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Derung language

January 01, 1970

Dulong (simplified Chinese: 独龙语; traditional Chinese: 獨龍語; pinyin: Dúlóng) or Drung, Derung, Rawang, or Trung, is a Sino-Tibetan language in China. Dulong is closely related to the Rawang language of Myanmar (Burma).[2] Although almost all ethnic Derung people speak the language to some degree, most are multilingual, also speaking Burmese, Lisu, and Mandarin Chinese[1] except for a few very elderly people.[3]

Drung
Dulong, Derung, Qiuzu
Tvrung kvt
Pronunciation[tə˧˩ɻuŋ˥˧ kət˥]
Native toChina
RegionYunnan, Tibet
EthnicityAnu (northern Anung) of Nu nationality
Derung people
Native speakers
10,000 (2000–2013)[1]
Dialects
  • Dulong River
  • Nu River
Latin script
Language codes
ISO 639-3duu
Glottologdrun1238  Drung
ELPDrung

Dulong is also called: Taron, Kiu, Qui, Kiutze, Qiuzi, Kiupa, Kiao, Metu, Melam, Tamalu, Tukiumu, Qiu, Nung, Nu-tzŭ.[4]

Classification edit

Dulong belongs to the Nungish language family of the Central Tibeto-Burman branch of the Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family.[1] The other two languages in the same family are Anong and Rawang.

History edit

Dulong/Rawang is a Tibeto-Burman language cluster spoken on both sides of the China/Myanmar border just south and east of Tibet. Within Myanmar, the people who speak the Dulong language (possibly up to 100,000 people) live in northern Kachin State, particularly along the Mae Hka ('Nmai Hka) and Mali Hka (Mali Hka) River valleys. In the past, they had been called 'Hkanung' or 'Nung', and have often been considered to be a subgroup of the Kachin (Jinghpaw). Around 1950, speakers of this language in Myanmar began a movement to use the name /rəwɑŋ/ (spelled 'Rvwang' in the Rawang orthographies) to represent all of its speakers. The speakers in China, though, continue to use the name 'Dulong'.[5]

Geographic distribution edit

There are 14,000 (2,000 census) people speaking in two dialects: 8,500 in Nu River dialect, and 5,500 in Dulong River dialect. The locations of Dulong are Yunnan province (Gongshan Dulong-Nu autonomous county), Xizang Autonomous Region (Chayu (Zayü) county, Chawalong Town), and Bingzhongluo.[1] In the past, the Dulong River was known as the Kiu (Qiu) river, and the Dulong people were known as the Kiu (Qiu), Kiutze (Qiuzi), Kiupa, or Kiao.[2]

Dialects edit

Dulong has two dialects: Dulong River (Central Dulongjiang, Derung River, Northern Dulongjiang, Southern Dulongjiang), and Nu River (Nujiang Dulong). Dialects reportedly inherently intelligible (Thurgood and LaPolla 2003). Other possible dialect names are Melam, Metu, Tamalu, and Tukiumu.[1]

Phonology edit

Consonants edit

Dulong has twenty-four initial consonants at six points of articulation, plus the consonant clusters /pr, br, mr, kr, xr, gr, pl, bl, ml, kl, gl/ in initial position; only the consonants /p, t, ʔ, k, n, m, ŋ, r, l/ occur in final position.[2]

Vowels edit

Dulong has seven vowels, /i, ε, ə, ɑ, ɔ, ɯ, u/, and three diphthongs, /əi, ɑi, ɯi/, which only appear in open syllables. Vowel length is also evenly distributed.[2][6]

Tones edit

Dulong has 3 tones: high level, high falling, and low falling. In the Dulong language, tone has the role of differentiating the meaning of a few words, with about 8% words (out of about 4000) completely relying on tones to distinguish them.[7]

Grammar edit

Words can be formed by prefixation, suffixation, or compounding. Word classes include nouns, defined by the ability to appear with a numeral classifier; verbs, defined by the ability to appear with negation and the person and tense marking; postpositions, which are enclitic to NPs, numerals, and classifiers. Adjectives are a subset of stative verbs for which reduplication means intensification or adverbialization rather than the perfective aspect (reduplication with nouns has a distributive meaning, ‘every’). Adjectives can be used as predicates or can appear nominalized in a copula clause.[2]

The grammar of the language is documented extensively by Perlin (2019).[8]

Verb conjugation edit

Derung verbs inflect fusionally for person and number and agglutinatively otherwise. Verbal conjugation uses a mix of affixes, a direct-inverse person-marking hierarchy, apophony, and tone changes.[8]

Intransitive verbs edit

Intransitive verbs are conjugated to agree with the subject in person and number.

The first-person plural form is formed via vowel ablaut, primarily characterized by the lengthening of the root vowel. If the root vowel is the schwa /ə/, the schwa is replaced with /ɑː/. If the root ends in /ɑ, u, ɯ/, these vowels are further converted into long diphthongs /ɑːi, uːi, ɯːi/.

Intransitive person/number affixes in Derung
Person Singular Dual Plural
1st -ŋ⁵⁵ [a]
-k⁵⁵ [b]
-⁵⁵ [c] 		-ɕɯ³¹ (ablaut)
2nd -∅ -n⁵³
3rd -∅
  1. ^ If the verb root ends in a vowel.
  2. ^ If the verb root ends in a glottal stop.
  3. ^ If the verb root ends in a consonant other than the glottal stop. If the root already has level tone, the first-person singular inflection becomes zero.

Transitive verbs edit

Transitive verbs in Derung may agree with both agent and object in three grammatical persons (1st, 2nd, and 3rd) and three grammatical numbers (singular, dual, and plural). The persons are ranked in a direct-inverse hierarchy, with the first person ranking above the second person, and the second person itself ranking above the third person. If this hierarchy is violated, the marked scenario prefix /nə³¹-/ is prefixed. However, second-person agents are also marked with /nə³¹-/ regardless of the hierarchy.

Vocabulary edit

Derung shares 74% lexical similarity with the Matwang dialect of Rawang, and 73% to 76% with Anong.[1]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f Drung at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)  
  2. ^ a b c d e Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J. (2003). The Sino-Tibetan languages. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 674–682. ISBN 0-203-27573-X.
  3. ^ Perlin, Ross (April 2009). "Language Attitudes of the T'rung" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 32 (1): 91–113.
  4. ^ "Did you know Drung is vulnerable?". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
  5. ^ LaPolla, Randy J. (2000). (PDF). Changing Valency. pp. 282–311. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511627750.009. ISBN 9780521660396. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-10. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
  6. ^ Perlin, Ross Adam (2019). A Grammar of Trung. Santa Barbara. Himalayan Linguistics, University of California at Santa Barbara.
  7. ^ Sun, Hongkai (1982). Dúlóngyǔ jiǎnzhì (A sketch of the Dulong language). Beijing: Minzu Chubanshe.
  8. ^ a b Perlin, Ross (2019). "A Grammar of Trung". Himalayan Linguistics. 18 (2). doi:10.5070/H918244579.

External links edit

  • Hammarström, Harald & Forkel, Robert & Haspelmath, Martin. 2017. Glottolog 3.0. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages 2021-03-12 at the Wayback Machine.
  • Drung at The Endangered Language Project.
  • [1] Dulong language documentation in the Computational Resource for South Asian Languages (CoRSAL) archive
  • Documentation and description of Dulong (Trung) in ELAR

January 01, 1970
derung, language, dulong, simplified, chinese, 独龙语, traditional, chinese, 獨龍語, pinyin, dúlóng, drung, derung, rawang, trung, sino, tibetan, language, china, dulong, closely, related, rawang, language, myanmar, burma, although, almost, ethnic, derung, people, s. Dulong simplified Chinese 独龙语 traditional Chinese 獨龍語 pinyin Dulong or Drung Derung Rawang or Trung is a Sino Tibetan language in China Dulong is closely related to the Rawang language of Myanmar Burma 2 Although almost all ethnic Derung people speak the language to some degree most are multilingual also speaking Burmese Lisu and Mandarin Chinese 1 except for a few very elderly people 3 DrungDulong Derung QiuzuTvrung kvtPronunciation te ɻuŋ ket Native toChinaRegionYunnan TibetEthnicityAnu northern Anung of Nu nationalityDerung peopleNative speakers10 000 2000 2013 1 Language familySino Tibetan Tibeto BurmanNungishDrungDialectsDulong River Nu RiverWriting systemLatin scriptLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code duu class extiw title iso639 3 duu duu a Glottologdrun1238 DrungELPDrung Dulong is also called Taron Kiu Qui Kiutze Qiuzi Kiupa Kiao Metu Melam Tamalu Tukiumu Qiu Nung Nu tzŭ 4 Contents 1 Classification 2 History 3 Geographic distribution 3 1 Dialects 4 Phonology 4 1 Consonants 4 2 Vowels 4 3 Tones 5 Grammar 5 1 Verb conjugation 5 1 1 Intransitive verbs 5 1 2 Transitive verbs 6 Vocabulary 7 References 8 External linksClassification editDulong belongs to the Nungish language family of the Central Tibeto Burman branch of the Tibeto Burman branch of the Sino Tibetan language family 1 The other two languages in the same family are Anong and Rawang History editDulong Rawang is a Tibeto Burman language cluster spoken on both sides of the China Myanmar border just south and east of Tibet Within Myanmar the people who speak the Dulong language possibly up to 100 000 people live in northern Kachin State particularly along the Mae Hka Nmai Hka and Mali Hka Mali Hka River valleys In the past they had been called Hkanung or Nung and have often been considered to be a subgroup of the Kachin Jinghpaw Around 1950 speakers of this language in Myanmar began a movement to use the name rewɑŋ spelled Rvwang in the Rawang orthographies to represent all of its speakers The speakers in China though continue to use the name Dulong 5 Geographic distribution editThere are 14 000 2 000 census people speaking in two dialects 8 500 in Nu River dialect and 5 500 in Dulong River dialect The locations of Dulong are Yunnan province Gongshan Dulong Nu autonomous county Xizang Autonomous Region Chayu Zayu county Chawalong Town and Bingzhongluo 1 In the past the Dulong River was known as the Kiu Qiu river and the Dulong people were known as the Kiu Qiu Kiutze Qiuzi Kiupa or Kiao 2 Dialects edit Dulong has two dialects Dulong River Central Dulongjiang Derung River Northern Dulongjiang Southern Dulongjiang and Nu River Nujiang Dulong Dialects reportedly inherently intelligible Thurgood and LaPolla 2003 Other possible dialect names are Melam Metu Tamalu and Tukiumu 1 Phonology editConsonants edit Labial Dental Alveolar Alveolo palatal Velar Glottal plain pal plain lab Nasal m mʲ n ɲ ŋ ŋʷ Stop voiceless p pʲ t c k kʷ ʔ voiced b bʲ d ɟ ɡ ɡʷ Affricate ts tɕ Fricative voiceless s ɕ x xʷ voiced z ʑ Lateral l Approximant ɹ j w Dulong has twenty four initial consonants at six points of articulation plus the consonant clusters pr br mr kr xr gr pl bl ml kl gl in initial position only the consonants p t ʔ k n m ŋ r l occur in final position 2 Vowels edit Dulong has seven vowels i e e ɑ ɔ ɯ u and three diphthongs ei ɑi ɯi which only appear in open syllables Vowel length is also evenly distributed 2 6 Tones edit Dulong has 3 tones high level high falling and low falling In the Dulong language tone has the role of differentiating the meaning of a few words with about 8 words out of about 4000 completely relying on tones to distinguish them 7 Grammar editWords can be formed by prefixation suffixation or compounding Word classes include nouns defined by the ability to appear with a numeral classifier verbs defined by the ability to appear with negation and the person and tense marking postpositions which are enclitic to NPs numerals and classifiers Adjectives are a subset of stative verbs for which reduplication means intensification or adverbialization rather than the perfective aspect reduplication with nouns has a distributive meaning every Adjectives can be used as predicates or can appear nominalized in a copula clause 2 The grammar of the language is documented extensively by Perlin 2019 8 Verb conjugation edit Derung verbs inflect fusionally for person and number and agglutinatively otherwise Verbal conjugation uses a mix of affixes a direct inverse person marking hierarchy apophony and tone changes 8 Intransitive verbs edit Intransitive verbs are conjugated to agree with the subject in person and number The first person plural form is formed via vowel ablaut primarily characterized by the lengthening of the root vowel If the root vowel is the schwa e the schwa is replaced with ɑː If the root ends in ɑ u ɯ these vowels are further converted into long diphthongs ɑːi uːi ɯːi Intransitive person number affixes in Derung Person Singular Dual Plural 1st ŋ a k b c ɕɯ ablaut 2nd n 3rd If the verb root ends in a vowel If the verb root ends in a glottal stop If the verb root ends in a consonant other than the glottal stop If the root already has level tone the first person singular inflection becomes zero Transitive verbs edit Transitive verbs in Derung may agree with both agent and object in three grammatical persons 1st 2nd and 3rd and three grammatical numbers singular dual and plural The persons are ranked in a direct inverse hierarchy with the first person ranking above the second person and the second person itself ranking above the third person If this hierarchy is violated the marked scenario prefix ne is prefixed However second person agents are also marked with ne regardless of the hierarchy Vocabulary editDerung shares 74 lexical similarity with the Matwang dialect of Rawang and 73 to 76 with Anong 1 References edit a b c d e f Drung at Ethnologue 25th ed 2022 nbsp a b c d e Thurgood Graham LaPolla Randy J 2003 The Sino Tibetan languages Abingdon Oxon Routledge pp 674 682 ISBN 0 203 27573 X Perlin Ross April 2009 Language Attitudes of the T rung PDF Linguistics of the Tibeto Burman Area 32 1 91 113 Did you know Drung is vulnerable Endangered Languages Retrieved 2017 05 01 LaPolla Randy J 2000 Valency changing derivations in Dulong Rawang PDF Changing Valency pp 282 311 doi 10 1017 CBO9780511627750 009 ISBN 9780521660396 Archived from the original PDF on 2017 08 10 Retrieved 2017 05 01 Perlin Ross Adam 2019 A Grammar of Trung Santa Barbara Himalayan Linguistics University of California at Santa Barbara Sun Hongkai 1982 Dulongyǔ jiǎnzhi A sketch of the Dulong language Beijing Minzu Chubanshe a b Perlin Ross 2019 A Grammar of Trung Himalayan Linguistics 18 2 doi 10 5070 H918244579 External links editHammarstrom Harald amp Forkel Robert amp Haspelmath Martin 2017 Glottolog 3 0 Jena Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History Numeral Systems of the World s Languages Archived 2021 03 12 at the Wayback Machine Drung at The Endangered Language Project 1 Dulong language documentation in the Computational Resource for South Asian Languages CoRSAL archive Documentation and description of Dulong Trung in ELAR Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Derung language amp oldid 1199963579, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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