List of heads of state of Argentina

Argentina has had many different types of heads of state, as well as many different types of government. During pre-Columbian times, most of the territories that today form Argentina were inhabited by Amerindian peoples without any centralized government, with the exception of the Inca subjects of the Northwest and Cuyo regions. During the Spanish colonization of the Americas, the King of Spain retained the ultimate authority over the territories conquered in the New World, appointing viceroys for local government. The territories that would later become Argentina were first part of the Viceroyalty of Peru and then the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. The May Revolution started the Argentine War of Independence by replacing the viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros with the first national government. It was the Primera Junta, a junta of several members, which would grow into the Junta Grande with the incorporation of provincial deputies. The size of the juntas gave room to internal political disputes among their members, so they were replaced by the First and Second Triumvirate, of three members. The Assembly of the Year XIII created a new executive authority, with attributions similar to that of a head of state, called the Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata. A second Assembly, the Congress of Tucumán, declared independence in 1816 and promulgated the Argentine Constitution of 1819. However, this constitution was repealed during armed conflicts between the central government and the Federal League Provinces. This started a period known as the Anarchy of the Year XX, when Argentina lacked any type of head of state.

President of the Argentine Nation
Presidente de la Nación Argentina
Presidential Standard
Incumbent Javier Milei since 10 December 2023
Style	Excelentísimo Señor (m) Excelentísima Señora (f)
Residence	Casa Rosada (government office) Quinta de Olivos (official residence) Chapadmalal Residence (summer house)
Term length	Four years, renewable once
Inaugural holder	Bernardino Rivadavia
Formation	first: 1826 Constitution current: 1853 Constitution (amended in 1994).
Salary	1,281,328 Argentine pesos^[1] (as of December 2022)
Website	Office of the President

There was a new attempt to organize a central government in 1826. A new congress wrote a new constitution and elected Bernardino Rivadavia as president in the process.^[2] Rivadavia was the first President of Argentina. However, he resigned shortly after and the 1826 Constitution was repealed. The Argentine provinces then organized themselves as a confederation without a central head of state. In this organization, the governors of Buenos Aires province took some duties such as the payment of external debt or the administration of the foreign relations in the name of all provinces.^[3] Those governors were appointed by the Buenos Aires legislature, with the only exception of Juan Lavalle. Juan Manuel de Rosas kept the governor office for seventeen consecutive years until Justo José de Urquiza defeated him at the 1852 Battle of Caseros. Urquiza then called for a new Constitutional Assembly and promulgated the Argentine Constitution of 1853, which is the current Constitution of Argentina through amendments. In 1854, Urquiza became the first President of modern Argentina, acting both as head of government and head of state.^[4] However, the Buenos Aires Province had rejected the Constitution and became an independent state until the aftermath of the 1859 Battle of Cepeda, although the internecine conflict continued. Only after the subsequent Battle of Pavón in 1861, the former bonaerense leader Bartolomé Mitre became the first president of a unified Argentine Republic.^[5]

The succession line of constitutional presidents run uninterrupted until 1930, when José Félix Uriburu took government through a civic-military coup d'état. For many decades, there was an alternance between legitimate presidents and others that took government through illegitimate means. Those means included coups d'état, but also proscriptions of major political parties^[6] and electoral fraud.^[6][7] The last coup d'état occurred in 1976 and resulted in the National Reorganization Process, which ended in 1983. The retrospective recognition as presidents or heads of state of any de facto ruler that exercised its authority outside the Constitutional mandate is a controversial and relevant issue in Argentine politics.^[8][9][10] However, their government actions were recognized as valid following the de facto government doctrine that used to legitimize them.^[11] This doctrine was rejected by the 1994 amendment and would not be applicable for potential future coups. The current head of state is President Javier Milei, who took office on 10 December 2023.

Affiliation keys

Abbreviation		Party name (English)	Party name (Spanish)	Years
	Unitarian	Unitarian Party	Partido Unitario	1826–1827, 1828–1829
	Federal	Federalist Party	Partido Federal	1827–1828, 1829–1861
	Liberal	Liberal Party	Partido Liberal	1862–1868
	—	Independent politician	Político independiente	1868–1874
	PAN	National Autonomist Party	Partido Autonomista Nacional	1874–1916
	UCR	Radical Civic Union	Unión Cívica Radical	1916–1930, 1958–1966, 1983–1989, 1999–2003
	Military	Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic	Fuerzas Armadas de la República Argentina	1930–1932, 1943–1946, 1955–1958, 1966–1973, 1976–1983
	Concordancia	Concordancia	Concordancia	1932–1943
	PJ	Justicialist Party	Partido Justicialista	1946–1955, 1973–1976, 1989–1999, 2003–2015, 2019–2023
	PRO	Republican Proposal	Propuesta Republicana	2015–2019
	PL	Libertarian Party	Partido Libertario	2023–present

United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (1810–1831)

Junta presidents (1810–1811)

Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Notes		R.
		Start	End		Time in office
	Cornelio Saavedra (1759–1829)	25 May 1810	18 December 1810	President of the Primera Junta, at the beginning of the Argentine War of Independence. He is regarded as the first president of a national government.^[12]	217 days	^[13]
		18 December 1810	26 August 1811	President of the Junta Grande. Left to serve in the Army of the North.	140 days
	Domingo Matheu (1765–1831)	26 August 1811	23 September 1811	President of the Junta Grande, from Saavedra's departure to the dissolution of it.	13 days	^[14]

Triumvirates (1811–1814)

First Triumvirate 23 September 1811 – 8 October 1812
23 September 1811 – 23 March 1812	23 March 1812 – 8 October 1812
Feliciano Chiclana (1761–1826)
Manuel de Sarratea (1774–1849)
Juan José Paso (1758–1833)	Juan Martín de Pueyrredón (1776–1850)

Second Triumvirate 8 October 1812 – 31 January 1814
8 October 1812 – 20 February 1813	20 February 1813 – 19 August 1813	19 August 1813 – 5 November 1813	5 November 1813 – 31 January 1814
Nicolás Rodríguez Peña (1775–1853)
Antonio Álvarez Jonte (1784–1820)		Gervasio Antonio de Posadas (1757–1833)
Juan José Paso (1758–1833)	José Julián Pérez (1770–1840)		Juan Larrea (1782–1847)

Supreme Directors (1814–1820)

Main article: Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata

Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office			Notes	R.
		Start	End	Time in office
	Gervasio Antonio de Posadas (1757–1833)	31 January 1814	9 January 1815	343 days	Chosen by the Assembly of the Year 1813.	^[15]
	Carlos María de Alvear (1789–1852)	9 January 1815	18 April 1815	99 days	Forced to resign by a mutiny.	^[16]
	José de San Martín (1778–1850) Matías de Irigoyen (1781–1839) Manuel de Sarratea (1774–1849)	18 April 1815	20 April 1815	2 days	Third Triumvirate. Interim government until the appointment of a new Supreme Director.
	José Rondeau (1773–1844)	20 April 1815	21 April 1815	1 day	Appointed successor of Alvear, could not take office because he was in command of the Army of the North	^[17]
	Ignacio Álvarez Thomas (1787–1857)	21 April 1815	16 April 1816	361 days	Acting, for Rondeau. Convened the Congress of Tucumán, that would declare Independence.	^[18]
	Antonio González de Balcarce (1774–1819)	16 April 1816	9 July 1816	84 days	Interim.	^[19]
	Juan Martín de Pueyrredón (1776–1850)	9 July 1816	9 June 1819	2 years, 335 days	First Argentine Head of State after the Argentine Declaration of Independence. Supported the Crossing of the Andes.	^[20]
	José Rondeau (1773–1844)	9 June 1819	1 February 1820	237 days	Decisively defeated at the Battle of Cepeda by Federalist forces opposed to the 1819 centralist Constitution.	^[21]
	Juan Pedro Aguirre (1781–1837)	1 February 1820	11 February 1820	10 days	Interim. Dissolved the National Congress and endorsed the Buenos Aires Cabildo to choose a Governor for Buenos Aires Province instead of the previous post of Governor Mayor.

Governors of Buenos Aires Province managing international relations (1820–1826)

Between 1820 and 1826, the United Provinces functioned as a loose alliance of autonomous provinces put together by pacts and treaties (see Treaty of Pilar, Treaty of Benegas, Quadrilateral Treaty), but lacking any actual central government until the 1825 Constitutional Congress.

Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Notes	R.
		Start	End
	Matías de Irigoyen (1781–1839)	11 February 1820	18 February 1820	He had been Governor Mayor from 9 to 11 February 1820 and was promoted interim as Governor until the appointment of Manuel de Sarratea.
	Manuel de Sarratea (1774–1849)	18 February 1820	6 March 1820	The political crisis that existed in the country led to his government lacked support from both Buenos Aires and the other provinces. Thus he resigned shortly afterwards.
	Juan Ramón Balcarce (1773–1836)	6 March 1820	11 March 1820	Interim. Resigned.
	Manuel de Sarratea (1774–1849)	11 March 1820	2 May 1820	He returned to office after the end of the brief government of Balcarce. The circumstances did not improve and ended up resigning a second time.
	Ildefonso Ramos Mexía (1769–1854)	2 May 1820	20 June 1820
	Ildefonso Ramos Mexía and Miguel Estanislao Soler	20 June 1820	23 June 1820	They took power simultaneously.
	Miguel Estanislao Soler (1783–1849)	23 June 1820	29 June 1820	He assumed de facto, after an armed uprising, but his government lasted a few days, when the Board of Representatives appointed Manuel Dorrego.
	Manuel Dorrego (1787–1828)	29 June 1820	20 September 1820	Interim.
	Martín Rodríguez (1771–1845)	20 September 1820	2 April 1824	He signed the Treaty of Benegas and the Quadrilateral.
	Juan Gregorio de las Heras (1780–1866)	2 April 1824	7 February 1826	He called a Constituent Congress that enacted several laws for which the Unitary Republic was proclaimed. He resigned because of that republic.

First presidential government (1826–1827)

Portrait		Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Elections	Political party	Notes	R.
			Start	End
		Bernardino Rivadavia (1780–1845)	8 February 1826	27 June 1827	1826	Unitarian	Elected by the Constituent Assembly of 1826, before the promulgation of the 1826 constitution.^[2] Waged the Cisplatine War. Resigned as the Constitution was rejected by the provinces and the outcome of the war generated popular discontent.	^[2]^: 23–32
		Vicente López y Planes (1785–1856)	7 July 1827	18 August 1827		—	Elected as interim president by the Constituent Assembly of 1826. His mandate was limited to close the Assembly and call for elections for a new governor of Buenos Aires.	^[2]

Governors of Buenos Aires Province managing international relations (1827–1831)

Portrait		Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Political party	Notes	R.
			Start	End
		Manuel Dorrego (1787–1828)	18 August 1827	1 December 1828	Federal	Ended the Cisplatine War. Deposed and executed by Juan Lavalle.	^[22]
		Juan Lavalle (1797–1841)	1 December 1828	26 June 1829	Unitarian	Coup d'état. Defeated in battle, resigned under siege	^[23]
		Juan José Viamonte (1774–1843)	26 June 1829	6 December 1829	Federal	Interim.	^[24]
		Juan Manuel de Rosas (1793–1877)	6 December 1829	4 January 1831		First term. Convened the Federal Pact and waged war against the Unitarian League.	^[25]

Argentine Confederation (1831–1861)

Governors managing international relations (1831–1852)

Portrait		Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Political party	Notes	R.
			Start	End
		Juan Manuel de Rosas (1793–1877)	4 January 1831	5 December 1832	Federal	Governor of Buenos Aires Province. First term. Convened the Federal Pact and waged war against the Unitarian League. Resigned.	^[25]
		Juan Ramón Balcarce (1773–1836)	5 December 1832	4 November 1833		Governor of Buenos Aires Province. Ousted by the Revolution of the Restorers.	^[26]
		Juan José Viamonte (1774–1843)	4 November 1833	27 June 1834		Governor of Buenos Aires Province. Interim.	^[27]
		Manuel Vicente Maza (1779–1839)	27 June 1834	7 March 1835		Governor of Buenos Aires Province. Interim.	^[28]
		Juan Manuel de Rosas (1793–1877)	7 March 1835	3 February 1852		Governor of Buenos Aires Province with the sum of public power; it is usually considered as a coup. Second term. Waged the Argentine and Uruguayan Civil Wars, the War of the Confederation and the French and Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata. Designated "Supreme Chief of the Argentine Confederation" in 1851. Defeated by Justo José de Urquiza at the Battle of Caseros. Resigned.	^[29]
		Vicente López y Planes (1785–1856)	3 February 1852	6 April 1852	—	Governor of Buenos Aires Province. Interim. From 6 April through 26 July 1852 remained as Governor of Bueros Aires Province, but without national powers.
		Justo José de Urquiza (1801–1870)	6 April 1852	31 May 1852	Federal	Governor of Entre Ríos Province in charge of the foreign relations of the Confederation.

Provisional Director of the Argentine Confederation (1852–1854)

Portrait		Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Political party	Notes	R.
			Start	End
		Justo José de Urquiza (1801–1870)	31 May 1852	5 March 1854	Federal	Simultaneously, Governor of Entre Ríos Province and of Buenos Aires Province (from 26 July 1852 to 4 September 1852). On 11 September 1852, the Province of Buenos Aires seceded from the Confederation as the State of Buenos Aires. On 1 May 1853, the current Constitution of Argentina was ratified by all the provinces, except from Buenos Aires.	^[30]

Presidents of the Confederation (1854–1861)

Portrait		Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Elections	Political party	Notes	Vice President	R.
			Start	End
		Justo José de Urquiza (1801–1870)	5 March 1854	5 March 1860	1853	Federal	Indirect elections. First constitutional President of Argentina. The reincoporation of the State of Buenos Aires was negotiated after the 1859 Battle of Cepeda in the Pact of San José de Flores.	Salvador María del Carril	^[30]
		Santiago Derqui (1809–1867)	5 March 1860	5 November 1861	1860		Indirect elections. On 18 October 1860, a Constitutional reform is adopted, proclaiming the Argentine Republic. Resigned after the failure of the Pact of San José de Flores and the national government defeat to Buenos Aires Province in the Battle of Pavón.	Juan Esteban Pedernera	^[31]
		Juan Esteban Pedernera (1796–1886)	5 November 1861	12 December 1861		Unitarian ^[citation needed]	Vice President under Derqui, assumed the presidency after his resignation. Resigned on the dissolution of the national government.	Vacant	^[31]

Argentine Republic (1861–present)

Presidents (1861–present)

	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Elections	Political party (Coalition)	Notes	Vice President	R.
			Start	End
		Bartolomé Mitre (1821–1906)	12 December 1861	12 April 1862	—	Liberal	Governor of Buenos Aires Province de facto in charge of the national government after the Battle of Pavón and the resignation of Juan Esteban Pedernera. During the following months, the provinces gave Mitre different powers.^[note 1]	Vacant	^[32]
			12 April 1862	2 June 1862			Appointed himself by decree as "Governor of Buenos Aires Province in charge of the National Executive Power".		^[33]
			2 June 1862	12 October 1862			The National Congress appointed the Governor of Buenos Aires as the person in charge of the National Executive Power until elections were held.		^[34]
			12 October 1862	12 October 1868	1862	Liberal Nacionalist	Indirect elections with Mitre as the only candidate. First president of the unified country. Waged the War of the Triple Alliance.	Marcos Paz (Died 2 January 1868)	^[35]
								Vacant
		Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (1811–1888)	12 October 1868	12 October 1874	1868	—	Indirect elections. Ended the War of the Triple Alliance.	Adolfo Alsina	^[35]
		Nicolás Avellaneda (1837–1885)	12 October 1874	12 October 1880	1874	National ↓ PAN	Indirect elections. Federalization of Buenos Aires City in September 1880.	Mariano Acosta	^[35]
		Julio Argentino Roca (1843–1914)	12 October 1880	12 October 1886	1880	PAN	Indirect elections. First term. End of the Argentine Civil Wars.	Francisco Bernabé Madero	^[36]
		Miguel Ángel Juárez Celman (1844–1909)	12 October 1886	6 August 1890	1886	PAN	Indirect elections. Resigned following the Revolution of the Park.	Carlos Pellegrini	^[37]
		Carlos Pellegrini (1846–1906)	6 August 1890	12 October 1892		PAN	Vice President under Juárez Celman, assumed the presidency after his resignation. Finished the presidential period 1886–1892.	Vacant	^[37]
		Luis Sáenz Peña (1822–1907)	12 October 1892	22 January 1895	1892	PAN	Indirect elections. Government victory in the Revolution of 1893. Resigned.	José Evaristo Uriburu	^[38]
		José Evaristo Uriburu (1831–1914)	22 January 1895	12 October 1898		PAN	Vice President under Sáenz Peña, assumed the presidency after his resignation. Finished the presidential period 1892–1898.	Vacant	^[38]
		Julio Argentino Roca (1843–1914)	12 October 1898	12 October 1904	1898	PAN	Indirect elections. Second term.	Norberto Quirno Costa	^[39]
		Manuel Quintana (1835–1906)	12 October 1904	12 March 1906 †	1904	PAN	Indirect elections. Government victory in the Revolution of 1905. Died in office.	José Figueroa Alcorta	^[40]
		José Figueroa Alcorta (1860–1931)	25 January 1906	12 March 1906		PAN	Vice President under Quintana. Acting president during his illness.	Himself	^[40]
			12 March 1906	12 October 1910			Vice President under Quintana, assumed the presidency after his death. Finished the presidential period 1904–1910.	Vacant
		Roque Sáenz Peña (1851–1914)	12 October 1910	9 August 1914 †	1910	PAN Modernist	Indirect elections. Promoted the Sáenz Peña law, which allowed secret, universal and mandatory suffrage. Died in office.	Victorino de la Plaza	^[41]
		Victorino de la Plaza (1840–1919)	9 August 1914	12 October 1916		PAN	Vice President under Sáenz Peña, assumed the presidency after his death. Finished the presidential period 1910–1916.	Vacant	^[41]
		Hipólito Yrigoyen (1852–1933)	12 October 1916	12 October 1922	1916	UCR	Free indirect elections. First president elected under the Sáenz Peña law. First term. Maintained neutrality during World War I.	Pelagio Luna (Died 25 June 1919)	^[42]
								Vacant
		Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear (1868–1942)	12 October 1922	12 October 1928	1922	UCR	Free indirect elections.	Elpidio González	^[42]
		Hipólito Yrigoyen (1852–1933)	12 October 1928	6 September 1930	1928	UCR	Free indirect elections. Second term, ousted from office by a coup d'état.	Enrique Martínez	^[43]
		Enrique Martínez (1887–1938)	5 September 1930	6 September 1930	—	UCR	Vice President under Yrigoyen. Acting president during his illness. Ousted from office by a coup d'état.	Himself
		José Félix Uriburu (1868–1932)	6 September 1930	20 February 1932	—	Military	First coup d'état in modern Argentine history. Beginning of the Infamous Decade. Called for elections.	Enrique Santamarina (Resigned 20 October 1930)	^[44]
								Vacant
		Agustín Pedro Justo (1876–1943)	20 February 1932	20 February 1938	1931	UCR (Concordancia)	Indirect elections held with fraud and with the UCR barred from elections.	Julio Argentino Pascual Roca	^[6] ^[45]
		Roberto Marcelino Ortiz (1886–1942)	20 February 1938	27 June 1942	1937	UCR-A (Concordancia)	Indirect elections held with fraud. Resigned for health reasons, died one month later.	Ramón Castillo	^[7] ^[46]
		Ramón Castillo (1873–1944)	3 July 1940	27 June 1942		PDN (Concordancia)	Vice President under Ortiz. Acting president during his illness.	Himself	^[7]
			27 June 1942	4 June 1943			Vice President under Ortiz, assumed the presidency after his resignation. Deposed in a coup d'état. End of the Infamous Decade.	Vacant
		Arturo Rawson (1885–1952)	4 June 1943	7 June 1943	—	Military	Coup d'état. Beginning of the Revolution of '43. Ousted from office.		^[47] ^[7]
		Pedro Pablo Ramírez (1884–1962)	7 June 1943	9 March 1944	—	Military	Coup d'état. On 25 February 1944, Ramírez temporarily delegated powers to Edelmiro Farrell. Resigned.	Sabá Sueyro (Died 15 October 1943)	^[7]
								Edelmiro Julián Farrell
		Edelmiro Julián Farrell (1887–1980)	25 February 1944	9 March 1944	—	Military	Vice President under Ramírez. Acting president.	Himself	^[7]
			9 March 1944	4 June 1946			Declared war on the Axis powers. Called for elections. End of the Revolution of '43.	Vacant
								Juan Perón (8 July 1944–10 October 1945)
								Juan Pistarini
		Juan Perón (1895–1974)	4 June 1946	4 June 1952	1946	Labour (UCR-JR) (Independent)	Free indirect elections. First term. Reelection enabled by the Constitution of 1949.	Hortensio Quijano (Died 3 April 1952)	^[48]
								Vacant
			4 June 1952	19 September 1955	1951	Peronist	Free direct elections. Second term. First election to allow women's suffrage. Victory with 62.49% of votes, highest victory in Argentine elections. Ousted from office by a coup d'état.
								Alberto Teisaire (7 May 1954–16 September 1955)
								Vacant
		Eduardo Lonardi (1896–1956)	20 September 1955	23 September 1955	—	Military	Coup d'état. Beginning of the Revolución Libertadora. By decree appointed himself as "Provisional President of the Nation".		^[49]
			23 September 1955	13 November 1955			Lonardi is sworn in as President. Ousted from office.	Isaac Rojas
		Pedro Eugenio Aramburu (1903–1970)	13 November 1955	1 May 1958	—	Military	Coup d'état. The 1949 Constitution is repealed and the 1853 Constitution is restored. End of the Revolución Libertadora. Called for elections with Peronism barred from elections.		^[49]
		Arturo Frondizi (1908–1995)	1 May 1958	29 March 1962	1958	UCRI	Indirect elections with Peronism barred from elections. Ousted from office by a coup d'état.	Alejandro Gómez (Resigned 18 November 1958)	^[50]
								Vacant
		José María Guido (1910–1975)	29 March 1962	12 October 1963	—	UCRI	Provisional President of the Senate exercising the Executive Power, as the civil procedures to replace the deposed president were followed and Vice President Alejandro Gómez had resigned in 1958.		^[51] ^[50]
		Arturo Umberto Illia (1900–1983)	12 October 1963	28 June 1966	1963	UCRP	Indirect elections with Peronism barred from elections. Ousted from office by a coup d'état.	Carlos Humberto Perette	^[52]
		Junta of Commanders of the Armed Forces	28 June 1966	29 June 1966	—	Military	Coup d'état Beginning of the Argentine Revolution. Members of the Junta: Pascual Pistarini Benigno Ignacio Varela [es] Adolfo Teodoro Álvarez [es].	Vacant
		Juan Carlos Onganía (1914–1995)	29 June 1966	8 June 1970	—	Military	Coup d'état. Ousted from office.		^[52]
		Junta of Commanders of the Armed Forces	8 June 1970	18 June 1970	—	Military	Coup d'état. Members of the Junta: Pedro Alberto José Gnavi [es] (President) Alejandro Agustín Lanusse Carlos Alberto Rey [es]
		Roberto Marcelo Levingston (1920–2015)	18 June 1970	23 March 1971	—	Military	Appointed by the Military Junta. Ousted from office.		^[52]
		Junta of Commanders of the Armed Forces	23 March 1971	26 March 1971	—	Military	Coup d'état Members of the Junta: Alejandro Agustín Lanusse (President) Pedro Alberto José Gnavi [es] Carlos Alberto Rey [es]
		Alejandro Agustín Lanusse (1918–1996)	26 March 1971	25 May 1973	—	Military	Appointed by the Military Junta. End of the Argentine Revolution. Called for elections. Peronism ban lifted.
		Héctor José Cámpora (1909–1980)	25 May 1973	13 July 1973	March 1973	PJ (FREJULI)	Free direct elections. Because no candidate was able to get 50% of the votes needed to win, a runoff should have taken place between Cámpora and Ricardo Balbín, but Balbín decided to withdraw his candidacy, making Cámpora president. First Peronist president after the ban. Cámpora annulled the ban that remained specifically over Juan Perón, and resigned along with his Vice President.	Vicente Solano Lima	^[53]
		Raúl Alberto Lastiri (1915–1978)	13 July 1973	12 October 1973	—	PJ (FREJULI)	President of the Chamber of Deputies exercising the Executive Power. Alejandro Díaz Bialet, President of the Senate and ahead of Lastiri in the succession line, was on a diplomatic mission in Africa at that time.	Vacant	^[54] ^[53]
		Juan Perón (1895–1974)	12 October 1973	1 July 1974 †	Sept. 1973	PJ (FREJULI)	Free direct elections. Third term. Died in office.	Isabel Perón	^[53]
		Isabel Perón (born 1931)	29 June 1974	1 July 1974		PJ (FREJULI)	First Lady and Vice President under Juan Perón. Acting president during his illness.	Herself	^[55]
			1 July 1974	24 March 1976			Vice President of Juan Perón, assumed the presidency after his death. First female president in the Americas. Ousted from office by a coup d'état.	Vacant
		Military Junta	24 March 1976	29 March 1976	—	Military	Coup d'état. Beginning of the National Reorganization Process. Members of the Junta: Jorge Rafael Videla Emilio Eduardo Massera Orlando Ramón Agosti.
		Jorge Rafael Videla (1925–2013)	29 March 1976	29 March 1981	—	Military	Coup d'état. President of the Military Junta. Longest government of a de facto ruler.		^[56]
		Roberto Eduardo Viola (1924–1994)	29 March 1981	11 December 1981	—	Military	Appointed by Videla as President of the Military Junta. Powers and duties suspended on 21 November 1981 due to health problems. Ousted from office.		^[56]
		Horacio Tomás Liendo (1924–2007)	21 November 1981	11 December 1981	—	Military	Appointed by the Military Junta. Acting president during Viola suspension.
		Carlos Lacoste (1929–2004)	11 December 1981	22 December 1981	—	Military	Appointed by the Military Junta. Interim.
		Leopoldo Galtieri (1926–2003)	22 December 1981	18 June 1982	—	Military	Appointed by the Military Junta. Waged the Falklands War. Ousted from office.		^[56]
		Alfredo Oscar Saint Jean (1926–1987)	18 June 1982	1 July 1982	—	Military	Appointed by the Military Junta. Interim.
		Reynaldo Bignone (1928–2018)	1 July 1982	10 December 1983	—	Military	Appointed by the Military Junta. End of the National Reorganization Process. Called for elections.		^[56]
		(Presidency) Raúl Alfonsín (1927–2009)	10 December 1983	8 July 1989	1983	UCR	Free indirect elections. The 1989 presidential elections were anticipated. Resigned during the transition and gave power to Carlos Menem six months in advance.	Víctor Hipólito Martínez	^[57]
		(Presidency) Carlos Menem (1930–2021)	8 July 1989	8 July 1995	1989	PJ (FREJUPO)	Free indirect elections. First term. The 1994 amendment reduced the presidential term from 6 to 4 years and allowed a single consecutive reelection.	Eduardo Duhalde (Resigned 10 December 1991)	^[58]
								Vacant
			8 July 1995	10 December 1999	1995	PJ (UCeDe)	Free direct elections. Second term. His term was extended to 10 December 1999 according to the Tenth Temporary Provision of the Constitution of 1994.	Carlos Ruckauf
		(Presidency) Fernando de la Rúa (1937–2019)	10 December 1999	21 December 2001	1999	UCR (Alianza)	Free direct elections. Faced a severe economic crisis. Resigned after the December 2001 riots. Because his Vice President Carlos Álvarez had resigned in October 2000, the Congress Assembled selected a new President.	Carlos Álvarez (Resigned 6 October 2000)	^[59]
								Vacant
		Ramón Puerta (born 1951)	21 December 2001	23 December 2001	—	PJ	Provisional President of the Senate exercising the Executive Power.		^[60]
		Adolfo Rodríguez Saá (born 1947)	23 December 2001	30 December 2001	—	PJ	Elected by the Congress for three months, with instructions to call for elections. Resigned.		^[61]
		Eduardo Camaño (born 1946)	30 December 2001	2 January 2002	—	PJ	President of the Chamber of Deputies exercising the Executive Power.		^[62]
		Eduardo Duhalde (born 1941)	2 January 2002	25 May 2003	—	PJ	Elected by the Congress, with instructions to complete De la Rúa's term. Called early elections for 27 April 2003.		^[61]
		(Presidency) Néstor Kirchner (1950–2010)	25 May 2003	10 December 2007	2003	PJ (FPV)	Free direct elections. Initially completed the remaining months of De la Rúa's term until 10 December 2003 then began his own mandate. Kirchner finished second to Carlos Menem in the first round and because no one was able to get 45% of the votes needed to win, a runoff should have taken place, but Menem decided to withdraw his candidacy, making Kirchner president.	Daniel Scioli	^[63]
		(Presidency) Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (born 1953)	10 December 2007	10 December 2011	2007	PJ (FPV)	Free direct elections. First term. First female president of Argentina elected as head of the list.	Julio Cobos	^[64]
			10 December 2011	10 December 2015	2011	PJ (FPV)	Free direct elections. Second term. By judicial ruling, her mandate ended 9 December 2015 at midnight.	Amado Boudou	^[65]
		Federico Pinedo (born 1955)	10 December 2015		—	PRO (Cambiemos)	Provisional President of the Senate exercising the Executive Power. Acting president from 00:00 hs. until Macri's swearing in at 11:45 hs.	Vacant	^[65]
		(Presidency) Mauricio Macri (born 1959)	10 December 2015	10 December 2019	2015	PRO (Cambiemos)	Free direct elections. First president elected in a ballotage, defeating Daniel Scioli. Although his mandate begun on 10 December 2015 at 00:00 hs., it was only after he swore in the Congress at 11:45 hs. that he took office as President.	Gabriela Michetti	^[65]
		(Presidency) Alberto Fernández (born 1959)	10 December 2019	10 December 2023	2019	PJ (FdT)	Free direct elections.	Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
		(Presidency) Javier Milei (born 1970)	10 December 2023	Incumbent	2023	PL (LLA)	Free direct elections.	Victoria Villarruel

Timeline of head of states of Argentina by individual

Timeline of head of states of Argentina by affiliation

↓May
Revolution

↓Declaration of
Independence

↓End of
central gvt.

↓First
President

↓Federal Pact

↓1853 Constitution

↓The State of Buenos Aires
rejoins Argentina

↓Federalization of
Buenos Aires City

↓Revolution of the Park

↓Argentina Centennial

Directors

Rosas

Urquiza

Mitre

Sarmiento

Avellaneda

Roca

Celman

Roca

Alcorta

│

1810

│

1820

│

1830

│

1840

│

1850

│

1860

│

1870

│

1880

│

1890

│

1900

│

1910

↓Secret ballot

↓First modern
Coup d'état

↓17 October 1945

↓Women's suffrage

↓"Revolución
Libertadora"

↓"Argentine
Revolution"

↓Return
of Perón

↓"National
Reorganization
Process"

↓Falklands War

↓Constitutional reform

↓2001 Crisis

↓Argentina Bicentennial

S. Peña

Yrigoyen

Alvear

Justo

Ortiz

Perón

Alfonsín

Menem

FdlR

NK

CFK

│

1910

│

1920

│

1930

│

1940

│

1950

│

1960

│

1970

│

1980

│

1990

│

2000

│

2010

↓First Ballotage

CFK

Macri

AF

JM

│

2010

│

2020

│

2030

│

2040

│

2050

│

2060

│

2070

│

2080

│

2090

│

2100

│

2110

See also

• President of Argentina
• Politics of Argentina
• List of vice presidents of Argentina
• Lists of incumbents

References

1. "Datos Argentina".
2. Mendelevich, p. 28
3. Mendelevich, p. 33
4. Mendelevich, p. 24
5. Mendelevich, p. 46
6. Mendelevich, p. 130—131
7. Mendelevich, p. 136
8. Braslavsky, Guido (25 September 2008). "Alfonsín vuelve a la Casa Rosada para inaugurar su propia estatua" [Alfonsín returns to the Casa Rosada to open his own statue] (in Spanish). Clarín (newspaper). Retrieved November 7, 2010.
9. [They want to removemilitary names from the streets] (in Spanish). El Argentino. 21 November 2008. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
10. Ginzberg, Victoria (19 January 2003). "Los protocolos y las decisiones políticas" [Protocols and political rulings] (in Spanish). Página/12. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
11. Groisman, Enrique. "Los gobiernos de facto en el derecho argentino" [De facto governments in Argentine law] (PDF) (in Spanish). Centro de estudios políticos y constitucionales. Retrieved November 7, 2010.^{[permanent dead link]}
12. "Buenos Aires, diciembre 16 de 1829.- El primer comandante de Patricios, el primer presidente de un gobierno patrio, pudo sólo quedar olvidado en su fallecimiento por las circunstancias calamitosas en que el país se hallaba. Después que ellas han terminado, sería una ingratitud negar a ciudadano tan eminente el tributo de honor rendido a su mérito, y a una vida ilustrada con tantas virtudes, que supo consagrar entera al servicio de su patria. El gobierno, para cumplir un deber tan sagrado, acuerda y decreta: Artículo 1º: En el cementerio del Norte se levantará, por cuenta del gobierno, un monumento en que se depositarán los restos del brigadier general D. Cornelio Saavedra. Artículo 2º: Se archivará en la Biblioteca Pública un manuscrito autógrafo del mismo brigadier general, con arreglo a lo que previene el decreto de 6 de octubre de 1821. Artículo 3º: Comuníquese y publíquese. Rosas – Tomás Guido".
13. Rosa, vol. II, p.199-306
14. Rosa, vol. II, p. 306-319
15. Rosa, Vol. III, p. 75-114
16. Rosa, vol. III, p. 114-129
17. Rosa, vol. III, p. 143
18. Rosa, vol. III, p. 143-160
19. Rosa, vol. III, p. 160
20. Rosa, vol. III, p. 161-242
21. Rosa, vol. III, p. 242-253
22. Rosa, vol. V, p.73-97
23. Rosa, vol. IV, p.97-117
24. Rosa, vol. IV, p 127-129
25. Rosa, vol. IV, p. 129-171
26. Rosa. vol. IV, p. 186-196
27. Rosa, vol. IV, p. 198-204
28. Rosa, vol. IV, p. 206-213
29. Rosa, vol. IV p. 219 – vol. V p. 489
30. Mendelevich, p. 38-41
31. Mendelevich, p. 42-45
32. Diario de Sesiones de la Cámara de Diputados del Año 1862. Tomo Primero. Buenos Aires: La Tribuna. 1863. p. 43.
33. Armagnague, Juan Fernando (1986). Historia del derecho: presidencias de Mitre, Sarmiento y Avellaneda. Mendoza: Ediciones Jurídicas Cuyo S.R.L. p. 17. ISBN 950-9099-09-0.
34. Diario de Sesiones de la Cámara de Diputados del Año 1862. Tomo Primero. Buenos Aires: La Tribuna. 1863. p. 59.
35. Mendelevich, p.46-52
36. Mendelevich, p. 53-56
37. Mendelevich, p. 57-65
38. Mendelevich, p. 66-72
39. Mendelevich, p. 73-79
40. Mendelevich, p. 80-88
41. Mendelevich, p. 89-101
42. Mendelevich, p. 102-112
43. Mendelevich, p. 113-125
44. Mendelevich, p. 126-129
45. Mendelevich, p. 130-135
46. Mendelevich, p. 136–155
47. Mendelevich, p. 145
48. Mendelevich, p. 156-176
49. Mendelevich, p. 177-186
50. Mendelevich, p. 187-195
51. Mendelevich, p. 193
52. Mendelevich, p. 196-214
53. Mendelevich, p. 215-228
54. Mendelevich, p. 223
55. Mendelevich, p. 229-235
56. Mendelevich, p. 236-241
57. Mendelevich, p. 242-245
58. Mendelevich, p. 247-252
59. Mendelevich, p. 253-262
60. "La crisis política y económica. Renunció De la Rúa: el peronista Puerta está a cargo del Poder Ejecutivo". La Nación. 21 December 2001.
61. Mendelevich, p. 263-277
62. "La crisis institucional. Eduardo Camaño asumió como presidente interino". La Nación. 31 December 2001.
63. Mendelevich, p. 278-282
64. Mendelevich, p. 283-292
65. "La jueza Servini declaró que el mandato de Mauricio Macri comienza a las 0 horas del día 10 de diciembre". Agencia de Noticias del Poder Judicial. 9 December 2015.

Notes

1. Catamarca, Córdoba, Mendoza, Santa Fe, Salta, Santiago del Estero and Tucumán accept Mitre as the person in charge of the National Executive Power. Buenos Aires, San Juan and Jujuy only gave Mitre the authority to manage international relations, to convene the National Congress, and to rule on urgent internal business. Corrientes, La Rioja and San Luis only gave Mitre the authority to manage international relations and to convene the National Congress. Entre Ríos only gave Mitre the authority to convene the National Congress.

Bibliography

• Mendelevich, Pablo (2010). El Final (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Ediciones B. ISBN 978-987-627-166-0.
• Rosa, José María (1974). Historia Argentina (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Editorial Oriente S.A.
• Abal Medina (h.), Juan; Suárez Cao, Julieta (August 2003). "Análisis crítico del sistema electoral argentino. Evolución histórica y desempeño efectivo". Revista de Ciencias Sociales (in Spanish). Bernal: National University of Quilmes. 14.

External links

• Rulers.org — Argentina list of rulers for Argentina