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Wikipedia

Richard Serra

May 04, 2023

Richard Serra (born November 2, 1938) is an American artist known for his large-scale sculptures made for site-specific landscape, urban, and architectural settings. Serra's sculptures are notable for their material quality and exploration of the relationship between the viewer, the work, and the site. Since the mid-1960s, Serra has worked to radicalize and extend the definition of sculpture beginning with his early experiments with rubber, neon, and lead, to his large-scale steel works.

Richard Serra
Richard Serra photographed by Oliver Mark, Siegen 2005
Born (1938-11-02) November 2, 1938 (age 84)
San Francisco, California, U.S.
NationalityAmerican
EducationUniversity of California, Berkeley (attended)
University of California, Santa Barbara (B.A. 1961)
Yale University (B.F.A. 1962, M.F.A. 1964)
MovementMinimalism, Process Art
Spouse(s)
​
​
(m. 1965; div. 1970)​

Clara Weyergraf
​
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(m. 1981)​
Bramme for the Ruhr-District, 1998 at Essen
Sea Level (South-west part), Zeewolde, Netherlands

Early life and education

Serra was born in San Francisco, California to Tony and Gladys Serra – the second of three sons. From a young age, he was encouraged to draw by his mother. The young Serra would carry a small notebook for his sketches and his mother would introduce her son as "Richard the artist."[1] His father worked as a pipe fitter for a shipyard near San Francisco. Serra recounts a memory of a visit to the shipyard to see a boat launch when he was four years old. He watched as the ship transformed from an enormous weight to a buoyant, floating structure and notes that: "All the raw material that I needed is contained in the reserve of this memory."[2]

Serra studied English literature at the University of California, Berkeley in 1957 before transferring to the University of California, Santa Barbara and graduating in 1961 with a BA in English Literature. In Santa Barbara, Serra met the muralists, Rico Lebrun and Howard Warshaw. Both were in the Art Department and took Serra under their wing.[3] During this time, Serra worked in steel mills to earn a living.[4]

Serra studied painting at Yale University and graduated with both a BA in Art History and an MFA in 1964. Fellow Yale alumni include Chuck Close, Rackstraw Downs, Nancy Graves, Brice Marden, and Robert Mangold.[5] At Yale Serra met visiting artists from the New York School such as Philip Guston, Robert Rauschenberg, Ad Reinhardt, and Frank Stella. Serra taught a color theory course during his last year at Yale and after graduating was asked to help proof Josef Albers' notable color theory book "Interaction of Color."[5][6]

In 1964, Serra was awarded a one-year traveling fellowship from Yale and went to Paris where he met the composer Philip Glass[5] who became a collaborator and long-time friend. In Paris, Serra spent time sketching in Constantine Brancusi's studio, partially reconstructed inside the Musée national d'art modern on the avenue President Wilson,[5] allowing Serra to study Brancusi's work, later drawing his own sculptural conclusions.[7] An exact replica of Brancusi's studio is now located opposite the Centre Pompidou.[8] Serra spent the following year in Florence, Italy on a Fulbright Grant. In 1966 while still in Italy, Serra made a trip to the Prado Museum in Spain and saw Diego Velazquez's painting, "Las Meninas."[8] The artist realized he would not surpass the skill of that painting and made the decision to move away from painting.[1]

While still in Europe, Serra began experimenting with nontraditional sculptural material. He had his first one-person exhibition "Animal Habitats" at Galleria Salita, Rome.[9] Exhibited there were assemblages made with live and stuffed animals which would be referenced as early work from the Arte Povera movement.[2]

Work

Early work

Serra returned from Europe and moved to New York City in 1966. He continued his constructions using experimental materials such as rubber, latex, fiberglass, neon, and lead.[10] His Belt Pieces were made with strips of rubber and hung on the wall using gravity as a forming device. Serra combined neon with continuous strips of rubber in his sculpture Belts (1966–67) referencing the serial abstraction in Jackson Pollock's Mural (1963.) Around that time Serra wrote Verb List (1967) a list of transitive verbs (i.e. cast, roll, tear, prop, etc.) which he used as directives for his sculptures.[11] To Lift (1967), and Thirty-Five Feet of Lead Rolled Up (1968), Splash Piece (1968), and Casting (1969), were some of the action-based works with origins in the verb list. Serra used lead in many of his constructs because of its adaptability. Lead is malleable enough to be rolled, folded, ripped, and melted. With To Lift (1967) Serra lifted a 10-foot sheet of rubber off the ground making a free-standing form; with Thirty-five Feet of Lead Rolled Up (1968), Serra, with the help of Philip Glass, unrolled and rolled a sheet of lead as tightly as they could.[11]

In 1968 Serra was included in the group exhibition "Nine at Castelli" at Castelli Warehouse in New York[12] where he showed Prop (1968), Scatter Piece (1968), and made Splashing (1968) by throwing molten lead against the angle of the floor and wall. In 1969 his piece Casting was included in the exhibition Anti-Illusion: Procedures/Materials at the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York.[12] In Casting the artist again threw molten lead against the angle of the floor and wall. He then pulled the casting made from the hardened lead away from the wall and repeated the action of splashing and casting creating a series of free-standing forms.[13]

"To prop" is another transitive verb from Serra's "Verb List" utilized by the artist for a series assemblages of lead plates and poles dependent on leaning and gravity as a force to stay upright.[13] Serra's early Prop Pieces such as Prop (1968) relied mainly on the wall as a support.[14] Serra wanted to move away from the wall to remove what he thought was a pictorial convention. In 1969 he propped four lead plates up on the floor like a house of cards. The sculpture One Ton Prop: House of Cards (1969) weighed 1 ton and the four plates were self-supporting.[15]

Another pivotal moment for Serra occurred in 1969 when he was commissioned by the artist Jasper Johns to make a Splash Piece in Johns's studio. While Serra heated the lead plates to splash against the wall, he took one of the larger plates and set it in the corner where it stood on its own. Serra's break into space followed shortly after with the sculpture Strike: To Roberta and Rudy (1969–71).[16] Serra wedged an 8 by 24-foot plate of steel into a corner and divided the room into two equal spaces. The work invited the viewer to walk around the sculpture, shifting the viewer's perception of the room as they walked.[13]

Serra first recognized the potential of working in large scale with his Skullcracker Series made during the exhibition, "Art and Technology," at the L.A. County Museum of Art in 1969. He spent ten weeks building a number of ephemeral stacked steel pieces at the Kaiser Steelyard. Using a crane to explore the principles of counterbalance and gravity, the stacks were as tall as 30 to 40 feet high and weighed between 60 and 70 tons. They were knocked down by the steel workers at the end of each day. The scale of the stacks allowed Serra to begin think of his work outside the confines of gallery and museum spaces.[17]

Landscape works

 
Hours of the Day (1990), Bonnefanten Museum, Maastricht

In 1970 Serra received a Guggenheim Fellowship and traveled to Japan. His first outdoor sculptures, To Encircle Base Plate (Hexagram) (1970) and Sugi Tree (1970), were both installed in Ueno Park as part of the "Tokyo Biennale."[18]

While in Japan, Serra spent most of his time studying the Zen gardens and temples of the Myoshin-ji in Kyoto. The layout of the gardens revealed the landscape as a total field that can only be experienced by walking. The gardens changed Serra's way of seeing space in relation to time.[19] Upon returning to the US he built his first site-specific outdoor work: To Encircle Base Plate Hexagram, Right Angles Inverted (1970). Here Serra embedded two semi-circular steel flanges, forming a ring 26 feet in diameter, into the surface of 183rd Street in the Bronx. One semi-circle measured 1 inch wide and the second, 8 inches wide. The work was visible from two perspectives: either when the viewer came directly upon it or from above on a stairway overlooking the street.[20]

Throughout the 1970s Serra continued to make outdoor site-specific sculpture for urban areas and landscapes Serra's was interested in the topology of landscape and how one relates to it through movement, space, and time. His first landscape work was made in late 1970 when Serra was commissioned by the art patrons Joseph and Emily Rauh Pulitzer to build a sculpture on their property outside St. Louis, Missouri. Pulitzer Piece: Stepped Elevation (1970–71) was Serra's first large-scale landscape work. Three plates measuring 5 feet high by 40 to 50 feet long were placed across approximately 3 acres. The placement of the plates was determined by the fall of the landscape. Each plate was impaled into the ground far enough until its rise was 5 feet. Serra's intention was for the plates to act as cuts in the landscape that function as surrogate horizons as viewers walked amongst them.[21]

Shift (1970–72), Serra's second endeavor in the landscape, was built in a field owned by the collector Roger Davidson in King City, Ontario. The sculpture is composed of six rectilinear concrete sections placed along the sloping landscape.[17] In 2013 Shift was designated a Heritage Site under the Ontario Heritage Act. Shift, like Pulitzer Piece, was based on the elevational fall of the land over a given distance. The top edges of the plates function as a horizon being placed into specific elevational intervals as you walk the entire field.[22]

 
Richard Serra's Tilted Spheres in Toronto Pearson International Airport (Terminal 1, Pier F)

Serra's subsequent site-specific works in landscape continued to explore the topography of the land and how the sculpture relates to this topography by way of movement, meditation, and perception of the viewer. Among the most notable of the landscape works are Porten i Slugten (1983–86) in Louisiana Museum of Modern Art, Denmark;[23] Afangar (Stations, Stops on the Road, To Stop and Look: Forward and Back, To Take It All In) (1990) in Videy Island, Iceland;[24] Schunnemunk Fork (1991) in Storm King Art Center, New York;[25] Snake Eyes and Box Cars (1993) in Sonoma County, California;[26] Te Tuhirangi Contour (2000-2) in Kaipara, New Zealand;[27] and East-West/West-East (2014) in Qatar.[28]

The sculpture Porten i Slugten (1983–86) was commissioned for the Louisiana Museum of Modern Art, Humlebaek, Denmark. After walking the museum grounds, Serra chose a ravine that runs towards the Kattegat Sea as the site for his sculpture. The ravine was the only area in the grounds that had not been landscaped. Two plates were set at an angle to each other at the end of a sloping stretch of path which fronts the ravine. The plates function in their location like a gate which opens as the viewer walks down the path towards the sea. Seen from the center of a bridge, which crosses the ravine and leads to the museum, the two plates form a single plane as if the gate had closed. As you walk down from the museum to the ocean below, the plates appear to have a continuous swinging motion.[29]In 1988 Serra was invited by the National Gallery of Iceland to build a work. Serra chose Videy Island as the site for Afangar (Stations, Stops on the Road, To Stop and Look: Forward and Back, To Take It All In) (1990). The sculpture consists of nine pairs of basalt columns (a material indigenous to Iceland) and placed along the periphery of Vesturey, the northwest part of the island. All nine locations share the same elevations in that the stones of each pair are situated at an elevation of 9 and 10 meters, respectively. Each set of stones is level at the top. All stones at the higher elevation measure 3 meters; all stones at the lower elevation measure 4 meters. Because of the variance of topography, the stones in a set are sometimes closer together, sometimes further apart. The rise and fall of Videy Island and the surrounding landscape is seen against the fixed measure of the standing stones.[30] The stones are visible along the horizon of the island and orient the viewer against the rise and fall of the surrounding landscape.[17]

Te Tuhirangi Contour (2000-2) is located on vast open pasture on Gibbs Farm in Kaipara, New Zealand. The sculpture stands 20 feet high and spans 844 feet as one continuous contour that follows the rolling hills, expansion, and contraction of the landscape. The sculpture's elevation is perpendicular to the fall of the land.[31]

East-West/West-East (2014), located on an east–west axis in the Brouq Nature Reserve in Qatar, was commissioned by Sheika al-Mayassa al-Thani of Qatar. It consists of four steel plates either 54 3/4 or 48 1/2 feet high. The plates are placed at irregular intervals in a valley that runs between two gypsum plateaus. The plates are level to each other and the elevation of the adjacent plateaus. The work spans less than a kilometer and all plates are visible from either end.[32]

Urban works

In the landscape, the sculptural elements draw the viewer's attention to the topology of the land as its walked. Serra's site-specific Urban sculptures focus the viewer's attention on the sculpture itself. Their locations often more accessible to the public than the landscape works, invite the viewer to walk inside, pass through and move around them.[33] Because of the confines of Urban architecture, sculptures such as Sight Point (1972–75) at the Stedelijk Museum, The Netherlands; Terminal (1977) in Bochum, Germany; T.W.U. (1980) at the Deichterhallen, Hamburg, Germany; Fulcrum (1986–87), installed in Broadgate, London; Exchange (1996) outside the City of Luxembourg; or 7 (2011) on a pier in Doha, Qatar, reflect the verticality of their surrounding architecture.[34] Outdoor sculptures like St. John's Rotary Arc (1980) temporarily installed outside the Holland Tunnel entrance in New York City; Tilted Arc (1981) installed and later removed from New York City's Federal Plaza; Clara-Clara (1983), temporarily installed at Tuileries, Place de la Concorde, Paris; Berlin Junction (1987) installed outside the Berlin Philharmonic; are all curved forms or arcs that open and close depending on the direction the viewer takes walking around them.[34]

Sight Point (1972–75) was Serra's first vertical Urban work and a continuation of the balance and counterbalance principles of his earlier work Prop.[35] Sight Point stands outside the Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, consisting of three vertical steel plates 10 feet wide and 40 feet high that lean in at an angle and forming a triangular space on the ground with three openings that can be walked through. Once inside the viewer can look up and see the sky framed by the triangular shape made by the leaning plates.[36]

Another vertical sculpture, Terminal (1977), was conceived for "Documenta VI" in 1977. It was permanently installed on a traffic island between the street car tracks in front of a train station in Bochum, Germany. Serra chose the site because of its proximity to a high traffic area.[37] Exchange (1996), sited in a vehicular round-about on top of a highway tunnel, made of seven trapezoidal plates. The sculpture stands 60 feet high and can be seen by drivers as they enter and leave the City of Luxembourg.[38]

In 1980 Serra installed two sculptures, with support of the Public Art Fund, in New York City. T.W.U. (1980) and St. John's Rotary Arc (1980) were each placed in areas where traffic and people converged. T.W.U, a vertical sculpture consisting of three vertical plates, each 36 feet high, was installed at a subway entrance near West Broadway between Leonard and Franklin Streets.[39] The sculpture is now permanently installed outside the Deichterhallen, Hamburg, Germany.[40] St. John's Rotary Arc, one of Serra's earliest curved sculptures, was 12 feet high and spanned 180 feet. From 1980 to 1988 the site-specific sculpture was installed on the rotary at the entrance and exit to the Holland Tunnel.[17]

The following year in 1981, a second site-specific curved sculpture Tilted Arc (1981) was installed in New York City's Federal Plaza. Commissioned by the U.S. General Services Administration's Art-in-Architecture Program following a rigorous selection process, the sculpture's arc spanned 120 feet and 12 feet high. The sculpture was a curve that tilted and leaned away from its base. It was anchored into the plaza at both ends so that the center of the sculpture was raised. Serra's intention for the sculpture was to draw pedestrians' attention to the sculpture as they crossed the plaza.[41] Tilted Arc was met with resistance by workers in the Federal building. An eight-year campaign to remove the sculpture ensued and Tilted Arc was ultimately removed on March 15, 1989.[42] In Serra's defense to preserve the sculpture he stated "To remove the work is to destroy the work,"[43] advocating an art-for art's sake mantra of site-specific artworks. The case of Tilted Arc continues to highlight the tension surrounding the nature of public art and its intended audience.[44]

Gallery works

 
West and East by Richard Serra in Zekreet Qatar

Serra has had numerous exhibitions in gallery and museum settings. His site-specific gallery installations are sometimes used to test ideas.[45] Serra's first US solo exhibition was at the Leo Castelli Warehouse, New York in 1969. There he exhibited ten lead Prop Pieces, a Scatter Piece: Cutting Device: Base Plate Measure (1969), and a Splash Piece: Splashing with Four Molds (To Eva Hesse) (1969).

Following his process-based works of the late 1960s and early 1970s, Serra began to solely use rolled or forged steel in his sculpture.[46] Berlin Block (for Charlie Chaplin) (1977) was Serra's first forged sculpture. Made for the plaza outside the Neue Nationalgalerie in Berlin, designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, the sculpture weighs 70 tons.[10] Other forged sculptures include Elevation for Mies (1985-88) at Museum Haus Esters, Krefeld, Germany; Philibert et Marguerite (1985), in the Musee de Brou, Bourg-en-Bresse, France; Weight and Measure (1992), a temporary site-specific installation at the Tate Gallery, London; Santa Fe Depot (2004), in the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego; and Equal (2015) in the Museum of Modern Art, New York.

Serra's most known series of sculpture using rolled steel plates are the Torqued Ellipses. In 1991 Serra visited Borromini's Church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane in Rome and mistook the ovals of the dome and the floor to be offset from one another.[47] He thought to make a sculpture in this torqued form. Serra constructed models of this perceived form in his studio by cutting two ellipse-shaped pieces of wood and nailing a dowel between them. He then turned the ellipses so they were at a right angle to one another and wrapped a sheet of lead around the form. After making a template from the models Serra worked with an engineer to fabricate the sculptures.[48] In total there are seven Torqued Ellipses and four Double Torqued Ellipses (an ellipse inside of an ellipse) dated between 1996 and 2004.[49] Each sculpture has a different degree or torque and measures up to 13 feet high. The sculptures all have an opening so that they can be walked through and around.[50] Three Torqued Ellipses are on permanent view at Dia Beacon, New York.[51]

In 2005 "The Matter of Time", a commissioned installation, opened at the Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain. Consisting of eight sculptures spanning a decade from 1994 to 2005, "The Matter of Time" highlights the evolution of Serra's sculptural forms. Serra chose to include five sculptures derived from the initial torqued ellipse: one single, one double ellipse, and three torqued spirals.[52] The Torqued Spirals followed after the Double Torqued Ellipses when Serra decided to connect a double ellipses into one wound form that can be entered and walked through.[21] The remaining sculptures in "The Matter of Time" are one closed (Blind Spot Reversed) and one open (Between the Torus and the Sphere) torus and spherical sculpture; and Snake: made of three parts, each comprising two identical conical sections inverted relative to each other and spanning 104 feet overall. The sculptures are organized by Serra with intention. The direction which the viewer moves through the space creates a sensation of varying scale and proportion, and an awareness to the passing of time.[53][54]

 
Equal (2015) at the Museum of Modern Art in 2022

In 2008 Serra participated in Monumenta, an annual exhibition held in Paris's Grand Palais featuring a single artist. For Monumenta Serra installed a single sculpture, Promenade (2008), consisting of five plates, each 55 feet tall and 13 feet wide, placed 100 feet apart from one another across the cavernous interior of the Grand Palais. Overall, the sculpture spanned 656 feet. The plates were not placed in a line but stood side to side off the Grand Palais's center axis. They tilted either left or right, leaned either toward or away from another, and the viewer as they strolled around them.[55]

 
Four Rounds: Equal Weight, Unequal Measure (2017) at Glenstone in 2022

The sculpture Equal (2015), in the collection of The Museum of Modern Art, New York, consists of eight forged blocks. Each block measures 5 by 5 1⁄2 by 6 feet and weighs 40 tons. The blocks are stacked in pairs and positioned on their longer or shorter sides so that each stack measures 11 feet tall.[56] When walking amongst the four stacks the viewer becomes aware of their own sense of weight, balance, and gravity in relation to the sculptures.[57]

Four Rounds: Equal Weight, Unequal Measure (2017), consisting of four 82-ton forged cylinders of varying dimensions is permanently installed at Glenstone, Potomac, Maryland. The sculpture is installed within a building designed by Thomas Phifer of Thomas Phifer and Partners, in collaboration with Serra to highlight the sculpture’s mass within the confines of the building’s interior.[58][59]

Drawings

Drawing is integral to Serra's practice. Serra makes drawings on large sheets of canvas or handmade paper. They include horizontal or vertical compositions; constructions of overlapping sheets; or line drawings.[60] His drawings are primarily done in paintstick, lithographic crayon, or charcoal and are always black. Serra experiments with different techniques and tools to manipulate and apply the medium. He often pushes the conventions of drawing towards a tactile, phenomenological experience of movement, time and space.[61] The artist has said that his drawing practice is involved with "repetition, knowing there's no possibility of repeating, knowing that it's going to yield something different each time."[61]

Following his break into space with sculptures like Strike: To Roberta and Rudy (1969–71), Serra became interested in redefining architectural space with drawing as well.[62] In 1974 Serra started to make his Installation Drawings—large-scale site-specific sheets of canvas completely covered in paintstick and stapled to the wall. The Installation Drawings cover the wall, or walls, of a given space.[63] Shafrazi and Zadikians were two of Serra's first Installation Drawings. Both were exhibited at Leo Castelli Gallery, New York in 1974 and measured approximately 10 1⁄2 feet high and 18 feet wide overall.[64] Serra continued to make Installation Drawing throughout his career. Other notable drawing series include: Diptychs (1989); Dead Weight (1991–92); Weight and Measure (1993–94); Videy Afangar (1989–91); Rounds (1996–97); out-of-rounds (1999-2000); Line Drawings (2000-02); Solids (2008); Greenpoint Rounds (2009); Elevational Weights (2010); Rifts (2011–18); Transparencies (2011–13); Horizontal Reversals (2014) Rambles (2015–16); Composites (2016); Horizontals and Verticals (2016–17); Orchard Street (2018).[65]

National and international survey exhibitions of Serra's drawings include Richard Serra: Tekeningen/Drawings 1971-1977 at the Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam in 1978; Richard Serra: Tekeningen/Drawings at the Bonnefantenmuseum, Maastrict in 1990; Richard Serra Drawings: A Retrospective at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, and Menil Collection, Houston from 2011 to 2012; and Richard Serra: Drawings 2015-2017: Rambles, Composites, Rotterdam Verticals, Rotterdam Horizontals, Rifts at the Museum Boijmans van Beuningen. Rotterdam, The Netherlands in 2017.[66]

Prints

 
Richard Serra, Level IV, 2010, One color etching, 29 x 65 inches

Serra began making prints in 1972. Working closely with Gemini G.E.L. in Los Angeles, Serra developed unconventional printing techniques. He has made over 200 printed works and like his sculpture and drawing, his prints reflect an interest in process, scale, and experimentation with material.[67]

His early lithographs starting in 1972 include the prints Circuit; Balance; Eight by Eight; or 183rd & Webster Avenue, each titled after a sculpture created around the same time. In 1981 Serra produced his first lithograph series comprising seven editions, titled: Sketch #1 through Sketch #7. That same year Serra begin to make larger-scale prints such as Malcolm X; Goslar, or The Moral Majority Sucks.[68]

After pushing lithography to its limit, Serra began to work with silkscreen to produce a unique surface in his prints. He did so by first applying a layer of ink onto the paper. He then would apply a layer of paint stick through the second screen creating a saturated and textured surface.[69]

Serra continued to work this his silkscreen technique, sometimes combining it with etching and aquatint. Print series include: Videy Afanger (1991); Hreppholer (1991); WM (1996); Rounds (1999); Venice Notebook (2001); Between the Torus and the Sphere (2006); Paths and Edges (2007); Level (2008); Junction (2010); Reversal (2015); Elevational Weight (2016); Equal (2018); and (2019).

Films and video works

From 1968 to 1979 Serra made a collection of films and videos. Although he began working with sculpture and film at the same time, Serra recognized the different material capacities of each and did not extend sculptural problems into his films and videos.[70][71] Serra collaborated with several artists including Joan Jonas, Nancy Holt, and Robert Fiore, on his films and videos. His first films, Hand Catching Lead (1968), Hands Scraping (1968) and Hand Tied (1968) involve a series of actions: a hand tries to catch falling lead; pairs of hands move lead shavings; and bound hands untie themselves.[72]

A later film Railroad Turnbridge (1976) frames the surrounding landscape of the Willamette River in Portland, Oregon, as the bridge turns. Steelmill/Stahwerk (1979), made in collaboration with the art historian Clara Weyergraf is divided in two parts. The first part is made up of interviews of German steel-factory workers about their work. The second part captures the forging of Serra's sculpture Berlin Block (for Charlie Chaplin).[72]

Survey exhibitions and screenings of his films were held at the Kunstmuseum Basel, Switzerland in 2017;[73] Anthology Film Archives, New York, October 17–23, 2019;[74] and Harvard Film Archive, January 27-February 9, 2020.[75] In 2019 Serra donated his entire film and video works to The Museum of Modern Art in New York.

Exhibitions

Serra's first solo exhibition was in 1966 at Galleria Salita in Rome, Italy.[76] His first solo exhibition in the US was at the Leo Castelli Warehouse, New York in 1969.[77] His first solo museum exhibition was held at the Pasadena Art Museum in California in 1970.[78]

The first retrospective of his work was held at The Museum of Modern Art, New York in 1986.[79] A second retrospective was held at The Museum of Modern Art, New York in 2007.[80]

The first survey exhibition of his drawings was held at the Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam in 1977 and traveled to the Kunsthalle Tübingen in 1978. A second retrospective of drawings was presented at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art; and The Menil Collection, Houston from 2011 to 2012.[81] An overview of the artist's work in film and video was on view at the Kunstmuseum Basel, in 2017.[82]

Serra has had solo exhibitions at the Staatliche Kunsthalle Baden-Baden, 1978; Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam, 1980; Musée National d’Art Moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, 1983–1984; Museum Haus Lange, Krefeld, 1985; The Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1986 and 2007; Louisiana Museum, Humlebæk, 1986; Westfälisches Landesmuseum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte, Münster, 1987; Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus, Munich, 1987; Stedelijk Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven, 1988; Bonnefantenmuseum, Maastricht, 1990; Kunsthaus Zürich, 1990; CAPC Musée d’Art Contemporain, Bordeaux, 1990; Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid, 1992; Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf, 1992; Dia Center for the Arts, New York, 1997; The Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, 1998–1999; Centro de Arte Hélio Oiticica, Rio de Janeiro, 1997–1998; Trajan's Market, Rome, 1999–2000; Pulitzer Foundation for the Arts, St. Louis, 2003; and Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli, Naples, 2004; and Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam, in 2017.[83][84]

Collections

Serra's work is included in many museums and public collections around the world.  Selected museum collections include The Museum of Modern Art, New York; The Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto; Art Institute of Chicago; Bonnefantenmuseum, Maastrict, The Netherlands; Centre Cultural Fundació La Caixa, Barcelona; Centre Georges Pompidou, Musée National d’Art Moderne, Paris; Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, Texas; Dia Art Foundation, New York; Guggenheim Museum Bilbao and New York; Hamburger Kunsthalle, Hamburg, Germany; Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC; Moderna Museet, Stockholm; Glenstone Museum, Potomac, Maryland.[1]

Selected public collections include City of Bochum, Germany; City of Chicago, Public Art Collection; City of Goslar, Germany; City of Hamburg, Germany; City of St. Louis, Missouri; City of Tokyo, Japan; City of Berlin, Germany; City of Paris, France; Collection City of Reykjavic, Iceland.[2]

Awards

Serra has been the recipient of many notable prizes and awards, including Fulbright Grant (1965–66); Guggenheim Fellowship (1970); République Française, Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication Chevalier de l’Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (1985 and 1991); Japan Arts Association, Tokyo Praemium Imperiale  (1994); a Leone d’Oro for lifetime achievement, Venice Biennale, Italy (2001); American Academy of Arts and Letters (2001); Orden pour le Mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste, Federal Republic of Germany (2002); Orden de las Artes y las Letras de España, Spain (2008); The National Arts Award: Lifetime Achievement Award (bestowed by Americans for the Arts 2014); Hermitage Museum Foundation's Award for Lifetime Contributions to the World of Art (2014); Chevalier de l’Ordre national de la Légion d’honneur, Republic of France (2015); Landesmuseum Wiesbaden Alexej-von-Jawlensky-Preis (2017); and a J. Paul Getty Medal (2018).[3]

Personal life

Richard Serra moved to New York City in 1966. He bought a house in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia in 1970 and spent summers working there. Serra married art historian Clara Weyergraf in 1981.[85] Since early 2010s Serra and Weyergraf-Serra spend their time between New York City and the North Fork, Long Island.[86]

Writings and interviews

  • Gathered in the following three anthologies is a comprehensive collection of writings by, and interviews with, the artist
  • Richard Serra: Writings, Interviews. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1994. Includes writings by the artist and interviews by Friedrich Teja Bach, Liza Béar, Patricia E. Bickers, Lizzie Borden, Lynne Cooke, Douglas Crimp, Peter Eisenman, Mark Francis, Bernard Lamarche-Vadel, Annette Michelson, Robert C. Morgan, Alfred Pacquement, Brenda
  • Richardson, Mark Rosenthal, Nicholas Serota, David Sylvester, and Clara Weyergraf.
  • Richard Serra: Interviews, Etc. 1970-1980. Yonkers, New York: The Hudson River Museum, 1980. Written and compiled by
  • Richard Serra in collaboration with Clara Weyergraf. Includes interviews by Friedrich Teja Bach, Liza Béar, Lizzie Borden,
  • Douglas Crimp, Bernard Lamarche-Vadel, and Clara Weyergraf.
  • Richard Serra: Schriften, Interviews 1970-1989. Bern: Benteli Verlag, 1990. German translation of the 1980 Hudson River Museum publication with additional contributions by Thomas Beller, Peter Eisenman, Philip Glass, Gerard Hovagymyan, Robert C. Morgan, Alfred Pacquement, Brenda Richardson, and Harald Szeemann.

Selected writing

All solely by Richard Serra unless indicated otherwise.

  • "Play it Again, Sam." Arts Magazine 44, no. 4 (February 1970), pp. 24–27.
  • "Verb List, 1967-68." First published in Avalanche [New York], no. 2 (Winter 1971), pp. 20–21.
  • "Skullcracker Stacking Series." In Scott, Gail R., A Report on the Art & Technology Program of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art 1967-1971, pp. 299–300. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1971.
  • Jackson, Ward, and Richard Serra. "Richard Serra." Art Now: New York 3, no. 3 (September 1971), p. 4.
  • Serra, Richard. "Statements." Artforum 10, no. 1 (September 1971), p. 64.
  • "On Frame, on Color-Aid." Artforum 10, no. 1 (September 1971), p. 64.
  • Jonas, Joan, and Richard Serra. "Paul Revere." Artforum 10, no. 1 (September 1971), pp. 65–67.
  • Serra, Richard, and Rosalind Krauss, ed. "Shift." Arts Magazine 47, no. 6 (April 1973), pp. 49–55.
  • Serra, Richard, and Clara Weyergraf. "St. John's Rotary Arc." Artforum 19, no. 1 (September 1980), pp. 52–55.
  • "Notes from Sight Point Road." Originally published in Perspecta: The Yale Architectural Journal, no. 19 (1982), pp. 172–81. Edited and printed as "Extended Notes from Sight Point Road" in Richard Serra: Neuere Skulpturen in Europa 1977-1985 (Eine Auswahl)/Recent Sculpture in Europe 1977-1985 (Selected), pp. 11–15.
  • "Letter from Richard Serra to President Ronald Reagan" [in Portuguese and English]. Lo Spazio
  • Umano [Portugal], no. 2 (April–July 1985), pp. 89–92. Bilingual, Portuguese and English.
  • "Serra Writes the President." Art & Artists 14, no. 3 (May–June 1985), special supplement, pp. 3, 22.
  • "Notes on Drawing." First published in Güse, Ernst-Gerhard, ed. Richard Serra, pp. 66–68. New
  • York: Rizzoli, 1988.
  • "Weight." In Richard Serra: 10 Sculptures for the Van Abbe, pp. 10–12. Exh. cat. Stedelijk Van
  • Abbemuseum, Eindhoven, 1988. Bilingual in Dutch and English.
  • "'Tilted Arc'—A Precedent?" [letter to the editor]. The New York Times, April 30, 1989, sec. 2, p. 5.
  • "'Tilted Arc' Destroyed." Art in America 77, no. 5 (May 1989), pp. 34–47, cover.
  • "Artists Have Rights to Their Works." Des Moines Sunday Register, October 29, 1989, pp. 3C.
  • "The Yale Lecture, January 1990." Kunst & Museumjournaal [Amsterdam: English edition] 1, no. 6 (1990), pp. 23–33.
  • "Art and Censorship." Critical Inquiry 17, no. 3 (Spring 1991), pp. 574–81.
  • "Afangar Series." Open City, no. 2 (1993), pp. 101–7.
  • "Donald Judd" [eulogy]. Parkett, nos. 40-41 (1994), pp. 176–79.
  • "Basel, 18. Januar 1994/Basel, January 18, 1994." In Martin Schwander, ed., Richard Serra:
  • Intersection Basel, pp. 72–79. Basel: Christoph Merian Verlag and Düsseldorf: Richter Verlag, 1996.
  • "Notes on The Matter of Time." In Richard Serra: The Matter of Time, p. 141. Bilbao: Museo
  • Guggenheim Bilbao, and Göttingen: Steidl Verlag, 2005.

Selected interviews

  • Bear, Liza. "Document: Spin Out '72-'73 for Bob Smithson" [interview with the artist, October 30, 1973]. Avalanche[New York], no. 8 (Summer/Fall 1973), pp. 14–15.
  • Bear, Liza. "Prisoner's Dilemma" [interview with the artist, January 27, 1974]. Avalanche [New York], no. 9 (May–June 1974), pp. 26–28.
  • Bear, Liza. "Richard Serra: Sight Point '71-75/Delineator '74-76" [radio interview, February 23, 1976]. First
  • published in Art in America 64, no. 3 (May–June 1976), pp. 82–86.
  • Borden, Lizzie. "Richard Serra Interviewed by Lizzie Borden." In Richard Serra: Tekeningen/Drawings 1971–1977, pp. 9–14. Exh. cat. Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, 1977.
  • Michelson, Annette, and Clara Weyergraf. "Richard Serra's Films: An Interview." October, no. 10 (Fall 1979), pp. 68–104.
  • Bear, Liza. "Interview" [March 30, 1976]. First published in Richard Serra: Interviews, Etc. 1970–1980, pp. 65–73.Yonkers, New York: The Hudson River Museum, 1980.
  • Bach, Friedrich Teja. "Interview: Richard Serra & Friedrich Teja Bach" [March 14, 1975]. In Richard Serra:
  • Interviews, Etc. 1970–1980, pp. 45–55. Yonkers, New York: The Hudson River Museum, 1980.
  • Lamarche-Vadel, Bernard. "Entretien avec Richard Serra" [interview with the artist, May 1980]. First published in Artistes [Paris], no. 7 (January- February 1981), pp. 24–29.
  • Crimp, Douglas. "Richard Serra's Urban Sculpture: An Interview" [July 1980]. Arts Magazine 55, no. 3 (November 1980), pp. 118–24.
  • Pacquement, Alfred. "Interview." In Richard Serra: Writings, Interviews, pp. 157–64. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1994.
  • Szeemann, Harold. "On the Bridge." In Richard Serra: "Maillart Extended," pp. 20–25. Bern: Benteli Verlag, 1989. Trilingual, German, French, and English.
  • Serota, Nicholas, and David Sylvester. "Interview with the artist" [May 27, 1992]. In Richard Serra: Weight and Measure, pp. 9–25. Exh. cat. Tate Gallery, London. Düsseldorf: Richter Verlag, 1992.
  • Kimmelman, Michael. "Richard Serra." The New York Times, August 11, 1995, pp. C1, C26.
  • Cooke, Lynne and Michael Govan. "Interview with Richard Serra" [Cape Breton, July 10, 1997]. In Richard Serra: Torqued Ellipses, pp. 11–31. Exh. cat. Dia Center for the Arts, New York, 1997.
  • Sylvester, David. "Interview." In Russell Ferguson, Anthony McCall, and Clara Weyergraf-Serra, eds. Richard Serra: Sculpture 1985–1998, pp. 187–206. Exh. cat. Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles. Göttingen: Steidl Verlag, 1998.
  • Waters, John. "Art Profile: Richard Serra." Vogue Hommes International (Spring-Summer 2002), pp. 116–24.
  • Peyser, Jonathan. "Declaring, Defining, and Dividing Space: Conversation with Richard Serra." Sculpture 21, no. 8 (October 2002), pp. 28–35.
  • Foster, Hal. "Richard Serra in Conversation with Hal Foster." In Richard Serra: The Matter of Time, pp. 23–41. Bilbao: Museo Guggenheim Bilbao, and Göttingen: Steidl Verlag, 2005.
  • Bui, Phong. "In Conversation: Richard Serra with Phong Bui," The Brooklyn Rail, June 2006, pp. 22–24. Reprinted in Richard Serra: Rolled and Forged, pp. 5–15. Exh. cat. Gagosian Gallery, New York, 2006.
  • McShine, Kynaston. "A Conversation About Work with Richard Serra." In Richard Serra: Forty Years, pp. 15–40. Exh. cat. The Museum of Modern Art, New York, 2007.
  • Pacquement, Alfred. "Richard Serra: Grand Seigneur du Grand Palais." In Richard Serra: Monumenta 2008/Grand Palais, pp. 4–11. Boulogne: Beaux Arts Éditions, 2008.
  • Storr, Robert. "Richard Serra Goes Public in Paris." Art Press [Paris], no. 345 (May 2008), pp. 28–35.
  • Garrels, Gary. "An Interview with Richard Serra." In Richard Serra: Drawing: A Retrospective, pp. 65–83. Exh. cat. The Menil Collection, Houston, 2011.
  • Enright, Robert. "The Weight of History: Richard Serra's Sculpture and Drawings" [interview with the artist]. Border Crossings 36, no. 4 (December 2017-February 2018), pp. 30–43.
  • Serra, Richard, and Hal Foster. Conversations About Sculpture. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2018.

References

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External links

  • One Ton Prop (House of Cards), 1969
  • Strike: To Roberta and Rudy, 1969-71
  • Shift, 1970-72
  • Berlin Block (For Charlie Chaplin), 1977
  • Tilted Arc, 1981
  • Richard Serra: Torqued Ellipses at Dia Beacon
  • The Matter of Time, 1994-2005
  • East-West/West-East, 2014
  • Equal, 2015
  • Hand Catching Lead, 1968
  • Railroad Turnbridge, 1976

May 04, 2023
richard, serra, born, november, 1938, american, artist, known, large, scale, sculptures, made, site, specific, landscape, urban, architectural, settings, serra, sculptures, notable, their, material, quality, exploration, relationship, between, viewer, work, si. Richard Serra born November 2 1938 is an American artist known for his large scale sculptures made for site specific landscape urban and architectural settings Serra s sculptures are notable for their material quality and exploration of the relationship between the viewer the work and the site Since the mid 1960s Serra has worked to radicalize and extend the definition of sculpture beginning with his early experiments with rubber neon and lead to his large scale steel works Richard SerraRichard Serra photographed by Oliver Mark Siegen 2005Born 1938 11 02 November 2 1938 age 84 San Francisco California U S NationalityAmericanEducationUniversity of California Berkeley attended University of California Santa Barbara B A 1961 Yale University B F A 1962 M F A 1964 MovementMinimalism Process ArtSpouse s Nancy Graves m 1965 div 1970 wbr Clara Weyergraf m 1981 wbr Bramme for the Ruhr District 1998 at Essen Sea Level South west part Zeewolde Netherlands Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Work 2 1 Early work 2 2 Landscape works 2 3 Urban works 2 4 Gallery works 2 5 Drawings 2 6 Prints 2 7 Films and video works 3 Exhibitions 4 Collections 5 Awards 6 Personal life 7 Writings and interviews 8 Selected writing 9 Selected interviews 10 References 11 External linksEarly life and education EditSerra was born in San Francisco California to Tony and Gladys Serra the second of three sons From a young age he was encouraged to draw by his mother The young Serra would carry a small notebook for his sketches and his mother would introduce her son as Richard the artist 1 His father worked as a pipe fitter for a shipyard near San Francisco Serra recounts a memory of a visit to the shipyard to see a boat launch when he was four years old He watched as the ship transformed from an enormous weight to a buoyant floating structure and notes that All the raw material that I needed is contained in the reserve of this memory 2 Serra studied English literature at the University of California Berkeley in 1957 before transferring to the University of California Santa Barbara and graduating in 1961 with a BA in English Literature In Santa Barbara Serra met the muralists Rico Lebrun and Howard Warshaw Both were in the Art Department and took Serra under their wing 3 During this time Serra worked in steel mills to earn a living 4 Serra studied painting at Yale University and graduated with both a BA in Art History and an MFA in 1964 Fellow Yale alumni include Chuck Close Rackstraw Downs Nancy Graves Brice Marden and Robert Mangold 5 At Yale Serra met visiting artists from the New York School such as Philip Guston Robert Rauschenberg Ad Reinhardt and Frank Stella Serra taught a color theory course during his last year at Yale and after graduating was asked to help proof Josef Albers notable color theory book Interaction of Color 5 6 In 1964 Serra was awarded a one year traveling fellowship from Yale and went to Paris where he met the composer Philip Glass 5 who became a collaborator and long time friend In Paris Serra spent time sketching in Constantine Brancusi s studio partially reconstructed inside the Musee national d art modern on the avenue President Wilson 5 allowing Serra to study Brancusi s work later drawing his own sculptural conclusions 7 An exact replica of Brancusi s studio is now located opposite the Centre Pompidou 8 Serra spent the following year in Florence Italy on a Fulbright Grant In 1966 while still in Italy Serra made a trip to the Prado Museum in Spain and saw Diego Velazquez s painting Las Meninas 8 The artist realized he would not surpass the skill of that painting and made the decision to move away from painting 1 While still in Europe Serra began experimenting with nontraditional sculptural material He had his first one person exhibition Animal Habitats at Galleria Salita Rome 9 Exhibited there were assemblages made with live and stuffed animals which would be referenced as early work from the Arte Povera movement 2 Work EditEarly work Edit Serra returned from Europe and moved to New York City in 1966 He continued his constructions using experimental materials such as rubber latex fiberglass neon and lead 10 His Belt Pieces were made with strips of rubber and hung on the wall using gravity as a forming device Serra combined neon with continuous strips of rubber in his sculpture Belts 1966 67 referencing the serial abstraction in Jackson Pollock s Mural 1963 Around that time Serra wrote Verb List 1967 a list of transitive verbs i e cast roll tear prop etc which he used as directives for his sculptures 11 To Lift 1967 and Thirty Five Feet of Lead Rolled Up 1968 Splash Piece 1968 and Casting 1969 were some of the action based works with origins in the verb list Serra used lead in many of his constructs because of its adaptability Lead is malleable enough to be rolled folded ripped and melted With To Lift 1967 Serra lifted a 10 foot sheet of rubber off the ground making a free standing form with Thirty five Feet of Lead Rolled Up 1968 Serra with the help of Philip Glass unrolled and rolled a sheet of lead as tightly as they could 11 In 1968 Serra was included in the group exhibition Nine at Castelli at Castelli Warehouse in New York 12 where he showed Prop 1968 Scatter Piece 1968 and made Splashing 1968 by throwing molten lead against the angle of the floor and wall In 1969 his piece Casting was included in the exhibition Anti Illusion Procedures Materials at the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York 12 In Casting the artist again threw molten lead against the angle of the floor and wall He then pulled the casting made from the hardened lead away from the wall and repeated the action of splashing and casting creating a series of free standing forms 13 To prop is another transitive verb from Serra s Verb List utilized by the artist for a series assemblages of lead plates and poles dependent on leaning and gravity as a force to stay upright 13 Serra s early Prop Pieces such as Prop 1968 relied mainly on the wall as a support 14 Serra wanted to move away from the wall to remove what he thought was a pictorial convention In 1969 he propped four lead plates up on the floor like a house of cards The sculpture One Ton Prop House of Cards 1969 weighed 1 ton and the four plates were self supporting 15 Another pivotal moment for Serra occurred in 1969 when he was commissioned by the artist Jasper Johns to make a Splash Piece in Johns s studio While Serra heated the lead plates to splash against the wall he took one of the larger plates and set it in the corner where it stood on its own Serra s break into space followed shortly after with the sculpture Strike To Roberta and Rudy 1969 71 16 Serra wedged an 8 by 24 foot plate of steel into a corner and divided the room into two equal spaces The work invited the viewer to walk around the sculpture shifting the viewer s perception of the room as they walked 13 Serra first recognized the potential of working in large scale with his Skullcracker Series made during the exhibition Art and Technology at the L A County Museum of Art in 1969 He spent ten weeks building a number of ephemeral stacked steel pieces at the Kaiser Steelyard Using a crane to explore the principles of counterbalance and gravity the stacks were as tall as 30 to 40 feet high and weighed between 60 and 70 tons They were knocked down by the steel workers at the end of each day The scale of the stacks allowed Serra to begin think of his work outside the confines of gallery and museum spaces 17 Landscape works Edit Hours of the Day 1990 Bonnefanten Museum MaastrichtIn 1970 Serra received a Guggenheim Fellowship and traveled to Japan His first outdoor sculptures To Encircle Base Plate Hexagram 1970 and Sugi Tree 1970 were both installed in Ueno Park as part of the Tokyo Biennale 18 While in Japan Serra spent most of his time studying the Zen gardens and temples of the Myoshin ji in Kyoto The layout of the gardens revealed the landscape as a total field that can only be experienced by walking The gardens changed Serra s way of seeing space in relation to time 19 Upon returning to the US he built his first site specific outdoor work To Encircle Base Plate Hexagram Right Angles Inverted 1970 Here Serra embedded two semi circular steel flanges forming a ring 26 feet in diameter into the surface of 183rd Street in the Bronx One semi circle measured 1 inch wide and the second 8 inches wide The work was visible from two perspectives either when the viewer came directly upon it or from above on a stairway overlooking the street 20 Throughout the 1970s Serra continued to make outdoor site specific sculpture for urban areas and landscapes Serra s was interested in the topology of landscape and how one relates to it through movement space and time His first landscape work was made in late 1970 when Serra was commissioned by the art patrons Joseph and Emily Rauh Pulitzer to build a sculpture on their property outside St Louis Missouri Pulitzer Piece Stepped Elevation 1970 71 was Serra s first large scale landscape work Three plates measuring 5 feet high by 40 to 50 feet long were placed across approximately 3 acres The placement of the plates was determined by the fall of the landscape Each plate was impaled into the ground far enough until its rise was 5 feet Serra s intention was for the plates to act as cuts in the landscape that function as surrogate horizons as viewers walked amongst them 21 Shift 1970 72 Serra s second endeavor in the landscape was built in a field owned by the collector Roger Davidson in King City Ontario The sculpture is composed of six rectilinear concrete sections placed along the sloping landscape 17 In 2013 Shift was designated a Heritage Site under the Ontario Heritage Act Shift like Pulitzer Piece was based on the elevational fall of the land over a given distance The top edges of the plates function as a horizon being placed into specific elevational intervals as you walk the entire field 22 Richard Serra s Tilted Spheres in Toronto Pearson International Airport Terminal 1 Pier F Serra s subsequent site specific works in landscape continued to explore the topography of the land and how the sculpture relates to this topography by way of movement meditation and perception of the viewer Among the most notable of the landscape works are Porten i Slugten 1983 86 in Louisiana Museum of Modern Art Denmark 23 Afangar Stations Stops on the Road To Stop and Look Forward and Back To Take It All In 1990 in Videy Island Iceland 24 Schunnemunk Fork 1991 in Storm King Art Center New York 25 Snake Eyes and Box Cars 1993 in Sonoma County California 26 Te Tuhirangi Contour 2000 2 in Kaipara New Zealand 27 and East West West East 2014 in Qatar 28 The sculpture Porten i Slugten 1983 86 was commissioned for the Louisiana Museum of Modern Art Humlebaek Denmark After walking the museum grounds Serra chose a ravine that runs towards the Kattegat Sea as the site for his sculpture The ravine was the only area in the grounds that had not been landscaped Two plates were set at an angle to each other at the end of a sloping stretch of path which fronts the ravine The plates function in their location like a gate which opens as the viewer walks down the path towards the sea Seen from the center of a bridge which crosses the ravine and leads to the museum the two plates form a single plane as if the gate had closed As you walk down from the museum to the ocean below the plates appear to have a continuous swinging motion 29 In 1988 Serra was invited by the National Gallery of Iceland to build a work Serra chose Videy Island as the site for Afangar Stations Stops on the Road To Stop and Look Forward and Back To Take It All In 1990 The sculpture consists of nine pairs of basalt columns a material indigenous to Iceland and placed along the periphery of Vesturey the northwest part of the island All nine locations share the same elevations in that the stones of each pair are situated at an elevation of 9 and 10 meters respectively Each set of stones is level at the top All stones at the higher elevation measure 3 meters all stones at the lower elevation measure 4 meters Because of the variance of topography the stones in a set are sometimes closer together sometimes further apart The rise and fall of Videy Island and the surrounding landscape is seen against the fixed measure of the standing stones 30 The stones are visible along the horizon of the island and orient the viewer against the rise and fall of the surrounding landscape 17 Te Tuhirangi Contour 2000 2 is located on vast open pasture on Gibbs Farm in Kaipara New Zealand The sculpture stands 20 feet high and spans 844 feet as one continuous contour that follows the rolling hills expansion and contraction of the landscape The sculpture s elevation is perpendicular to the fall of the land 31 East West West East 2014 located on an east west axis in the Brouq Nature Reserve in Qatar was commissioned by Sheika al Mayassa al Thani of Qatar It consists of four steel plates either 54 3 4 or 48 1 2 feet high The plates are placed at irregular intervals in a valley that runs between two gypsum plateaus The plates are level to each other and the elevation of the adjacent plateaus The work spans less than a kilometer and all plates are visible from either end 32 Urban works Edit In the landscape the sculptural elements draw the viewer s attention to the topology of the land as its walked Serra s site specific Urban sculptures focus the viewer s attention on the sculpture itself Their locations often more accessible to the public than the landscape works invite the viewer to walk inside pass through and move around them 33 Because of the confines of Urban architecture sculptures such as Sight Point 1972 75 at the Stedelijk Museum The Netherlands Terminal 1977 in Bochum Germany T W U 1980 at the Deichterhallen Hamburg Germany Fulcrum 1986 87 installed in Broadgate London Exchange 1996 outside the City of Luxembourg or 7 2011 on a pier in Doha Qatar reflect the verticality of their surrounding architecture 34 Outdoor sculptures like St John s Rotary Arc 1980 temporarily installed outside the Holland Tunnel entrance in New York City Tilted Arc 1981 installed and later removed from New York City s Federal Plaza Clara Clara 1983 temporarily installed at Tuileries Place de la Concorde Paris Berlin Junction 1987 installed outside the Berlin Philharmonic are all curved forms or arcs that open and close depending on the direction the viewer takes walking around them 34 Sight Point 1972 75 was Serra s first vertical Urban work and a continuation of the balance and counterbalance principles of his earlier work Prop 35 Sight Point stands outside the Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam The Netherlands consisting of three vertical steel plates 10 feet wide and 40 feet high that lean in at an angle and forming a triangular space on the ground with three openings that can be walked through Once inside the viewer can look up and see the sky framed by the triangular shape made by the leaning plates 36 Another vertical sculpture Terminal 1977 was conceived for Documenta VI in 1977 It was permanently installed on a traffic island between the street car tracks in front of a train station in Bochum Germany Serra chose the site because of its proximity to a high traffic area 37 Exchange 1996 sited in a vehicular round about on top of a highway tunnel made of seven trapezoidal plates The sculpture stands 60 feet high and can be seen by drivers as they enter and leave the City of Luxembourg 38 In 1980 Serra installed two sculptures with support of the Public Art Fund in New York City T W U 1980 and St John s Rotary Arc 1980 were each placed in areas where traffic and people converged T W U a vertical sculpture consisting of three vertical plates each 36 feet high was installed at a subway entrance near West Broadway between Leonard and Franklin Streets 39 The sculpture is now permanently installed outside the Deichterhallen Hamburg Germany 40 St John s Rotary Arc one of Serra s earliest curved sculptures was 12 feet high and spanned 180 feet From 1980 to 1988 the site specific sculpture was installed on the rotary at the entrance and exit to the Holland Tunnel 17 The following year in 1981 a second site specific curved sculpture Tilted Arc 1981 was installed in New York City s Federal Plaza Commissioned by the U S General Services Administration s Art in Architecture Program following a rigorous selection process the sculpture s arc spanned 120 feet and 12 feet high The sculpture was a curve that tilted and leaned away from its base It was anchored into the plaza at both ends so that the center of the sculpture was raised Serra s intention for the sculpture was to draw pedestrians attention to the sculpture as they crossed the plaza 41 Tilted Arc was met with resistance by workers in the Federal building An eight year campaign to remove the sculpture ensued and Tilted Arc was ultimately removed on March 15 1989 42 In Serra s defense to preserve the sculpture he stated To remove the work is to destroy the work 43 advocating an art for art s sake mantra of site specific artworks The case of Tilted Arc continues to highlight the tension surrounding the nature of public art and its intended audience 44 Gallery works Edit West and East by Richard Serra in Zekreet Qatar Serra has had numerous exhibitions in gallery and museum settings His site specific gallery installations are sometimes used to test ideas 45 Serra s first US solo exhibition was at the Leo Castelli Warehouse New York in 1969 There he exhibited ten lead Prop Pieces a Scatter Piece Cutting Device Base Plate Measure 1969 and a Splash Piece Splashing with Four Molds To Eva Hesse 1969 Following his process based works of the late 1960s and early 1970s Serra began to solely use rolled or forged steel in his sculpture 46 Berlin Block for Charlie Chaplin 1977 was Serra s first forged sculpture Made for the plaza outside the Neue Nationalgalerie in Berlin designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe the sculpture weighs 70 tons 10 Other forged sculptures include Elevation for Mies 1985 88 at Museum Haus Esters Krefeld Germany Philibert et Marguerite 1985 in the Musee de Brou Bourg en Bresse France Weight and Measure 1992 a temporary site specific installation at the Tate Gallery London Santa Fe Depot 2004 in the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego and Equal 2015 in the Museum of Modern Art New York Serra s most known series of sculpture using rolled steel plates are the Torqued Ellipses In 1991 Serra visited Borromini s Church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane in Rome and mistook the ovals of the dome and the floor to be offset from one another 47 He thought to make a sculpture in this torqued form Serra constructed models of this perceived form in his studio by cutting two ellipse shaped pieces of wood and nailing a dowel between them He then turned the ellipses so they were at a right angle to one another and wrapped a sheet of lead around the form After making a template from the models Serra worked with an engineer to fabricate the sculptures 48 In total there are seven Torqued Ellipses and four Double Torqued Ellipses an ellipse inside of an ellipse dated between 1996 and 2004 49 Each sculpture has a different degree or torque and measures up to 13 feet high The sculptures all have an opening so that they can be walked through and around 50 Three Torqued Ellipses are on permanent view at Dia Beacon New York 51 In 2005 The Matter of Time a commissioned installation opened at the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao Spain Consisting of eight sculptures spanning a decade from 1994 to 2005 The Matter of Time highlights the evolution of Serra s sculptural forms Serra chose to include five sculptures derived from the initial torqued ellipse one single one double ellipse and three torqued spirals 52 The Torqued Spirals followed after the Double Torqued Ellipses when Serra decided to connect a double ellipses into one wound form that can be entered and walked through 21 The remaining sculptures in The Matter of Time are one closed Blind Spot Reversed and one open Between the Torus and the Sphere torus and spherical sculpture and Snake made of three parts each comprising two identical conical sections inverted relative to each other and spanning 104 feet overall The sculptures are organized by Serra with intention The direction which the viewer moves through the space creates a sensation of varying scale and proportion and an awareness to the passing of time 53 54 Equal 2015 at the Museum of Modern Art in 2022 In 2008 Serra participated in Monumenta an annual exhibition held in Paris s Grand Palais featuring a single artist For Monumenta Serra installed a single sculpture Promenade 2008 consisting of five plates each 55 feet tall and 13 feet wide placed 100 feet apart from one another across the cavernous interior of the Grand Palais Overall the sculpture spanned 656 feet The plates were not placed in a line but stood side to side off the Grand Palais s center axis They tilted either left or right leaned either toward or away from another and the viewer as they strolled around them 55 Four Rounds Equal Weight Unequal Measure 2017 at Glenstone in 2022 The sculpture Equal 2015 in the collection of The Museum of Modern Art New York consists of eight forged blocks Each block measures 5 by 5 1 2 by 6 feet and weighs 40 tons The blocks are stacked in pairs and positioned on their longer or shorter sides so that each stack measures 11 feet tall 56 When walking amongst the four stacks the viewer becomes aware of their own sense of weight balance and gravity in relation to the sculptures 57 Four Rounds Equal Weight Unequal Measure 2017 consisting of four 82 ton forged cylinders of varying dimensions is permanently installed at Glenstone Potomac Maryland The sculpture is installed within a building designed by Thomas Phifer of Thomas Phifer and Partners in collaboration with Serra to highlight the sculpture s mass within the confines of the building s interior 58 59 Drawings Edit Drawing is integral to Serra s practice Serra makes drawings on large sheets of canvas or handmade paper They include horizontal or vertical compositions constructions of overlapping sheets or line drawings 60 His drawings are primarily done in paintstick lithographic crayon or charcoal and are always black Serra experiments with different techniques and tools to manipulate and apply the medium He often pushes the conventions of drawing towards a tactile phenomenological experience of movement time and space 61 The artist has said that his drawing practice is involved with repetition knowing there s no possibility of repeating knowing that it s going to yield something different each time 61 Following his break into space with sculptures like Strike To Roberta and Rudy 1969 71 Serra became interested in redefining architectural space with drawing as well 62 In 1974 Serra started to make his Installation Drawings large scale site specific sheets of canvas completely covered in paintstick and stapled to the wall The Installation Drawings cover the wall or walls of a given space 63 Shafrazi and Zadikians were two of Serra s first Installation Drawings Both were exhibited at Leo Castelli Gallery New York in 1974 and measured approximately 10 1 2 feet high and 18 feet wide overall 64 Serra continued to make Installation Drawing throughout his career Other notable drawing series include Diptychs 1989 Dead Weight 1991 92 Weight and Measure 1993 94 Videy Afangar 1989 91 Rounds 1996 97 out of rounds 1999 2000 Line Drawings 2000 02 Solids 2008 Greenpoint Rounds 2009 Elevational Weights 2010 Rifts 2011 18 Transparencies 2011 13 Horizontal Reversals 2014 Rambles 2015 16 Composites 2016 Horizontals and Verticals 2016 17 Orchard Street 2018 65 National and international survey exhibitions of Serra s drawings include Richard Serra Tekeningen Drawings 1971 1977 at the Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam in 1978 Richard Serra Tekeningen Drawings at the Bonnefantenmuseum Maastrict in 1990 Richard Serra Drawings A Retrospective at The Metropolitan Museum of Art New York the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art and Menil Collection Houston from 2011 to 2012 and Richard Serra Drawings 2015 2017 Rambles Composites Rotterdam Verticals Rotterdam Horizontals Rifts at the Museum Boijmans van Beuningen Rotterdam The Netherlands in 2017 66 Prints Edit Richard Serra Level IV 2010 One color etching 29 x 65 inchesSerra began making prints in 1972 Working closely with Gemini G E L in Los Angeles Serra developed unconventional printing techniques He has made over 200 printed works and like his sculpture and drawing his prints reflect an interest in process scale and experimentation with material 67 His early lithographs starting in 1972 include the prints Circuit Balance Eight by Eight or 183rd amp Webster Avenue each titled after a sculpture created around the same time In 1981 Serra produced his first lithograph series comprising seven editions titled Sketch 1 through Sketch 7 That same year Serra begin to make larger scale prints such as Malcolm X Goslar or The Moral Majority Sucks 68 After pushing lithography to its limit Serra began to work with silkscreen to produce a unique surface in his prints He did so by first applying a layer of ink onto the paper He then would apply a layer of paint stick through the second screen creating a saturated and textured surface 69 Serra continued to work this his silkscreen technique sometimes combining it with etching and aquatint Print series include Videy Afanger 1991 Hreppholer 1991 WM 1996 Rounds 1999 Venice Notebook 2001 Between the Torus and the Sphere 2006 Paths and Edges 2007 Level 2008 Junction 2010 Reversal 2015 Elevational Weight 2016 Equal 2018 and 2019 Films and video works Edit From 1968 to 1979 Serra made a collection of films and videos Although he began working with sculpture and film at the same time Serra recognized the different material capacities of each and did not extend sculptural problems into his films and videos 70 71 Serra collaborated with several artists including Joan Jonas Nancy Holt and Robert Fiore on his films and videos His first films Hand Catching Lead 1968 Hands Scraping 1968 and Hand Tied 1968 involve a series of actions a hand tries to catch falling lead pairs of hands move lead shavings and bound hands untie themselves 72 A later film Railroad Turnbridge 1976 frames the surrounding landscape of the Willamette River in Portland Oregon as the bridge turns Steelmill Stahwerk 1979 made in collaboration with the art historian Clara Weyergraf is divided in two parts The first part is made up of interviews of German steel factory workers about their work The second part captures the forging of Serra s sculpture Berlin Block for Charlie Chaplin 72 Survey exhibitions and screenings of his films were held at the Kunstmuseum Basel Switzerland in 2017 73 Anthology Film Archives New York October 17 23 2019 74 and Harvard Film Archive January 27 February 9 2020 75 In 2019 Serra donated his entire film and video works to The Museum of Modern Art in New York Exhibitions EditSerra s first solo exhibition was in 1966 at Galleria Salita in Rome Italy 76 His first solo exhibition in the US was at the Leo Castelli Warehouse New York in 1969 77 His first solo museum exhibition was held at the Pasadena Art Museum in California in 1970 78 The first retrospective of his work was held at The Museum of Modern Art New York in 1986 79 A second retrospective was held at The Museum of Modern Art New York in 2007 80 The first survey exhibition of his drawings was held at the Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam in 1977 and traveled to the Kunsthalle Tubingen in 1978 A second retrospective of drawings was presented at The Metropolitan Museum of Art New York the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art and The Menil Collection Houston from 2011 to 2012 81 An overview of the artist s work in film and video was on view at the Kunstmuseum Basel in 2017 82 Serra has had solo exhibitions at the Staatliche Kunsthalle Baden Baden 1978 Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen Rotterdam 1980 Musee National d Art Moderne Centre Georges Pompidou Paris 1983 1984 Museum Haus Lange Krefeld 1985 The Museum of Modern Art New York 1986 and 2007 Louisiana Museum Humlebaek 1986 Westfalisches Landesmuseum fur Kunst und Kulturgeschichte Munster 1987 Stadtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus Munich 1987 Stedelijk Van Abbemuseum Eindhoven 1988 Bonnefantenmuseum Maastricht 1990 Kunsthaus Zurich 1990 CAPC Musee d Art Contemporain Bordeaux 1990 Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia Madrid 1992 Kunstsammlung Nordrhein Westfalen Dusseldorf 1992 Dia Center for the Arts New York 1997 The Museum of Contemporary Art Los Angeles 1998 1999 Centro de Arte Helio Oiticica Rio de Janeiro 1997 1998 Trajan s Market Rome 1999 2000 Pulitzer Foundation for the Arts St Louis 2003 and Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli Naples 2004 and Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen Rotterdam in 2017 83 84 Collections EditSerra s work is included in many museums and public collections around the world Selected museum collections include The Museum of Modern Art New York The Whitney Museum of American Art New York Art Gallery of Ontario Toronto Art Institute of Chicago Bonnefantenmuseum Maastrict The Netherlands Centre Cultural Fundacio La Caixa Barcelona Centre Georges Pompidou Musee National d Art Moderne Paris Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth Texas Dia Art Foundation New York Guggenheim Museum Bilbao and New York Hamburger Kunsthalle Hamburg Germany Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Smithsonian Institution Washington DC Moderna Museet Stockholm Glenstone Museum Potomac Maryland 1 Selected public collections include City of Bochum Germany City of Chicago Public Art Collection City of Goslar Germany City of Hamburg Germany City of St Louis Missouri City of Tokyo Japan City of Berlin Germany City of Paris France Collection City of Reykjavic Iceland 2 Awards EditSerra has been the recipient of many notable prizes and awards including Fulbright Grant 1965 66 Guggenheim Fellowship 1970 Republique Francaise Ministere de la Culture et de la Communication Chevalier de l Ordre des Arts et des Lettres 1985 and 1991 Japan Arts Association Tokyo Praemium Imperiale 1994 a Leone d Oro for lifetime achievement Venice Biennale Italy 2001 American Academy of Arts and Letters 2001 Orden pour le Merite fur Wissenschaften und Kunste Federal Republic of Germany 2002 Orden de las Artes y las Letras de Espana Spain 2008 The National Arts Award Lifetime Achievement Award bestowed by Americans for the Arts 2014 Hermitage Museum Foundation s Award for Lifetime Contributions to the World of Art 2014 Chevalier de l Ordre national de la Legion d honneur Republic of France 2015 Landesmuseum Wiesbaden Alexej von Jawlensky Preis 2017 and a J Paul Getty Medal 2018 3 Personal life EditRichard Serra moved to New York City in 1966 He bought a house in Cape Breton Nova Scotia in 1970 and spent summers working there Serra married art historian Clara Weyergraf in 1981 85 Since early 2010s Serra and Weyergraf Serra spend their time between New York City and the North Fork Long Island 86 Writings and interviews EditGathered in the following three anthologies is a comprehensive collection of writings by and interviews with the artist Richard Serra Writings Interviews Chicago and London The University of Chicago Press 1994 Includes writings by the artist and interviews by Friedrich Teja Bach Liza Bear Patricia E Bickers Lizzie Borden Lynne Cooke Douglas Crimp Peter Eisenman Mark Francis Bernard Lamarche Vadel Annette Michelson Robert C Morgan Alfred Pacquement Brenda Richardson Mark Rosenthal Nicholas Serota David Sylvester and Clara Weyergraf Richard Serra Interviews Etc 1970 1980 Yonkers New York The Hudson River Museum 1980 Written and compiled by Richard Serra in collaboration with Clara Weyergraf Includes interviews by Friedrich Teja Bach Liza Bear Lizzie Borden Douglas Crimp Bernard Lamarche Vadel and Clara Weyergraf Richard Serra Schriften Interviews 1970 1989 Bern Benteli Verlag 1990 German translation of the 1980 Hudson River Museum publication with additional contributions by Thomas Beller Peter Eisenman Philip Glass Gerard Hovagymyan Robert C Morgan Alfred Pacquement Brenda Richardson and Harald Szeemann Selected writing EditAll solely by Richard Serra unless indicated otherwise Play it Again Sam Arts Magazine 44 no 4 February 1970 pp 24 27 Verb List 1967 68 First published in Avalanche New York no 2 Winter 1971 pp 20 21 Skullcracker Stacking Series In Scott Gail R A Report on the Art amp Technology Program of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art 1967 1971 pp 299 300 Los Angeles Los Angeles County Museum of Art 1971 Jackson Ward and Richard Serra Richard Serra Art Now New York 3 no 3 September 1971 p 4 Serra Richard Statements Artforum 10 no 1 September 1971 p 64 On Frame on Color Aid Artforum 10 no 1 September 1971 p 64 Jonas Joan and Richard Serra Paul Revere Artforum 10 no 1 September 1971 pp 65 67 Serra Richard and Rosalind Krauss ed Shift Arts Magazine 47 no 6 April 1973 pp 49 55 Serra Richard and Clara Weyergraf St John s Rotary Arc Artforum 19 no 1 September 1980 pp 52 55 Notes from Sight Point Road Originally published in Perspecta The Yale Architectural Journal no 19 1982 pp 172 81 Edited and printed as Extended Notes from Sight Point Road in Richard Serra Neuere Skulpturen in Europa 1977 1985 Eine Auswahl Recent Sculpture in Europe 1977 1985 Selected pp 11 15 Letter from Richard Serra to President Ronald Reagan in Portuguese and English Lo Spazio Umano Portugal no 2 April July 1985 pp 89 92 Bilingual Portuguese and English Serra Writes the President Art amp Artists 14 no 3 May June 1985 special supplement pp 3 22 Notes on Drawing First published in Guse Ernst Gerhard ed Richard Serra pp 66 68 New York Rizzoli 1988 Weight In Richard Serra 10 Sculptures for the Van Abbe pp 10 12 Exh cat Stedelijk Van Abbemuseum Eindhoven 1988 Bilingual in Dutch and English Tilted Arc A Precedent letter to the editor The New York Times April 30 1989 sec 2 p 5 Tilted Arc Destroyed Art in America 77 no 5 May 1989 pp 34 47 cover Artists Have Rights to Their Works Des Moines Sunday Register October 29 1989 pp 3C The Yale Lecture January 1990 Kunst amp Museumjournaal Amsterdam English edition 1 no 6 1990 pp 23 33 Art and Censorship Critical Inquiry 17 no 3 Spring 1991 pp 574 81 Afangar Series Open City no 2 1993 pp 101 7 Donald Judd eulogy Parkett nos 40 41 1994 pp 176 79 Basel 18 Januar 1994 Basel January 18 1994 In Martin Schwander ed Richard Serra Intersection Basel pp 72 79 Basel Christoph Merian Verlag and Dusseldorf Richter Verlag 1996 Notes on The Matter of Time In Richard Serra The Matter of Time p 141 Bilbao Museo Guggenheim Bilbao and Gottingen Steidl Verlag 2005 Selected interviews EditBear Liza Document Spin Out 72 73 for Bob Smithson interview with the artist October 30 1973 Avalanche New York no 8 Summer Fall 1973 pp 14 15 Bear Liza Prisoner s Dilemma interview with the artist January 27 1974 Avalanche New York no 9 May June 1974 pp 26 28 Bear Liza Richard Serra Sight Point 71 75 Delineator 74 76 radio interview February 23 1976 First published in Art in America 64 no 3 May June 1976 pp 82 86 Borden Lizzie Richard Serra Interviewed by Lizzie Borden In Richard Serra Tekeningen Drawings 1971 1977 pp 9 14 Exh cat Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam 1977 Michelson Annette and Clara Weyergraf Richard Serra s Films An Interview October no 10 Fall 1979 pp 68 104 Bear Liza Interview March 30 1976 First published in Richard Serra Interviews Etc 1970 1980 pp 65 73 Yonkers New York The Hudson River Museum 1980 Bach Friedrich Teja Interview Richard Serra amp Friedrich Teja Bach March 14 1975 In Richard Serra Interviews Etc 1970 1980 pp 45 55 Yonkers New York The Hudson River Museum 1980 Lamarche Vadel Bernard Entretien avec Richard Serra interview with the artist May 1980 First published in Artistes Paris no 7 January February 1981 pp 24 29 Crimp Douglas Richard Serra s Urban Sculpture An Interview July 1980 Arts Magazine 55 no 3 November 1980 pp 118 24 Pacquement Alfred Interview In Richard Serra Writings Interviews pp 157 64 Chicago and London The University of Chicago Press 1994 Szeemann Harold On the Bridge In Richard Serra Maillart Extended pp 20 25 Bern Benteli Verlag 1989 Trilingual German French and English Serota Nicholas and David Sylvester Interview with the artist May 27 1992 In Richard Serra Weight and Measure pp 9 25 Exh cat Tate Gallery London Dusseldorf Richter Verlag 1992 Kimmelman Michael Richard Serra The New York Times August 11 1995 pp C1 C26 Cooke Lynne and Michael Govan Interview with Richard Serra Cape Breton July 10 1997 In Richard Serra Torqued Ellipses pp 11 31 Exh cat Dia Center for the Arts New York 1997 Sylvester David Interview In Russell Ferguson Anthony McCall and Clara Weyergraf Serra eds Richard Serra Sculpture 1985 1998 pp 187 206 Exh cat Museum of Contemporary Art Los Angeles Gottingen Steidl Verlag 1998 Waters John Art Profile Richard Serra Vogue Hommes International Spring Summer 2002 pp 116 24 Peyser Jonathan Declaring Defining and Dividing Space Conversation with Richard Serra Sculpture 21 no 8 October 2002 pp 28 35 Foster Hal Richard Serra in Conversation with Hal Foster In Richard Serra The Matter of Time pp 23 41 Bilbao Museo Guggenheim Bilbao and Gottingen Steidl Verlag 2005 Bui Phong In Conversation Richard Serra with Phong Bui The Brooklyn Rail June 2006 pp 22 24 Reprinted in Richard Serra Rolled and Forged pp 5 15 Exh cat Gagosian Gallery New York 2006 McShine Kynaston A Conversation About Work with Richard Serra In Richard Serra Forty Years pp 15 40 Exh cat The Museum of Modern Art New York 2007 Pacquement Alfred Richard Serra Grand Seigneur du Grand Palais In Richard Serra Monumenta 2008 Grand Palais pp 4 11 Boulogne Beaux Arts Editions 2008 Storr Robert Richard Serra Goes Public in Paris Art Press Paris no 345 May 2008 pp 28 35 Garrels Gary An Interview with Richard Serra In Richard Serra Drawing A Retrospective pp 65 83 Exh cat The Menil Collection Houston 2011 Enright Robert The Weight of History Richard Serra s Sculpture and Drawings interview with the artist Border Crossings 36 no 4 December 2017 February 2018 pp 30 43 Serra Richard and Hal Foster Conversations About Sculpture New Haven and London Yale University Press 2018 References Edit a b Magazine Kelly Crow Photographs by Adrian Gaut for WSJ November 5 2015 The Reinvented Visions of Richard Serra Wall Street Journal ISSN 0099 9660 Retrieved November 16 2021 a b Richard Serra by David Seidner BOMB Magazine bombmagazine org Retrieved November 16 2021 Bui Phong July 11 2011 RICHARD SERRA with Phong Bui The Brooklyn Rail Retrieved November 16 2021 Richard Serra Pt 2 Hal Foster Charlie Rose retrieved November 16 2021 a b c d Krauss Rosalind 1986 Chronology Richard Serra Sculpture New York The Museum of Modern Art The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation Retrieved November 16 2021 Brancusi s studio Centre Pompidou Retrieved November 18 2021 a b White Michelle 2011 A Drawing Chronology In Richard Serra Drawing A Retrospective Houston Menil Collection p 207 SVA Archives archives sva edu Retrieved November 16 2021 a b Solomon Deborah August 28 2019 Richard Serra Is Carrying the Weight of the World The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 16 2021 a b Krauss Rosalind 1986 Richard Serra Sculpture New York The Museum of Modern Art pp 14 39 a b Weiss Jeffrey November 2015 DUE PROCESS RICHARD SERRA S EARLY SPLASH CAST WORKS Artforum 54 3 Retrieved November 16 2021 a b c Strike To Roberta and Rudy The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation Retrieved November 16 2021 Richard Serra Prop whitney org Retrieved November 16 2021 Richard Serra One Ton Prop House of Cards 1969 refabricated 1986 MoMA The Museum of Modern Art Retrieved November 16 2021 Crimp Douglas 1994 Richard Serra s Urban Sculpture An Interview Chicago and London The University of Chicago p 136 a b c d Serra Richard August 15 1994 Writings Interviews University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 74880 1 慶應義塾大学アート センター KUAC Reconstructed plan of location of the works in the exhibition Tokyo Biennale 1970 released www art c keio ac jp Retrieved November 16 2021 Fergus McCaffrey Richard Serra discusses Myoshinji Kyoto June 2020 Japanese retrieved November 16 2021 Crimp Douglas 1986 Serra s Public Sculpture Redefining Site Specificity New York The Museum of Modern Art p 47 a b Peyser Jonathan October 1 2002 Declaring Defining Dividing Space A Conversation with Richard Serra Sculpture Retrieved November 16 2021 Bear Liza March 30 1976 Interview March 30 1976 Chicago and London The University of Chicago Press pp 45 49 Richard Serra On Porten i slugten October 29 2014 retrieved November 16 2021 created not yet December 17 2015 Art Works on Videy Island reykjavikcitymuseum is in Icelandic Retrieved November 17 2021 Richard Serra stormking org Retrieved November 17 2021 Chatfield Taylor Joan Canvasing the Field Napa Sonoma Magazine Retrieved November 16 2021 Richard Serra Te Tuhirangi Contour Gibbs Farm www gibbsfarm org nz Retrieved November 19 2021 Fabrique East West West East by Richard Serra Qatar Museums Retrieved November 16 2021 Richard Serra On Porten i slugten October 29 2014 retrieved November 17 2021 Foster Hal and Richard Serra 1998 Richard Serra Sculpture 1985 1998 Gottingen Museum of Contemporary Art Los Angeles pp 102 05 McPhie P December 2 1975 The origin of the alkaline inactivation of pepsinogen Biochemistry 14 24 5253 5256 doi 10 1021 bi00695a003 ISSN 0006 2960 PMID 44 SERRA IN THE DESERT www artforum com Retrieved November 17 2021 Cooke Lynne 2007 Thinking on Your Feet Richard Serra s Sculptures in Landscape New York The Museum of Modern Art p 100 a b Crimp Douglas 1994 Richard Serra s Urban Sculpture An Interview Chicago and London The University of Chicago Press pp 136 37 RuhrKunstMuseen Ruhr Tourismus GmbH Terminal RuhrKunstMuseen in German Retrieved November 16 2021 Bear Liza 1994 Richard Serra Sight Point 71 75 Delineator 74 76 Chicago and London The University of Chicago pp 35 42 Irminger Bente Lien Linda 2020 Design plass i Design Thinking Faculty of Fine Art Music and Design University of Bergen in Norwegian 1 doi 10 22501 kmd ar 1090244 Exchange sculpture by Richard Serra Luxembourg tourism ViaMichelin www viamichelin ie Retrieved November 16 2021 Lamarche Vadel Barnard and Clara Weyergraf 1994 Interview Richard Serra and Bernard Lamarche Vadel New York City May 1980 Chicago and London The University of Chicago Press pp 111 17 Architektur Deichtorhallen Hamburg www deichtorhallen de in German Retrieved November 16 2021 The Case in Favor of a Controversial Sculpture The New York Times Retrieved November 16 2021 Mundy Jennifer Lost Art Richard Serra Essay Tate Retrieved November 16 2021 Richard Serra On trial for Tilted Arc SFMOMA Retrieved November 18 2021 White Michelle 2011 Drawing as Drawing Houston Menil Collection p 24 Notes from Sight Point Road by Richard Serra avt101researchproject November 28 2011 Retrieved November 16 2021 Serra Richard and Hal Foster 2018 Conversations About Sculpture London and New Haven Yale University Press p 108 The Weight of History bordercrossingsmag com Retrieved November 18 2021 Foster Hal 2005 Richard Serra in Bilbao in English and German Parkett no 74 pp 28 43 Kimmelman Michael September 26 1997 ART REVIEW Inventing Shapes To Tease The Mind And Eye The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 16 2021 Torqued Ellipse The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation Retrieved November 18 2021 Richard Serra Exhibitions amp Projects www diaart org Retrieved November 18 2021 La materia del tiempo Guggenheim Bilbao Museoa Guggenheim Bilbao in Spanish Retrieved November 16 2021 La materia del tiempo Guggenheim Bilbao Museoa Guggenheim Bilbao in Spanish Retrieved November 18 2021 Foster Hal 2005 Richard Serra in Bilbao in English and German Parkett no 74 pp 28 42 Erlanger Steven May 7 2008 Serra s Monumental Vision Vertical Edition The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 18 2021 Richard Serra Equal 2015 MoMA The Museum of Modern Art Retrieved November 16 2021 Richard Serra Equal ARTIST STORIES retrieved November 16 2021 Jenkins Mark July 1 2022 Glenstone unveils a monumental Richard Serra in a custom built space The Washington Post Archived from the original on July 13 2022 Retrieved December 7 2022 Monumental Richard Serra Sculpture in Custom Designed Building by Thomas Phifer to Go on View at Glenstone Museum Beginning June 23 www glenstone org Retrieved January 3 2023 How do you take notes Richard Serra draws his thoughts SFMOMA Retrieved November 16 2021 a b White Michelle 2011 Drawing as Drawing Richard Serra Drawing A Retrospective Houston The Menil Collection pp 13 29 Serra Richard and Hal Foster 2018 Conversations About Sculpture New Haven and London Yale University Press p 34 Serra Richard 1990 Notes on Drawing Bern Switzerland Benteli Publishers p 9 White Michelle 2011 Drawing as Drawing Houston The Menil Collection White Michelle 2011 A Drawing Chronology Houston Menil Collection pp 24 27 Richard Serra Drawings press release David Zwirner www davidzwirner com Retrieved November 19 2021 Richard Serra Prints January 28 2017 April 30 2017 Exhibition Nasher Sculpture Center www nashersculpturecenter org Retrieved November 19 2021 Berswordt Wallrabe Silke von 1972 1999 Work Generates Different Kinds of Work Development and Process in Richard Serra s Graphic Work In Richard Serra ed Druckgraphik Prints Estampes Catalogue Raisonne 1972 1999 Druckgraphik Prints Estampes pp 24 27 Berswordt Wallrabe Silke von 1972 1999 Work Generates Different Kinds of Work Development and Process in Richard Serra s Graphic Work In Richard Serra ed Druckgraphik Prints Estampes Catalogue Raisonne 1972 1999 Druckgraphik Prints Estampes p 28 The Films and Videos of Richard Serra Harvard Film Archive Retrieved November 19 2021 Serra Richard 1980 Interview Bernard Lamarche Vadel p 116 a b The Art of Perception Richard Serra s Films Essay Gagosian Quarterly September 10 2019 Retrieved November 18 2021 zephir ch Richard Serra kunstmuseumbasel ch Retrieved November 18 2021 Anthology Film Archives Film Screenings anthologyfilmarchives org Retrieved November 18 2021 The Films and Videos of Richard Serra Harvard Film Archive Retrieved November 18 2021 SVA Archives archives sva edu Retrieved October 27 2022 Richard Serra Exhibitions Castelli Gallery www castelligallery com Retrieved October 27 2022 Grrr nl Richard Serra Pasadena Art Museum 26 February to 1 March 1970 Richard Serra www stedelijk nl Retrieved October 27 2022 Richard Serra Sculpture MoMA The Museum of Modern Art Retrieved October 27 2022 Richard Serra Sculpture Forty Years MoMA The Museum of Modern Art Retrieved October 27 2022 Richard Serra Drawing A Retrospective The Menil Collection Retrieved October 27 2022 zephir ch Richard Serra kunstmuseumbasel ch in German Retrieved October 27 2022 Richard Serra Biography David Zwirner Retrieved October 27 2022 Richard Serra Gagosian April 12 2018 Retrieved October 27 2022 Solomon Deborah October 8 1989 OUR MOST NOTORIOUS SCULPTOR The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 18 2021 Solomon Deborah August 28 2019 Richard Serra Is Carrying the Weight of the World The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 18 2021 External links EditOne Ton Prop House of Cards 1969 Strike To Roberta and Rudy 1969 71 Shift 1970 72 Berlin Block For Charlie Chaplin 1977 Tilted Arc 1981 Richard Serra Torqued Ellipses at Dia Beacon The Matter of Time 1994 2005 East West West East 2014 Equal 2015 Hand Catching Lead 1968 Railroad Turnbridge 1976 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w 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