Gciriku, or Dciriku (Also Diriku, Dirico, Manyo or Rumanyo), is a Bantu language spoken by 305,000 people along the Kavango River in Namibia, Botswana and Angola. 24,000 people speak Gciriku in Angola, according to Ethnologue.[3] It was first known in the west via the Vagciriku, who had migrated from the main Vamanyo area and spoke Rugciriku, a dialect of Rumanyo. The name Gciriku (Dciriku, Diriku) remains common in the literature, but within Namibia the name Rumanyo has been revived.[4] The Mbogedu dialect is extinct; Maho (2009) lists it as a distinct language, and notes that the names 'Manyo' and 'Rumanyo' are inappropriate for it.
It is one of several Bantu languages of the Okavango which have click consonants, as in [ǀɛ́ǀˀà] ('bed'), IPA:[mùǀûkò] ('flower'), and IPA:[kàǀûrù] ('tortoise'). These clicks, of which there are half a dozen (c, gc, ch, and prenasalized nc and nch), are generally all pronounced with a dental articulation, but there is broad variation between speakers. They are especially common in place names and in words for features of the landscape, reflecting their sources in Khwe and Ju, two members of the Khoisan language family. Many of the click words in Gciriku, including those in native Bantu vocabulary, are shared with Kwangali, Mbukushu, and Fwe.[5]
^Nordic journal of African studies, Volume 12, 2003
^Gunnink, Hilde; Sands, Bonny; Pakendorf, Brigitte; Bostoen, Koen (1 December 2015). "Prehistoric language contact in the Kavango-Zambezi transfrontier area: Khoisan influence on southwestern Bantu languages". Journal of African Languages and Linguistics. 36 (2): 193–232.
^Möhlig, Wilhelm Johann Georg (2005). A Grammatical Sketch of Rugciriku (Rumanyo). Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
External linksedit
November 23, 2023
dciriku, language, gciriku, dciriku, also, diriku, dirico, manyo, rumanyo, bantu, language, spoken, people, along, kavango, river, namibia, botswana, angola, people, speak, gciriku, angola, according, ethnologue, first, known, west, vagciriku, migrated, from, . Gciriku or Dciriku Also Diriku Dirico Manyo or Rumanyo is a Bantu language spoken by 305 000 people along the Kavango River in Namibia Botswana and Angola 24 000 people speak Gciriku in Angola according to Ethnologue 3 It was first known in the west via the Vagciriku who had migrated from the main Vamanyo area and spoke Rugciriku a dialect of Rumanyo The name Gciriku Dciriku Diriku remains common in the literature but within Namibia the name Rumanyo has been revived 4 The Mbogedu dialect is extinct Maho 2009 lists it as a distinct language and notes that the names Manyo and Rumanyo are inappropriate for it DcirikuGcirikuRumanyoRegionKavango EastEthnicityVagciriku Vamanyo VashambyuNative speakers82 000 2004 2018 1 Language familyNiger Congo Atlantic CongoBenue CongoSouthern BantoidBantuKavango SouthwestKavangoDcirikuDialectsGciriku Shambyu Mbogedu extinct Language codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code diu class extiw title iso639 3 diu diu a Glottologdiri1252Guthrie codeK 331 334 K 332 2 This article contains IPA phonetic symbols Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA It is one of several Bantu languages of the Okavango which have click consonants as in ǀɛ ǀˀa bed IPA muǀuko flower and IPA kaǀuru tortoise These clicks of which there are half a dozen c gc ch and prenasalized nc and nch are generally all pronounced with a dental articulation but there is broad variation between speakers They are especially common in place names and in words for features of the landscape reflecting their sources in Khwe and Ju two members of the Khoisan language family Many of the click words in Gciriku including those in native Bantu vocabulary are shared with Kwangali Mbukushu and Fwe 5 Contents 1 Phonology 1 1 Vowels 1 2 Consonants 2 References 3 External linksPhonology editVowels edit Front Central BackClose i uMid ɛ ɔOpen ɑConsonants edit Bilabial Labio dental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar GlottalClick voiceless ᵏǀvoiced ᶢǀprenasal vl ᵑǀᵏprenasal vd ᵑǀᶢprenasal asp ᵑǀʰNasal m n ɲ ŋStop Affricate voiceless p t t t ʃ kvoiced b d d ʒ gprenasal vl ᵐpʰ ⁿt ⁿtʰ ᶮt ʃ ᵑkʰprenasal vd ᵐb ⁿd ᶮd ʒ ᵑɡFricative voiceless f s ʃ hvoiced b v z ɣprenasal vl ᶬfprenasal vd ᶬvTrill rApproximant l j wClick sounds are mainly dental ǀ but may also have various articulation points ǁ ǃ Most consonant sounds are also palatalized ʲ or labialized ʷ when before glide sounds j w ɡ may be heard as a fricative x in Afrikaans loanwords 6 References edit Dciriku at Ethnologue 25th ed 2022 nbsp Jouni Filip Maho 2009 New Updated Guthrie List Online Angola Ethnologue Retrieved 2019 07 19 Nordic journal of African studies Volume 12 2003 Gunnink Hilde Sands Bonny Pakendorf Brigitte Bostoen Koen 1 December 2015 Prehistoric language contact in the Kavango Zambezi transfrontier area Khoisan influence on southwestern Bantu languages Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 36 2 193 232 Mohlig Wilhelm Johann Georg 2005 A Grammatical Sketch of Rugciriku Rumanyo Cologne Rudiger Koppe Verlag External links editGciriku vocabulary Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Dciriku language amp oldid 1186434573, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
