Bartolomé Mitre
Bartolomé Mitre Martínez (26 June 1821 – 19 January 1906) was an Argentine statesman, soldier and author. He was President of Argentina from 1862 to 1868 and the first president of unified Argentina.[1]
Bartolomé Mitre | |
|---|---|
| President of Argentina | |
| In office 12 October 1862 – 12 October 1868 Interim: 12 December 1861 – 12 October 1862 | |
| Vice President | Marcos Paz |
| Preceded by | Juan Esteban Pedernera |
| Succeeded by | Domingo Faustino Sarmiento |
| 7th Governor of Buenos Aires | |
| In office 3 May 1860 – 11 October 1862 | |
| Vice Governor | Manuel Ocampo Vicente Cazón |
| Preceded by | Felipe Llavallol |
| Succeeded by | Vicente Cazón |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 26 June 1821 Buenos Aires, Argentina |
| Died | 19 January 1906 (aged 84) Buenos Aires, Argentina |
| Resting place | La Recoleta Cemetery |
| Political party | Colorado (Uruguay) Unitary (1851–1862) Liberal (1862–1874) National (1874) Civic Union (1890–1891) National Civic Union (1891–1906) |
| Spouse | Delfina Vedia |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Argentina |
| Branch/service | Argentine Army |
| Rank | Lieutenant general |
Mitre is known as a versatile statesman, military man, politician, journalist, historian, writer and poet.[2] He was a major figure in the history of Argentina during the second half of the 19th century.[2]
He was the figure that best characterized liberalism in Argentina, but he was a moderate and flexible liberal, not dogmatic.[2]
Early life edit
Mitre was born on 26 June 1821 in Buenos Aires. His father was of Greek descent and the family name was originally Mitropoulos.[3]
In 1831, his family settled in Uruguay. He became a soldier, and graduated in 1839 from the Military School of Montevideo, with the rank of second lieutenant of artillery. Also a journalist, his writings supported Fructuoso Rivera, who, in 1846, made him a lieutenant colonel in the Uruguayan Army.[4]
Later he joined the Colorado Party in the civil wars against the Blancos, in the Banda Oriental (Uruguay). This closeness with the Colorados led him to support the unitario faction of Argentina, which simultaneously fought against the Rosista regime in Buenos Aires, ally of the Uruguayan blancos.[4]
His first poems and journalistic publications in the Uruguayan media date from that time.[4]
He then moved to Bolivia, and later to Chile, where he met fellow Argentine exile Juan Bautista Alberdi. Both wrote for the Valparaíso newspaper El Comercio. Later, he wrote in El Progreso, in Santiago, under the direction of Domingo Faustino Sarmiento.[4]
End of exile and return to Argentina edit
Mitre returned to Argentina after the defeat of longtime caudillo Juan Manuel de Rosas at the 1852 Battle of Caseros. He was a leader of the revolt of Buenos Aires Province against Justo José de Urquiza's federal system in the Revolution of 11 September 1852, and was appointed to important posts in the provincial government after the Province seceded from the Confederation.
President of Argentina edit
The civil war of 1859, after the revolt of Buenos Aires against Justo José de Urquiza's federal system, resulted in Mitre's defeat by Urquiza at the Battle of Cepeda, in 1860. Issues of customs revenue sharing were settled, and Buenos Aires reentered the Argentine Confederation. Victorious at the 1861 Battle of Pavón, however, Mitre obtained important concessions from the national army, notably the amendment of the Constitution to provide for indirect elections through an electoral college.[5] In October 1862, Mitre was elected president of the republic, and national political unity was finally achieved; a period of internal progress and reform then commenced. During the Paraguayan War, Mitre was initially named the head of the allied forces.
Mitre was also the founder of La Nación, one of South America's leading newspapers, in 1870. His opposition to Autonomist Party nominee Adolfo Alsina, whom he viewed as a veiled Buenos Aires separatist, led Mitre to run for the presidency again, though the seasoned Alsina outmaneuvered him by fielding Nicolás Avellaneda, a moderate lawyer from remote Tucuman Province where the independence of Argentina had been declared in 1816. The electoral college met on 12 April 1874, and awarded Mitre only three provinces, including Buenos Aires.
Mitre took up arms again. Hoping to prevent Avellaneda's 12 October inauguration, he hijacked a gunboat; he was defeated, however, and only President Avellaneda's commutation spared his life.[6] Following the 1890 Revolution of the Park, he broke with the conservative National Autonomist Party (PAN) and co-founded the Civic Union with reformist Leandro Alem. Mitre's desire to maintain an understanding with the ruling PAN led to the Civic Union's schism in 1891, upon which Mitre founded the National Civic Union, and Alem, the Radical Civic Union (the oldest existing party in Argentina).
He dedicated much of his time in later years to writing. According to some of his critics,[who?] as a historian Mitre made questionable judgments, often ignoring key documents and events on purpose in his writings. This caused his student Adolfo Saldías to distance himself from him, and for future revisionist historians such as José María Rosa to question the validity of his work altogether. He also wrote poetry and fiction (Soledad: novela original), and translated Dante's La divina commedia (The Divine Comedy) into Spanish. He was the grandfather of poet, Margarita Abella Caprile. Like many other nineteenth century Argentines prominent in public life, he was a freemason.[7]
Death and legacy edit
Bartolomé Mitre died in 1906, affected by a gastrointestinal illness. The charismatic leader was mourned by a crowd rarely seen until then, who accompanied the funeral procession from his home to La Recoleta Cemetery.[4]
Bartolomé Mitre was the paradigm of the Argentine statesman of the 19th century. Mitre thematically returns to the ideals of May Revolution and lists the principles of the Freedom Party, the first Argentine party that consciously launches itself into political struggle with a liberal program. The program of the Freedom Party is the faithful synthesis of the democratic progressivism that Esteban Echeverría longed for to overcome the sterile antagonism of unitarians and federalists.[8]
As an intellectual, he wrote poetry, theater, countless newspaper articles, cemented historical science with his exemplary biographies, translated classic works, and authored fiery harangues. Mitre was a leading figure in politics and culture until his death in 1906.[8]
Mitre supported the establishment of universal direct suffrage, which was ultimately established in 1912, during the presidency of Roque Sáenz Peña.[8]
When he assumed the presidency in 1862, the conditions in which the republic was found were precarious. The treasury was exhausted, the debts were large, the three national powers needed to be organized, buildings to house them separately from the provincial authorities had to be established, the question of the residence of the national authorities in the city of Buenos Aires had to be solved, the army and updated salaries had to be established, the minimum structures of the national public administration were created, and the basic program of their generation was promoted: education, immigration, foreign investment, railways, and land occupation. An appreciation of Mitre's government work that ignores his point of origin will not do him enough justice.[8]
Referring to Mitre's financial rectitude, the explorer Sir Richard Burton wrote:[9]
He has been Provisional Governor, Provisional President, and since 1862 actual President and Commander-in-chief, yet his friends lately subscribed to buy for him a house – surely this is high praise, here and elsewhere.
Wrote Robert Avrett:[10]
[Mitre] included in his career enough action to fill the lives of a dozen ordinary men, despite the fact that his health was never robust... He was soldier, statesman, political propagandist, first president of the Argentine Republic, orator, historian, journalist, newspaper editor and publisher, as well as poet, translator, and critic; and at each of these roles he worked with a seemingly tireless energy.
Bibliography edit
Mitre ranks as an important South-American historiographer. He wrote the best accounts of South America's wars of independence and published many works, amongst which are:
- Historia de Belgrano y de la independencia argentina ["History of Belgrano and of the argentine independence"] (1857; fifth edition, four volumes, 1902)
- Historia de San Martín y de la emancipación sudamericana ["History of San Martín"] (1869; third edition, six volumes, 1907)
- Rimas ["Rimes"] (new edition, 1890)
- Ulrich Schmidl, primer historiador del Rio de la Plata ["Ulrich Schmidl, first historian of the Rio de la Plata"] (1890)
There is an abridged translation of the Historia de San Martín, entitled The Emancipation of South America (London, 1893) by W. Pilling. Mitre's speeches were collected as Arengas (third edition, three volumes, 1902).
Gallery edit
- Bartolomé Mitre at age 33, 1854
- Mitre's presidential portrait, 1861
- Mitre, perhaps around age 49, 1870
- 1889 ad with caricatures of Mitre and other politicians
- Mitre's portrait on an 1895 bill
References edit
- J. J. Biedma, El Teniente General Bartolomé Mitre, in Bartolomé Mitre, Arengas, volume iii (Buenos Aires, 1902).
- William H. Katra, The Argentine Generation of 1837: Echeverría, Alberdi, Sarmiento, Mitre (Madison, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1996).
- ^ Blumenthal, Edward (23 October 2019). Exile and Nation-State Formation in Argentina and Chile, 1810–1862. Springer Nature. p. 11. ISBN 978-3-030-27864-9.
- ^ a b c "Mitre, el estadista más polifacético, en su bicentenario". Clarín. 25 June 2021.
- ^ Gardner, James. "Buenos Aires: The Biography of a City", 110. (St Martin's Press, 2015, ISBN 9781466879034).
- ^ a b c d e Thames, Juan. "Bartolomé Mitre, uno de los constructores de la Argentina moderna". infobae.
- ^ Historical Dictionary of Argentina. London: Scarecrow Press, 1978.
- ^ (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 5 November 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2010.
- ^ The list includes Juan Bautista Alberdi, Manuel Alberti, Carlos María de Alvear, Miguel de Azcuénaga, Antonio González de Balcarce, Manuel Belgrano, Antonio Luis Beruti, Juan José Castelli, Domingo French, Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid, Francisco Narciso de Laprida , Juan Larrea, Juan Lavalle, Vicente López y Planes, Bartolomé Mitre, Mariano Moreno, Juan José Paso, Carlos Pellegrini, Gervasio Antonio de Posadas, Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, and Justo José de Urquiza. José de San Martín is known to have been a member of the Lautaro Lodge; but whether the lodge was truly masonic has been debated: Denslow, William R. (1957). 10,000 Famous Freemasons. Vol. 1–4. Richmond, VA: Macoy Publishing & Masonic Supply Co Inc.
- ^ a b c d Gonzalvo, Alejandro Poli (4 January 2020). "Mitre, estadista nacional porteño". La Nación.
- ^ Burton, Richard (1870). Letters from the Battle-Fields of Paraguay. London: Tinsely., p.167.
- ^ Avrett, Robert (147). "Review: Bartolomé Mitre: A Poet in Action. by Myra Cadwalader Hole". The Hispanic American Historical Review. Duke University Press. 27 (4): 690–691. JSTOR 2508002..
External links edit
- Works by Bartolomé Mitre at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Bartolomé Mitre at Internet Archive
- Works by Bartolomé Mitre at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)