vasconcelos in 1920 a prolific ideologue of pan American identity and Mexican culture in particular As rector of the university he expressed the importance of ending the oppression and the bloody confrontations of yesteryear with the new battlefields being those of culture and education as means to achieve a new era of unification of Latin Americans He imprinted this vision in the university seal featuring a Mexican eagle and an Andean condor forming a double headed eagle supported by an allegory of volcanoes and cacti a reference to the foundational myth of Tenochtitlan In the central part of the shield is the map of Latin America which goes from the northern border of Mexico to Cape Horn Framing this map is the phrase For my people the spirit shall speak In the upper part of the seal there is a ribbon that says National Autonomous University of Mexico Motto Edit The motto that animates the National University For my people the spirit shall speak reveals the humanistic vocation with which it was conceived The author of this famous phrase Jose Vasconcelos assumed the rectory in 1920 within the framework of the Latin American University Reform and at a time when the hopes of the Mexican Revolution were still alive There was a great faith in the homeland and the redemptive spirit extended into the environment It means in this motto the conviction that our race will elaborate a culture of new tendencies of spiritual and free essence explained the Master of America when presenting the proposal Later he would specify I imagined the university shield that I presented to the Council roughly and with a legend For my people the spirit shall speak pretending to mean that we woke up from a long night of oppression 47 Imagotype Edit On April 20 1974 the then rector Guillermo Soberon Acevedo presented the new sport s emblem of the UNAM in the Auditorium of the Faculty of Sciences The university commissioned the design to Manuel Andrade Rodriguez as part of the renovation of the General Directorate of Sports and Recreation Activities The image was chosen among 16 works and required more than 800 sketches 48 The image type consists of the face of a puma in gold made from the silhouette of a closed fist on a blue triangle with rounded corners In turn this triangle expresses the three fundamental pillars of the university Education Research and the Diffusion of Culture The emblem of the puma serves as a seal for the sports teams of the university In 2013 the British newspaper The Guardian included it in a list of one of the most remarkable club logos in football soccer 49 Campuses EditUniversity City Edit Main article University City of Mexico General view of the main campus University City in Mexico City Ciudad Universitaria University City is UNAM s main campus located within the Coyoacan borough in the southern part of Mexico City The construction of UNAM s central campus was the original idea of two students from the National School of Architecture in 1928 Mauricio De Maria y Campos 50 and Marcial Gutierrez Camarena It was designed by architects Mario Pani Armando Franco Rovira Enrique del Moral Eugenio Peschard Ernesto Gomez Gallardo Arguelles Domingo Garcia Ramos and others such as Mauricio De Maria y Campos who always showed great interest in participating in the project Architects De Maria y Campos Del Moral and Pani were given the responsibility as directors and coordinators to assign each architect to each selected building or constructions which enclose the Estadio Olimpico Universitario about 40 schools and institutes the Cultural Center an ecological reserve the Central Library and a few museums It was built during the 1950s on an ancient solidified lava bed to replace the scattered buildings in downtown Mexico City where classes were given It was completed in 1954 and is almost a separate region within Mexico City with its own regulations councils and police to some extent in a more fundamental way than most universities around the world In June 2007 its main campus Ciudad Universitaria was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site 51 Satellite campuses Edit Gardens of the School of Higher Studies FES Aragon campus Apart from University City Ciudad Universitaria UNAM has several campuses in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City Acatlan Aragon Cuautitlan Iztacala and Zaragoza as well as many others in several locations across Mexico in Santiago de Queretaro Morelia Merida Sisal Ensenada Cuernavaca Temixco and Leon mainly aimed at research and graduate studies Its School of Music formerly the National School of Music is located in Coyoacan Its Center of Teaching for Foreigners has a campus in Taxco in the southern Mexican state of Guerrero focusing in Spanish language and Mexican culture for foreigners as well as locations in the upscale neighborhood of Polanco in central Mexico City 52 53 54 The university has extension schools in the United States and Canada focusing on the Spanish language English language Mexican culture and in the case of UNAM Canada French language UNAM San Antonio Texas UNAM Los Angeles California UNAM Chicago Illinois Gatineau Quebec and Seattle Washington 55 It operates Centers for Mexican Studies and or Centers of Teaching for Foreigners in Beijing China jointly with the Beijing Foreign Studies University Madrid Spain jointly with the Cervantes Institute San Jose Costa Rica jointly with the University of Costa Rica London United Kingdom with King s College London 56 Paris France jointly with Paris Sorbonne University and Northridge California United States jointly with California State University Northridge Museums and buildings of interest Edit Palacio de Mineria Edit Colegio de Mineria College of Mining building on Tacuba street in the historic center of Mexico City University Museum of Modern Art MUAC Under the care of the School of Engineering UNAM the Colonial Palace of Mining is located in the historical center of Mexico City Formerly the School of Engineering it has three floors and hosts the International Book Expo Feria Internacional del Libro or FIL and the International Day of Computing Security Congress DISC It also has a permanent exhibition of historical books mostly topographical and naturalist works of 19th century Mexican scientists in the former library of the School of Engineers It also contains several exhibitions related to mining the prime engineering occupation during the Spanish colonization It is considered to be one of the most significant examples of Mexican architecture of its period conceived by Manuel Tolsa during de Spanish colonial rule in a neoclassical style 18th century It hosts every year one of Mexico s top book fairs known in spanish as Feria Internacional del Libro de Palacio de Mineria Which is more than 40 years old and has each year more than 100 000 attendants 57 Casa del Lago Edit The House of the Lake in Chapultepec Park is a place devoted to cultural activities including dancing theater and ballet It also serves as a meeting place for university related organizations and committees National Biodiversity Pavillion Edit Main article National Biodiversity Pavilion Opened in 2021 with the sponsorship of Carlos Slim 58 the museum hosts a number of permanent exhibits which consist mostly on samples of local flora and fauna from Mexico Museum of San Ildefonso Edit Main article San Ildefonso College This museum and cultural center is considered to be the birthplace of the Mexican muralism movement 59 60 San Ildefonso began as a prestigious Jesuit boarding school and after the Reform War it gained educational prestige again as National Preparatory School which was closely linked to the founding of UNAM This school and the building closed completely in 1978 then reopened as a museum and cultural center in 1994 administered jointly by UNAM the National Council for Culture and Arts and the government of the Federal District of Mexico City The museum has permanent and temporary art and archaeological exhibitions in addition to the many murals painted on its walls by Jose Clemente Orozco Diego Rivera and others 61 62 The complex is located between San Ildefonso Street and Justo Sierra Street in the historic center of Mexico City 59 Chopo University Museum Edit Main article Chopo University Museum The Chopo University Museum possesses an artistic architecture large crystal panels and two iron towers designed by Gustave Eiffel It opened with part of the collection of the now defunct Public Museum of Natural History Archeology and History which eventually became the National Museum of Cultures 63 It served the National Museum of Natural History for almost 50 years and is now devoted to the temporary exhibitions of visual arts Museo Experimental El Eco Edit Main article Museo Experimental El Eco The Museo Experimental El Eco is one of the two buildings by German modern artist Mathias Goeritz and an example of Emotional architecture Goeritz was a close collaborator of architect Luis Barragan and author of several public sculptures including the Torres de Satelite The building was acquired and renovated by the National University in 2004 and since 2005 it exhibits contemporary art and a yearly architecture competition Pabellon Eco National Astronomical Observatory Edit Main article National Astronomical Observatory Mexico The National Astronomical Observatory is located in the Sierra San Pedro Martir mountain range in Baja California about 130 km south of United States Mexican border It has been in operation since 1970 and it currently has three large reflecting telescopes Nobel laureates EditAll three of Mexico s Nobel laureates are alumni of UNAM Alfonso Garcia Robles alumnus Nobel Peace Prize 1982 Octavio Paz alumnus Nobel Prize in Literature 1990 Mario Molina alumnus Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995In addition eleven faculty of UNAM have taken part of the Nobel Peace Prize Ana Maria Cetto twice in 1995 2005 and 2007 as members of the Pugwash Conference the International Atomic Energy Agency and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 64 65 Noted faculty EditSee also Category National Autonomous University of Mexico faculty Science museum UNIVERSUM Landscape in school Carlos Slim businessman and one of the richest people in the world 66 Miguel Alcubierre theoretical physicist Gabriel Careaga Medina sociologist Max Cetto architect Monica Clapp mathematician Adolfo Gilly historian Alejandro Corichi astrophysicist Enrique Leff political ecologist and economist Laura Hernandez Guzman psychologist Isabel Hubard Escalera mathematician Erich Fromm philosopher and psychoanalyst Florian Luca mathematician Teodoro Gonzalez de Leon architect Javier Corral Jurado politician Jorge Gonzalez Torres politician Jose Gaos philosopher Jose Miguel Insulza a Chilean politician secretary of the Organization of American States Paul Kirchhoff anthropologist and ethnohistorian Larry Laudan philosopher Juan Carlos Laguna musician guitar Miguel Leon Portilla historian and Nahuatl language researcher Rodrigo Medellin ecologist Rodolfo Neri Vela astronaut Edmundo O Gorman historian and writer Kiyoto Ota sculptor Margarita Pena 1937 2018 writer educator Arturo Rosenblueth physiologist Graciela Salicrup 1935 1982 architect archaeologist and mathematician Juan Jose Sanchez Sosa psychologist 67 Adolfo Sanchez Vazquez a Spanish born philosopher Manuel Sandoval Vallarta physicist and cosmic ray researcher Sara Sefchovich writer Jesus Savage robotics researcher and founder of the Mexican Institute of Robotics Bernardo Sepulveda Amor lawyer 67 Jesus A De Loera mathematicianNoted alumni Edit Square of the Student Faculty of Higher Education FES Aragon One of the five UNAM campuses in Greater Mexico City See also Category National Autonomous University of Mexico alumniWorld heads of state Edit Abel Pacheco President of Costa Rica 2002 2006 Alfonso Portillo President of Guatemala 2000 2004 Carlos Salinas de Gortari President of Mexico 1988 1994 Jose Lopez Portillo y Pacheco President of Mexico 1976 1982 Luis Echeverria President of Mexico 1970 1976 Miguel Aleman Valdes President of Mexico 1946 1952 Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado President of Mexico 1982 1988 Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador Mayor of Mexico City from 2000 to 2005 President of Mexico 2018 present 68 Politicians Edit Abel Pacheco President of Costa Rica Alan Cranston U S Senator from California one summer Alvaro Garcia Linera vice president of Bolivia Alejandro Encinas Mayor of Mexico City Antonio Carrillo Flores Cabinet Minister in several previous administrations 1929 1950 69 Carlos Mendoza Davis Governor of Baja California Sur Claudia Sheinbaum scientist politician and Mayor of Mexico City Fernando Baeza Melendez Senator and Governor of Chihuahua Luis Felix Lopez Secretary of Government of Ecuador Manlio Fabio Beltrones Rivera Deputy Senator and Governor of Sonora Miguel Angel Mancera Mayor of Mexico City Mark Kirk U S Senator from Illinois did not graduate 70 Rosario Robles Mexican politician who served as the Secretary of Social Development Santiago Creel senator Veton Surroi Kosovo publicist and leader of the Kosovar Party ORA Diplomats Edit Antonio Carrillo Flores Ministry of Mexican Foreign Affairs during the Diaz Ordaz administration Jaime Torres Bodet writer and politician UNESCO Director General 1948 1952 Narciso Bassols former ambassador to Russia France and Great Britain former director of UNAM s School of Law Norma Lucia Pina Hernandez President of Mexico s Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation Chief Justice Marco Antonio Garcia Blanco Ambassador of Mexico to Nigeria Rosario Green Ministry of Mexican Foreign Affairs during the Zedillo administration Artists writers and humanists Edit The Conquest of Energy by Jose Chavez Morado Abraham Cruzvillegas artist Adolfo Sanchez Vazquez philosopher and writer Agustin Landa Verdugo architect and urban planner Alejandro Rossi philosopher and writer Alfonso Cuaron film director winner of the Academy Award for Best Director in 2014 Alfonso Garcia Robles diplomat and Treaty of Tlatelolco impeller Nobel Prize laureate in Peace Alfonso Reyes writer philosopher and diplomat Ana Colchero actress Adelina Nicholls activist Audre Lorde writer poet and activist Emiliano Monge Ayako Tsuru mural artist Bolivar Echeverria Ecuadorian writer and philosopher Carlos Fuentes writer essayist and a member of El Colegio Nacional Carlos Monsivais editorialist and writer Carmen Aristegui journalist Chespirito screenwriter creator of the sitcoms El Chavo del Ocho and El Chapulin Colorado Elena Poniatowska journalist and writer Fernando del Paso writer Francisco Laguna Correa writer Guillermo del Toro filmmaker author and actor Horst Matthai Quelle philosopher Jacobo Zabludovsky lawyer journalist and first TV anchorman in Mexico Jacqueline Peschard sociologist Jaime Maussan Mexican journalist television personality and ufologist Javier Solorzano journalist Jorge Volpi novelist and essayist current director of Canal 22 in Mexican free television Jose Emilio Pacheco writer and a member of El Colegio Nacional Josefina Muriel writer historian researcher bibliophile academic Order of Isabella the Catholic by the government of Spain in 1966 Juan Garcia Esquivel musician Juan Rulfo writer Julio Estrada composer writer and UNAM scholar Julio Scherer Garcia author journalist and founder of Proceso news magazine He was the editor of the daily newspaper Excelsior but was sacked because President Luis Echeverria pursuing Ilse Gradwohl painter Margarita Pena writer educator Maruxa Vilalta dramatist Octavio Paz poet and essayist Nobel laureate in Literature Pola Weiss Alvarez video artist Ricardo Legorreta laureated architect Rosa Beltran writer lecturer and academic Rosario Castellanos writer philosopher poet feminist and diplomat Salvador Elizondo writer and a member of the Colegio Nacional Subcomandante Marcos aka Rafael Sebastian Guillen Vicente sociologist philosopher and Zapatista Army of National Liberation founder Tenoch Huerta actor Teodoro Gonzalez de Leon architect Veronica Castro movie star William F Buckley writer and political philosopher attended in 1943 prior to being commissioned in the U S Army during the World War II Physicians and surgeons Edit Celia Mercedes Alpuche Aranda deputy general director of the Center for Research on Infectious Diseases CISEI Carlos Fernandez del Castillo specialist in pancreatic diseases pancreatobiliary surgery gastrointestinal surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital USA 71 Fernando Antonio Bermudez Arias prominent physician cardiologist scientist writer teacher historian artist and social defender Ignacio Chavez prominent Mexican physician founded the first cardiology area in the General Hospital of Mexico He was the rector of the National Autonomous University of Mexico 1965 1966 Founded several Mexican institutions in Cardiology and he was appointed honorary doctor or rector of 95 universities around the world He was a founding member of El Colegio Nacional 1943 Jorge Calles Escandon endocrinologist specializing in thyroid biopsy type 1 diabetes type 2 diabetes and insulin pumps at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center USA David Herzog eating disorders expert and Endowed Professor in Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School Alberto P Leon physician professor and Secretary of Health of Mexico Alethse de la Torre Rosas infectious disease specialist and Director General of the Centro Nacional para la Prevencion y Control del VIH SIDA Gerardo Jimenez Sanchez pediatrician founding president of the Mexican Society of Genomic Medicine Mauricio Tohen Distinguished Professor and Chairman of the Department of Psychiatry amp Behavioral Sciences at the University of New Mexico Nora Volkow director of the National Institute of Drug Abuse Scientists Edit Alfonso Caso y Andrade archaeologist Antonio Lazcano biologist and evolutionist director of The Lynn Margulis Centre for Evolutionary Biology Carlos Frenk astronomer a pioneer in simulations of large scale structures Constantino Reyes Valerio chemist and historian who coined the term arte indocristiano and contributed to the discovery of the production of Maya blue pigment Eduardo Pareyon Moreno archaeologist Guido Munch astronomer and director of the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy Guillermo Haro astronomer co discoverer of Herbig Haro objects Guillermo Oliver biologist and professor at Northwestern University Jerzy Rzedowski plant scientist pioneer in the field of neotropical floristics Juan J de Pablo chemical engineer and vice president for national laboratories science strategy innovation and global initiatives at the University of Chicago Luis E Miramontes co inventor of the contraceptive pill Marcos Moshinsky theoretical physicist whose work in the field of elementary particles won him the Prince of Asturias Prize for Scientific and Technical Investigation and the UNESCO Science Prize Mario Molina co discoverer of decomposition of ozone with CFC aerosols Nobel laureate in Chemistry Miguel Alcubierre theoretical and computational physicist see Alcubierre metric Miguel de Icaza free software programmer co founder of GNOME Monica Olvera de la Cruz soft matter theorist Nabor Carrillo Flores a soil mechanics expert a nuclear energy advisor and former president of UNAM Rodolfo Neri Vela the first Mexican in space Salvador Zubiran physician founder of the National Institute of Nutrition Shlomo Eckstein economist and President of Bar Ilan University Victor Neumann Lara pioneer in graph theory Ricardo Miledi neuroscientist pioneer of the calcium hypothesis of neurotransmitter release Business people Edit Carlos Slim Studied at UNAM s School of Engineering and became a tech businessman billionaire and the current fourth richest person in the world 66 Alfredo Harp Helu businessman billionaire and former owner of the biggest Latin American bank Banamex Enrique de la Madrid Studied at UNAM s Law School and served as one of the directors for Latin America at the HSBC bank Manuel Gomez Morin Studied at UNAM s Law School and was a co founder and first president of the Bank of Mexico Arturo Elias Ayub Business man who was chairman of UNAM Pumas Soccer team Rioboo Martin Civil Engineering businessman founder of Grupo Rioboo which has constructed large scale infrastructure projects for Mexico City including Subway lines 1 2 3 the indoor olympic arena Gimnasio Olimpico Juan de la Barrera the Olympic pool Alberca Olimpica Francisco Marquez and the palace of sports Palacio de los Deportes Pepe Carral Studied at UNAM s Law School had his own company and served as one of the directors for Bank of America in Mexico 72 Delia Gonzalez Studied at UNAM s Art School her company focuses on designing and selling silver Mexican style jewelry for Macys Bloomingdales and Juan Gabriel s Funeral 73 Athletes Edit Hugo Sanchez Mexican football player Real Madrid C F former Mexico national team and UD Almeria manager Daniel Vargas Volleyball player and engineer played for Pumas UNAM and was part of Mexico men s national volleyball team where he played at the Olympic Games Rio 2016 Organization Edit Gardens at the School of Engineering School of Sciences School of Chemistry UNAM is organized in schools or colleges rather than departments Both undergraduate and graduate studies are available UNAM is also responsible for the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria ENP National Preparatory School and the Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades CCH Science and Humanities College which consist of several high schools in Mexico City Counting ENEP CCH FES Facultad de Estudios Superiores higher secondary undergraduate and graduate students UNAM has over 324 413 students making it one of the world s largest universities 8 Schools and colleges Edit UNAM has a set of schools covering different academic fields such as engineering or law All of UNAM s schools offer undergraduate and graduate studies master s degrees and PhDs However the schools that UNAM calls national schools only offer undergraduate studies as this type of school is mainly focused on practical experience This is the case of the National School of Nursing and Obstetrics and the National School of Social Work 74 List of schools and institutes Edit Schools all of these offer undergraduate and graduate degrees School of Accounting and Administration School of Architecture School of Arts and Design School of Chemistry School of Economics School of Engineering School of High Studies FES Acatlan School of High Studies FES Aragon School of High Studies FES Cuautitlan School of High Studies FES Iztacala School of High Studies FES Zaragoza Law School School of Medicine School of Music School of Odontology School of Philosophy and Letters School of Political and Social Sciences School of Psychology School of Sciences School of Veterinarian Medicine and Animal Science National Schools only have undergraduate degrees National School of Nursing and Obstetrics National School of Social Work National Preparatory School with 9 high schools National School of High Studies Morelia in the state of Michoacan National School of High Studies Leon in the state of Guanajuato National School of High Studies Merida in the state of Yucatan National School of High Studies Juriquilla in the state of Queretaro National School College of Sciences and Humanities with five high schools Open University and Distance Education System Edit The Open University and Distance Education System or Sistema de Universidad Abierta y Educacion a Distancia SUAyED is an alternative to the university s on campus education The open education programs require on campus assistance at least one in every 15 days usually on Saturdays semi presence The distance education programs are entirely online using content provided through online platforms where students teachers and peers communicate online About 32 000 of UNAM s students are enrolled in open or distance programs 75 SUAyED offers bachelor and postgraduate degrees Research EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed July 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message The university s San Pedro Martir Observatory in Baja California Vessel for oceanography research UNAM has excelled in many areas of research For instance it was recognized by UNESCO as producing globally some of the most impactful research on Artificial Intelligence 76 The university houses many of Mexico s premiere research institutions UNAM is currently recognized as one of the most international research universities in Latin America 77 In recent years it has attracted students and hired professional scientists from all over the world most notably from Europe India and the United States creating a unique and diverse scientific community 78 79 80 81 Scientific research at UNAM is divided between faculties institutes centers and schools and covers a range of disciplines in Latin America Some notable UNAM institutes include the Institute of Astronomy the Institute of Biotechnology the Institute of Nuclear Sciences the Institute of Ecology the Institute of Physics Institute of Renewable Energies the Institute of Cell Physiology the Institute of Geophysics the Institute of Engineering the Institute of Materials Research the Institute of Chemistry the Institute of Biomedical Sciences and the Applied Mathematics and Systems Research Institute Research centers tend to focus on multidisciplinary problems particularly relevant to Mexico and the developing world most notably the Center for Applied Sciences and Technological Development which focuses on connecting the sciences to real world problems e g optics nanosciences and Center for Energy Research which conducts world class research in alternative energies All research centers are open to students from around the world The UNAM holds a number of programs for students within the country using scientific internships to encourage research in the country UNAM currently installed its first supercomputer Sirio Cray Y MP in 1991 Since 2013 it operates a supercomputer named Miztli HP for scientific research Students and faculty EditSports clubs and traditions Edit Professional football club Edit UNAM s present day Pumas football team The team was originally created for alumni A view of university s University Olympic Stadium UNAM s football club Club Universidad Nacional participates in Liga MX the top division of Mexican football The club became two time consecutive champions of the Apertura and the Clausura in 2004 Their home ground is the Estadio Olimpico Universitario Pumas volleyball team Edit UNAM s volleyball team Pumas has had great success on a national and international level 82 The manager for Mexico s representative volleyball team is from Pumas and several players representing Mexico are also UNAM students and alumni They played in the Olympics at Rio Cultural traditions Edit The university has an annual tradition to make a large display of Day of the Dead offerings Spanish ofrenda all over the main square of Ciudad Universitaria Each school builds an offering and in the center there is usually a large offering made according to a theme corresponding to the festivities of the university for that year 83 Political activism Edit UNAM students and professors are regarded throughout Mexico as politically very active generally speaking Since 2000 a small building at the School of Humanities near the central library has been effectively under the control of an anarcho communist student group who renamed the place from Justo Sierra Auditorium to Che Guevara Auditorium 84 While most of its students usually adhere to left wing political ideologies and movements the university has also produced several prominent right wing and neoliberal politicians and businessmen such as President Carlos Salinas de Gortari catholic rector Manuel Gomez Morin and magnate Carlos Slim UNAM s history has made it a strong advocate of minorities especially women in tech The school of engineering has organized along with Google some of the largest all Latina Hackathons 40 UNAM along with Google has organized large scale Latina Hackathons 41 Student associations Edit The UNAM contains several associations of current students and alumni that provide extra curricular activities to the whole community enriching the university s activities with cultural social and scientific events Fundacion UNAM Nibiru Sociedad Astronomica SAFIRSee also Edit Mexico portalXHUNAM TV Teveunam UNAM s educational and cultural television channel DGSCA Direccion General de Servicios de Computo Academico Hub of Computer Sciences Engineering in UNAM Mexican Law ReviewReferences Edit a b c Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico UNAM Through Time Archived from the original on 2013 04 06 Later on April 26 1910 he set the National University s founding project in motion The new institution would be composed of the National Preparatory High School and the School of Higher Studies along with the schools of Jurisprudence Medicine Engineering and Arts including Architecture The project was approved and the National University of Mexico was solemnly inaugurated on September 22 The universities of Salamanca Turkey and Berkeley were its godmothers a b c d Justo Sierra 1910 09 22 Discurso en el acto de la inauguracion de la Universidad Nacional de Mexico el 22 de septiembre de 1910 PDF in Spanish Archived from the original PDF on 2008 10 03 Tenemos una historia No La Universidad mexicana que nace hoy no tiene arbol genealogico a b c Annick Lemperiere Los dos centenarios de la Independencia mexicana 1910 1921 de la historia patria a la antropologia cultural PDF in Spanish University of Paris I Archived from the original PDF on 2008 10 03 La universidad sonada por Justo Sierra ministro de Instruccion Publica ultima creacion duradera del regimen porfirista se inauguro al mismo tiempo que la Escuela Nacional de Altos Estudios que debia ceder su lugar a las humanidades junto a los programas cientificos de los cursos porfiristas El discurso inaugural de Sierra iba a tono con el espiritu de las celebraciones La universidad naciente no tenia nada en comun insistia con la que la precedio no tenia antecesores sino precursores a b c Javier Garciadiego De Justo Sierra a Vasconcelos La Universidad Nacional durante la Revolucion Mexicana PDF in Spanish El Colegio de Mexico Archived from the original PDF on 2011 08 17 El mayor esfuerzo en la vida de Sierra fue precisamente revertir tal postura asi se afano obsesivamente en crear una universidad de ese tipo pues era la institucion que mejor encabezaba los esfuerzos colectivos de la sociedad moderna para emanciparse integralmente del espiritu viejo Al margen de numerosas diferencias sustanciales con los liberales los positivistas que dominaron el sistema nacional de instruccion publica superior desde 1865 tambien eran contrarios al establecimiento de una universidad tanto por conveniencias politicas como por principios doctrinales Esto hace mas admirable el esfuerzo de don Justo pues era un miembro destacado canonizado dice O Gorman del grupo de positivistas mexicanos Su lucha no fue solo pedagogica sino tambien politica Si bien no se puede coincidir con Edmundo O Gorman respecto al caracter de Sierra como jerarca del positivismo mexicano pues siempre fue cuestionado por los mas ortodoxos como un pensador eclectico falto de disciplina es de compartirse la admiracion que profesa a don Justo pues su lucha por la fundacion de la Universidad Nacional implico serios distanciamientos de sus principales companeros politicos e intelectuales ya fueran liberales o positivistas Manuel Lopez de la Parra La casi centenaria UNAM in Spanish Archived from the original on 2009 02 01 Ciertamente no ha transcendido el hecho de que la Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico autonoma desde 1929 esta proxima a cumplir su primer centenario de vida academica pues fue inaugurada el 22 de septiembre de 1910 en ocasion de los festejos del primer centenario del inicio de la Revolucion de Independencia durante los ultimos tiempos del Gobierno de don Porfirio Diaz y con base en un proyecto elaborado por don Justo Sierra por entonces secretario de Instruccion Publica y Bellas Artes con la participacion tecnica de don Ezequiel A Chavez de acuerdo con el modelo tipico de las universidades europeas precisamente con mucho de la Universidad de Paris por ese entonces la influencia europea estaba presente y en especial la cultura francesa Marissa Rivera Arrancan festejos por los 100 anos de la UNAM in Spanish El rector Jose Narro anuncia el programa de actividades para conmemorar los 100 anos de UNAM que iniciaron este miercoles y concluiran el 22 de septiembre de 2011 UNAM Portal de Estadistica Universitaria Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Retrieved November 19 2012 a b c d e La UNAM en numeros Retrieved June 27 2019 Direccion General de Actividades Deportivas y Recreativas Inicio Deportes unam mx Archived from the original on 2013 07 30 Retrieved 2013 08 17 Strauss Karsten The Top 10 Universities In Latin America In 2017 Forbes Retrieved 2020 02 03 University Rankings Latin America 2022 www scimagoir com Retrieved 2023 01 31 The UNAM is among the best universities in the world El Universal in Spanish 2019 06 19 Retrieved 2020 02 03 Hollander Kurt 2008 01 27 A Campus Serves as a Needed Oasis in a Crowded City The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2020 02 03 Valle Jones Diego 2014 04 07 Analysis of the UNAM s entrance exam Diego Valle Jones s Blog Retrieved 2021 09 12 Woodman Stephen 2018 01 19 The Story Behind Mexico s Three Nobel Laureates Culture Trip Retrieved 2023 01 09 Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico UNAM Top Universities 2015 07 16 Retrieved 2020 02 03 Natasha 2022 02 14 35 Interesting amp Fun Facts About Mexico theworldpursuit com Retrieved 2022 04 08 Elizalde Guadalupe Piedras en el Camino de la UNAM EDAMEX 1999 p 49 University Officials Yield to Student Strike in Mexico archive nytimes com General Direction of International Affairs UNAM Mexico History 2014 08 14 Archived from the original on 2014 08 14 Retrieved 2019 09 26 Mendez Arceo Sergio 1990 La Real y Pontificia Universidad de Mexico antecedentes tramitacion y despacho de las reales cedulas de ereccion in Spanish Mexico City Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico pp 93 100 ISBN 968 36 1704 2 OCLC 25290441 Catholic Encyclopedia 1911 Catholic Encyclopedia Volume 10 Appleton p 260 ISBN 9780595392414 Charles A Hale 2014 The Transformation of Liberalism in Late Nineteenth Century Mexico Princeton University Press p 193 ISBN 9781400863228 Justo Sierra Discurso en el acto de la inauguracion de la Universidad Nacional de Mexico el 22 de septiembre de 1910 PDF in Spanish Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Archived from the original PDF on 2008 10 03 UNAM through time 1960 Archived from the original on September 18 2009 Retrieved 2009 10 18 a b c UNAM through time 1910 Archived from the original on February 1 2009 Retrieved 2009 10 18 UNAM through time 1920 Archived from the original on June 4 2008 Retrieved 2009 10 18 David Espinosa Jesuit Student Groups the Universidad Iberoamericana and Political Resistance in Mexico 1913 1979 Albuquerque the University of New Mexico Press 2014 p 11 Espinosa Jesuit Student Groups p 96 97 UNAM through time 1940 Archived from the original on April 12 2008 Retrieved 2009 10 18 UNAM through time 1950 Archived from the original on March 5 2008 Retrieved 2009 10 18 UNAM through time 1960 Archived from the original on April 12 2008 Retrieved 2009 10 18 UNAM through time 1970 Archived from the original on April 12 2008 Retrieved 2009 10 18 UNAM through time 1980 Archived from the original on April 12 2008 Retrieved 2009 10 18 Preston Julia 1999 University Officials Yield to Student Strike in Mexico June 8 Retrieved on February 14 2006 New York Times Preston Julia 2000 Big Majority Votes to End Strike at Mexican University January 21 2000 Retrieved on February 14 2006 New York Times Mexican Police Storm University February 7 2000 Retrieved on February 14 2006 from BBC The National Autonomous University of Mexico Prince of Asturias Award Laureate for Communication and Humanities Oviedo Prince of Asturias Foundation 2009 06 10 Archived from the original on 2011 08 25 Retrieved 2009 10 19 UNAM celebra desde ahora su centenario UNAM now celebrates its centennial Milenio in Spanish Mexico City 2009 10 16 Archived from the original on 2009 10 20 Retrieved 2009 10 16 a b Ser ingeniera en los tiempos de Agustin Lara 8 March 2015 Retrieved 30 November 2016 a b Milenio com Hackaton une a mujeres para crear casas inteligentes 1 in Spanish Retrieved September 25 2016 Primer Hackathon FixIT UNAM Mexico Coordinacion de Comunicacion Retrieved 30 November 2016 Latina hackathon FixIT a great success UCSB Computer Science Retrieved 30 November 2016 La UNAM respalda la igualdad de genero con He for She 30 August 2016 Retrieved 30 November 2016 UNAM se adhiere al programa He For She de la ONU 29 August 2016 Retrieved 30 November 2016 He for She tv unam mx Archived from the original on 2016 10 04 Retrieved 2016 09 24 Acerca de la UNAM 2008 05 24 Archived from the original on 2008 05 24 Retrieved 2019 03 21 Cumple 40 anos el escudo de los Pumas de la UNAM Excelsior in Spanish 2014 04 20 Retrieved 2019 03 21 Ashdown John 2013 12 13 The Joy of Six weird and wonderful football club crests John Ashdown The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 2019 07 14 Creacion de Ciudad Universitaria www comitedeanalisis unam mx Retrieved 2018 09 30 UNESCO World Heritage Centre 2007 06 29 UNESCO Whc unesco org Retrieved 2013 08 17 Difusion de la cultura oferta cultural www unam mx Archived from the original on 2009 11 21 Research Academic Units unam mx Archived from the original on 2009 11 22 Academic Units www unam mx Archived from the original on 2010 03 23 The UNAM in the United States Permanent Extension School Escuela Permanente de Extension EPE San Antonio Texas www 100 unam mx Archived from the original on 2014 08 22 UNAM abre sedes en Alemania y Reino Unido 24 July 2019 INFORMACIoN GENERAL 44 FIL Palacio de Mineria Como es el museo interactivo de biodiversidad que el magnate Carlos Slim obsequio a la UNAM a b Galindo Carmen Magdelena Galindo 2002 Mexico City Historic Center Mexico City Ediciones Nueva Guia pp 86 91 ISBN 968 5437 29 7 Horz de Via Elena ed 1991 Guia Oficial Centro de la Ciudad d Mexico Mexico City INAH SALVAT pp 46 50 ISBN 968 32 0540 2 San Ildefonso en el tiempo Archived from the original on 2009 02 26 Retrieved 2009 04 24 Bueno de Ariztegui Patricia ed 1984 Guia Turistica de Mexico Distrito Federal Centro 3 Mexico City Promexa pp 80 84 ISBN 968 34 0319 0 Museo Nacional de las Culturas En la Ciudad de Mexico Una Ventana al Mundo in Spanish Archived from the original on 2009 04 08 Retrieved 2009 03 26 All Nobel Peace Prizes NobelPrize org Retrieved 2022 07 03 Boletines 2007 10 18 Archived from the original on 2007 10 18 Retrieved 2022 07 03 a b 1 Carlos Slim Helu amp family Forbes 2010 03 10 a b Nota Nombra la UNAM a Bernardo Sepulveda Investigador Extraordinario y a Juan Jose Sanchez Sosa Profesor Emerito Boletin DGCS 738 October 25 2016 11 00 h Retrieved October 25 2016 Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador Gobierno de Mexico Colegio Nacional Colegio Nacional Archived from the original on 2014 03 09 Retrieved 2013 08 17 About Mark Kirk United States Senate Archived from the original on 24 May 2016 Retrieved 7 June 2016 MIT Medical Clinical Staff Carlos Fernandez del Castillo Archived from the original on 2007 12 18 Retrieved 2008 03 30 Quien fue don Pepe Carral una reconocida figura del mundo empresarial La Silla Rota in Spanish Retrieved 2022 12 26 Argonmexico Redaccion 2017 02 17 Eternamente Pieza Conmemorativa Disenada por Delia Gonzalez para el Homenaje a Juan Gabriel Argonmexico Argonmexico in Spanish Retrieved 2022 12 25 Unidades Academicas Archived from the original on September 24 2010 Retrieved September 17 2010 Cervantes Perez Francisco Vadillo Guadalupe Bucio Jackeline Herrera Alma 2019 Characterizing UNAM s Open Education System Using the OOFAT Model The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning 20 4 doi 10 19173 irrodl v20i3 4108 S2CID 208091271 Retrieved 15 January 2020 A I For Good Framework to Empower Digital Workers UNESCO IRCAI Retrieved 2022 12 19 UNAM la universidad mas internacional de Latinoamerica www dgcs unam mx Retrieved 2023 02 05 Yolanda Blasco Gil La UNAM receptora de profesores espanoles exiliados una valoracion de la Escuela Nacional de Jurisprudencia PDF In H Casanova Cardiel E Gonzalez Gonzalez L Perez Puente eds Universidades de Iberoamerica ayer y hoy Ciudad de Mexico Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Instituto de Investigaciones sobre la Universidad y la Educacion pp 389 423 Posgrado en Ingenieria en Telecomunicaciones odin fi b unam mx Retrieved 2023 01 01 Quien es Hanna Oktaba Temachtiani in Mexican Spanish 2017 04 06 Retrieved 2023 01 01 Hanna Oktaba SG Buzz sg com mx Retrieved 2023 01 01 Omar Hernandez ed 3 August 2016 Daniel Vargas un ingeniero de la UNAM que competira en los Juegos Olimpicos Direccion General del Deporte Universitario Noticias En Dia de Muertos en la UNAM imposed record decent de cables del DF teen numbers abusive a La Catrina Cronica com mx Retrieved 2013 08 17 Davies Peter 2020 02 11 Once prestigious UNAM auditorium in the hands of anarchists and punks Mexico News Daily Retrieved 2022 07 03 Bibliography Edit Jimenez Rueda Julio Historia Juridica de la Universidad de Mexico Mexico City Imprenta Universitaria 1955 Mabry Donald J The Mexican University and the State College Station Texas A amp M Press 1982 Mayo Sebastian La educacion socialista en Mexico El Asalto a la Universidad Nacional Mexico El Caballito 1985 Wences Reza Rosalio La Universidad en la historia de Mexico Mexico Editorial Linea 1984 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Autonomous University of Mexico UNAM Portal UNAM Official website English version 2 UNAM Leon Campus Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title National Autonomous University of Mexico amp oldid 1143172114, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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