United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379, adopted on 10 November 1975, "Determines that Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination" with 72 votes in favour, 35 votes against, and 32 abstentions. It was revoked by Resolution 46/86, adopted on 16 December 1991 with 111 votes in favour, 25 votes against, and 13 abstentions.[1] The vote for Resolution 3379 was held nearly one year after the adoption of Resolution 3236 and Resolution 3237: the former recognized the "Question of Palestine" and invited the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) to participate in international diplomacy; and the latter designated the PLO as a non-member Assembly observer following the "Olive Branch Speech" by Palestinian political leader Yasser Arafat.
| UN General Assembly Resolution 3379 | |
|---|---|
Flag of Israel | |
| Date | 10 November 1975 |
| Meeting no. | 2400 |
| Code | A/RES/3379 (Document) |
| Subject | Elimination of all forms of racial discrimination |
Voting summary |
|
| Result | Adopted, but revoked on 16 December 1991 |
In the context of the Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, adopted on 10 November 1963, Resolution 3379 officially condemned the national ideology of the State of Israel. It was sponsored by the Arab League and a number of Muslim-majority countries, and was chiefly supported by in-favour votes from the Second World and many African countries. Israel, which had been granted United Nations membership in 1949, voted against Resolution 3379 and subsequently condemned it, and was chiefly supported by the First World.
Background
Jewish nationalism in Palestine
In July 1920, at the San Remo conference, a Class "A" League of Nations mandate over Palestine was allocated to the British. The preamble of the mandate document declared:
Whereas the Principal Allied Powers have also agreed that the Mandatory should be responsible for putting into effect the declaration originally made on November 2nd, 1917, by the Government of His Britannic Majesty, and adopted by the said Powers, in favour of the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, it being clearly understood that nothing should be done which might prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.[2]
UN Partition Plan for Palestine
On 29 November 1947, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution recommending "to the United Kingdom, as the mandatory Power for Palestine, and to all other Members of the United Nations the adoption and implementation, with regard to the future government of Palestine, of the Plan of Partition with Economic Union" as Resolution 181 (II).[3] The plan contained a proposal to terminate the British Mandate for Palestine and partition Palestine into "independent Arab and Jewish States and the Special International Regime for the City of Jerusalem." On 14 May 1948, the day on which the British Mandate over Palestine expired, the Jewish People's Council gathered at the Tel Aviv Museum, and approved a proclamation which declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel.[4]
On 11 May 1949, Israel was admitted to membership in the United Nations.[5]
Text of Resolution 3379
The full text of Resolution 3379:[6][7]
3379 (XXX). Elimination of all forms of racial discrimination
The General Assembly,
Recalling its resolution 1904 (XVIII) of 20 November 1963, proclaiming the United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, and in particular its affirmation that "any doctrine of racial differentiation or superiority is scientifically false, morally condemnable, socially unjust and dangerous" and its expression of alarm at "the manifestations of racial discrimination still in evidence in some areas in the world, some of which are imposed by certain Governments by means of legislative, administrative or other measures",
Recalling also that, in its resolution 3151 G (XXVIII) of 14 December 1973, the General Assembly condemned, inter alia, the unholy alliance between South African racism and zionism,
Taking note of the Declaration of Mexico on the Equality of Women and Their Contribution to Development and Peace 1975, proclaimed by the World Conference of the International Women's Year, held at Mexico City from 19 June to 2 July 1975, which promulgated the principle that "international co-operation and peace require the achievement of national liberation and independence, the elimination of colonialism and neo-colonialism, foreign occupation, zionism, apartheid and racial discrimination in all its forms, as well as the recognition of the dignity of peoples and their right to self-determination",
Taking note also of resolution 77 (XII) adopted by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the Organization of African Unity at its twelfth ordinary session, held at Kampala from 28 July to 1 August 1975, which considered "that the racist regime in occupied Palestine and the racist regime in Zimbabwe and South Africa have a common imperialist origin, forming a whole and having the same racist structure and being organically linked in their policy aimed at repression of the dignity and integrity of the human being",
Taking note also of the Political Declaration and Strategy to Strengthen International Peace and Security and to Intensify Solidarity and Mutual Assistance among Non-Aligned Countries, adopted at the Conference of Ministers for Foreign Affairs of Non-Aligned Countries held at Lima from 25 to 30 August 1975, which most severely condemned zionism as a threat to world peace and security and called upon all countries to oppose this racist and imperialist ideology,
Determines that Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination.
Votes of Resolution 3379
Response
Israel
In his address to the United Nations General Assembly the same day, 10 November 1975, Israeli Ambassador Chaim Herzog stated:[9]
"I can point with pride to the Arab ministers who have served in my government; to the Arab deputy speaker of my Parliament; to Arab officers and men serving of their own volition in our border and police defense forces, frequently commanding Jewish troops; to the hundreds of thousands of Arabs from all over the Middle East crowding the cities of Israel every year; to the thousands of Arabs from all over the Middle East coming for medical treatment to Israel; to the peaceful coexistence which has developed; to the fact that Arabic is an official language in Israel on a par with Hebrew; to the fact that it is as natural for an Arab to serve in public office in Israel as it is incongruous to think of a Jew serving in any public office in an Arab country, indeed being admitted to many of them. Is that racism? It is not! That ... is Zionism."
Herzog ended his statement, while holding a copy of the resolution, with these words:
"For us, the Jewish people, this resolution based on hatred, falsehood and arrogance, is devoid of any moral or legal value. For us, the Jewish people, this is no more than a piece of paper and we shall treat it as such."
As he concluded his speech, Herzog tore the resolution in half.
The name of the "UN Avenue" in Haifa, Jerusalem and Tel Aviv was switched to the "Zionism Avenue" as a response to the UN's decision.[10]
United States
Before the vote, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, the United States ambassador to the United Nations, warned that, "The United Nations is about to make anti-Semitism international law."[11] He delivered a speech against the resolution, including the famous line, "[The United States] does not acknowledge, it will not abide by, it will never acquiesce in this infamous act ... A great evil has been loosed upon the world."[12]
In Campbell, California, in the United States, a group of high school students attempted to solicit signatures on the premises of a local shopping center for a petition against Resolution 3379. The result was the landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision in Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins (1980) that supported states' rights to expand the exercise of free speech, which California held was legal in what were considered public areas of a shopping mall.[13]
Mexico's vote in favor of the resolution led some United States Jews to organize a tourism boycott of Mexico. This ended after Mexican foreign minister Emilio Óscar Rabasa made a trip to Israel (Rabasa shortly afterward was forced to resign).[14][15]
Revocation
| UN General Assembly Resolution 46/86 | |
|---|---|
| Date | 16 December 1991 |
| Meeting no. | 74 |
| Code | A/RES/46/86 (Document) |
| Subject | Elimination of racism and racial discrimination |
Voting summary |
|
| Result | Adopted |
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 46/86, adopted on 16 December 1991, revoked Resolution 3379's designation of Zionism as a form of racism and racial discrimination.[1] Israel had made the revocation a condition for its participation in the Madrid Conference of 1991.[16] The vote on Resolution 46/86 was held shortly after the Gulf War with sponsorship by 88 countries, including the overwhelming majority of both the First World and the Second World, and was chiefly supported by many African countries. The Arab League, most Muslim-majority countries, and four other countries (Cuba, North Korea, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam) voted against it.
In total, the motion to revoke Resolution 3379 received 111 votes in favour, 25 votes against, and 13 abstentions.
Motion by the United States
Resolution 46/86 was raised under pressure from the United States,[17] and American president George H. W. Bush personally introduced the motion to revoke Resolution 3379 with the following statement:
UNGA Resolution 3379, the so-called "Zionism is racism" resolution, mocks this pledge and the principles upon which the United Nations was founded. And I call now for its repeal. Zionism is not a policy; it is the idea that led to the creation of a home for the Jewish people, to the State of Israel. And to equate Zionism with the intolerable sin of racism is to twist history and forget the terrible plight of Jews in World War II and, indeed, throughout history. To equate Zionism with racism is to reject Israel itself, a member of good standing of the United Nations. This body cannot claim to seek peace and at the same time challenge Israel's right to exist. By repealing this resolution unconditionally, the United Nations will enhance its credibility and serve the cause of peace.[17]
Text of Resolution 46/86
The full text of the revocation was simply:[18][19]
"The General Assembly decides to revoke the determination contained in its resolution 3379 (XXX) of 10 November 1975."
Votes of Resolution 46/86
| In favour (111) 88 states sponsoring | Abstaining (13) | Against (25) | Absent (15) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Angola Burkina Faso Ethiopia Ghana Laos Maldives Mauritius Myanmar Trinidad and Tobago Turkey Uganda Tanzania Zimbabwe | Afghanistan Algeria Brunei Bangladesh Cuba North Korea Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Lebanon Libya Malaysia Mali Mauritania Pakistan Qatar Saudi Arabia Somalia Sri Lanka Sudan Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Vietnam Yemen | Bahrain Chad China Comoros Djibouti Egypt Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kuwait Morocco Niger Oman Senegal South Africa Tunisia Vanuatu | ||
| Source: United Nations Bibliographic Information System[20] | |||||
See also
References
- ^ a b Lewis, Paul (17 December 1991). "U.N. Repeals Its '75 Resolution Equating Zionism With Racism". The New York Times. from the original on 11 January 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
- ^ "The Avalon Project : The Palestine Mandate". Retrieved 17 April 2016.
- ^ . United Nations. 29 November 1947. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
- ^ "Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel". GxMSDev. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
- ^ Admission of Israel to UN: Retrieved 24 May 2013 15 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Resolution 3379: Elimination of all forms of racial discrimination 6 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine. UNGA, 10 November 1975 (doc.nr. A/RES/3379 (XXX))
- ^ "Elimination of all forms of racial discrimination: Zionism as racism - GA resolution". Question of Palestine. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 31 December 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
- ^ Blaisdell, Bob (18 August 2014). Great Speeches of the 20th Century. Courier Corporation. p. 163. ISBN 9780486315560. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
- ^ פדן, יחיעם (2005). Tel Aviv-Jaffa Streets Guide (PDF). p. 158.
- ^ Gil Troy, "Moynihan's Moment: America's Fight Against Zionism is Racism", page 134
- ^ Stanley Meisler, United Nations: A History, 2011, page 215
- ^ "Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
- ^ "Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe". Retrieved 17 April 2016.
- ^ "260 General Assembly Resolution 46-86- Revocation of Resolution 3379- 16 December 1991- and statement by President Herzog". GxMSDev. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
- ^ a b Address to the 46th Session of the United Nations General Assembly in New York City. 23 September 1991. The American Presidency Project
- ^ . 7 December 2012. Archived from the original on 7 December 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
- ^ "Racism and racial discrimination/Revocation of resolution 3379 ("Zionism as racism") - GA resolution". Question of Palestine. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
- ^ "UNBISnet". Retrieved 31 August 2017.
External links
- (Official UN site)
- (Official UN site)
- Israeli Ambassador Herzog's response to Zionism is racism resolution (10 November 1975)
- Ambassador Moynihan's response to Zionism is racism resolution
- American Jewish Committees' extensive archive of materials on the Zionism is Racism controversy