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Moxo languages

February 10, 2024

Moxo (also known as Mojo, pronounced 'Moho') is any of the Arawakan languages spoken by the Moxo people of the Llanos de Moxos in northeastern Bolivia. The two extant languages of the Moxo people, Trinitario and Ignaciano, are as distinct from one another as they are from neighboring Arawakan languages. The extinct Magiana was also distinct.

Moxo
Mojos
Native toBolivia
RegionBeni Department
Ethnicity21,000 Moxo people (2004)[1]
Native speakers
10,000 (2000–2004)[1]
Arawakan
  • Southern
    • Bolivia–Parana
      • Moxos languages
        • Moxo
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
ign – Ignaciano Moxos
trn – Trinitario Moxos
Glottologmoxo1234  Mojeno
magi1242  Magiana
ELP
  • Ignaciano
  • Trinitario

Moxo languages have an active–stative syntax.[2]

Sociolinguistic background edit

The languages belong to a group of tribes that originally ranged through the upper Mamoré, extending east and west from the Guapure (Itenes) to the Beni, and are now centered in the Province of Moxos, Department of Beni, Bolivia.[3] They form part of the Mamoré-Guaporé linguistic area.[4][5]

Moxo was also the primary lingua franca (Spanish: lengua general) used in the Jesuit Missions of Moxos.[6]

Ignaciano is used in town meetings unless outsiders are present, and it is a required subject in the lower school grades, one session per week. Perhaps half of the children learn Ignaciano. By the 1980s there were fewer than 100 monolinguals, all older than 30.

Classification edit

The Moxo languages are most closely related to Bauré, Pauna, and Paikonéka. Together, they form the Mamoré-Guaporé languages (named after the Mamoré River and Guaporé River). Classification by Jolkesky (2016):[7]: 8 

  • Mamoré-Guaporé languages
    • Bauré
      • Bauré
      • Carmelito
      • Joaquiniano
      • Muxojeóne
    • Moxeno
      • Ignaciano
      • Trinitário
      • Loretano
      • Javierano
    • Paikonéka
      • Paikonéka
    • Paunáka
      • Paunáka

Classification by Danielsen (2011) and Danielsen & Terhart (2014: 226):[8][9]

Phonology edit

Consonants edit

  • /h/ can be voiced as [ɦ] between vowels.
  • /w/ can be heard as [β] before a front vowel, and as [ɥ] when preceding /j/.[11]

Vowels edit

Vowels in Ignaciano Mojeno[10]
Front Central Back
High i u
Mid e
Low a
  • /e/ can also have an allophone of [ɛ].
Vowels in Trinitario Mojeno[11]
Front Central Back
High i iː u uː
Mid e eː ə͡e ə͡eː o oː
Low a aː

Word lists edit

The following is a wordlist containing sample words from English to Moxos:

English-Moxos
English Moxos
One Ikapia
Two Apisá
Three Impúse
Man Ehiro
Woman Eseno
Sun Sáche
Water Uni
Fire Yuku
Head Nuxuti
Hand Nubupe
Corn Suru

Magíana word list from the late 1700s published in Palau and Saiz (1989):[12]: 170 

Spanish gloss English gloss Magíana
bueno good shiomá
malo bad shiomallama
el padre father papá
la madre mother kay
el hermano brother nomasqui
uno one huestiche
dos two heravetá

See also edit

Further reading edit

  • Carvalho, Fernando O. de; Françoise Rose. Comparative reconstruction of Proto-Mojeño and the phonological diversification of Mojeño dialects. LIAMES, Campinas, v. 18, n. 1, p. 3–44, Jan./Jun. 2018. doi:10.20396/liames.v1i1.8648804
  • Key, Mary Ritchie. 2015. Ignaciano dictionary. In: Key, Mary Ritchie & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
  • Gill, Ruth, and Wayne Gill. 2015. Trinitario dictionary. In: Key, Mary Ritchie & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.

References edit

  1. ^ a b Ignaciano Moxos at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Trinitario Moxos at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Aikhenvald, "Arawak", in Dixon & Aikhenvald, eds., The Amazonian Languages, 1999.
  3. ^ http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10606b.htm, New Advent, Moxos Indians, Retrieved February 10, 2011.
  4. ^ Crevels, Mily; van der Voort, Hein (2008). "4. The Guaporé-Mamoré region as a linguistic area". From Linguistic Areas to Areal Linguistics. Studies in Language Companion Series. Vol. 90. pp. 151–179. doi:10.1075/slcs.90.04cre. ISBN 978-90-272-3100-0. ISSN 0165-7763.
  5. ^ Muysken, Pieter; Hammarström, Harald; Birchall, Joshua; Van Gijn, Rik; Krasnoukhova, Olga; Müller, Neele (2014). Linguistic areas: bottom-up or top-down? The case of the Guaporé-Mamoré. In: Comrie, Bernard; Golluscio, Lucia. Language Contact and Documentation / Contacto lingüístico y documentación. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 205-238.
  6. ^ Crevels, Mily. 2002. Speakers shift and languages die: An account of language death in Amazonian Bolivia. In Mily Crevels, Simon van de Kerke, Sérgio Meira & Hein van der Voort (eds.), Current Studies on South American Languages [Indigenous Languages of Latin America, 3], p. 9-30. Leiden: Research School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies (CNWS).
  7. ^ Jolkesky, Marcelo. 2016. Uma reconstrução do proto-mamoré-guaporé (família arawák). LIAMES 16: 7-37.
  8. ^ Danielsen, Swintha (2011). The personal paradigms in Baure and other South Arawakan languages. In Antoine Guillaume; Françoise Rose (eds.). International Journal of American Linguistics 77(4): 495-520.
  9. ^ Danielsen, Swintha; Terhart, Lena (2014). Paunaka. In Mily Crevels; Pieter Muysken (eds.). Lenguas de Bolivia, vol. III: Oriente, pp. 221-258. La Paz: Plural Editores.
  10. ^ a b Jordá, Enrique (2014). Mojeño Ignaciano. In Mily Crevels and Pieter Muysken (eds.), Oriente: La Paz: Plural Editores. pp. 21–58.
  11. ^ a b Rose, Françoise (2021). Mojeño Trinitario. Illustrations of the IPA: Journal of the International Phonetic Association.
  12. ^ Palau, Mercedes and Blanca Saiz. 1989. Moxos: Descripciones exactas e historia fiel de los indios, animales y plantas de la provincia de Moxos en el virreinato del Perú por Lázaro de Ribera, 1786-1794. Madrid: El Viso.

External links edit

 
Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Mojeño reconstructions

February 10, 2024
moxo, languages, help, expand, this, article, with, text, translated, from, corresponding, article, portuguese, october, 2020, click, show, important, translation, instructions, view, machine, translated, version, portuguese, article, machine, translation, lik. You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Portuguese October 2020 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the Portuguese article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 1 499 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Portuguese Wikipedia article at pt Lingua moxo see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated pt Lingua moxo to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Moxo also known as Mojo pronounced Moho is any of the Arawakan languages spoken by the Moxo people of the Llanos de Moxos in northeastern Bolivia The two extant languages of the Moxo people Trinitario and Ignaciano are as distinct from one another as they are from neighboring Arawakan languages The extinct Magiana was also distinct MoxoMojosNative toBoliviaRegionBeni DepartmentEthnicity21 000 Moxo people 2004 1 Native speakers10 000 2000 2004 1 Language familyArawakan SouthernBolivia ParanaMoxos languagesMoxoLanguage codesISO 639 3Either a href https iso639 3 sil org code ign class extiw title iso639 3 ign ign a Ignaciano Moxos a href https iso639 3 sil org code trn class extiw title iso639 3 trn trn a Trinitario MoxosGlottologmoxo1234 Mojenomagi1242 MagianaELPIgnacianoTrinitarioMoxo languages have an active stative syntax 2 Contents 1 Sociolinguistic background 2 Classification 3 Phonology 3 1 Consonants 3 2 Vowels 4 Word lists 5 See also 6 Further reading 7 References 8 External linksSociolinguistic background editThe languages belong to a group of tribes that originally ranged through the upper Mamore extending east and west from the Guapure Itenes to the Beni and are now centered in the Province of Moxos Department of Beni Bolivia 3 They form part of the Mamore Guapore linguistic area 4 5 Moxo was also the primary lingua franca Spanish lengua general used in the Jesuit Missions of Moxos 6 Ignaciano is used in town meetings unless outsiders are present and it is a required subject in the lower school grades one session per week Perhaps half of the children learn Ignaciano By the 1980s there were fewer than 100 monolinguals all older than 30 Classification editThe Moxo languages are most closely related to Baure Pauna and Paikoneka Together they form the Mamore Guapore languages named after the Mamore River and Guapore River Classification by Jolkesky 2016 7 8 Mamore Guapore languages Baure Baure Carmelito Joaquiniano Muxojeone Moxeno Ignaciano Trinitario Loretano Javierano Paikoneka Paikoneka Paunaka PaunakaClassification by Danielsen 2011 and Danielsen amp Terhart 2014 226 8 9 Baure languages Baure Carmelito Joaquiniano spoken in San Joaquin Pauna languages Paunaka Paikoneka Mojo languages Trinitario spoken in Trinidad Ignaciano spoken in San Ignacio Loretano spoken in Loreto Javierano spoken in San Javier MuchojeonePhonology editConsonants edit Consonants in Ignaciano Mojeno 10 Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar GlottalNasal m n ɲStop p t k ʔAffricate ts tʃFricative b s ʃ xRhotic rApproximant w l jConsonants in Trinitario Mojeno Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottalplain pal lab plain pal plain pal plain pal lab Nasal m mʲ mʷ n ɲStop p pʲ t c k kʲ ʔ ʔʲAffricate ts tsʲ tʃFricative s sʲ c h hʲ hʷLiquid ɾ ɾʲApproximant w b ʲ j h can be voiced as ɦ between vowels w can be heard as b before a front vowel and as ɥ when preceding j 11 Vowels edit Vowels in Ignaciano Mojeno 10 Front Central BackHigh i uMid eLow a e can also have an allophone of ɛ Vowels in Trinitario Mojeno 11 Front Central BackHigh i iː u uːMid e eː e e e eː o oːLow a aːWord lists editThe following is a wordlist containing sample words from English to Moxos English Moxos English MoxosOne IkapiaTwo ApisaThree ImpuseMan EhiroWoman EsenoSun SacheWater UniFire YukuHead NuxutiHand NubupeCorn SuruMagiana word list from the late 1700s published in Palau and Saiz 1989 12 170 Spanish gloss English gloss Magianabueno good shiomamalo bad shiomallamael padre father papala madre mother kayel hermano brother nomasquiuno one huestichedos two heravetaSee also editIndigenous languages of the Americas Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas Mesoamerican languages Language families and languages Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas Indigenous peoples of the Americas Category Indigenous languages of the Americas division into geocultural areas Languages of Peru List of Spanish words of Indigenous American Indian originFurther reading editCarvalho Fernando O de Francoise Rose Comparative reconstruction of Proto Mojeno and the phonological diversification of Mojeno dialects LIAMES Campinas v 18 n 1 p 3 44 Jan Jun 2018 doi 10 20396 liames v1i1 8648804 Key Mary Ritchie 2015 Ignaciano dictionary In Key Mary Ritchie amp Comrie Bernard eds The Intercontinental Dictionary Series Leipzig Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Gill Ruth and Wayne Gill 2015 Trinitario dictionary In Key Mary Ritchie amp Comrie Bernard eds The Intercontinental Dictionary Series Leipzig Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology References edit a b Ignaciano Moxos at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Trinitario Moxos at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Aikhenvald Arawak in Dixon amp Aikhenvald eds The Amazonian Languages 1999 http www newadvent org cathen 10606b htm New Advent Moxos Indians Retrieved February 10 2011 Crevels Mily van der Voort Hein 2008 4 The Guapore Mamore region as a linguistic area From Linguistic Areas to Areal Linguistics Studies in Language Companion Series Vol 90 pp 151 179 doi 10 1075 slcs 90 04cre ISBN 978 90 272 3100 0 ISSN 0165 7763 Muysken Pieter Hammarstrom Harald Birchall Joshua Van Gijn Rik Krasnoukhova Olga Muller Neele 2014 Linguistic areas bottom up or top down The case of the Guapore Mamore In Comrie Bernard Golluscio Lucia Language Contact and Documentation Contacto linguistico y documentacion Berlin Walter de Gruyter 205 238 Crevels Mily 2002 Speakers shift and languages die An account of language death in Amazonian Bolivia In Mily Crevels Simon van de Kerke Sergio Meira amp Hein van der Voort eds Current Studies on South American Languages Indigenous Languages of Latin America 3 p 9 30 Leiden Research School of Asian African and Amerindian Studies CNWS Jolkesky Marcelo 2016 Uma reconstrucao do proto mamore guapore familia arawak LIAMES 16 7 37 Danielsen Swintha 2011 The personal paradigms in Baure and other South Arawakan languages In Antoine Guillaume Francoise Rose eds International Journal of American Linguistics 77 4 495 520 Danielsen Swintha Terhart Lena 2014 Paunaka In Mily Crevels Pieter Muysken eds Lenguas de Bolivia vol III Oriente pp 221 258 La Paz Plural Editores a b Jorda Enrique 2014 Mojeno Ignaciano In Mily Crevels and Pieter Muysken eds Oriente La Paz Plural Editores pp 21 58 a b Rose Francoise 2021 Mojeno Trinitario Illustrations of the IPA Journal of the International Phonetic Association Palau Mercedes and Blanca Saiz 1989 Moxos Descripciones exactas e historia fiel de los indios animales y plantas de la provincia de Moxos en el virreinato del Peru por Lazaro de Ribera 1786 1794 Madrid El Viso External links edit nbsp Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix Proto Mojeno reconstructions Ignaciano Intercontinental Dictionary Series Trinitario Intercontinental Dictionary Series Mojeno Trinitario DoReCo corpus compiled by Francoise Rose Audio recordings of narrative texts with transcriptions time aligned at the phone level translations and for some texts time aligned morphological annotations Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Moxo languages amp oldid 1138531307, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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