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Nalik language

January 01, 1970

The Nalik language is spoken by 5,000 or so people, based in 17 villages in Kavieng District, New Ireland, Papua New Guinea. It is an Austronesian language and member of the New Ireland group of languages with a subject–verb–object (SVO) phrase structure. New Ireland languages are among the first Papua New Guinea languages recorded by Westerners.[2]

Laxudumau, spoken in the village of Lakudumau, is transitional to Kara, but is not intelligible to speakers of Nalik.

Speakers edit

Speakers of Nalik reside in a series of villages in northern central New Ireland. The Nalik speaking region is an approximately 30-kilometer (19 mi)-long band of the island that spans approximately 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) wide and is flanked on its north by the Kara-speaking region and to its south by speakers of Kuot, the only non-Austronesian language on New Ireland.[2]

In the past, Lugagon, Fesoa, and Fessoa have been used to reference Nalik, which are all names of villages in the region.[3]

Phonology edit

Consonants edit

A Nalik phonology analysis was developed by Clive H. Beaumont.[4][5]

Grammar edit

Nalik consonant system edit

In West Coast and Southern East Coast dialects and when preceded by vowels, /p/ and /k/, two non-coronal voiceless stops, are transformed into fricatives. Additionally, the voiceless fricatives become voiced.[2]

When immediately preceded by a vowel the following consonants change their voicing:

/f/ and /p/ become [β] (written as v)

/s/ becomes [z]

/k/ becomes [ɣ] (written as x)

The following are examples of these characteristics:[2]

Ga vaan-paan
'I always go'
a mun faal a vaal
the houses the house
a buk sina a yai zina
his book his tree
a mun kulau a xulau
the youths the youth (singular)
Ga rain Ga rabung tain
I see I saw

Nouns edit

Nouns in Nalik are categorized as being uncountable or countable nouns. Nouns can be part of a noun phrase or can be an independent subject referenced in a verbal complex. When used as subjects, some uncountable nouns are co-referential with plural subject markers; however, those are the exceptions and are usually marked with singular subject markers. With uncountable nouns, numerical markers cannot be used. Countable nouns, however, can be singular or plural and can be modified by numerical markers.

Personal pronouns edit

person singular non-singular
first ni di (inclusive)

maam (exclusive)

second nu nim
third naan na(a)nde, na(a)ndi, na(a)nda

Variations in the third person non-singular pronouns are attributed to rapid speech and regional variants. In rapid speech naande often becomes nande. In the Northern Eastern Coast naande is the variant used. In the South East Coast naandi is the variant used. Naanda is used primarily by younger speakers from all areas.[2]

Personal pronouns can notably be utilized in the same way as related nouns such as 'a woman' (a ravin) being replaced with 'she' (naan).

  • A raivin ka na wut. ('The woman will come.')
  • Naan ka na wut. ('She will come.')

Numbers edit

The Nalik counting system is reflective of using one's hand to count and indicative of the style in which they do so. They begin with an open palm and bring individual fingers down per digit counted and the action of doing so is shown in their counting system. As such, the Nalik counting system contains elements of a base-five counting system; however, when proceeding past ten, the counting system uses elements of base ten.[2]

The word for the number five, kavitmit, can be analyzed as the phrase ka vit mit: ka being a third-person indicator, vit being a negation particle, and mit meaning 'hand'. It can, therefore, be translated to 'no hand' as all fingers have been lowered.

The numbers six through nine are also representative of this pattern. In these numbers, the phrase describes the act of lowering additional fingers.

Past ten, the counting system starts to use combinations of ten in multiples of a number one to nine. Higher numbers in the hundreds use "ten squared" as a base.

Nalik Number System
Number Word Number Phrase Meaning
1 azaxei 10 sanaflu
2 uru 20 sanaflu vara uru(a) 10 x 2
3 orol 30 sanaflu vara orol 10 x 3
4 orolavaat 40 (ka-)sanaflu vara lavaat 10 x 4
5 kavitmit Meaning 50 kazanaflu va vitmit 10 x 5
6 ka-vizik-saxei it goes down-one 60 kazanaflu va viziksaxei 10 x (5+1)
7 ka-vizik-uru(a) it goes down-two 70 kazanaflu va vizikuru 10 x (5+2)
8 ka-vizik-tal it goes down-three 80 kazanaflu va viziktal 10 x (5+3)
9 ka-vizik-faat it goes down-four 90 kazanaflu va vizik faat 10 x (5+4)
100 kazanaflu vara zuai 10 x 10

Wh-questions edit

Interrogatives in Nalik occur in the same position as adverbs, prepositional phrases, and nouns, and bear the same grammatical relations. Several interrogatives are built off the base word ze, meaning 'what'.

Wh-question words
a ze what
a ze + modifying NP which
a zaa xo + saait 'also' why (rhetorical)
kun a ze why
pan a ze with what, how, why
pan ko ze why
faa where
ang faa which
lasang when
nis who
zis whose
sa(a) how
usfa how many, how much

Word order edit

The Nalik language features an SVO sentence structure that is common to the languages of the New Ireland–Tolai languages.[2]

Example sentences[2]
Translation
A nalik ka lis a baxot sin a das-na The boy is giving/sending the money to his brother
Ka lis sin a das-na. He's giving/sending (it) to his brother.
A nalik ka na lis a baxot sin a das-na l-a fotnait l-a xor. The boy will give some money to his brother next payday.

Notes edit

  1. ^ Nalik at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Volker, Craig Alan, 1953- (1998). The Nalik language of New Ireland, Papua New Guinea. New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 0820436739. OCLC 35360833.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ "Nalik". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  4. ^ Beaumont, C. (1972). Papers in linguistics of Melanesia / No. 3. Tryon, Darrell Trevor,, Wurm, S. A. (Stephen Adolphe), 1922-2001. Canberra: Linguistic Circle of Canberra. ISBN 0858830833. OCLC 28991748.
  5. ^ Volker, Craig A. (1994). Nalik grammar (New Ireland, Papua New Guinea). University of Hawaii.

Bibliography edit

  • Volker, Dr. Craig (1998). The Nalik Language of New Ireland, Papua New Guinea. Peter Lang. ISBN 0-8204-3673-9.

January 01, 1970
nalik, language, spoken, people, based, villages, kavieng, district, ireland, papua, guinea, austronesian, language, member, ireland, group, languages, with, subject, verb, object, phrase, structure, ireland, languages, among, first, papua, guinea, languages, . The Nalik language is spoken by 5 000 or so people based in 17 villages in Kavieng District New Ireland Papua New Guinea It is an Austronesian language and member of the New Ireland group of languages with a subject verb object SVO phrase structure New Ireland languages are among the first Papua New Guinea languages recorded by Westerners 2 NalikRegionNew Ireland Province Papua New GuineaNative speakers 5 140 cited 1990 census 1 Language familyAustronesian Malayo PolynesianOceanicWesternMeso Melanesian New Ireland Tungag NalikNalikWriting systemLatin scriptLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code nal class extiw title iso639 3 nal nal a Glottolognali1244 Laxudumau spoken in the village of Lakudumau is transitional to Kara but is not intelligible to speakers of Nalik Contents 1 Speakers 2 Phonology 2 1 Consonants 3 Grammar 3 1 Nalik consonant system 3 2 Nouns 3 3 Personal pronouns 3 4 Numbers 3 5 Wh questions 4 Word order 5 Notes 6 BibliographySpeakers editSpeakers of Nalik reside in a series of villages in northern central New Ireland The Nalik speaking region is an approximately 30 kilometer 19 mi long band of the island that spans approximately 10 kilometers 6 2 mi wide and is flanked on its north by the Kara speaking region and to its south by speakers of Kuot the only non Austronesian language on New Ireland 2 In the past Lugagon Fesoa and Fessoa have been used to reference Nalik which are all names of villages in the region 3 Phonology editConsonants edit A Nalik phonology analysis was developed by Clive H Beaumont 4 5 Consonant phonemes Labial Alveolar Velar Glottal Stop p b t d k g ʔ Fricative f b s z ɣ Nasal m n ŋ ng Tap Flap ɾ Lateral l Semivowel w j Front Central Back High i u Mid e o Low a Diphthong ai oi auGrammar editNalik consonant system edit In West Coast and Southern East Coast dialects and when preceded by vowels p and k two non coronal voiceless stops are transformed into fricatives Additionally the voiceless fricatives become voiced 2 When immediately preceded by a vowel the following consonants change their voicing f and p become b written as v s becomes z k becomes ɣ written as x The following are examples of these characteristics 2 Ga vaan paan I always go a mun faal a vaal the houses the house a buk sina a yai zina his book his tree a mun kulau a xulau the youths the youth singular Ga rain Ga rabung tain I see I saw Nouns edit Nouns in Nalik are categorized as being uncountable or countable nouns Nouns can be part of a noun phrase or can be an independent subject referenced in a verbal complex When used as subjects some uncountable nouns are co referential with plural subject markers however those are the exceptions and are usually marked with singular subject markers With uncountable nouns numerical markers cannot be used Countable nouns however can be singular or plural and can be modified by numerical markers Personal pronouns edit person singular non singular first ni di inclusive maam exclusive second nu nim third naan na a nde na a ndi na a nda Variations in the third person non singular pronouns are attributed to rapid speech and regional variants In rapid speech naande often becomes nande In the Northern Eastern Coast naande is the variant used In the South East Coast naandi is the variant used Naanda is used primarily by younger speakers from all areas 2 Personal pronouns can notably be utilized in the same way as related nouns such as a woman a ravin being replaced with she naan A raivin ka na wut The woman will come Naan ka na wut She will come Numbers edit The Nalik counting system is reflective of using one s hand to count and indicative of the style in which they do so They begin with an open palm and bring individual fingers down per digit counted and the action of doing so is shown in their counting system As such the Nalik counting system contains elements of a base five counting system however when proceeding past ten the counting system uses elements of base ten 2 The word for the number five kavitmit can be analyzed as the phrase ka vit mit ka being a third person indicator vit being a negation particle and mit meaning hand It can therefore be translated to no hand as all fingers have been lowered The numbers six through nine are also representative of this pattern In these numbers the phrase describes the act of lowering additional fingers Past ten the counting system starts to use combinations of ten in multiples of a number one to nine Higher numbers in the hundreds use ten squared as a base Nalik Number System Number Word Number Phrase Meaning 1 azaxei 10 sanaflu 2 uru 20 sanaflu vara uru a 10 x 2 3 orol 30 sanaflu vara orol 10 x 3 4 orolavaat 40 ka sanaflu vara lavaat 10 x 4 5 kavitmit Meaning 50 kazanaflu va vitmit 10 x 5 6 ka vizik saxei it goes down one 60 kazanaflu va viziksaxei 10 x 5 1 7 ka vizik uru a it goes down two 70 kazanaflu va vizikuru 10 x 5 2 8 ka vizik tal it goes down three 80 kazanaflu va viziktal 10 x 5 3 9 ka vizik faat it goes down four 90 kazanaflu va vizik faat 10 x 5 4 100 kazanaflu vara zuai 10 x 10 Wh questions edit Interrogatives in Nalik occur in the same position as adverbs prepositional phrases and nouns and bear the same grammatical relations Several interrogatives are built off the base word ze meaning what Wh question words a ze what a ze modifying NP which a zaa xo saait also why rhetorical kun a ze why pan a ze with what how why pan ko ze why faa where ang faa which lasang when nis who zis whose sa a how usfa how many how muchWord order editThe Nalik language features an SVO sentence structure that is common to the languages of the New Ireland Tolai languages 2 Example sentences 2 Translation A nalik ka lis a baxot sin a das na The boy is giving sending the money to his brother Ka lis sin a das na He s giving sending it to his brother A nalik ka na lis a baxot sin a das na l a fotnait l a xor The boy will give some money to his brother next payday Notes edit Nalik at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required a b c d e f g h Volker Craig Alan 1953 1998 The Nalik language of New Ireland Papua New Guinea New York Peter Lang ISBN 0820436739 OCLC 35360833 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Nalik Ethnologue Retrieved 2020 01 18 Beaumont C 1972 Papers in linguistics of Melanesia No 3 Tryon Darrell Trevor Wurm S A Stephen Adolphe 1922 2001 Canberra Linguistic Circle of Canberra ISBN 0858830833 OCLC 28991748 Volker Craig A 1994 Nalik grammar New Ireland Papua New Guinea University of Hawaii Bibliography editVolker Dr Craig 1998 The Nalik Language of New Ireland Papua New Guinea Peter Lang ISBN 0 8204 3673 9 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nalik language amp oldid 1218184246, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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