Suda

For other uses, see Suda (disambiguation) and Souda (disambiguation).

The Suda or Souda (/ˈsuːdə/; Medieval Greek: Σοῦδα, romanized: Soûda; Latin: Suidae Lexicon)^[1] is a large 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia of the ancient Mediterranean world, formerly attributed to an author called Soudas (Σούδας) or Souidas (Σουίδας). It is an encyclopedic lexicon, written in Greek, with 30,000 entries, many drawing from ancient sources that have since been lost, and often derived from medieval Christian compilers.

First page of an early printed edition of the Suda

Title

The derivation is probably^[2] from the Byzantine Greek word souda, meaning "fortress" or "stronghold", with the alternate name, Suidas, stemming from an error made by Eustathius, who mistook the title for the author's name.^[3] Paul Maas once ironized by suggesting that the title may be connected to the Latin verb suda, the second-person singular imperative of sudāre, meaning "to sweat",^[4] but Franz Dölger traced its origins back to Byzantine military lexicon (σοῦδα, "ditch, trench", then "fortress").^[5][6] Silvio Giuseppe Mercati, on the other hand, suggested a link with the Neo-Latin substantive guida ("guide"), transliterated in Greek as γουίδα.^[7]

A more recent theory by Carlo Maria Mazzucchi (Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan) sees the composition of the encyclopedia as a collective work, probably in a school. During the process, the entries (from more than 40 sources) were written down on file cards collected in a fitting receptacle before they were transcribed on quires. That happened before 970, and further entries were then added in the margins. Mazzucchi explains the name Σοῦδα (meaning "ditch")^[8] as both an acrostic of Συναγωγὴ ὁνομάτων ὑπὸ διαφὸρων ἁρμοσθεῖσα ("Collection of nouns assembled from different [sources]") and a memory of the receptacle that used to contain the file cards.^[9] Most likely, the name is the acronym ΣΟΥΙΔΑ = ΣΥΝΤΑΞΙΣ ΟΝΟΜΑΣΤΙΚΗΣ ΥΛΗΣ ΙΔΙΑ ΑΛΦΑΒΗΤΙΚΗΣ (ΣΕΙΡΑΣ): Composition of Named Subjects in (by) Alphabetical (Order). It is clearly stated upfront: ΤΟ ΜΕΝ ΠΑΡΟΝ ΒΙΒΛΙΟΝ, ΣΟYΙΔΑ. ΟΙ ΔΕ ΣΥΝΤΑΞΑΜΕΝΟΙ ΤΟΥΤΟ ΑΝΔΡΕΣ ΣΟΦΟΙ. (THE PRESENT BOOK, SOYΙDA. THOSE THAT COMPOSED IT WISE MEN). There are eleven wise men listed, along with details of their specific contributions.

Content and sources

pecus est Suidas, sed pecus aurei velleris
[Suidas is cattle, but cattle with a golden fleece]

— Lipsius

The Suda is somewhere between a grammatical dictionary and an encyclopedia in the modern sense. It explains the source, derivation, and meaning of words according to the philology of its period, using such earlier authorities as Harpocration and Helladios.^[10][11] It is a rich source of ancient and Byzantine history and life, although not every article is of equal quality, and it is an "uncritical" compilation.^[10]

Much of the work is probably interpolated,^[10] and passages that refer to Michael Psellos (c. 1017–1078) are deemed interpolations which were added in later copies.^[10]

Biographical notices

This lexicon contains numerous biographical notices on political, ecclesiastical, and literary figures of the Byzantine Empire to the tenth century, those biographical entries being condensations from the works of Hesychius of Miletus, as the author himself avers. Other sources were the encyclopedia of Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (reigned 912–959) for the figures in ancient history, excerpts of John of Antioch (seventh century) for Roman history, the chronicle of Hamartolus (Georgios Monachos, 9th century) for the Byzantine age.^[11][10][13] The biographies of Diogenes Laërtius, and the works of Athenaeus and Philostratus. Other principal sources include a lexicon by "Eudemus," perhaps derived from the work On Rhetorical Language by Eudemus of Argos.^[14]

Lost scholia

The lexicon copiously draws from scholia to the classics (Homer, Aristophanes, Thucydides, Sophocles, etc.), and for later writers, Polybius, Josephus, the Chronicon Paschale, George Syncellus, George Hamartolus, and so on.^[10][11] The Suda quotes or paraphrases these sources at length. Since many of the originals are lost, the Suda serves as an invaluable repository of literary history, and this preservation of the "literary history" is more vital than the lexicographical compilation itself, by some estimation.^[11]

Organization

The lexicon is arranged alphabetically with some slight deviations from common vowel order and place in the Greek alphabet^[10] (including at each case the homophonous digraphs, e.g. αι, ει, οι, that had been previously, earlier in the history of Greek, distinct diphthongs or vowels) according to a system (formerly common in many languages) called antistoichia (ἀντιστοιχία); namely the letters follow phonetically in order of sound according the pronunciation of the tenth century, which was similar to that of Modern Greek. The order is:

α, β, γ, δ, αι, ε, ζ, ει, η, ι, θ, κ, λ, μ, ν, ξ, ο, ω, π, ρ, σ, τ, οι, υ, φ, χ, ψ^[15]

In addition, double letters are treated as single for the purposes of collation (as gemination had ceased to be distinctive). The system is not difficult to learn and remember, but some editors—for example, Immanuel Bekker – rearranged the Suda alphabetically.

Background

Little is known about the compiler of the Suda. He probably lived in the second half of the 10th century, because the death of emperor John I Tzimiskes and his succession by Basil II and Constantine VIII are mentioned in the entry under "Adam" which is appended with a brief chronology of the world.^[10] At any rate, the work must have appeared by the 12th century, since it is frequently quoted from and alluded to by Eustathius who lived from about 1115 AD to about 1195 or 1196.^[10] It has also been stated that the work was a collective work, thus not having had a single author, and that the name which it is known under does not refer to a specific person.^[16]

The work deals with biblical as well as pagan subjects, from which it is inferred that the writer was a Christian.^[10] In any case, it lacks definite guidelines besides some minor interest in religious matters.^[16]

The standard printed edition was compiled by Danish classical scholar Ada Adler in the first half of the twentieth century. A modern collaborative English translation, the Suda On Line, was completed on 21 July 2014.^[17]

The Suda has a near-contemporaneous Islamic parallel, the Kitab al-Fehrest of Ibn al-Nadim. Compare also the Latin Speculum Maius, authored in the 13th century by Vincent of Beauvais.

Editions

• Küster, Ludolf, ed. (1705). Suidae Lexicon, Graece & Latine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.: vol. 1, vol. 2, vol. 3.
• Gaisford, Thomas, ed. (1834). Suidae Lexicon. Oxford: Oxford University Press.: vol. 1 (A–Θ), vol. 2 (Κ–Ψ), vol. 3 (Indices).
• Bekker, Immanuel, ed. (1854). Suidae Lexicon. Berlin: G. Reimer.
• Adler, Ada, ed. (1928–38). Suidae Lexicon. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner. Reprinted 1967–71, Stuttgart.

References

Citations

1. Gaisford Thomas, ed., (1834), Suidae Lexicon, 3 vols.
2. Hemmerdinger, Bertrand (1998). "Suidas, et non la Souda". In: Bollettino dei classici, 3rd ser. 19: 31f. Hemmerdinger defends the name Suidas (Σουΐδας), arguing that the form Σουΐδα/Σοῦδα is a Doric genitive.
3. It is worth noticing that Adler's edition maintains the spelling Suida/Σουΐδα (as Gaisford's and Bekker's editions did), in continuity with the manuscripts, but modern scholarship prefers Suda/Σούδα.
4. Maas, Paul (1932). "Der Titel des "Suidas"". Byzantinische Zeitschrift. 32 (1): 1. doi:10.1515/byzs.1932.32.1.1. S2CID 191333687 – via De Gruyter.
5. Dölger, Franz (1936). Der Titel der sogenannten Suidaslexicons. Sitzungsberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Abteilung. Jahrgang 1936. Heft 6. München: Bayerische Akademie des Wissenschaften.
6. Dölger, Franz (1938). "Zur σοῦδα – Frage". Byzantinische Zeitschrift. 38 (1): 36–57. doi:10.1515/byzs.1938.38.1.36. S2CID 191479647.
7. Mercati, Silvio Giuseppe (1957). "Intorno al titolo dei lessici di Suida-Suda e di Papia". Byzantion. 25/26/27 (1): 173–93.
8. See E. A. Sophocles (ed.), Greek Lexicon of the Roman and Byzantine periods, New York 1900, s.v. σοῦδα, ἡ: "palisade; ditch, trench"; G. W. H. Lampe (ed.), A Patristic Greek Lexicon, Oxford 1961, s.v. σοῦδα, ἡ: "palisade"; Erich Trapp (hrsg.), Lexicon zur byzantinischen Gräzität (LBG), Wien 1994-2017, s.v. σοῦδα, ἡ: "Graben".
9. Mazzucchi, Carlo Maria (2020). "De compositione et nomine lexici Sudae" [On the composition and the name of the Suda lexicon]. Aevum (in Latin). 94 (2): 291–296. doi:10.26350/000193_000071.
10. Chisholm (1911).
11. Herbermann (1913).
12. Krumbacher, Karl (1897), Byzantinische Literatur, p. 566, cited by Herbermann (1913)
13. Karl Krumbacher concluded the two main biographical sources were "Constantine VII for ancient history, Hamartolus (Georgios Monarchos) for the Byzantine age".^[12]
14. Krumbacher, Karl, Geschichte der byzantinischen Litteratur, pp. 268f.
15. Gaisford, Thomas, ed., (1853) (Suidae lexicon: Graecè et Latinè, Volume 1, Part 1, page XXXIX (in Greek and Latin)
16. Mazzucchi 2020.
17. "The History of the Suda On Line". stoa.org. Retrieved 10 July 2015. A translation of the last of the Suda’s 31000+ entries was submitted to the database on July 21, 2014 and vetted the next day. See also Mahoney, Anne (2009). "Tachypaedia Byzantina: The Suda On Line as Collaborative Encyclopedia". Digital Humanities Quarterly. 3 (1).

Bibliography

• Abrantes, Miguel Carvalho (2021), Greek Myths in the Suda. KDP.
•   Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Sūïdas". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
• Dickey, Eleanor. Ancient Greek Scholarship: a guide to finding, reading, and understanding scholia, commentaries, lexica, and grammatical treatises, from their beginnings to the Byzantine period. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN 9780195312935.
•   Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Suidas". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

External links

• Index of the Suda on line

• Suda On Line. An on-line edition of the Ada Adler edition with ongoing translations and commentary by registered editors.
• Suda lexicon at the Online Books Page