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Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton

December 02, 2023

The wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton took place on Friday, 29 April 2011 at Westminster Abbey in London, England. The groom was second in the line of succession to the British throne. The couple had been in a relationship since 2003.

Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton
William and Catherine waving to the crowd at The Mall shortly after their wedding
Date29 April 2011; 12 years ago (29 April 2011)
VenueWestminster Abbey
LocationLondon, England
ParticipantsPrince William
Catherine Middleton

John Hall, then Dean of Westminster, presided at the service; Rowan Williams, then Archbishop of Canterbury, conducted the marriage; Richard Chartres, then Bishop of London, preached the sermon; and a reading was given by the bride's brother, James. William's best man was his brother, Prince Harry, while Catherine's sister, Pippa, was the maid of honour. The ceremony was attended by the bride's and groom's families, as well as members of foreign royal families, diplomats, and the couple's chosen personal guests. After the ceremony, the couple made the traditional appearance on the balcony of Buckingham Palace. As Prince William was not the heir apparent to the throne at the time, the wedding was not a full state occasion and many details were left for the couple to decide, such as much of the guest list of about 1,900.

Prince William and Catherine Middleton had first met in 2001. Their engagement, which took place on 20 October 2010, was announced on 16 November 2010. The build-up to the wedding and the occasion itself attracted much media attention, being compared in many ways with the wedding of William's parents in 1981. The occasion was a public holiday in the United Kingdom and featured many ceremonial aspects, including use of the state carriages and roles for the Foot Guards and Household Cavalry. Events were held around the Commonwealth to mark the wedding; organisations and hotels held events across Canada,[1] over 5,000 street parties were held throughout the United Kingdom, and about a million people lined the route between Westminster Abbey and Buckingham Palace on the wedding day.[2] The ceremony was viewed live by tens of millions more around the world, including 72 million live streams on YouTube.[3] In the United Kingdom, television audiences peaked at 26.3 million viewers, with a total of 36.7 million watching part of the coverage.

Engagement announcement edit

See also: Engagement announcement dress of Catherine Middleton

Prince William and Catherine Middleton first met in 2001 while studying at the University of St Andrews.[4] They began dating in 2003.[5]

On 16 November 2010, Clarence House stated that Prince William was to marry Catherine Middleton "in the Spring or Summer of 2011, in London".[6] They were engaged in October 2010, while on a private holiday in Kenya; Prince William gave Middleton the same engagement ring that his father had given to William's mother, Diana, Princess of Wales[7]—an 18-karat white gold ring with a 12-carat oval Ceylon (Sri Lankan) sapphire and 14 round diamonds. It was announced at approximately the same time that, after their marriage, the couple would live on the Isle of Anglesey in Wales, where William was based with the Royal Air Force.[6][8]

 
A replica of Catherine's engagement ring

The Queen said she was "absolutely delighted" for the couple,[7] giving her formal consent to the marriage, as required by the since repealed Royal Marriages Act 1772, in her British privy council on the morning of the engagement.[9] Congratulations also came in from the Queen's prime ministers,[10][11][12] including the then Prime Minister of Australia Julia Gillard, who has at other times demonstrated moderate republican leanings.[13] The suffragan Bishop of Willesden, Pete Broadbent, who also has republican views, published a critical reaction to the wedding announcement on Facebook. He later acknowledged that his words were "offensive" and subsequently apologised,[14] but his superior, Richard Chartres, then Bishop of London, instructed him to withdraw from public ministry "until further notice".[15][16]

Following the announcement, the couple gave an exclusive interview to ITV News political editor Tom Bradby[17] and hosted a photocall at St James's Palace.[18][19] On 12 December 2010, Buckingham Palace issued the official engagement photographs; these were taken on 25 November, in the state apartments at St. James's Palace, by photographer Mario Testino.[20][21]

On 23 November 2010, the date of the ceremony was confirmed as Friday, 29 April 2011.[22][23] The Queen in her British Council ordered on 15 December 2010 that the wedding day would be a public holiday throughout the United Kingdom.[22][24][25] It was also declared an official public holiday in the British Overseas Territories of Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, Gibraltar, the Falkland Islands, Montserrat, and the Turks and Caicos, and the British Crown Dependencies of Guernsey, Jersey, and the Isle of Man.[26][27][28] As 29 April fell six days before elections for the Scottish Parliament and the Alternative Vote referendum, this attracted political comment.[29][30][31] John Curtice, a professor of politics at the University of Strathclyde, stated for the Scottish elections that the date was "unfortunate" and was "likely to see the Royal Family getting caught up in political debate".[32]

Middleton, who was christened as a child, decided to be confirmed into the Church of England preceding her wedding.[33] The confirmation service was conducted on 10 March at St James's Palace by the Bishop of London with her family and William in attendance.[34]

TV programmes were also shown in the UK prior to the wedding which provided deeper insights into the couple's relationship and backgrounds, including When Kate Met William[35] and Channel 4's Meet the Middletons.[36]

Planning edit

 
Soldiers in non-dress uniforms during the rehearsal for the wedding on 27 April
Note: All times are in British Summer Time (UTC+01:00)

On 5 January, St James's Palace publicised that the ceremony would start at 11:00 local time and that the bride would arrive at the abbey by car rather than by carriage (the latter is the traditional transport for royal brides). The route planned was along The Mall, through Horse Guards Parade, and down Whitehall to the abbey. Beforehand, motorists were warned about using the roads in central London on the wedding day, including by Transport for London, which issued travel advice on road closures.[37]

Cost edit

The costs of the wedding itself were borne by the Royal Family and the Middletons themselves, while the costs of security and transport were covered by Her Majesty's Treasury.[38][39] The couple also asked that donations be made to charities in place of traditional wedding gifts;[40] to that end, they established The Prince William and Miss Catherine Middleton Charitable Gift Fund, which focused on assisting charities such as the New Zealand Christchurch Earthquake Appeal, the Canadian Coast Guard Auxiliary, the Royal Flying Doctor Service, and the Zoological Society of London.[41]

The overall cost of the event was estimated to be £23.7 million.[42] The Australian newspaper Herald Sun estimated A$32 million for security and A$800,000 for flowers. Estimates of the cost to the economy of extra public holidays, such as that allowed for the wedding, vary between £1.2 billion and £6 billion.[43] The British government tourist authority VisitBritain predicted the wedding would trigger a tourism boom that would last several years, eventually pulling in an additional 4 million visitors and generating £2 billion.[44] However, VisitBritain's head of research and forecasting, David Edwards, suggested to colleagues two days after the engagement was announced that the evidence points to royal weddings having a negative impact on inbound tourism. He noted that the number of visitors to Britain was down significantly in July 1981, when Prince Charles and Diana were married, from the same period in other years, and also July 1986, when Prince Andrew and Sarah Ferguson were married, was down from July 1985.[45]

Guest list edit

Main article: List of wedding guests of Prince William and Catherine Middleton
 
The official invitation for the royal wedding, sent by the Lord Chamberlain

On 16 and 17 February, three sets of guest lists were sent out in the name of the Queen. Many guests or their successors in office, who were invited to the wedding of William's parents were not invited to the wedding. The first list, consisting of about 1,900 people, attended the ceremony in the abbey; the second list of approximately 600 people were invited to the luncheon reception at Buckingham Palace, hosted by the Queen; and the final list, of about 300 names, was for the evening dinner hosted by the Prince of Wales.[46]

More than half of wedding guests itself were family and friends of the couple, though there were a significant number of Commonwealth leaders (including the governors-general who represent the Queen in Commonwealth realms other than the UK, prime ministers of the Commonwealth realms, and heads of government of other Commonwealth countries), members of religious organisations, the diplomatic corps, several military officials, members of the British Royal Household, members of foreign royal families, and representatives of William's charities and others with whom William has worked on official business. Although St James's Palace declined to publish the names of those invited, a breakdown of guests was published by category; the list made no mention of foreign heads of state.[46] The invitation of Seán Cardinal Brady, Primate of All Ireland, to the event, and its acceptance, were described as "unprecedented" by a spokesman for Ireland's Catholic bishops. The spokesman attributed the invitation to Cardinal Brady's contribution to the Northern Ireland peace process.[47]

Route edit

 
Route of the groom to and of the bride and groom from the ceremony at Westminster Abbey

The route of the groom and his party to the ceremony went between Buckingham Palace and Westminster Abbey, by The Mall, passing Clarence House, by Horse Guards Road, Horse Guards Parade, through Horse Guards Arch, Whitehall, the south side of Parliament Square, and Broad Sanctuary.[48] After the ceremony, the bridal couple returned along the same route by carriage.[49] At 6.00 am, roads in and around the processional route were closed to traffic. From 8.15 am, the main congregation, governors-general, prime ministers of Commonwealth realms, and diplomats all arrived at the abbey.

Princes William and Harry, who had stayed at Clarence House,[50] left for the ceremony at 10.10 am in a Bentley State Limousine and arrived at 10.18 am, followed by representatives of foreign royal families, the Middleton family, and, lastly, the Royal Family (the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall; the Princess Royal and Vice Admiral Timothy Laurence; the Duke of York, Princess Beatrice, and Princess Eugenie; and the Earl and Countess of Wessex). The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh were the last members of the Royal Family to leave Buckingham Palace, as is tradition, arriving at the abbey at 10.48 am.[51] The bridal party, who had spent the night at the Goring Hotel,[52] left for the ceremony in the former number one state Rolls-Royce Phantom VI at 10.52 am,[53] in time for the service to begin at 11.00 am.

 
 
The groom travelled to the ceremony in a Bentley State Limousine with his brother and best man (left); the bride in a Rolls-Royce Phantom VI Silver Jubilee Car with her father (right).

The service finished at 12.15 pm, after which the newly married couple travelled to Buckingham Palace in the 1902 State Landau. They were followed by Prince Harry, Pippa Middleton, and the bridesmaids and page boys, who travelled in two of the Ascot Landaus; the Prince of Wales, the Duchess of Cornwall, and Mr and Mrs Middleton, who travelled in the Australian State Coach; and the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh, who travelled in the Scottish State Coach. At 1.25 pm, the couple appeared on the balcony of Buckingham Palace to watch a flypast of an Avro Lancaster bomber, a Supermarine Spitfire fighter, and a Hawker Hurricane fighter aircraft from the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight, followed by two Typhoons from RAF Coningsby and two Tornado GR4s from RAF Leuchars in a flat diamond formation.[54][55]

Ceremony edit

Venue edit

 
Westminster Abbey has been the venue for coronations and some royal weddings.
 
Combined coat of arms of William and Catherine, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge

Westminster Abbey, founded in AD 960, has a particular status and is known as a Royal Peculiar.[56] Although the abbey has been the traditional location for coronations since 1066, not until the 20th century did it become the church of choice for royal weddings; prior to 1918, most royal weddings took place in the royal chapels, such as the Chapel Royal at St James's Palace and St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.[57] The abbey, which has a usual seating capacity of 2000,[58] has been the venue for most royal weddings in the last century, including those of William's grandparents (Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip) in 1947, William's great-aunt Princess Margaret in 1960, William's first cousin twice removed Princess Alexandra in 1963, William's aunt Princess Anne in 1973, and William's uncle Prince Andrew in 1986.[59] It was also the setting for the funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, in 1997. A prominent decorative addition inside the abbey for the ceremony was an avenue of 20-foot tall trees, six field maple and two hornbeams, arranged on either side of the main aisle.[60]

Bridal party edit

In a break with royal tradition, the groom had a best man—his brother, Prince Harry—rather than a supporter, while the bride chose her sister, Pippa, as maid of honour. There were four bridesmaids and two page boys:[61][62]

Wedding attire edit

Bride edit

Main article: Wedding dress of Catherine Middleton
 
The Duchess of Cambridge in bridal gown

The bridal dress, designed by the London-based designer Sarah Burton at Alexander McQueen,[63] was made of ivory satin and featured an overlaid long-sleeved V-neck lace bodice and appliquéd full skirt with box pleats, the back leading to a nine-foot train. The bodice incorporated machine-made lace, sourced from manufacturers in France and Britain. Floral motifs were cut from lengths of these and then appliquéd by hand onto silk net (tulle) by workers from the Royal School of Needlework. The motifs included roses, thistles, daffodils and shamrocks to represent England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.[64]

The veil was held in place by the Cartier Halo Tiara, made in 1936 and lent to her by the Queen. It was purchased by the Queen's father, the future King George VI, for his wife Elizabeth three weeks before his accession. Princess Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth II) received the tiara from her mother on her 18th birthday. In order to avoid her tiara falling off, as had happened for Lady Diana Spencer while wearing a Spencer family tiara during her 1981 wedding to the Prince of Wales, Catherine's stylists "backcombed the top [of her hair] to create a foundation for the tiara to sit around, then did a tiny plait in the middle and sewed it on."[65]

For the customary bridal themes of "Something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue", Middleton's gown and veil had lace appointments (the "old"); she was given custom-made diamond earrings by her parents (the "new") and the Queen's tiara (the "borrowed"); and a blue ribbon was sewn into the bodice (the "blue").[66] Middleton's point-toed pump shoes were also from Alexander McQueen[67] and had a lace pattern matching the dress with appliqués made by the Royal School of Needlework.[68]

The bride's shield-shaped wired bouquet, designed by Derek Connolly, contained myrtle, lily of the valley, sweet William, ivy and hyacinth.[66]

Middleton's hair was styled in loose curls for the occasion by hair dresser James Pryce of the Richard Ward Salon.[65][69] She received private make-up lessons from Arabella Preston[69][70] and the entire bridal party received "makeup artistry assistance" from Bobbi Brown make-up artist Hannah Martin prior to the event, but ultimately Middleton did her own makeup for the occasion.[71] The look was described as a "soft smokey eye" with pink lips and cheeks.[69][72] Her nails were painted by manicurist Marina Sandoval in a mixture of two polishes: a "barely there pink" and a "sheer beige" to complement her skin tone and gown.[73]

Bridal attendants edit

Maid-of-honour Pippa Middleton also wore a gown by Sarah Burton of Alexander McQueen. It has been described as being made of "heavy, ivory satin-based crepe, with a cowl front and with the same button detail and lace trims as the Bride's dress.[74] Like her sister, she received "makeup artistry assistance" from Bobbi Brown make-up artist Hannah Martin, but it is unclear who actually put on her makeup for the wedding day.[71] Her hair was loosely curled in a half-up, half-down style by the Richard Ward Salon[65] with a deep side part and a hairpiece made of ivy and lily of the valley to match Catherine's bouquet.[69]

The young bridesmaids wore dresses designed by Nicki Macfarlane, handmade with the help of Macfarlane's daughter Charlotte, in their homes at Wiltshire and Kent.[75] The gowns echoed the bride's dress and were made with the same fabrics and button detail along the back.[75] They were described as having a "ballerina-length, full, box pleated skirt" and were hand finished with English Cluny lace.[76] Their ivy and lily-of-the-valley hair wreaths were influenced by Catherine's mother Carole's headdress at her 1981 wedding to Michael Middleton.[75]

All of the bridesmaids wore satin Mary Jane style shoes with a Swarovski crystal buckle designed by Devon-based Rainbow Club.[76] Their flowers were designed and made by Shane Connolly and replicated the flowers in Catherine's bouquet: lily-of-the-valley, sweet William, and hyacinth.[76]

The pageboys' outfits were designed by Kashket and Partners[77] in the style worn by a "Foot Guard officer at the time of the Regency (the 1820s)" with an insignia from the Irish Guards, whose Colonel is Prince William.[citation needed] The tunics are red with gold piping and have Irish shamrocks on the collars. The Pages wore a gold and crimson sash (with tassel) around their waists, as is tradition for officers in the Irish Guards when in the presence of a member of the Royal Family.[citation needed]

Groom and best man edit

 
Prince William in uniform

Prince William wore an Irish Guards mounted officer's uniform in Guard of Honour Order with a forage cap, rather than the bearskin hat.[78][79] As a serving Royal Air Force flight lieutenant who also held the equivalent Royal Navy rank of lieutenant and army rank of captain in the Blues and Royals, William could have chosen to wear the uniform of any of these junior officer ranks. However, as he had been appointed colonel of the Irish Guards on 10 February 2011, he opted instead to wear the full dress uniform of that regiment.[80] As a Knight of the Order of the Garter, he wore the order's star and blue riband, to which were affixed his RAF wings and Golden Jubilee Medal.[81] William did not wear a sword in the church.[81]

Prince Harry wore the uniform of a captain of the Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons), with a forage cap. He wore aiguillettes, a cross-belt and gold waist belt with sword slings, but no sword. He wore the wings of the Army Air Corps and Golden Jubilee and Afghanistan Campaign medals.[81]

Designer Russell Kashket worked with the Princes to address concerns they had with the outfits. One such concern was the heat of the Abbey, so the designers used special material to absorb the heat while still achieving the desired look. Further, military dress uniforms do not traditionally have pockets, but the palace requested that some sort of compartment be added to Harry's outfit so that Catherine's wedding ring would not be lost.[77][82]

Wedding service edit

The order of service chosen by the bridal couple was the Series One form which is virtually identical with that of the 1928 Prayer Book.[83] The Dean of Westminster, John Hall, officiated for most of the service, with Rowan Williams, the Archbishop of Canterbury, as celebrant of the marriage and Richard Chartres, the Bishop of London, preaching the sermon.[84] It has long been traditional for the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Church of England's most senior bishop, to officiate at the weddings of England's monarchs and future monarchs.[85] Chartres is a close friend of the Prince of Wales and confirmed both Prince William and Catherine Middleton.[86]

The service commenced with the procession of the Queen, Prince Philip and the clergy. Shortly after, Middleton arrived with the party of maid of honour and junior attendants. As the choir sang "I Was Glad", an anthem by Sir Hubert Parry composed in 1902 for the coronation of King Edward VII, the bride made her three-and-a-half-minute procession through the nave and choir on her father's arm, to meet Prince William.[87] The service proceeded with the formal service and congregational singing of three well known hymns, fanfares, anthems, organ and orchestral music.

In the marriage vows, the couple promised to "love, comfort, honour and keep" each other. This was sealed by the exchange of a single ring.[88]

The lesson, read by the bride's brother, James Middleton, was from the Epistle to the Romans (Chapter 12, verses 1–2 and 9–18) and is an exhortation to live a righteous and peaceful life.[89]

The sermon, preached by the Bishop of London, commenced with a quotation from Catherine of Siena whose feast day it was. The bishop urged the couple to live selflessly, each remembering the needs of each other and seeking to transform each other by love rather than seeking to reform. He ended the sermon with a prayer composed by the couple themselves:[84][90][91]

God our Father, we thank you for our families; for the love that we share and for the joy of our marriage.

In the busyness of each day keep our eyes fixed on what is real and important in life and help us to be generous with our time and love and energy. Strengthened by our union help us to serve and comfort those who suffer.

We ask this in the Spirit of Jesus Christ. Amen.

The service continued with prayers and exhortations by the dean and archbishop. A newly composed choral anthem was sung by the choir. After the signing of the registers, William and Catherine walked down the aisle, pausing briefly to bow and curtsey to the Queen. They were followed in procession by other members of the bridal party, and their families, being joined at the door by the two youngest bridesmaids.[54]

On leaving Westminster Abbey, to the pealing of bells, they passed through a guard of honour of individually selected men and women from the various services, and were greeted by cheers from the crowds. The bridal couple entered the 1902 State Landau drawn by four white horses with postilions and attendant footmen, and guarded by a mounted escort of the Life Guard. A similar open carriage carried the rest of the bridal party, escorted by the Blues and Royals. The Queen and other members of the Royal Family followed in coaches drawn by the Queen's Cleveland Bay horses, and in state cars.[54]

The wedding bouquet was returned to Westminster Abbey and placed on the Tomb of The Unknown Warrior by a royal official, after the photographs had been taken. This followed the tradition started by Prince William's great-grandmother, Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, after her marriage to the Duke of York in 1923.[92][93] The formal portraits were taken by Hugo Burnand at Buckingham Palace following the ceremony.[94]

Music edit

Two choirs, one orchestra and a fanfare ensemble played the music for the service. These were the Westminster Abbey Choir, the Chapel Royal Choir, the London Chamber Orchestra and a fanfare ensemble from the Central Band of the Royal Air Force.[95] The choirs were directed by James O’Donnell, organist and Master of the Choristers at Westminster Abbey. The abbey's sub-organist, Robert Quinney, played the organ. The organist, choir master and composer at the Chapel Royal is Andrew Gant. The London Chamber Orchestra was conducted by Christopher Warren-Green, who is its music director and principal conductor. The fanfares were performed under the direction of Wing Commander Duncan Stubbs.[96]

The bride processed down the aisle to the anthem "I was glad", written by Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry, from Psalm 122. It was composed for the crowning of Prince William's great-great-great-grandfather, Edward VII, at Westminster Abbey in 1902.[97]

Three congregational hymns were sung during the service:

In addition, "God Save the Queen" was heralded with a fanfare and sung between the blessing and the signing of the wedding registers.

Choral compositions featured in the service were Parry's Blest Pair of Sirens (a setting of an ode by John Milton) during the signing of the register, Paul Mealor's Ubi Caritas et Amor as the motet and a specially commissioned anthem, "This is the day which the Lord hath made" consisting of words chosen from the Psalms, by John Rutter.[99][100]

Fanfare ensemble leader Wing Commander Duncan Stubbs's own composition, Valiant and Brave, was performed as the royal couple signed the wedding registers.[95] Preux et audacieux (which translates from French as "Valiant and Brave") is the motto of 22 Squadron, in which Prince William was serving as a search and rescue pilot at RAF Valley in North Wales.[101] The fanfare led into the recessional music, the orchestral march "Crown Imperial" by William Walton, composed for the coronation of George VI and which was also performed at Charles and Diana's wedding.[102]

The music performed before the service included two instrumental pieces by Sir Peter Maxwell Davies ("Veni Creator Spiritus" and "Farewell to Stromness") as well as with works by J.S. Bach, Benjamin Britten, Frederick Delius, Edward Elgar, Gerald Finzi, Charles Villiers Stanford, Ralph Vaughan Williams and Percy Whitlock.[99]

The bells of Westminster Abbey rang a full peal as the newly married couple and guests left the church. The ten bells rang a peal called "Spliced Surprise Royal", consisting of 5,040 changes, that took more than three hours to complete. They were rung by the volunteers of the Westminster Abbey Company of Ringers, under the direction of David Hilling.[103]

Wedding ring edit

Catherine's wedding ring was made from Welsh gold.[104][105] The ring was created by the royal warrant holder Wartski, a company with roots in Bangor, Gwynedd, north Wales.[106] Since 1923, it has been a tradition in the Royal Family to use Welsh gold for the wedding ring of the bride.[107] This ring was made from a small amount of gold that had been kept in the royal vaults since it was presented to Queen Elizabeth II. It was mined from the Clogau Gold Mine in the mountains of North Wales. The Clogau Gold Mine had its heyday in the late nineteenth century, was abandoned in the early twentieth century, was reopened in 1992 and finally closed in 1998.[108] The Queen had "given a piece of the gold that has been in the family for many years to Prince William as a gift," a palace source stated.[107] Prince William chose not to receive a wedding ring at the ceremony.[105]

Title upon marriage edit

On the morning of the wedding, it was announced that William was to be created Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Strathearn, and Baron Carrickfergus,[109] with Catherine becoming Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Cambridge after the wedding.[110] This was in line with the practice of granting titles upon marriage to royal princes who did not already have one (for example, Prince Andrew was created Duke of York when he married in 1986).[111] Strathearn is close to St Andrews, Fife, in Scotland, where the couple met as students, and Carrickfergus is in Northern Ireland. Combined with his existing titular link with Wales, William's collective titles link him to all of the four countries in the United Kingdom.[110][113]

Family celebrations edit

Reception edit

 
 
The newlyweds and the bridal party appeared on the balcony of Buckingham Palace; from left to right: Michael Middleton, Carole Middleton, the Duchess of Cornwall, Prince Charles, Eliza Lopes, Lady Louise Windsor, Grace van Cutsem, the Duchess of Cambridge, the Duke of Cambridge, Margarita Armstrong-Jones, Tom Pettifer, William Lowther-Pinkerton, the Queen, Prince Philip, Pippa Middleton, Prince Harry

The night before the wedding, the Queen and other members of the royal family as well as royals from foreign countries attended a gala dinner at Mandarin Oriental Hyde Park organised by the Queen's cousin Lady Elizabeth Shakerley.[114][115] After the wedding, the Queen hosted a lunchtime reception at Buckingham Palace,[84][116] starting after the arrival of the married couple's carriage. It was a private gathering for guests drawn from the congregation who represent the couple's official and private lives. The couple made an appearance on the balcony on the east (main) front of Buckingham Palace, where they shared a kiss twice.[117] The then Official Harpist to the Prince of Wales, Claire Jones, performed at the reception, playing a gold leaf harp known as "Prince of Wales" presented to Prince Charles in 2006 by Italian-American harp maker Salvi Harps.[118]

The menu for the reception remained a secret for several years until a copy of the menu was sold at an auction:

The main cake was an eight-tier fruit cake decorated with Lambeth-piped sugar paste flowers.[119][121] Cake designer Fiona Cairns based in Fleckney, Leicestershire was chosen in February 2011 to create the wedding cake. Additionally, McVitie's created a groom's cake from chocolate biscuit for the reception at Buckingham Palace. The chocolate biscuit cake was made from a Royal Family recipe and was specially requested by Prince William.[48][122] This icebox cake is a favorite tea cake of the Prince, his late mother Diana, Princess of Wales, and his grandmother Queen Elizabeth II.[123][124][125][126][127][128]

At 3.35 pm, William drove his new wife back up the Mall for the short distance to Clarence House, his then official London residence. The car, a blue, two-seater Aston Martin DB6 Volante (MkII convertible) that had been given to Prince Charles by the Queen as a 21st birthday present, was decorated in the customary newlywed style by the best man and friends; the rear number plate read "JUST WED".[129] The Prince had changed into a Blues and Royals captain's frock coat also made by Kashket;[130] his wife was still wearing her wedding dress. In a surprise organised by RAF Wattisham, the car was shadowed by a yellow Sea King helicopter flying the RAF Ensign from its winch cable, marking William's service as a pilot with the RAF Search and Rescue Force.[131]

Evening celebrations edit

In the evening, the Prince of Wales hosted a private dinner, followed by dancing, at Buckingham Palace for the couple and their close friends and family.[48][132] For the evening reception, the Duchess of Cambridge wore a strapless dress by Sarah Burton which "featured a circle skirt and diamante detailing".[133] She also wore a white shrug and let her hair down.[134] Singer-songwriter Ellie Goulding performed at the event, singing her rendition of "Your Song" for the couple's first dance. The singer also performed her hit single "Starry Eyed" for the assembled guests. The event ended with a small fireworks display in the palace grounds.[135]

Public celebration edit

 
A bell with William and Catherine's profile, made to commemorate the royal wedding.

Official merchandise, coins, and stamps edit

Prince William and Catherine Middleton personally approved an official range of china (including handmade plates, cups, and pill boxes) to be made for the Royal Collection and sold as souvenirs from December 2010 onwards.[136] The items were decorated with the intertwined initials of the couple under the prince's coronet and included the wording "To celebrate the marriage of Prince William of Wales and Catherine Middleton 29 April 2011."[137] The Lord Chamberlain's office approved a longer list of memorabilia, including official mugs, plates, biscuit tins, and porcelain pill pots. The document also clarified the use of William's coat of arms and pictures of the couple on such items. Initially, the Palace refused to sanction official tea towels, which, along with aprons, T-shirts and cushions, were deemed "in poor taste".[138] However, the restriction on tea towels, though not the other items, was later reversed. Sales of merchandising were expected to reach £44 million.[137]

To mark the engagement of William and Catherine, the Royal Mint produced an official Alderney £5 engagement coin, showing the couple in profile,[139] as well as an official £5 coin for the wedding.[140] The Royal Australian Mint issued a series of circulation and collectable coins designed by Stuart Devlin.[141] The Royal Canadian Mint released a series of coins and Canada Post issued a stamp,[142] approved by Clarence House, in commemoration of the wedding.[143] On 21 April, a set of commemorative postage stamps, featuring the couple's official engagement photographs, was issued by Royal Mail.[144]

Broadcasting edit

The wedding was widely broadcast on television, internet, and radio, in more than 180 countries.[145] ITV,[146] BBC,[147] and CNN covered the ceremony and associated events live through the combined pool of footage from the BBC, Sky, and ITN to help cover the overall cost.[148]

In North America, which is five to nine hours behind British Summer Time, the wedding occurred during the time usually taken up by network breakfast television programmes, which expanded their normal length to allow for full coverage. NBC's Today began coverage at 4 am Eastern Time,[149] and along with MSNBC, partnered with ITV.[150][151] ABC partnered with BBC,[152] CBS has its own live London affiliates,[153] and Fox and Fox News Channel partnered with their sister network Sky News.[154] (Although the American networks sent their top presenters, NBC expanded the Today show due to the 2011 Super Outbreak; NBC Nightly News presenter Brian Williams had arrived in London to present the coverage, but the tornado outbreak forced him to return to the United States.[155] Nevertheless, NBC had the highest ratings of any American network for the royal wedding, like 30 years before.[149]).

The CBC[156] and CTV had live coverage.[157] Cable networks and radio also had live coverage.[158] In Mexico, the wedding aired on Televisa and TV Azteca; all television stations in Mexico carrying the ceremony stayed on the air during the late night hours instead of normally signing off. The ABC also took the BBC feed in Australia, in addition to pay TV channel UKTV. Coverage was also provided on the Seven Network, Nine Network and Network Ten. The ABC had planned to produce alternative commentary with The Chaser, but in response to these plans, the BBC barred the use of its footage for such a purpose, on orders from Clarence House.[159] The royal wedding was also streamed live online on YouTube via the British Monarchy's official The Royal Channel.[160]

 
Nick Dixon reporting on American views of the wedding in Times Square for ITV's Daybreak programme on 28 April 2011

An April 2011 poll of 2,000 British adults found that 35% of the public intended to watch the wedding on television while an equal proportion planned to ignore the event altogether.[161] According to their reported plans, women were more than twice as likely (47%) to watch the event as men (23%).[162] Early estimates following the ceremony indicated an estimated 24.5 million people in the United Kingdom watched the wedding on either BBC One or ITV, giving those channels a 99.4% share of the terrestrial television audience as the service began,[163] with the BBC's Live royal wedding website having 9 million hits, estimating over half the British population watched the wedding.

The viewing figures for the event have been the subject of much speculation, with then Culture Secretary Jeremy Hunt estimating that 2 billion people would watch the wedding.[164] Following the event, this figure was duly reported by the media,[165][166] but was criticised by some news outlets for being inaccurate and unfounded.[167][168] Estimated figures include a peak audience of 26.3 million viewers and a total of 36.7 million watching at least some part of the wedding coverage in the UK,[169] while in the United States, the wedding drew an average audience of 22.8 million, with over 60 million tuning in at some point to watch some of the coverage.[170] In India, a reported 42.1 million viewers tuned in,[171] 9.9 million viewers in Germany,[172] 9.6 million viewers in France,[172] 5.22 million viewers watched the event in Canada with twelve million tuning in at some point,[173] five million in Australia,[174] and one million was expected in China,[175] for an audience of 122 million to 176 million viewers, drawing from a total population pool of 3.126 billion (approximately 45% of the world's population). Other reported figures put the global audience at 162 million viewers.[176] In addition to the television audiences, the ceremony attracted 72 million live streams and a reach of 101 million streams on YouTube across 188 countries.[177] With its 72 million streams, the wedding has been listed in the 2012 Guinness Book of World Records for the record of "Most Live Streams for a Single Event", beating out the Michael Jackson memorial service in 2009.[178] It has been suggested that the "two billion" figure is exaggerated,[179] and that there are too many gaps in the worldwide TV measuring system to accurately audit global audience figures.[180]

Public response edit

 
The Battle of Britain Memorial Flight overhead crowds of well-wishers at The Mall hoping to see the newly married couple on the Buckingham Palace balcony

There were about 5,500 applications to hold royal wedding street parties across England and Wales, including 850 in London, one of which was hosted by Prime Minister David Cameron in Downing Street for charity workers and local children.[181] The anti-monarchy campaign group Republic held an alternative street party in Holborn.[182] The event had initially been blocked by Camden Council after businesses raised concerns about loss of trade.[183]

A number of ceremonies and parties were held at places which had an intimate connection with the couple. In Scotland, about 2,000 people attended a party at the University of St Andrews, where the royal couple first met. Hundreds of people watched the ceremony on a big screen in Edinburgh's Festival Square.[184] Welsh celebrations were led by Anglesey, where Prince William was a search and rescue pilot and where the couple resided after the wedding. 2,600 people gathered to watch the event on big screens there, and around 200 street parties were organised throughout the rest of the country, including over 50 in Cardiff.[185]

The international Peace Bridge across the Niagara River between the United States and Canada at Buffalo, New York, and Fort Erie, Ontario, and operated in part by an Ontario Crown corporation, was lit in red, blue and gold, the colours of the royal coat of arms.[186]

In New Delhi, India, several hotels broadcast the ceremony live. One hotel offered cream tea and cakes decorated with royal emblems.[187]

Criticism and scepticism stemmed from the belief that, at a time of recession and rising unemployment in the UK, millions of pounds in tax funds were used for the wedding's security. The costs of the wedding itself were paid for by the Royal Family and the Middletons.[188][189][190] Emma Boon, campaign director for the taxpayers union TaxPayers' Alliance, expressed distaste for the lavish cost of the wedding and noted, "Of course it should be an event for the whole nation to celebrate, but ordinary taxpayers should not be left with a bill fit for a king." Graham Smith, current Campaign Manager of Republic, also spoke out on the taxpayer's responsibility for the wedding.[191]

Charitable fund edit

In March 2011, William and Catherine set up a gift fund held by The Foundation of Prince William and Prince Harry to allow well-wishers who wanted to give them a wedding gift to donate money to charities with which they were involved, incorporating the armed forces, children, the elderly, art, sport and conservation.[192][193]

The fund supported a total of 26 named organisations:

  • Oily Cart: a charity providing interactive theatre for under-fives and young children with learning difficulties[194][195]
  • PeacePlayers International: a charity uses sport, particularly basketball, to unite and educate young people from diverse backgrounds[196][195]
  • The Ocean Youth Trust: a charity based around teaching people to sail to enhance personal development[197][195]
  • Greenhouse Schools: a charity uses sport and dance programmes to reach out to London's disadvantaged children[198][195]
  • IntoUniversity: a charity provides local learning centres in disadvantaged areas to inspire the local youngsters to achieve[199][195]
  • Beatbullying: a charity works with children affected by bullying to provide them with support and confidence[200][195]
  • The Association for Children's Palliative Care (ACT): a charity aims to give children who are not expected to reach adulthood the best quality of life they can[201][195]
  • The Scottish Community Foundation: a charity helps fund good causes all across Scotland[202][195]
  • The Berkshire Community Foundation: a charity is an organisation that gives grants to local voluntary organisations[203][195]
  • Combat Stress: a charity providing care for veterans' mental health[204][195]
  • The Household Cavalry Benevolent fund: a charity provides support to soldiers' families, former soldiers and serving soldiers of the Household Cavalry Regiment[205][195]
  • The Irish Guards Appeal: a charity is an appeal to help all Irish Guards and their families who have been affected by serious injury or disability[206][195]
  • The Army Widows Association: a charity provides comfort and support to widows and widowers of service men and women[207][195]
  • The RAF Benevolent Fund: a charity provides practical and financial support to members of the RAF and their families[208][195]
  • The Zoological Society of London: a charity for the worldwide conservation of wildlife and their habitats[209][195]
  • Earthwatch: a charity to promote the understanding and action necessary for a sustainable environment[210][195]
  • The Canadian Coast Guard Auxiliary: a charity provides assistance to the National Defence and Coast Guard with search and rescue and safe boating programmes[211][195]
  • The Christchurch Earthquake appeal: a charity is raising money for the victims and victims' families of the earthquake that devastated Christchurch in February 2011[212][195]
  • The Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia: a charity delivering health care and emergency service to those who live, travel and work throughout Australia[213][214][195]
  • Cruse Bereavement Care: a charity provides advice and support to anyone trying to cope with grief[215][195]
  • Dance United: a charity uses contemporary dance training to unlock the potential of young offenders and disadvantaged children[216][195]
  • Venture Trust: a charity uses wilderness expeditions to provide young people with personal development activities[217][195]
  • Keyfund: a charity is providing young people with the opportunity to practically develop skills, confidence and self-awareness to reach their potential[218][195]
  • A National Voice: a charity is an organisation run for and by young people who are or have been in care to create positive changes to the care system[219][195]
  • Youth Access: a charity provides advice and counselling to youngsters across the UK[220][195]
  • The Community Foundation in Wales: a charity manages funds to provide volunteer organisations in Wales with necessary grants[221][195]

Tributes outside the Commonwealth edit

In the United States, the Empire State Building in New York City was lit in red, white, and blue, the colours of the Union Flag at sunset on 29 April to mark the wedding.[222]

Policing edit

The wedding had been subject to threats of violence and disruption. In February 2011, security agencies, including MI5, identified "dissident Irish republican groups" as possible threats.[223] The group Muslims Against Crusades abandoned a planned protest.[224] The English Defence League vowed to hold a counter-demonstration and promised 50 to 100 EDL members at each railway station in central London to block Muslim extremists in a "ring of steel".[225]

Security operations and arrests edit

Sixty people arrested at the TUC rally on the March for the Alternative had bail conditions that prevented them entering central London over the wedding period.[226]

On 28 April 2011, political activist Chris Knight and two others were arrested by Scotland Yard "on suspicion of conspiracy to cause public nuisance and breach of the peace". The three were planning a mock execution of Prince Andrew with a home-made guillotine in central London to coincide with the wedding. The guillotine was workable, but lacked a blade.[227][228]

On the day of the wedding, the Metropolitan Police Service made "pre-emptive" moves, applying blanket stop and search powers and arresting 52 people, including 13 arrested at Charing Cross station in possession of anti-monarchy placards and "climbing equipment".[229] Five people, three of whom wearing zombie make-up, were arrested "on suspicion of planning a breach of the peace" when they entered a branch of Starbucks. At a peaceful protest in Soho Square, a man was arrested by plain clothes police. Chief Inspector John Dale claimed "He had articles on him to cause criminal damage".[229][230] Police described the overall security operation as an "amazing success".[231][232] 8 of the arrested appealed to the European Court of Human Rights that their arrests were unlawful, however their claims were rejected.

In Scotland, twenty-one people were arrested at an unofficial "street party" in Kelvingrove Park, Glasgow which saw "completely unacceptable levels" of drunkenness, according to Strathclyde Police.[233] A taxi driver died on 10 May from injuries sustained when his cab was struck by a police van attending the Kelvingrove incident.[234]

Honeymoon edit

Despite reports that the couple would leave for their honeymoon the day after their wedding,[235][236] Prince William immediately returned to his work as a search-and-rescue pilot, and the couple did not depart until 9 May, ten days after their wedding.[237] The honeymoon destination was initially kept secret. Although the press speculated that they might be headed to locations such as South America, Jordan, and Kenya,[235] the couple ultimately decided to honeymoon for 10 days on a secluded villa on a private island in the Seychelles.[237] On the morning of 21 May, a spokesman for St. James's Palace announced that the couple had returned to the United Kingdom.[238][239] The length of the honeymoon was limited by William's RAF duties and the couple's official scheduled tour to Canada and the United States later that summer.[237][240]

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External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wedding of Prince William of Wales and Kate Middleton.
  • The Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton – The Royal Family on YouTube
  • Order of Service for the wedding
  • Royal Wedding information from Visit London
  • Local media coverage: BBC, Guardian, ,
  • Foreign media coverage: CNN (United States), (Canada)

December 02, 2023
wedding, prince, william, catherine, middleton, wedding, prince, william, catherine, middleton, took, place, friday, april, 2011, westminster, abbey, london, england, groom, second, line, succession, british, throne, couple, been, relationship, since, 2003, wi. The wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton took place on Friday 29 April 2011 at Westminster Abbey in London England The groom was second in the line of succession to the British throne The couple had been in a relationship since 2003 Wedding of Prince William and Catherine MiddletonWilliam and Catherine waving to the crowd at The Mall shortly after their weddingDate29 April 2011 12 years ago 29 April 2011 VenueWestminster AbbeyLocationLondon EnglandParticipantsPrince WilliamCatherine MiddletonJohn Hall then Dean of Westminster presided at the service Rowan Williams then Archbishop of Canterbury conducted the marriage Richard Chartres then Bishop of London preached the sermon and a reading was given by the bride s brother James William s best man was his brother Prince Harry while Catherine s sister Pippa was the maid of honour The ceremony was attended by the bride s and groom s families as well as members of foreign royal families diplomats and the couple s chosen personal guests After the ceremony the couple made the traditional appearance on the balcony of Buckingham Palace As Prince William was not the heir apparent to the throne at the time the wedding was not a full state occasion and many details were left for the couple to decide such as much of the guest list of about 1 900 Prince William and Catherine Middleton had first met in 2001 Their engagement which took place on 20 October 2010 was announced on 16 November 2010 The build up to the wedding and the occasion itself attracted much media attention being compared in many ways with the wedding of William s parents in 1981 The occasion was a public holiday in the United Kingdom and featured many ceremonial aspects including use of the state carriages and roles for the Foot Guards and Household Cavalry Events were held around the Commonwealth to mark the wedding organisations and hotels held events across Canada 1 over 5 000 street parties were held throughout the United Kingdom and about a million people lined the route between Westminster Abbey and Buckingham Palace on the wedding day 2 The ceremony was viewed live by tens of millions more around the world including 72 million live streams on YouTube 3 In the United Kingdom television audiences peaked at 26 3 million viewers with a total of 36 7 million watching part of the coverage Contents 1 Engagement announcement 2 Planning 2 1 Cost 2 2 Guest list 2 3 Route 3 Ceremony 3 1 Venue 3 2 Bridal party 3 3 Wedding attire 3 3 1 Bride 3 3 2 Bridal attendants 3 3 3 Groom and best man 3 4 Wedding service 3 5 Music 3 6 Wedding ring 3 7 Title upon marriage 4 Family celebrations 4 1 Reception 4 2 Evening celebrations 5 Public celebration 5 1 Official merchandise coins and stamps 5 2 Broadcasting 5 3 Public response 5 4 Charitable fund 5 5 Tributes outside the Commonwealth 6 Policing 6 1 Security operations and arrests 7 Honeymoon 8 References 9 External linksEngagement announcement editSee also Engagement announcement dress of Catherine Middleton Prince William and Catherine Middleton first met in 2001 while studying at the University of St Andrews 4 They began dating in 2003 5 On 16 November 2010 Clarence House stated that Prince William was to marry Catherine Middleton in the Spring or Summer of 2011 in London 6 They were engaged in October 2010 while on a private holiday in Kenya Prince William gave Middleton the same engagement ring that his father had given to William s mother Diana Princess of Wales 7 an 18 karat white gold ring with a 12 carat oval Ceylon Sri Lankan sapphire and 14 round diamonds It was announced at approximately the same time that after their marriage the couple would live on the Isle of Anglesey in Wales where William was based with the Royal Air Force 6 8 nbsp A replica of Catherine s engagement ringThe Queen said she was absolutely delighted for the couple 7 giving her formal consent to the marriage as required by the since repealed Royal Marriages Act 1772 in her British privy council on the morning of the engagement 9 Congratulations also came in from the Queen s prime ministers 10 11 12 including the then Prime Minister of Australia Julia Gillard who has at other times demonstrated moderate republican leanings 13 The suffragan Bishop of Willesden Pete Broadbent who also has republican views published a critical reaction to the wedding announcement on Facebook He later acknowledged that his words were offensive and subsequently apologised 14 but his superior Richard Chartres then Bishop of London instructed him to withdraw from public ministry until further notice 15 16 Following the announcement the couple gave an exclusive interview to ITV News political editor Tom Bradby 17 and hosted a photocall at St James s Palace 18 19 On 12 December 2010 Buckingham Palace issued the official engagement photographs these were taken on 25 November in the state apartments at St James s Palace by photographer Mario Testino 20 21 On 23 November 2010 the date of the ceremony was confirmed as Friday 29 April 2011 22 23 The Queen in her British Council ordered on 15 December 2010 that the wedding day would be a public holiday throughout the United Kingdom 22 24 25 It was also declared an official public holiday in the British Overseas Territories of Bermuda the Cayman Islands Gibraltar the Falkland Islands Montserrat and the Turks and Caicos and the British Crown Dependencies of Guernsey Jersey and the Isle of Man 26 27 28 As 29 April fell six days before elections for the Scottish Parliament and the Alternative Vote referendum this attracted political comment 29 30 31 John Curtice a professor of politics at the University of Strathclyde stated for the Scottish elections that the date was unfortunate and was likely to see the Royal Family getting caught up in political debate 32 Middleton who was christened as a child decided to be confirmed into the Church of England preceding her wedding 33 The confirmation service was conducted on 10 March at St James s Palace by the Bishop of London with her family and William in attendance 34 TV programmes were also shown in the UK prior to the wedding which provided deeper insights into the couple s relationship and backgrounds including When Kate Met William 35 and Channel 4 s Meet the Middletons 36 Planning edit nbsp Soldiers in non dress uniforms during the rehearsal for the wedding on 27 AprilNote All times are in British Summer Time UTC 01 00 On 5 January St James s Palace publicised that the ceremony would start at 11 00 local time and that the bride would arrive at the abbey by car rather than by carriage the latter is the traditional transport for royal brides The route planned was along The Mall through Horse Guards Parade and down Whitehall to the abbey Beforehand motorists were warned about using the roads in central London on the wedding day including by Transport for London which issued travel advice on road closures 37 Cost edit The costs of the wedding itself were borne by the Royal Family and the Middletons themselves while the costs of security and transport were covered by Her Majesty s Treasury 38 39 The couple also asked that donations be made to charities in place of traditional wedding gifts 40 to that end they established The Prince William and Miss Catherine Middleton Charitable Gift Fund which focused on assisting charities such as the New Zealand Christchurch Earthquake Appeal the Canadian Coast Guard Auxiliary the Royal Flying Doctor Service and the Zoological Society of London 41 The overall cost of the event was estimated to be 23 7 million 42 The Australian newspaper Herald Sun estimated A 32 million for security and A 800 000 for flowers Estimates of the cost to the economy of extra public holidays such as that allowed for the wedding vary between 1 2 billion and 6 billion 43 The British government tourist authority VisitBritain predicted the wedding would trigger a tourism boom that would last several years eventually pulling in an additional 4 million visitors and generating 2 billion 44 However VisitBritain s head of research and forecasting David Edwards suggested to colleagues two days after the engagement was announced that the evidence points to royal weddings having a negative impact on inbound tourism He noted that the number of visitors to Britain was down significantly in July 1981 when Prince Charles and Diana were married from the same period in other years and also July 1986 when Prince Andrew and Sarah Ferguson were married was down from July 1985 45 Guest list edit Main article List of wedding guests of Prince William and Catherine Middleton nbsp The official invitation for the royal wedding sent by the Lord ChamberlainOn 16 and 17 February three sets of guest lists were sent out in the name of the Queen Many guests or their successors in office who were invited to the wedding of William s parents were not invited to the wedding The first list consisting of about 1 900 people attended the ceremony in the abbey the second list of approximately 600 people were invited to the luncheon reception at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Queen and the final list of about 300 names was for the evening dinner hosted by the Prince of Wales 46 More than half of wedding guests itself were family and friends of the couple though there were a significant number of Commonwealth leaders including the governors general who represent the Queen in Commonwealth realms other than the UK prime ministers of the Commonwealth realms and heads of government of other Commonwealth countries members of religious organisations the diplomatic corps several military officials members of the British Royal Household members of foreign royal families and representatives of William s charities and others with whom William has worked on official business Although St James s Palace declined to publish the names of those invited a breakdown of guests was published by category the list made no mention of foreign heads of state 46 The invitation of Sean Cardinal Brady Primate of All Ireland to the event and its acceptance were described as unprecedented by a spokesman for Ireland s Catholic bishops The spokesman attributed the invitation to Cardinal Brady s contribution to the Northern Ireland peace process 47 Route edit nbsp Route of the groom to and of the bride and groom from the ceremony at Westminster AbbeyThe route of the groom and his party to the ceremony went between Buckingham Palace and Westminster Abbey by The Mall passing Clarence House by Horse Guards Road Horse Guards Parade through Horse Guards Arch Whitehall the south side of Parliament Square and Broad Sanctuary 48 After the ceremony the bridal couple returned along the same route by carriage 49 At 6 00 am roads in and around the processional route were closed to traffic From 8 15 am the main congregation governors general prime ministers of Commonwealth realms and diplomats all arrived at the abbey Princes William and Harry who had stayed at Clarence House 50 left for the ceremony at 10 10 am in a Bentley State Limousine and arrived at 10 18 am followed by representatives of foreign royal families the Middleton family and lastly the Royal Family the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall the Princess Royal and Vice Admiral Timothy Laurence the Duke of York Princess Beatrice and Princess Eugenie and the Earl and Countess of Wessex The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh were the last members of the Royal Family to leave Buckingham Palace as is tradition arriving at the abbey at 10 48 am 51 The bridal party who had spent the night at the Goring Hotel 52 left for the ceremony in the former number one state Rolls Royce Phantom VI at 10 52 am 53 in time for the service to begin at 11 00 am nbsp nbsp The groom travelled to the ceremony in a Bentley State Limousine with his brother and best man left the bride in a Rolls Royce Phantom VI Silver Jubilee Car with her father right The service finished at 12 15 pm after which the newly married couple travelled to Buckingham Palace in the 1902 State Landau They were followed by Prince Harry Pippa Middleton and the bridesmaids and page boys who travelled in two of the Ascot Landaus the Prince of Wales the Duchess of Cornwall and Mr and Mrs Middleton who travelled in the Australian State Coach and the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh who travelled in the Scottish State Coach At 1 25 pm the couple appeared on the balcony of Buckingham Palace to watch a flypast of an Avro Lancaster bomber a Supermarine Spitfire fighter and a Hawker Hurricane fighter aircraft from the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight followed by two Typhoons from RAF Coningsby and two Tornado GR4s from RAF Leuchars in a flat diamond formation 54 55 Ceremony editVenue edit nbsp Westminster Abbey has been the venue for coronations and some royal weddings nbsp Combined coat of arms of William and Catherine the Duke and Duchess of CambridgeWestminster Abbey founded in AD 960 has a particular status and is known as a Royal Peculiar 56 Although the abbey has been the traditional location for coronations since 1066 not until the 20th century did it become the church of choice for royal weddings prior to 1918 most royal weddings took place in the royal chapels such as the Chapel Royal at St James s Palace and St George s Chapel Windsor Castle 57 The abbey which has a usual seating capacity of 2000 58 has been the venue for most royal weddings in the last century including those of William s grandparents Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip in 1947 William s great aunt Princess Margaret in 1960 William s first cousin twice removed Princess Alexandra in 1963 William s aunt Princess Anne in 1973 and William s uncle Prince Andrew in 1986 59 It was also the setting for the funeral of Diana Princess of Wales in 1997 A prominent decorative addition inside the abbey for the ceremony was an avenue of 20 foot tall trees six field maple and two hornbeams arranged on either side of the main aisle 60 Bridal party edit In a break with royal tradition the groom had a best man his brother Prince Harry rather than a supporter while the bride chose her sister Pippa as maid of honour There were four bridesmaids and two page boys 61 62 Lady Louise Mountbatten Windsor the seven year old daughter of the Earl and Countess of Wessex Hon Margarita Armstrong Jones the eight year old daughter of Viscount and Viscountess Linley Grace van Cutsem the three year old daughter of the couple s friend Hugh van Cutsem Eliza Lopes the three year old granddaughter of the Duchess of Cornwall William Lowther Pinkerton the ten year old son of William s private secretary Major Jamie Lowther Pinkerton Tom Pettifer the eight year old son of Princes William and Harry s former nanny Tiggy PettiferWedding attire edit Bride edit Main article Wedding dress of Catherine Middleton nbsp The Duchess of Cambridge in bridal gownThe bridal dress designed by the London based designer Sarah Burton at Alexander McQueen 63 was made of ivory satin and featured an overlaid long sleeved V neck lace bodice and appliqued full skirt with box pleats the back leading to a nine foot train The bodice incorporated machine made lace sourced from manufacturers in France and Britain Floral motifs were cut from lengths of these and then appliqued by hand onto silk net tulle by workers from the Royal School of Needlework The motifs included roses thistles daffodils and shamrocks to represent England Scotland Wales and Northern Ireland 64 The veil was held in place by the Cartier Halo Tiara made in 1936 and lent to her by the Queen It was purchased by the Queen s father the future King George VI for his wife Elizabeth three weeks before his accession Princess Elizabeth later Queen Elizabeth II received the tiara from her mother on her 18th birthday In order to avoid her tiara falling off as had happened for Lady Diana Spencer while wearing a Spencer family tiara during her 1981 wedding to the Prince of Wales Catherine s stylists backcombed the top of her hair to create a foundation for the tiara to sit around then did a tiny plait in the middle and sewed it on 65 For the customary bridal themes of Something old something new something borrowed something blue Middleton s gown and veil had lace appointments the old she was given custom made diamond earrings by her parents the new and the Queen s tiara the borrowed and a blue ribbon was sewn into the bodice the blue 66 Middleton s point toed pump shoes were also from Alexander McQueen 67 and had a lace pattern matching the dress with appliques made by the Royal School of Needlework 68 The bride s shield shaped wired bouquet designed by Derek Connolly contained myrtle lily of the valley sweet William ivy and hyacinth 66 Middleton s hair was styled in loose curls for the occasion by hair dresser James Pryce of the Richard Ward Salon 65 69 She received private make up lessons from Arabella Preston 69 70 and the entire bridal party received makeup artistry assistance from Bobbi Brown make up artist Hannah Martin prior to the event but ultimately Middleton did her own makeup for the occasion 71 The look was described as a soft smokey eye with pink lips and cheeks 69 72 Her nails were painted by manicurist Marina Sandoval in a mixture of two polishes a barely there pink and a sheer beige to complement her skin tone and gown 73 Bridal attendants edit Maid of honour Pippa Middleton also wore a gown by Sarah Burton of Alexander McQueen It has been described as being made of heavy ivory satin based crepe with a cowl front and with the same button detail and lace trims as the Bride s dress 74 Like her sister she received makeup artistry assistance from Bobbi Brown make up artist Hannah Martin but it is unclear who actually put on her makeup for the wedding day 71 Her hair was loosely curled in a half up half down style by the Richard Ward Salon 65 with a deep side part and a hairpiece made of ivy and lily of the valley to match Catherine s bouquet 69 The young bridesmaids wore dresses designed by Nicki Macfarlane handmade with the help of Macfarlane s daughter Charlotte in their homes at Wiltshire and Kent 75 The gowns echoed the bride s dress and were made with the same fabrics and button detail along the back 75 They were described as having a ballerina length full box pleated skirt and were hand finished with English Cluny lace 76 Their ivy and lily of the valley hair wreaths were influenced by Catherine s mother Carole s headdress at her 1981 wedding to Michael Middleton 75 All of the bridesmaids wore satin Mary Jane style shoes with a Swarovski crystal buckle designed by Devon based Rainbow Club 76 Their flowers were designed and made by Shane Connolly and replicated the flowers in Catherine s bouquet lily of the valley sweet William and hyacinth 76 The pageboys outfits were designed by Kashket and Partners 77 in the style worn by a Foot Guard officer at the time of the Regency the 1820s with an insignia from the Irish Guards whose Colonel is Prince William citation needed The tunics are red with gold piping and have Irish shamrocks on the collars The Pages wore a gold and crimson sash with tassel around their waists as is tradition for officers in the Irish Guards when in the presence of a member of the Royal Family citation needed Groom and best man edit nbsp Prince William in uniformPrince William wore an Irish Guards mounted officer s uniform in Guard of Honour Order with a forage cap rather than the bearskin hat 78 79 As a serving Royal Air Force flight lieutenant who also held the equivalent Royal Navy rank of lieutenant and army rank of captain in the Blues and Royals William could have chosen to wear the uniform of any of these junior officer ranks However as he had been appointed colonel of the Irish Guards on 10 February 2011 he opted instead to wear the full dress uniform of that regiment 80 As a Knight of the Order of the Garter he wore the order s star and blue riband to which were affixed his RAF wings and Golden Jubilee Medal 81 William did not wear a sword in the church 81 Prince Harry wore the uniform of a captain of the Blues and Royals Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons with a forage cap He wore aiguillettes a cross belt and gold waist belt with sword slings but no sword He wore the wings of the Army Air Corps and Golden Jubilee and Afghanistan Campaign medals 81 Designer Russell Kashket worked with the Princes to address concerns they had with the outfits One such concern was the heat of the Abbey so the designers used special material to absorb the heat while still achieving the desired look Further military dress uniforms do not traditionally have pockets but the palace requested that some sort of compartment be added to Harry s outfit so that Catherine s wedding ring would not be lost 77 82 Wedding service edit The order of service chosen by the bridal couple was the Series One form which is virtually identical with that of the 1928 Prayer Book 83 The Dean of Westminster John Hall officiated for most of the service with Rowan Williams the Archbishop of Canterbury as celebrant of the marriage and Richard Chartres the Bishop of London preaching the sermon 84 It has long been traditional for the Archbishop of Canterbury the Church of England s most senior bishop to officiate at the weddings of England s monarchs and future monarchs 85 Chartres is a close friend of the Prince of Wales and confirmed both Prince William and Catherine Middleton 86 The service commenced with the procession of the Queen Prince Philip and the clergy Shortly after Middleton arrived with the party of maid of honour and junior attendants As the choir sang I Was Glad an anthem by Sir Hubert Parry composed in 1902 for the coronation of King Edward VII the bride made her three and a half minute procession through the nave and choir on her father s arm to meet Prince William 87 The service proceeded with the formal service and congregational singing of three well known hymns fanfares anthems organ and orchestral music In the marriage vows the couple promised to love comfort honour and keep each other This was sealed by the exchange of a single ring 88 The lesson read by the bride s brother James Middleton was from the Epistle to the Romans Chapter 12 verses 1 2 and 9 18 and is an exhortation to live a righteous and peaceful life 89 The sermon preached by the Bishop of London commenced with a quotation from Catherine of Siena whose feast day it was The bishop urged the couple to live selflessly each remembering the needs of each other and seeking to transform each other by love rather than seeking to reform He ended the sermon with a prayer composed by the couple themselves 84 90 91 God our Father we thank you for our families for the love that we share and for the joy of our marriage In the busyness of each day keep our eyes fixed on what is real and important in life and help us to be generous with our time and love and energy Strengthened by our union help us to serve and comfort those who suffer We ask this in the Spirit of Jesus Christ Amen The service continued with prayers and exhortations by the dean and archbishop A newly composed choral anthem was sung by the choir After the signing of the registers William and Catherine walked down the aisle pausing briefly to bow and curtsey to the Queen They were followed in procession by other members of the bridal party and their families being joined at the door by the two youngest bridesmaids 54 On leaving Westminster Abbey to the pealing of bells they passed through a guard of honour of individually selected men and women from the various services and were greeted by cheers from the crowds The bridal couple entered the 1902 State Landau drawn by four white horses with postilions and attendant footmen and guarded by a mounted escort of the Life Guard A similar open carriage carried the rest of the bridal party escorted by the Blues and Royals The Queen and other members of the Royal Family followed in coaches drawn by the Queen s Cleveland Bay horses and in state cars 54 The wedding bouquet was returned to Westminster Abbey and placed on the Tomb of The Unknown Warrior by a royal official after the photographs had been taken This followed the tradition started by Prince William s great grandmother Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon after her marriage to the Duke of York in 1923 92 93 The formal portraits were taken by Hugo Burnand at Buckingham Palace following the ceremony 94 Music edit Two choirs one orchestra and a fanfare ensemble played the music for the service These were the Westminster Abbey Choir the Chapel Royal Choir the London Chamber Orchestra and a fanfare ensemble from the Central Band of the Royal Air Force 95 The choirs were directed by James O Donnell organist and Master of the Choristers at Westminster Abbey The abbey s sub organist Robert Quinney played the organ The organist choir master and composer at the Chapel Royal is Andrew Gant The London Chamber Orchestra was conducted by Christopher Warren Green who is its music director and principal conductor The fanfares were performed under the direction of Wing Commander Duncan Stubbs 96 The bride processed down the aisle to the anthem I was glad written by Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry from Psalm 122 It was composed for the crowning of Prince William s great great great grandfather Edward VII at Westminster Abbey in 1902 97 Three congregational hymns were sung during the service Guide me O Thou Great Redeemer sung to the tune Cwm Rhondda The hymn originally written in Welsh by 18th century Methodist preacher William Williams had been sung at the funeral of Diana Princess of Wales 98 Love Divine All Loves Excelling The words were written by Charles Wesley and its tune Blaenwern was composed by William Penfro Rowlands during the 1904 1905 Welsh Revival This hymn was sung at the Prince of Wales s 2005 marriage to the Duchess of Cornwall 98 Jerusalem based on the poem by William Blake and set to music by Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry 98 In addition God Save the Queen was heralded with a fanfare and sung between the blessing and the signing of the wedding registers Choral compositions featured in the service were Parry s Blest Pair of Sirens a setting of an ode by John Milton during the signing of the register Paul Mealor s Ubi Caritas et Amor as the motet and a specially commissioned anthem This is the day which the Lord hath made consisting of words chosen from the Psalms by John Rutter 99 100 Fanfare ensemble leader Wing Commander Duncan Stubbs s own composition Valiant and Brave was performed as the royal couple signed the wedding registers 95 Preux et audacieux which translates from French as Valiant and Brave is the motto of 22 Squadron in which Prince William was serving as a search and rescue pilot at RAF Valley in North Wales 101 The fanfare led into the recessional music the orchestral march Crown Imperial by William Walton composed for the coronation of George VI and which was also performed at Charles and Diana s wedding 102 The music performed before the service included two instrumental pieces by Sir Peter Maxwell Davies Veni Creator Spiritus and Farewell to Stromness as well as with works by J S Bach Benjamin Britten Frederick Delius Edward Elgar Gerald Finzi Charles Villiers Stanford Ralph Vaughan Williams and Percy Whitlock 99 The bells of Westminster Abbey rang a full peal as the newly married couple and guests left the church The ten bells rang a peal called Spliced Surprise Royal consisting of 5 040 changes that took more than three hours to complete They were rung by the volunteers of the Westminster Abbey Company of Ringers under the direction of David Hilling 103 Wedding ring edit Catherine s wedding ring was made from Welsh gold 104 105 The ring was created by the royal warrant holder Wartski a company with roots in Bangor Gwynedd north Wales 106 Since 1923 it has been a tradition in the Royal Family to use Welsh gold for the wedding ring of the bride 107 This ring was made from a small amount of gold that had been kept in the royal vaults since it was presented to Queen Elizabeth II It was mined from the Clogau Gold Mine in the mountains of North Wales The Clogau Gold Mine had its heyday in the late nineteenth century was abandoned in the early twentieth century was reopened in 1992 and finally closed in 1998 108 The Queen had given a piece of the gold that has been in the family for many years to Prince William as a gift a palace source stated 107 Prince William chose not to receive a wedding ring at the ceremony 105 Title upon marriage edit On the morning of the wedding it was announced that William was to be created Duke of Cambridge Earl of Strathearn and Baron Carrickfergus 109 with Catherine becoming Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Cambridge after the wedding 110 This was in line with the practice of granting titles upon marriage to royal princes who did not already have one for example Prince Andrew was created Duke of York when he married in 1986 111 Strathearn is close to St Andrews Fife in Scotland where the couple met as students and Carrickfergus is in Northern Ireland Combined with his existing titular link with Wales William s collective titles link him to all of the four countries in the United Kingdom 110 113 Family celebrations editReception edit nbsp nbsp The newlyweds and the bridal party appeared on the balcony of Buckingham Palace from left to right Michael Middleton Carole Middleton the Duchess of Cornwall Prince Charles Eliza Lopes Lady Louise Windsor Grace van Cutsem the Duchess of Cambridge the Duke of Cambridge Margarita Armstrong Jones Tom Pettifer William Lowther Pinkerton the Queen Prince Philip Pippa Middleton Prince Harry The night before the wedding the Queen and other members of the royal family as well as royals from foreign countries attended a gala dinner at Mandarin Oriental Hyde Park organised by the Queen s cousin Lady Elizabeth Shakerley 114 115 After the wedding the Queen hosted a lunchtime reception at Buckingham Palace 84 116 starting after the arrival of the married couple s carriage It was a private gathering for guests drawn from the congregation who represent the couple s official and private lives The couple made an appearance on the balcony on the east main front of Buckingham Palace where they shared a kiss twice 117 The then Official Harpist to the Prince of Wales Claire Jones performed at the reception playing a gold leaf harp known as Prince of Wales presented to Prince Charles in 2006 by Italian American harp maker Salvi Harps 118 The menu for the reception remained a secret for several years until a copy of the menu was sold at an auction South Uist salmon Lyme Bay crab Hebridean langoustines and a fresh herb salad with 2009 Domaine Guyot Javillier Meursault North Highland organic lamb from Prince Charles s organic farm with spring vegetables English asparagus Jersey Royal potatoes and sauce Windsor with 2004 L Hospitalet de Gazin Pomerol 119 Berkshire honey ice cream sherry trifle and chocolate parfait with Laurent Perrier Rose champagne 120 Coffee and mint teaThe main cake was an eight tier fruit cake decorated with Lambeth piped sugar paste flowers 119 121 Cake designer Fiona Cairns based in Fleckney Leicestershire was chosen in February 2011 to create the wedding cake Additionally McVitie s created a groom s cake from chocolate biscuit for the reception at Buckingham Palace The chocolate biscuit cake was made from a Royal Family recipe and was specially requested by Prince William 48 122 This icebox cake is a favorite tea cake of the Prince his late mother Diana Princess of Wales and his grandmother Queen Elizabeth II 123 124 125 126 127 128 At 3 35 pm William drove his new wife back up the Mall for the short distance to Clarence House his then official London residence The car a blue two seater Aston Martin DB6 Volante MkII convertible that had been given to Prince Charles by the Queen as a 21st birthday present was decorated in the customary newlywed style by the best man and friends the rear number plate read JUST WED 129 The Prince had changed into a Blues and Royals captain s frock coat also made by Kashket 130 his wife was still wearing her wedding dress In a surprise organised by RAF Wattisham the car was shadowed by a yellow Sea King helicopter flying the RAF Ensign from its winch cable marking William s service as a pilot with the RAF Search and Rescue Force 131 Evening celebrations edit In the evening the Prince of Wales hosted a private dinner followed by dancing at Buckingham Palace for the couple and their close friends and family 48 132 For the evening reception the Duchess of Cambridge wore a strapless dress by Sarah Burton which featured a circle skirt and diamante detailing 133 She also wore a white shrug and let her hair down 134 Singer songwriter Ellie Goulding performed at the event singing her rendition of Your Song for the couple s first dance The singer also performed her hit single Starry Eyed for the assembled guests The event ended with a small fireworks display in the palace grounds 135 Public celebration edit nbsp A bell with William and Catherine s profile made to commemorate the royal wedding Official merchandise coins and stamps edit Prince William and Catherine Middleton personally approved an official range of china including handmade plates cups and pill boxes to be made for the Royal Collection and sold as souvenirs from December 2010 onwards 136 The items were decorated with the intertwined initials of the couple under the prince s coronet and included the wording To celebrate the marriage of Prince William of Wales and Catherine Middleton 29 April 2011 137 The Lord Chamberlain s office approved a longer list of memorabilia including official mugs plates biscuit tins and porcelain pill pots The document also clarified the use of William s coat of arms and pictures of the couple on such items Initially the Palace refused to sanction official tea towels which along with aprons T shirts and cushions were deemed in poor taste 138 However the restriction on tea towels though not the other items was later reversed Sales of merchandising were expected to reach 44 million 137 To mark the engagement of William and Catherine the Royal Mint produced an official Alderney 5 engagement coin showing the couple in profile 139 as well as an official 5 coin for the wedding 140 The Royal Australian Mint issued a series of circulation and collectable coins designed by Stuart Devlin 141 The Royal Canadian Mint released a series of coins and Canada Post issued a stamp 142 approved by Clarence House in commemoration of the wedding 143 On 21 April a set of commemorative postage stamps featuring the couple s official engagement photographs was issued by Royal Mail 144 Broadcasting edit The wedding was widely broadcast on television internet and radio in more than 180 countries 145 ITV 146 BBC 147 and CNN covered the ceremony and associated events live through the combined pool of footage from the BBC Sky and ITN to help cover the overall cost 148 In North America which is five to nine hours behind British Summer Time the wedding occurred during the time usually taken up by network breakfast television programmes which expanded their normal length to allow for full coverage NBC s Today began coverage at 4 am Eastern Time 149 and along with MSNBC partnered with ITV 150 151 ABC partnered with BBC 152 CBS has its own live London affiliates 153 and Fox and Fox News Channel partnered with their sister network Sky News 154 Although the American networks sent their top presenters NBC expanded the Today show due to the 2011 Super Outbreak NBC Nightly News presenter Brian Williams had arrived in London to present the coverage but the tornado outbreak forced him to return to the United States 155 Nevertheless NBC had the highest ratings of any American network for the royal wedding like 30 years before 149 The CBC 156 and CTV had live coverage 157 Cable networks and radio also had live coverage 158 In Mexico the wedding aired on Televisa and TV Azteca all television stations in Mexico carrying the ceremony stayed on the air during the late night hours instead of normally signing off The ABC also took the BBC feed in Australia in addition to pay TV channel UKTV Coverage was also provided on the Seven Network Nine Network and Network Ten The ABC had planned to produce alternative commentary with The Chaser but in response to these plans the BBC barred the use of its footage for such a purpose on orders from Clarence House 159 The royal wedding was also streamed live online on YouTube via the British Monarchy s official The Royal Channel 160 nbsp Nick Dixon reporting on American views of the wedding in Times Square for ITV s Daybreak programme on 28 April 2011An April 2011 poll of 2 000 British adults found that 35 of the public intended to watch the wedding on television while an equal proportion planned to ignore the event altogether 161 According to their reported plans women were more than twice as likely 47 to watch the event as men 23 162 Early estimates following the ceremony indicated an estimated 24 5 million people in the United Kingdom watched the wedding on either BBC One or ITV giving those channels a 99 4 share of the terrestrial television audience as the service began 163 with the BBC s Live royal wedding website having 9 million hits estimating over half the British population watched the wedding The viewing figures for the event have been the subject of much speculation with then Culture Secretary Jeremy Hunt estimating that 2 billion people would watch the wedding 164 Following the event this figure was duly reported by the media 165 166 but was criticised by some news outlets for being inaccurate and unfounded 167 168 Estimated figures include a peak audience of 26 3 million viewers and a total of 36 7 million watching at least some part of the wedding coverage in the UK 169 while in the United States the wedding drew an average audience of 22 8 million with over 60 million tuning in at some point to watch some of the coverage 170 In India a reported 42 1 million viewers tuned in 171 9 9 million viewers in Germany 172 9 6 million viewers in France 172 5 22 million viewers watched the event in Canada with twelve million tuning in at some point 173 five million in Australia 174 and one million was expected in China 175 for an audience of 122 million to 176 million viewers drawing from a total population pool of 3 126 billion approximately 45 of the world s population Other reported figures put the global audience at 162 million viewers 176 In addition to the television audiences the ceremony attracted 72 million live streams and a reach of 101 million streams on YouTube across 188 countries 177 With its 72 million streams the wedding has been listed in the 2012 Guinness Book of World Records for the record of Most Live Streams for a Single Event beating out the Michael Jackson memorial service in 2009 178 It has been suggested that the two billion figure is exaggerated 179 and that there are too many gaps in the worldwide TV measuring system to accurately audit global audience figures 180 Public response edit nbsp The Battle of Britain Memorial Flight overhead crowds of well wishers at The Mall hoping to see the newly married couple on the Buckingham Palace balconyThere were about 5 500 applications to hold royal wedding street parties across England and Wales including 850 in London one of which was hosted by Prime Minister David Cameron in Downing Street for charity workers and local children 181 The anti monarchy campaign group Republic held an alternative street party in Holborn 182 The event had initially been blocked by Camden Council after businesses raised concerns about loss of trade 183 A number of ceremonies and parties were held at places which had an intimate connection with the couple In Scotland about 2 000 people attended a party at the University of St Andrews where the royal couple first met Hundreds of people watched the ceremony on a big screen in Edinburgh s Festival Square 184 Welsh celebrations were led by Anglesey where Prince William was a search and rescue pilot and where the couple resided after the wedding 2 600 people gathered to watch the event on big screens there and around 200 street parties were organised throughout the rest of the country including over 50 in Cardiff 185 The international Peace Bridge across the Niagara River between the United States and Canada at Buffalo New York and Fort Erie Ontario and operated in part by an Ontario Crown corporation was lit in red blue and gold the colours of the royal coat of arms 186 In New Delhi India several hotels broadcast the ceremony live One hotel offered cream tea and cakes decorated with royal emblems 187 Criticism and scepticism stemmed from the belief that at a time of recession and rising unemployment in the UK millions of pounds in tax funds were used for the wedding s security The costs of the wedding itself were paid for by the Royal Family and the Middletons 188 189 190 Emma Boon campaign director for the taxpayers union TaxPayers Alliance expressed distaste for the lavish cost of the wedding and noted Of course it should be an event for the whole nation to celebrate but ordinary taxpayers should not be left with a bill fit for a king Graham Smith current Campaign Manager of Republic also spoke out on the taxpayer s responsibility for the wedding 191 Charitable fund edit In March 2011 William and Catherine set up a gift fund held by The Foundation of Prince William and Prince Harry to allow well wishers who wanted to give them a wedding gift to donate money to charities with which they were involved incorporating the armed forces children the elderly art sport and conservation 192 193 The fund supported a total of 26 named organisations Oily Cart a charity providing interactive theatre for under fives and young children with learning difficulties 194 195 PeacePlayers International a charity uses sport particularly basketball to unite and educate young people from diverse backgrounds 196 195 The Ocean Youth Trust a charity based around teaching people to sail to enhance personal development 197 195 Greenhouse Schools a charity uses sport and dance programmes to reach out to London s disadvantaged children 198 195 IntoUniversity a charity provides local learning centres in disadvantaged areas to inspire the local youngsters to achieve 199 195 Beatbullying a charity works with children affected by bullying to provide them with support and confidence 200 195 The Association for Children s Palliative Care ACT a charity aims to give children who are not expected to reach adulthood the best quality of life they can 201 195 The Scottish Community Foundation a charity helps fund good causes all across Scotland 202 195 The Berkshire Community Foundation a charity is an organisation that gives grants to local voluntary organisations 203 195 Combat Stress a charity providing care for veterans mental health 204 195 The Household Cavalry Benevolent fund a charity provides support to soldiers families former soldiers and serving soldiers of the Household Cavalry Regiment 205 195 The Irish Guards Appeal a charity is an appeal to help all Irish Guards and their families who have been affected by serious injury or disability 206 195 The Army Widows Association a charity provides comfort and support to widows and widowers of service men and women 207 195 The RAF Benevolent Fund a charity provides practical and financial support to members of the RAF and their families 208 195 The Zoological Society of London a charity for the worldwide conservation of wildlife and their habitats 209 195 Earthwatch a charity to promote the understanding and action necessary for a sustainable environment 210 195 The Canadian Coast Guard Auxiliary a charity provides assistance to the National Defence and Coast Guard with search and rescue and safe boating programmes 211 195 The Christchurch Earthquake appeal a charity is raising money for the victims and victims families of the earthquake that devastated Christchurch in February 2011 212 195 The Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia a charity delivering health care and emergency service to those who live travel and work throughout Australia 213 214 195 Cruse Bereavement Care a charity provides advice and support to anyone trying to cope with grief 215 195 Dance United a charity uses contemporary dance training to unlock the potential of young offenders and disadvantaged children 216 195 Venture Trust a charity uses wilderness expeditions to provide young people with personal development activities 217 195 Keyfund a charity is providing young people with the opportunity to practically develop skills confidence and self awareness to reach their potential 218 195 A National Voice a charity is an organisation run for and by young people who are or have been in care to create positive changes to the care system 219 195 Youth Access a charity provides advice and counselling to youngsters across the UK 220 195 The Community Foundation in Wales a charity manages funds to provide volunteer organisations in Wales with necessary grants 221 195 Tributes outside the Commonwealth edit In the United States the Empire State Building in New York City was lit in red white and blue the colours of the Union Flag at sunset on 29 April to mark the wedding 222 Policing editThe wedding had been subject to threats of violence and disruption In February 2011 security agencies including MI5 identified dissident Irish republican groups as possible threats 223 The group Muslims Against Crusades abandoned a planned protest 224 The English Defence League vowed to hold a counter demonstration and promised 50 to 100 EDL members at each railway station in central London to block Muslim extremists in a ring of steel 225 Security operations and arrests edit Sixty people arrested at the TUC rally on the March for the Alternative had bail conditions that prevented them entering central London over the wedding period 226 On 28 April 2011 political activist Chris Knight and two others were arrested by Scotland Yard on suspicion of conspiracy to cause public nuisance and breach of the peace The three were planning a mock execution of Prince Andrew with a home made guillotine in central London to coincide with the wedding The guillotine was workable but lacked a blade 227 228 On the day of the wedding the Metropolitan Police Service made pre emptive moves applying blanket stop and search powers and arresting 52 people including 13 arrested at Charing Cross station in possession of anti monarchy placards and climbing equipment 229 Five people three of whom wearing zombie make up were arrested on suspicion of planning a breach of the peace when they entered a branch of Starbucks At a peaceful protest in Soho Square a man was arrested by plain clothes police Chief Inspector John Dale claimed He had articles on him to cause criminal damage 229 230 Police described the overall security operation as an amazing success 231 232 8 of the arrested appealed to the European Court of Human Rights that their arrests were unlawful however their claims were rejected In Scotland twenty one people were arrested at an unofficial street party in Kelvingrove Park Glasgow which saw completely unacceptable levels of drunkenness according to Strathclyde Police 233 A taxi driver died on 10 May from injuries sustained when his cab was struck by a police van attending the Kelvingrove incident 234 Honeymoon editDespite reports that the couple would leave for their honeymoon the day after their wedding 235 236 Prince William immediately returned to his work as a search and rescue pilot and the couple did not depart until 9 May ten days after their wedding 237 The honeymoon destination was initially kept secret Although the press speculated that they might be headed to locations such as South America Jordan and Kenya 235 the couple ultimately decided to honeymoon for 10 days on a secluded villa on a private island in the Seychelles 237 On the morning of 21 May a spokesman for St James s Palace announced that the couple had returned to the United Kingdom 238 239 The length of the honeymoon was limited by William s RAF duties and the couple s official scheduled tour to Canada and the United States later that summer 237 240 References edit Royal Wedding Events Monarchist League of Canada Archived from the original on 28 November 2012 Retrieved 29 March 2012 Police make 55 arrests around royal wedding Reuters Archived from the original on 3 April 2019 Retrieved 6 July 2021 McCabe Joanne 9 May 2011 Royal wedding live YouTube stream watched by 72m Metro co uk Archived from the original on 14 September 2016 Retrieved 5 September 2016 Cramb Auslan 25 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original on 12 January 2022 Retrieved 29 April 2012 Prince William and Duchess of Cambridge end honeymoon BBC 21 May 2011 Archived from the original on 19 May 2018 Retrieved 18 May 2018 Royal newly weds to visit US after Canada tour BBC News 5 May 2011 Archived from the original on 8 May 2011 Retrieved 9 May 2011 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wedding of Prince William of Wales and Kate Middleton nbsp Monarchy portalThe Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton The Royal Family on YouTube Order of Service for the wedding Royal Wedding information from the Metropolitan Police Royal Wedding information from the Royal Parks Royal Wedding information from Visit London Local media coverage BBC Guardian ITN The Telegraph Foreign media coverage CNN United States CTV Canada Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton amp oldid 1186930335, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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