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L. L. Zamenhof

August 21, 2023

"Zamenhof" redirects here. For the surname, see Zamenhof (surname).

L. L. Zamenhof[a] (15 December 1859 – 14 April 1917)[b] was an ophthalmologist who lived for most of his life in Warsaw. He is best known as the creator of Esperanto, the most widely used constructed international auxiliary language.[1][2]

L. L. Zamenhof
Zamenhof, c. 1895
Born
Leyzer Zamengov[a]

(1859-12-15)15 December 1859[b]
Belostok, Grodno Governorate, Russian Empire
(now Białystok, Poland)
Died(1917-04-14)14 April 1917[b] (aged 57)
Warsaw, Kingdom of Poland
Burial placeJewish Cemetery, Warsaw
52°14′51″N 20°58′29″E / 52.24750°N 20.97472°E / 52.24750; 20.97472
OccupationOphthalmologist
Known forEsperanto
Spouse
​
(m. 1887)​
ChildrenAdam, Zofia, and Lidia
Awards Legion of Honour - Officer (1905)
Writing career
Pen nameDr. Esperanto
Notable works
Signature

Zamenhof first developed the Esperanto language in 1873 while still in school. He grew up fascinated by the idea of a world without war and believed that this could happen with the help of a new international auxiliary language.[3] The language would be a tool to gather people together through neutral, fair, equitable communication.[4] He successfully formed a community which has survived to this day despite the World Wars of the 20th century,[5] and which continues making attempts to reform the language or create more modern IALs (the only other language like Esperanto at the time was Volapük). Additionally, Esperanto has developed like other languages: through the interaction and creativity of its users.[6]

In light of his achievements, and his support of intercultural dialogue, UNESCO selected Zamenhof as one of its eminent personalities of 2017, on the 100th anniversary of his death.[7][8] As of 2019, there are a minimum of 2 million people speaking Esperanto, including an estimated 1,000 native speakers.[9][10]

Name

 
Birth register
 
Families Zamenhof and Alfred Michaux [fr] at the first Esperanto Congress, Boulogne 1905

Zamenhof came from a multilingual area. His name is transliterated as follows:

Born into an Ashkenazi family, at his birth Zamenhof was given the common Hebrew name Eliezer by his parents, the equivalent of the English Lazarus. However, as the area was a part of the Russian Empire at the time, his name was recorded on his birth certificate as Лейзер Заменгов, Leyzer Zamengov, using the Yiddish form of the forename and a russified version of his surname;[11] many later Russian language documents also include the patronymic Маркович, Markovich « son of Mark » (in reference to his father, Markus), as is the custom in the language. His family name is of German origin and was originally written Samenhof; this was later transcribed into Yiddish as זאַמענהאָף, then re-romanized back as Zamenhof. The change of the initial letter from « S » to « Z » is not unusual, as in German an initial « s » is pronounced [z].

In his adolescence he used both the Yiddish Leyzer and the Russian Lazar when writing his first name. While at university, Zamenhof began using the Russian name Lyudovik (also transcribed Ludovic or translated as Ludwig) in place of Lazar, possibly in honor of Francis Lodwick, who in 1652 had published an early conlang proposal.[12] When his brother Leon became a doctor and started signing his name "Dr L. Zamenhof",[13] Zamenhof reclaimed his birth name Lazar and from 1901 signed his name "Dr L. L. Zamenhof" to avoid confusion with his brother. The two L's do not seem to have specifically represented either name, and the order Ludwik Lejzer is a modern convention.

Biography

Early years

 
Zamenhof, c. 1879

Zamenhof was born on 15 December 1859,[b] the son of Mark and Rozalia Zamenhof (née Sofer), in the multi-ethnic city of Belostok[14] (now Białystok in Poland).[15][16][17] At that time, the city was in the Grodno Governorate of the Russian Empire. His parents were of Litvak Jewish descent. He appears to have been natively bilingual in Yiddish and Russian.[17] His father was a teacher of German and French. From him, Zamenhof learned both languages, as well as Hebrew. He also spoke some major languages of Białystok, such as Polish and Belarusian. Polish became the native language of his children in Warsaw. In school, he studied the classical languages Latin, Greek, and Aramaic. He later learned some English, though in his own words not very well. He had an interest in Lithuanian and Italian and learned Volapük when it came out in 1880. By that time, his international language project was already well developed.[18][19]

In addition to the Jewish Yiddish-speaking minority, the population of Białystok included Roman Catholic Poles and Eastern Orthodox Russians (mainly government officials), with smaller groups of Belarusians, Germans and other ethnicities. Zamenhof was saddened and frustrated by the many quarrels among these groups. He supposed that the main reason for the hate and prejudice lay in the mutual misunderstanding caused by the lack of a common language. If such a language existed, Zamenhof postulated, it could play the role of a neutral communication tool between people of different ethnic and linguistic backgrounds.[20][21]

As a student at secondary school in Warsaw, Zamenhof attempted to create an international language with a grammar that was rich, but complex. When he later studied English, he decided that the international language must have a simpler grammar. Apart from his parents' native languages Russian and Yiddish and his adopted language Polish, his projects were also aided by his mastery of German, a good passive understanding of Latin, Hebrew and French, and a basic knowledge of Greek, English and Italian.[22]

By 1878, his project Lingwe uniwersala was finished.[23] However, Zamenhof was too young then to publish his work. Soon after graduation he began to study medicine, first in Moscow, and later in Warsaw. In 1885, Zamenhof graduated from university and began his practice as a doctor in Veisiejai. After 1886, he worked as an ophthalmologist in Płock and Vienna. While healing people there, he continued to work on his project of an international language.[24]

 
What later Esperantists called Unua libro ("First book") was published in Russian, 1887.

For two years, he tried to raise funds to publish a booklet describing the language, until he received the financial help from his future wife's father. In 1887, the book titled Международный язык. Предисловие и полный учебникъ (International language: Introduction and complete textbook) was published in Russian[25] under the pseudonym "Doktoro Esperanto" (Doctor Hoper, or literally "Doctor One Who Hopes"). Zamenhof initially called his language "Lingvo internacia" (international language), but those who learned it began to call it Esperanto after his pseudonym, and this soon became the official name for the language. For Zamenhof, this language, far from being merely a communication tool, was a way to promote peaceful coexistence between people of different cultures.[2]

Work on Yiddish language and Jewish issues

 
Zamenhof at his desk in his Warsaw apartment, 1910

In 1879, Zamenhof wrote the first grammar of Yiddish. It was partly published years later in the Yiddish magazine Lebn un visnshaft.[26] The complete original Russian text of this manuscript was only published in 1982, with parallel Esperanto translation by Adolf Holzhaus, in L. Zamenhof, provo de gramatiko de novjuda lingvo (An attempt at a grammar of neo-Jewish language), Helsinki, pp. 9–36. In this work, not only does he provide a review of Yiddish grammar, but also proposes its transition to the Latin script and other orthographic innovations. In the same period Zamenhof wrote some other works in Yiddish, including perhaps the first survey of Yiddish poetics (see p. 50 in the above-cited book).

In 1882 a wave of pogroms within the Russian Empire, including Congress Poland, motivated Zamenhof to take part in the early Zionist movement, the Hibbat Zion.[27] He left the movement in 1887, and in 1901 published a statement in Russian with the title Hillelism, in which he argued that the Zionist project could not solve the problems of the Jewish people.[27]

In 1914, he declined an invitation to join a new organization of Jewish Esperantists, the TEHA. In his letter to the organizers, he said, "I am profoundly convinced that every nationalism offers humanity only the greatest unhappiness ... It is true that the nationalism of oppressed peoples – as a natural self-defensive reaction – is much more excusable than the nationalism of peoples who oppress; but, if the nationalism of the strong is ignoble, the nationalism of the weak is imprudent; both give birth to and support each other".[27] The Hebrew Bible is among the many works that Zamenhof translated into Esperanto.

Zamenhof died in Warsaw on 14 April 1917,[b] possibly of a heart attack,[28] and was buried at the Okopowa Street Jewish Cemetery. The farewell speech was delivered by the chief rabbi and preacher of the Great Synagogue in Warsaw, Samuel Abraham Poznański, who said: "There will be a time where the Polish soil and nation will understand what fame gave this great son of God to his homeland."[29]

Zamenhof speaking at the World Esperanto Congress in Barcelona (Spain) in 1909.

Family

Zamenhof and his wife Klara Silbernik raised three children, a son, Adam, and two daughters, Zofia and Lidia. All three were murdered in the Holocaust.[30]

Lidia Zamenhof in particular took a keen interest in Esperanto, and as an adult became a teacher of the language, traveling through Europe and to America to teach classes in it. Through her friendship with Martha Root, Lidia accepted Bahá'u'lláh and became a member of the Baháʼí Faith. As one of its social principles, the Baháʼí Faith teaches that an auxiliary world language should be selected by the representatives of all the world's nations.

Zamenhof's grandson, Louis-Christophe Zaleski-Zamenhof (Adam's son), lived in France from the 1960s until his death in 2019. As of 2020, Louis-Christophe's daughter, Margaret Zaleski-Zamenhof, is active in the Esperanto movement.

Religious philosophy

Main article: Homaranismo
 
Grave of Ludwik Zamenhof, designed by Mieczysław Lubelski and made of Aberdeen granite, Jewish Cemetery, Warsaw 2017

Besides his linguistic work, Zamenhof published a religious philosophy he called Homaranismo (the term in Esperanto, usually rendered as "humanitism" in English,[31] sometimes rendered loosely as humanitarianism or humanism), based on the principles and teachings of Hillel the Elder. He said of Homaranismo: "It is indeed the object of my whole life. I would give up everything for it."[32]

Honours and namesakes

In 1905, Zamenhof received the Légion d'honneur for creating Esperanto.[33] In 1910, Zamenhof was first nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, by four British Members of Parliament (including James O'Grady and Philip Snowden) and Professor Stanley Lane Poole.[34] (The Prize was instead awarded to the International Peace Bureau.) Ultimately Zamenhof was nominated 12 times for the Nobel Peace Prize.[35] On the occasion of the fifth Universala Kongreso de Esperanto in Barcelona, Zamenhof was made a Commander of the Order of Isabella the Catholic by King Alfonso XIII of Spain.[36]

 
Plaque in Rue du Vieux-Collège, commemorating Zamenhof's residence in Geneva, Switzerland in 1905.

A monument or place linked to Zamenhof or Esperanto is known as a Zamenhof-Esperanto object (or ZEO).

The minor planet 1462 Zamenhof is named in his honour. It was discovered on 6 February 1938 by Yrjö Väisälä. There is also a minor planet named in honour of Esperanto (1421 Esperanto).

Hundreds of city streets, parks, and bridges worldwide have also been named after Zamenhof. In Lithuania, the best-known Zamenhof Street is in Kaunas, where he lived and owned a house for some time. There are others in Poland, the United Kingdom, France, Hungary, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Spain (mostly in Catalonia), Italy, Israel, Belgium, the Netherlands and Brazil. There are Zamenhof Hills in Hungary and Brazil, and a Zamenhof Island in the Danube.[37]

In some Israeli cities, street signs identify Esperanto's creator and give his birth and death dates, but refer to him solely by his Jewish name Eliezer (a variant of which, El'azar, is the origin of Lazarus). Zamenhof is honoured as a deity by the Japanese religion Oomoto, which encourages the use of Esperanto among its followers. A genus of lichen has been named Zamenhofia in his honour,[38] as well as the species Heteroplacidium zamenhofianum.[39]

Russian writer Nikolaj Afrikanoviĉ Borovko [Wikidata], who lived in Odessa, together with Vladimir Gernet [Wikidata], founded a branch of the first official Esperanto society Esrero in Russia. In the years 1896–97 N. A. Borovko became its chairman. A monument to L. Zamenhof was installed in Odessa in an ordinary residential courtyard. Esperantist sculptor Nikolai Vasilyevich Blazhkov lived in this house, who in the early 1960s brought a sculptural portrait into the courtyard, because the customs authorities did not allow the sculpture to be sent to the Esperanto Congress in Vienna.[40]

In Gothenburg, Sweden a public square is named Esperantoplatsen.

In Italy, a few streets are named after Esperanto, including Largo Esperanto in Pisa.[41]

In 1959, UNESCO honoured Zamenhof in the occasion of his centenary.[42] In 2015, it decided to support the celebration of the 100th anniversary of his death.[43]

His birthday, 15 December, is celebrated annually as Zamenhof Day by users of Esperanto. On 15 December 2009, Esperanto's green-starred flag flew on the Google homepage to commemorate Zamenhof's 150th birthday.[44]

The house of the Zamenhof family and a monument to Zamenhof are sites on the Jewish Heritage Trail in Białystok, which was opened in June 2008 by volunteers at The University of Białystok Foundation.[45] Białystok is also home to the Ludwik Zamenhof Centre.

In 1960, Esperanto summer schools were established in Stoke-on-Trent in the United Kingdom by the Esperanto Association of Britain (EAB), which began to provide lessons and promote the language locally. There is a road named after Zamenhof in the city: Zamenhof Grove.[46]

As Zamenhof was born on 15 December 1859, the Esperanto Society of New York gathers every December to celebrate Zamenhofa Tago (Zamenhof Day in Esperanto).[47]

Partial bibliography

Original works

  • Unua Libro, 1887 (First Book)
  • Dua Libro, 1888 (Second Book)
  • Hilelismo – propono pri solvo de la hebrea demando, 1901 (Hillelism: A Project in Response to the Jewish Question)
  • Esenco kaj estonteco de la ideo de lingvo internacia, 1903 (Essence and Future of the Idea of an International Language)
  • Fundamenta Krestomatio de la Lingvo Esperanto, 1903 (Basic Anthology of the Esperanto Language)
  • Fundamento de Esperanto, 1905 (Foundation of Esperanto)
  • Declaration of Boulogne, 1905
  • Homaranismo, 1913 (Humanitism)

Periodicals

Poems

Translations

Gallery

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b For more information on Zamenhof's name, see Name.
  2. ^ a b c d e In the Julian calendar, Zamenhof's birth and death dates are 3 December 1859 and 1 April 1917.

References

  1. ^ Korzhenkov, Aleksandr (2009). Zamenhof: The Life, Works, and Ideas of the Author of Esperanto (PDF). Translated by Ian M. Richmond. Washington, D.C.: Esperantic Studies Foundation.
  2. ^ a b Zasky, Jason (20 July 2009), , Failure Magazine, archived from the original on 23 January 2017, retrieved 31 December 2013, But in terms of invented languages, it's the most outlandishly successful invented language ever. It has thousands of speakers—even native speakers—and that's a major accomplishment as compared to the 900 or so other languages that have no speakers. – Arika Okrent
  3. ^ Gabriela Zalewska (2010). "Zamenhof, Ludwik (1859–1917)". The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. Trans. by Anna Grojec. YIVO Institute for Jewish Research. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
  4. ^ Guilherme Moreira Fians, Hoping for the language of Hope 14 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine, University of Amsterdam, ACLC Seminar, Amsterdam Institute for Humanities Research (AIHR),
  5. ^ Gobbo, Federico (8 October 2015). . University of Amsterdam. Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
  6. ^ Humphrey Tonkin, Fourth Interlinguistic Symposium, p. 213, JKI-12-2017[1] ().
  7. ^ Fourth Interlinguistic Symposium, p. 209, [permanent dead link]#x5D;.pdf JKI-12-2017[1].
  8. ^ "Anniversaries 2017". UNESCO. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  9. ^ "Esperanto". Ethnologue. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  10. ^ Babbel.com; GmbH, Lesson Nine. "What Is Esperanto, And Who Speaks It?". Babbel Magazine. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  11. ^ Birth Certificate N 47: "Leyzer Zamengov, son of Mordkha Fayvelovich Zamengov and Liba Sholemovna Sofer" 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Umberto Eco & James Fentress (9 September 1995). The Search for the Perfect Language. Blackwell Publishing. p. 324. ISBN 978-0-631-17465-3.
  13. ^ Wincewicz, Andrzej; Sulkowska, Mariola; Musiatowicz, Marcin; Sulkowski, Stanislaw (June 2009). "Laryngologist Leon Zamenhof—brother of Dr. Esperanto". American Journal of Audiology. 18 (1): 3–6. doi:10.1044/1059-0889(2008/08-0002). ISSN 1059-0889. PMID 18978199.
  14. ^ Russell, James R. (8 February 2022). "Did Esperanto answer the 'Jewish Question'?". The Jerusalem Post. from the original on 9 February 2022. Leyzer (Eliezer) Levi Zamenhof was born in 1859 into a Jewish family in Belostok, a provincial city in the Russian Empire, now Bialystok, Poland.
  15. ^ . Archived from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  16. ^ Korzhenkov, Aleksander (2010). Zamenhof: The Life, Works and Ideas of the Author of Esperanto. Mondial. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-59569-167-5. ..born on December 15, 1859, into a Jewish family in what was then the Russian city of Bialystock...
  17. ^ a b Christer Kiselman (2008). Esperanto: Its Origins and Early History (PDF). p. 2. Retrieved 15 December 2014. What was his first language? He wrote in a letter in 1901 that his "parental language" (mother tongue) was Russian, but that at the time he was speaking more in Polish (Zamenhof 1929:523). However, all other evidence points to Yiddish as his mother tongue and first language. He was born in Białystok on December 3, 1859 {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  18. ^ Christer Kiselman, "Esperanto: Its origins and early history", in Andrzej Pelczar, ed., 2008, Prace Komisji Spraw Europejskich PAU, vol. II, pp. 39–56, Krakaw.
  19. ^ Claude Piron (1984). "Kontribuaĵo al la studo pri la influoj de la jida sur Esperanton". Jewish Language Review. 4.
  20. ^ "Birth of Ludwig Zamenhof, creator of Esperanto | History Today". www.historytoday.com. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
  21. ^ Kellman, Steven G. (30 August 2016). "The Secret Jewish History of Esperanto". The Forward.
  22. ^ Holzhaus, Adolf: Doktoro kaj lingvo Esperanto. Helsinki: Fondumo Esperanto. 1969
  23. ^ Dufour, Fritz (2017). Exploring the Possibilities for the Emergence of a Single and Global Native Language. Fritz Dufour. p. 93.
  24. ^ "Birth of Ludwig Zamenhof, creator of Esperanto". History Today. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
  25. ^ Keith Brown and Sarah Ogilvie, Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World (Elsevier, 2009: ISBN 0-08-087774-5), p. 375.
  26. ^ Vilnius, 1909; see Esperanto translation as Pri jida gramatiko kaj reformo en la jida (On Yiddish grammar and reform in Yiddish) in Hebreo el la geto: De cionismo al hilelismo (A Hebrew from the ghetto: From Zionism to Hillelism), Eldonejo Ludovikito, vol. 5, 1976
  27. ^ a b c N. Z. Maimon (May–June 1958). . Nica Literatura Revuo (3/5): 165–177. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008.
  28. ^ "Ludwig Lazar Zamenhof – Founder of Esperanto" 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Department of Planned Languages.
  29. ^ . www.szukamypolski.pl. Archived from the original on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  30. ^ Hoffmann, Frank W.; Bailey, William G. (1992). Mind & Society Fads. Haworth Press. ISBN 1-56024-178-0., p. 116: "Between world wars, Esperanto fared worse and, sadly, became embroiled in political power moves. Adolf Hitler wrote in Mein Kampf that the spread of Esperanto throughout Europe was a Jewish plot to break down national differences so that Jews could assume positions of authority.... After the Nazis' successful Blitzkrieg of Poland, the Warsaw Gestapo received orders to 'take care' of the Zamenhof family.... Zamenhof's son was shot... his two daughters were put in Treblinka death camp."
  31. ^ Meaning in the Age of Modernism: C. K. Ogden and his contemporaries, Thesis of James McElvenny, 2013
  32. ^ Edmond Privat, The Life of Zamenhof, p. 117.
  33. ^ "3 россиянина, награждённые орденом Почётного легиона за необычные заслуги (3 Russians Awarded Légion d'honneur for Unusual Merits)". Russian Daily "Sobesednik". 16 August 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
  34. ^ "Nomination archive". NobelPrize.org. 1 April 2020. from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
  35. ^ "Espéranto, la langue qui se voulait "universala"". France Inter. 14 April 2017.
  36. ^ . Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
  37. ^ .
  38. ^ . Archived from the original on 6 May 2006. Retrieved 28 January 2007.
  39. ^ Clauzade, G.; Roux, C.; Houmeau, J.-M. (1985). Likenoj de Okcidenta Europa. Ilustrita determinlibro. Bulletin de la Société Botanique du Centre-Ouest (in Esperanto). Vol. 7. Saint-Sulpice-de-Royan. p. 823.
  40. ^ Ludwik Zamenhof. They left a mark in the history of Odessa
  41. ^ . Archived from the original on 6 May 2006. Retrieved 28 January 2007..
  42. ^ Jewish Telegraphic Agency: UNESCO to Honor Memory of Zamenhof, Jewish Creator of Esperanto, 16 December 1959
  43. ^ Unesco; UEA: Zamenhof omaĝota
  44. ^ Google Doodles Archive: 150th Birthday of LL Zamenhof Retrieved 1 April 2010.
  45. ^ Jewish Heritage Trail in Białystok accessed 25 July 2009.
  46. ^ Salisbury, Josh (6 December 2017). "'Saluton!': the surprise return of Esperanto". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
  47. ^ Kilgannon, Corey (21 December 2017). "Feliĉa Ferioj! Toasting the Holidays in Esperanto". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
  48. ^ Privat, Edmond (1920). "Idealista profeto". Vivo de Zamenhof (in Esperanto).
  49. ^ Privat, Edmond (1920). "Verkisto". Vivo de Zamenhof (in Esperanto).
  50. ^ Privat, Edmond (1920). "Studentaj jaroj". Vivo de Zamenhof (in Esperanto).

External links

August 21, 2023
zamenhof, zamenhof, redirects, here, surname, zamenhof, surname, december, 1859, april, 1917, ophthalmologist, lived, most, life, warsaw, best, known, creator, esperanto, most, widely, used, constructed, international, auxiliary, language, zamenhof, 1895bornle. Zamenhof redirects here For the surname see Zamenhof surname L L Zamenhof a 15 December 1859 14 April 1917 b was an ophthalmologist who lived for most of his life in Warsaw He is best known as the creator of Esperanto the most widely used constructed international auxiliary language 1 2 L L ZamenhofZamenhof c 1895BornLeyzer Zamengov a 1859 12 15 15 December 1859 b Belostok Grodno Governorate Russian Empire now Bialystok Poland Died 1917 04 14 14 April 1917 b aged 57 Warsaw Kingdom of PolandBurial placeJewish Cemetery Warsaw52 14 51 N 20 58 29 E 52 24750 N 20 97472 E 52 24750 20 97472OccupationOphthalmologistKnown forEsperantoSpouseKlara Zamenhof m 1887 wbr ChildrenAdam Zofia and LidiaAwardsLegion of Honour Officer 1905 Writing careerPen nameDr EsperantoNotable worksUnua Libro 1887 Dua Libro 1888 Fundamento de Esperanto 1905 SignatureZamenhof first developed the Esperanto language in 1873 while still in school He grew up fascinated by the idea of a world without war and believed that this could happen with the help of a new international auxiliary language 3 The language would be a tool to gather people together through neutral fair equitable communication 4 He successfully formed a community which has survived to this day despite the World Wars of the 20th century 5 and which continues making attempts to reform the language or create more modern IALs the only other language like Esperanto at the time was Volapuk Additionally Esperanto has developed like other languages through the interaction and creativity of its users 6 In light of his achievements and his support of intercultural dialogue UNESCO selected Zamenhof as one of its eminent personalities of 2017 on the 100th anniversary of his death 7 8 As of 2019 there are a minimum of 2 million people speaking Esperanto including an estimated 1 000 native speakers 9 10 Contents 1 Name 2 Biography 2 1 Early years 2 2 Work on Yiddish language and Jewish issues 2 3 Family 2 4 Religious philosophy 3 Honours and namesakes 4 Partial bibliography 4 1 Original works 4 1 1 Periodicals 4 1 2 Poems 4 2 Translations 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External linksName Edit Birth register Families Zamenhof and Alfred Michaux fr at the first Esperanto Congress Boulogne 1905Zamenhof came from a multilingual area His name is transliterated as follows English Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof English pronunciation ˈ z ae m e n h ɒ f ˈ z ae m ɪ n h ɒ f n ɒ v n ɒ f Esperanto Ludoviko Lazaro Zamenhofo pronounced ludoˈviko laˈzaro zamenˈhofo French Louis Lazare Zamenhof pronounced lwi la zaʁ za mɛn of German Ludwig Levi Lazarus Samenhof pronounced ˈluːtvɪc ˈlaːtsaʁʊs ˈzaːmenhoːf Hebrew אליעזר לודוויג זמנהוף romanized Eli ezer Ludwig Zamenhof pronounced eliˈ ʕ ezeʁ ˈludvig ˈzamenhof Lithuanian Liudvikas Lazaris Leizeris Zamenhofas Polish Ludwik Lazarz Zamenhof pronounced ˈludvʲik ˈwazaʃ zaˈmɛ nxɔf Russian Lyudvik Lazar Lejzer Markovich Zamengof romanized Lyudvik Lazar Leyzer Markovich Zamengof Belarusian Lyudvig Lazar Markavich Zamengof Zamengoy romanized Liudvih Lazar Markavic Zamienhof Zamienhoŭ Yiddish לײזער לוי זא מענהא ף romanized Leyzer Leyvi ZamenhofBorn into an Ashkenazi family at his birth Zamenhof was given the common Hebrew name Eliezer by his parents the equivalent of the English Lazarus However as the area was a part of the Russian Empire at the time his name was recorded on his birth certificate as Lejzer Zamengov Leyzer Zamengov using the Yiddish form of the forename and a russified version of his surname 11 many later Russian language documents also include the patronymic Markovich Markovich son of Mark in reference to his father Markus as is the custom in the language His family name is of German origin and was originally written Samenhof this was later transcribed into Yiddish as זא מענהא ף then re romanized back as Zamenhof The change of the initial letter from S to Z is not unusual as in German an initial s is pronounced z In his adolescence he used both the Yiddish Leyzer and the Russian Lazar when writing his first name While at university Zamenhof began using the Russian name Lyudovik also transcribed Ludovic or translated as Ludwig in place of Lazar possibly in honor of Francis Lodwick who in 1652 had published an early conlang proposal 12 When his brother Leon became a doctor and started signing his name Dr L Zamenhof 13 Zamenhof reclaimed his birth name Lazar and from 1901 signed his name Dr L L Zamenhof to avoid confusion with his brother The two L s do not seem to have specifically represented either name and the order Ludwik Lejzer is a modern convention Biography EditEarly years Edit Zamenhof c 1879Zamenhof was born on 15 December 1859 b the son of Mark and Rozalia Zamenhof nee Sofer in the multi ethnic city of Belostok 14 now Bialystok in Poland 15 16 17 At that time the city was in the Grodno Governorate of the Russian Empire His parents were of Litvak Jewish descent He appears to have been natively bilingual in Yiddish and Russian 17 His father was a teacher of German and French From him Zamenhof learned both languages as well as Hebrew He also spoke some major languages of Bialystok such as Polish and Belarusian Polish became the native language of his children in Warsaw In school he studied the classical languages Latin Greek and Aramaic He later learned some English though in his own words not very well He had an interest in Lithuanian and Italian and learned Volapuk when it came out in 1880 By that time his international language project was already well developed 18 19 In addition to the Jewish Yiddish speaking minority the population of Bialystok included Roman Catholic Poles and Eastern Orthodox Russians mainly government officials with smaller groups of Belarusians Germans and other ethnicities Zamenhof was saddened and frustrated by the many quarrels among these groups He supposed that the main reason for the hate and prejudice lay in the mutual misunderstanding caused by the lack of a common language If such a language existed Zamenhof postulated it could play the role of a neutral communication tool between people of different ethnic and linguistic backgrounds 20 21 As a student at secondary school in Warsaw Zamenhof attempted to create an international language with a grammar that was rich but complex When he later studied English he decided that the international language must have a simpler grammar Apart from his parents native languages Russian and Yiddish and his adopted language Polish his projects were also aided by his mastery of German a good passive understanding of Latin Hebrew and French and a basic knowledge of Greek English and Italian 22 By 1878 his project Lingwe uniwersala was finished 23 However Zamenhof was too young then to publish his work Soon after graduation he began to study medicine first in Moscow and later in Warsaw In 1885 Zamenhof graduated from university and began his practice as a doctor in Veisiejai After 1886 he worked as an ophthalmologist in Plock and Vienna While healing people there he continued to work on his project of an international language 24 What later Esperantists called Unua libro First book was published in Russian 1887 For two years he tried to raise funds to publish a booklet describing the language until he received the financial help from his future wife s father In 1887 the book titled Mezhdunarodnyj yazyk Predislovie i polnyj uchebnik International language Introduction and complete textbook was published in Russian 25 under the pseudonym Doktoro Esperanto Doctor Hoper or literally Doctor One Who Hopes Zamenhof initially called his language Lingvo internacia international language but those who learned it began to call it Esperanto after his pseudonym and this soon became the official name for the language For Zamenhof this language far from being merely a communication tool was a way to promote peaceful coexistence between people of different cultures 2 Work on Yiddish language and Jewish issues Edit Zamenhof at his desk in his Warsaw apartment 1910In 1879 Zamenhof wrote the first grammar of Yiddish It was partly published years later in the Yiddish magazine Lebn un visnshaft 26 The complete original Russian text of this manuscript was only published in 1982 with parallel Esperanto translation by Adolf Holzhaus in L Zamenhof provo de gramatiko de novjuda lingvo An attempt at a grammar of neo Jewish language Helsinki pp 9 36 In this work not only does he provide a review of Yiddish grammar but also proposes its transition to the Latin script and other orthographic innovations In the same period Zamenhof wrote some other works in Yiddish including perhaps the first survey of Yiddish poetics see p 50 in the above cited book In 1882 a wave of pogroms within the Russian Empire including Congress Poland motivated Zamenhof to take part in the early Zionist movement the Hibbat Zion 27 He left the movement in 1887 and in 1901 published a statement in Russian with the title Hillelism in which he argued that the Zionist project could not solve the problems of the Jewish people 27 In 1914 he declined an invitation to join a new organization of Jewish Esperantists the TEHA In his letter to the organizers he said I am profoundly convinced that every nationalism offers humanity only the greatest unhappiness It is true that the nationalism of oppressed peoples as a natural self defensive reaction is much more excusable than the nationalism of peoples who oppress but if the nationalism of the strong is ignoble the nationalism of the weak is imprudent both give birth to and support each other 27 The Hebrew Bible is among the many works that Zamenhof translated into Esperanto Zamenhof died in Warsaw on 14 April 1917 b possibly of a heart attack 28 and was buried at the Okopowa Street Jewish Cemetery The farewell speech was delivered by the chief rabbi and preacher of the Great Synagogue in Warsaw Samuel Abraham Poznanski who said There will be a time where the Polish soil and nation will understand what fame gave this great son of God to his homeland 29 source source source source source source source source source source Zamenhof speaking at the World Esperanto Congress in Barcelona Spain in 1909 Family Edit Zamenhof and his wife Klara Silbernik raised three children a son Adam and two daughters Zofia and Lidia All three were murdered in the Holocaust 30 Lidia Zamenhof in particular took a keen interest in Esperanto and as an adult became a teacher of the language traveling through Europe and to America to teach classes in it Through her friendship with Martha Root Lidia accepted Baha u llah and became a member of the Bahaʼi Faith As one of its social principles the Bahaʼi Faith teaches that an auxiliary world language should be selected by the representatives of all the world s nations Zamenhof s grandson Louis Christophe Zaleski Zamenhof Adam s son lived in France from the 1960s until his death in 2019 As of 2020 Louis Christophe s daughter Margaret Zaleski Zamenhof is active in the Esperanto movement Religious philosophy Edit Main article Homaranismo Grave of Ludwik Zamenhof designed by Mieczyslaw Lubelski and made of Aberdeen granite Jewish Cemetery Warsaw 2017Besides his linguistic work Zamenhof published a religious philosophy he called Homaranismo the term in Esperanto usually rendered as humanitism in English 31 sometimes rendered loosely as humanitarianism or humanism based on the principles and teachings of Hillel the Elder He said of Homaranismo It is indeed the object of my whole life I would give up everything for it 32 Honours and namesakes EditIn 1905 Zamenhof received the Legion d honneur for creating Esperanto 33 In 1910 Zamenhof was first nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize by four British Members of Parliament including James O Grady and Philip Snowden and Professor Stanley Lane Poole 34 The Prize was instead awarded to the International Peace Bureau Ultimately Zamenhof was nominated 12 times for the Nobel Peace Prize 35 On the occasion of the fifth Universala Kongreso de Esperanto in Barcelona Zamenhof was made a Commander of the Order of Isabella the Catholic by King Alfonso XIII of Spain 36 Plaque in Rue du Vieux College commemorating Zamenhof s residence in Geneva Switzerland in 1905 A monument or place linked to Zamenhof or Esperanto is known as a Zamenhof Esperanto object or ZEO The minor planet 1462 Zamenhof is named in his honour It was discovered on 6 February 1938 by Yrjo Vaisala There is also a minor planet named in honour of Esperanto 1421 Esperanto Hundreds of city streets parks and bridges worldwide have also been named after Zamenhof In Lithuania the best known Zamenhof Street is in Kaunas where he lived and owned a house for some time There are others in Poland the United Kingdom France Hungary Croatia the Czech Republic Spain mostly in Catalonia Italy Israel Belgium the Netherlands and Brazil There are Zamenhof Hills in Hungary and Brazil and a Zamenhof Island in the Danube 37 In some Israeli cities street signs identify Esperanto s creator and give his birth and death dates but refer to him solely by his Jewish name Eliezer a variant of which El azar is the origin of Lazarus Zamenhof is honoured as a deity by the Japanese religion Oomoto which encourages the use of Esperanto among its followers A genus of lichen has been named Zamenhofia in his honour 38 as well as the species Heteroplacidium zamenhofianum 39 Russian writer Nikolaj Afrikanoviĉ Borovko Wikidata who lived in Odessa together with Vladimir Gernet Wikidata founded a branch of the first official Esperanto society Esrero in Russia In the years 1896 97 N A Borovko became its chairman A monument to L Zamenhof was installed in Odessa in an ordinary residential courtyard Esperantist sculptor Nikolai Vasilyevich Blazhkov lived in this house who in the early 1960s brought a sculptural portrait into the courtyard because the customs authorities did not allow the sculpture to be sent to the Esperanto Congress in Vienna 40 In Gothenburg Sweden a public square is named Esperantoplatsen In Italy a few streets are named after Esperanto including Largo Esperanto in Pisa 41 In 1959 UNESCO honoured Zamenhof in the occasion of his centenary 42 In 2015 it decided to support the celebration of the 100th anniversary of his death 43 His birthday 15 December is celebrated annually as Zamenhof Day by users of Esperanto On 15 December 2009 Esperanto s green starred flag flew on the Google homepage to commemorate Zamenhof s 150th birthday 44 The house of the Zamenhof family and a monument to Zamenhof are sites on the Jewish Heritage Trail in Bialystok which was opened in June 2008 by volunteers at The University of Bialystok Foundation 45 Bialystok is also home to the Ludwik Zamenhof Centre In 1960 Esperanto summer schools were established in Stoke on Trent in the United Kingdom by the Esperanto Association of Britain EAB which began to provide lessons and promote the language locally There is a road named after Zamenhof in the city Zamenhof Grove 46 As Zamenhof was born on 15 December 1859 the Esperanto Society of New York gathers every December to celebrate Zamenhofa Tago Zamenhof Day in Esperanto 47 Partial bibliography EditOriginal works Edit Unua Libro 1887 First Book Dua Libro 1888 Second Book Hilelismo propono pri solvo de la hebrea demando 1901 Hillelism A Project in Response to the Jewish Question Esenco kaj estonteco de la ideo de lingvo internacia 1903 Essence and Future of the Idea of an International Language Fundamenta Krestomatio de la Lingvo Esperanto 1903 Basic Anthology of the Esperanto Language Fundamento de Esperanto 1905 Foundation of Esperanto Declaration of Boulogne 1905 Homaranismo 1913 Humanitism Periodicals Edit La Esperantisto 1889 1895 The Esperantist Lingvo Internacia 1895 1914 International Language La Revuo 1906 1914 The Review Poems Edit Al la fratoj To the Brothers 48 Ho mia kor Oh My Heart La Espero The Hope La vojo The Way 49 Mia penso My Thought 50 Translations Edit Hamleto Reĝido de Danujo 1894 Hamlet Prince of Denmark by William Shakespeare La batalo de l vivo The Battle of Life by Charles Dickens La revizoro 1907 The Government Inspector by Nikolai Gogol La Predikanto 1907 translation of Ecclesiastes La Psalmaro 1908 translation of the book of Psalms La rabistoj 1908 The Robbers by Friedrich Schiller Ifigenio en Taŭrido 1908 Iphigenia in Tauris by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe La Rabeno de Baĥaraĥ 1909 The Rabbi of Bacharach by Heinrich Heine La Gimnazio 1909 The High School by Scholem Aleichem Marta 1910 Marta by Eliza Orzeszkowa Genezo 1911 translation of the Book of Genesis Eliro 1912 translation of the Book of Exodus Levidoj 1912 translation of the Book of Leviticus Nombroj 1914 translation of the Book of Numbers Readmono 1914 translation of the Book of Deuteronomy Malnova Testamento parts of the Old Testament Gallery Edit A mural with a note on him in Esperanto Warsaw Poland painted in 2011 The bust of Zamehof and Polish Esperantist Krzysztof Sliwinski Warsaw Poland Zamenhof on a Lithuanian stamp 2005 A stone statue in front of the student dormitory of Qingdao Tourism School China Memorial stone in Frantiskovy Lazne Czech Republic Mosaic portrait in Prilep North Macedonia Memorial Plaque in Vienna Austria Screenshot of CURA on Ubuntu Linux of Zamenhof bust Obverse of medal designed by Polish artist Jozef Goslawski On a monument to Esperanto in Den Burg the NetherlandsSee also EditAdam Zamenhof List of Poles Zamenhof DayNotes Edit a b For more information on Zamenhof s name see Name a b c d e In the Julian calendar Zamenhof s birth and death dates are 3 December 1859 and 1 April 1917 References Edit Korzhenkov Aleksandr 2009 Zamenhof The Life Works and Ideas of the Author of Esperanto PDF Translated by Ian M Richmond Washington D C Esperantic Studies Foundation a b Zasky Jason 20 July 2009 Discouraging Words Failure Magazine archived from the original on 23 January 2017 retrieved 31 December 2013 But in terms of invented languages it s the most outlandishly successful invented language ever It has thousands of speakers even native speakers and that s a major accomplishment as compared to the 900 or so other languages that have no speakers Arika Okrent Gabriela Zalewska 2010 Zamenhof Ludwik 1859 1917 The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe Trans by Anna Grojec YIVO Institute for Jewish Research Retrieved 19 December 2013 Guilherme Moreira Fians Hoping for the language of Hope Archived 14 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine University of Amsterdam ACLC Seminar Amsterdam Institute for Humanities Research AIHR Gobbo Federico 8 October 2015 An alternative globalisation why learn Esperanto today University of Amsterdam Archived from the original on 19 January 2019 Retrieved 17 January 2019 Humphrey Tonkin Fourth Interlinguistic Symposium p 213 JKI 12 2017 1 pdf Fourth Interlinguistic Symposium p 209 permanent dead link x5D pdf JKI 12 2017 1 Anniversaries 2017 UNESCO Retrieved 17 March 2021 Esperanto Ethnologue Retrieved 20 May 2022 Babbel com GmbH Lesson Nine What Is Esperanto And Who Speaks It Babbel Magazine Retrieved 20 May 2022 Birth Certificate N 47 Leyzer Zamengov son of Mordkha Fayvelovich Zamengov and Liba Sholemovna Sofer Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Umberto Eco amp James Fentress 9 September 1995 The Search for the Perfect Language Blackwell Publishing p 324 ISBN 978 0 631 17465 3 Wincewicz Andrzej Sulkowska Mariola Musiatowicz Marcin Sulkowski Stanislaw June 2009 Laryngologist Leon Zamenhof brother of Dr Esperanto American Journal of Audiology 18 1 3 6 doi 10 1044 1059 0889 2008 08 0002 ISSN 1059 0889 PMID 18978199 Russell James R 8 February 2022 Did Esperanto answer the Jewish Question The Jerusalem Post Archived from the original on 9 February 2022 Leyzer Eliezer Levi Zamenhof was born in 1859 into a Jewish family in Belostok a provincial city in the Russian Empire now Bialystok Poland 100th anniversary of the death of L ZAMENHOF the creator of the Esperanto Archived from the original on 10 October 2019 Retrieved 10 October 2019 Korzhenkov Aleksander 2010 Zamenhof The Life Works and Ideas of the Author of Esperanto Mondial p 3 ISBN 978 1 59569 167 5 born on December 15 1859 into a Jewish family in what was then the Russian city of Bialystock a b Christer Kiselman 2008 Esperanto Its Origins and Early History PDF p 2 Retrieved 15 December 2014 What was his first language He wrote in a letter in 1901 that his parental language mother tongue was Russian but that at the time he was speaking more in Polish Zamenhof 1929 523 However all other evidence points to Yiddish as his mother tongue and first language He was born in Bialystok on December 3 1859 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Christer Kiselman Esperanto Its origins and early history in Andrzej Pelczar ed 2008 Prace Komisji Spraw Europejskich PAU vol II pp 39 56 Krakaw Claude Piron 1984 Kontribuaĵo al la studo pri la influoj de la jida sur Esperanton Jewish Language Review 4 Birth of Ludwig Zamenhof creator of Esperanto History Today www historytoday com Retrieved 9 August 2017 Kellman Steven G 30 August 2016 The Secret Jewish History of Esperanto The Forward Holzhaus Adolf Doktoro kaj lingvo Esperanto Helsinki Fondumo Esperanto 1969 Dufour Fritz 2017 Exploring the Possibilities for the Emergence of a Single and Global Native Language Fritz Dufour p 93 Birth of Ludwig Zamenhof creator of Esperanto History Today Retrieved 15 July 2019 Keith Brown and Sarah Ogilvie Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World Elsevier 2009 ISBN 0 08 087774 5 p 375 Vilnius 1909 see Esperanto translation as Pri jida gramatiko kaj reformo en la jida On Yiddish grammar and reform in Yiddish in Hebreo el la geto De cionismo al hilelismo A Hebrew from the ghetto From Zionism to Hillelism Eldonejo Ludovikito vol 5 1976 a b c N Z Maimon May June 1958 La cionista periodo en la vivo de Zamenhof Nica Literatura Revuo 3 5 165 177 Archived from the original on 19 July 2008 Ludwig Lazar Zamenhof Founder of Esperanto Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine Department of Planned Languages Mapa Polski mapa Wroclawia turystyka wypoczynek SzukamyPolski pl www szukamypolski pl Archived from the original on 30 June 2007 Retrieved 11 January 2022 Hoffmann Frank W Bailey William G 1992 Mind amp Society Fads Haworth Press ISBN 1 56024 178 0 p 116 Between world wars Esperanto fared worse and sadly became embroiled in political power moves Adolf Hitler wrote in Mein Kampf that the spread of Esperanto throughout Europe was a Jewish plot to break down national differences so that Jews could assume positions of authority After the Nazis successful Blitzkrieg of Poland the Warsaw Gestapo received orders to take care of the Zamenhof family Zamenhof s son was shot his two daughters were put in Treblinka death camp Meaning in the Age of Modernism C K Ogden and his contemporaries Thesis of James McElvenny 2013 Edmond Privat The Life of Zamenhof p 117 3 rossiyanina nagrazhdyonnye ordenom Pochyotnogo legiona za neobychnye zaslugi 3 Russians Awarded Legion d honneur for Unusual Merits Russian Daily Sobesednik 16 August 2013 Retrieved 9 September 2014 Nomination archive NobelPrize org 1 April 2020 Archived from the original on 8 October 2014 Retrieved 9 October 2022 Esperanto la langue qui se voulait universala France Inter 14 April 2017 Olaizola Borja Chatear en Esperanto vigesimo idioma del mundo mas usado en la red El Correo 30 03 2011 Archived from the original on 27 September 2011 Retrieved 7 April 2011 Hommages au Dr Zamenhof a l esperanto et a ses pionniers Zamenhofia rosei Francis lichen Range habitat biology Archived from the original on 6 May 2006 Retrieved 28 January 2007 Clauzade G Roux C Houmeau J M 1985 Likenoj de Okcidenta Europa Ilustrita determinlibro Bulletin de la Societe Botanique du Centre Ouest in Esperanto Vol 7 Saint Sulpice de Royan p 823 Ludwik Zamenhof They left a mark in the history of Odessa Francis lichen Zamenhofia rosei More Information ARKive Archived from the original on 6 May 2006 Retrieved 28 January 2007 Jewish Telegraphic Agency UNESCO to Honor Memory of Zamenhof Jewish Creator of Esperanto 16 December 1959 Unesco UEA Zamenhof omaĝota Google Doodles Archive 150th Birthday of LL Zamenhof Retrieved 1 April 2010 Jewish Heritage Trail in Bialystok accessed 25 July 2009 Salisbury Josh 6 December 2017 Saluton the surprise return of Esperanto The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 19 December 2018 Kilgannon Corey 21 December 2017 Feliĉa Ferioj Toasting the Holidays in Esperanto The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 24 December 2018 Privat Edmond 1920 Idealista profeto Vivo de Zamenhof in Esperanto Privat Edmond 1920 Verkisto Vivo de Zamenhof in Esperanto Privat Edmond 1920 Studentaj jaroj Vivo de Zamenhof in Esperanto External links EditWorks by L L Zamenhof at Project Gutenberg Works by L L Zamenhof at LibriVox public domain audiobooks Works by or about L L Zamenhof at Internet ArchiveL L Zamenhof at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title L L Zamenhof amp oldid 1171263105, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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