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Wikipedia

Door County, Wisconsin

February 28, 2023

Door County is the easternmost county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the population was 30,066.[2] Its county seat is Sturgeon Bay.[3] It is named after the strait between the Door Peninsula and Washington Island. The dangerous passage, known as Death's Door, contains shipwrecks and was known to Native Americans and early French explorers. The county was created in 1851 and organized in 1861.[4] Nicknamed the “Cape Cod of the Midwest,” Door County is a popular Upper Midwest vacation destination. It is also home to a small Walloon population.

Door County
U.S. county
Door County Government Center in Sturgeon Bay
Location within the U.S. state of Wisconsin
Wisconsin's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 45°01′N 87°01′W / 45.02°N 87.01°W / 45.02; -87.01Coordinates: 45°01′N 87°01′W / 45.02°N 87.01°W / 45.02; -87.01
Country United States
State Wisconsin
Founded1851
Named forPorte des Morts
SeatSturgeon Bay
Largest citySturgeon Bay
Area
 • Total2,370 sq mi (6,100 km2)
 • Land482 sq mi (1,250 km2)
 • Water1,888 sq mi (4,890 km2)  80%
Population
 (2020)
 • Total30,066
 • Density62.4/sq mi (24.1/km2)
DemonymDoor Countyite[1]
Time zoneUTC−6 (Central)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)
Area code920
Congressional district8th
Websitewww.co.door.wi.gov
Wisconsin county code 15
FIPS county code 55029

History

Further information: Door Peninsula § Archaeology

Native Americans and French

Further information: Door Peninsula § Potawatomi and Menominee

Porte des Morts legend

Door County's name came from Porte des Morts ("Death's Door"), the passage between the tip of Door Peninsula and Washington Island.[5] The name "Death's Door" came from Native American tales, heard by early French explorers and published in greatly embellished form by Hjalmar Holand, which described a failed raid by the Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) tribe to capture Washington Island from the rival Pottawatomi tribe in the early 1600s. It has become associated with shipwrecks within the passage.[6] The earliest known written reference to the legend is from Emmanuel Crespel [fr], who termed the peninsula "Cap a la Mort" in 1728.[7]

Settlement and development

19th–20th century settlement

 
Graves of Increase Claflin and family.

The 19th and 20th centuries saw the immigration and settlement of pioneers, mariners, fishermen, loggers, and farmers. The first white settler was Increase Claflin.[8] In 1834, a federal government-operated quarry operation at the mouth of Sturgeon Bay shipped its first stone blocks; they were used for a harbor breakwater in Michigan City, Indiana.[9] In 1851, Door County was separated from what had been Brown County.[10] In 1853, Moravians founded Ephraim after Nils Otto Tank resisted attempts at land ownership reform at the old religious colony near Green Bay.[11] An African-American community and congregation worshiping at West Harbor on Washington Island was described in 1854.[12] Also in 1854 the first post office in the county opened, on Washington Island.[13] In 1855, four Irishmen were accidentally left behind by their steamboat, leading to the settlement of what is now Forestville.[14] In the 19th century, a fairly large-scale immigration of Belgian Walloons populated a small region in the southern portion of the county,[15] including the area designated as the Namur Historic District. They built small roadside votive chapels, some still in use today,[16] and brought other traditions over from Europe such as the Kermiss harvest festival.[17]

Shortly after the 1831 Treaty of Washington,[18] the federal government surveyed what is now Door County to determine the value of the timber and to divide up parcels for eventual sale.[19][20] Following the treaty, land in what is now the county was sold or granted to private citizens. Lots from 40 to 320 acres (16 to 129 ha) were sold at 50 cents an acre.[21] From 1841 to 1932, 1,661 land patents were issued to private citizens.[22] Of these, 774 were bounty-land warrants to veterans authorized by the Scrip Warrant Acts of 1842, 1850, 1852, and 1855.[23] The other patents concerned the sale of land: 711 patents were filed under the Land Act of 1820,[24] 139 patents were filed under the Homestead Act of 1862,[25] and 37 patents were filed under the Morrill Act of 1862.[26]

At the time the Homestead Act of 1862 was passed, most of the county's nearly 2,000 farmers were squatters earning most of their revenue from lumber and wood products. The most common product was cordwood; a cord of maple sold for 37 and a half cents. The remaining portion of the population consisted of about 1,000 fishermen and their families. The fishing industry centered on Washington Island, which at 632 persons was the most populated area at the time. Sturgeon Bay had a population of 230 people. Fishermen caught lake trout and whitefish, which were sold for two cents per pound. Out of the total population of 2,948 people, 170 fought in the Civil War. Most enlisted in 1861 or 1862. The entire assessed valuation of the county that year was $395,000, with an average of $8.00 in tax assessed to each family. It was difficult to earn enough money to pay taxes, which were often delinquent. There were 25 school districts, but staffing was a challenge due to delinquent taxes. Highway 42 between Sturgeon Bay and Egg Harbor had 27 chronic mudholes, some more than 3,000 feet (910 m) long and passage by wagons was at times unfeasible.[27]

When the 1871 Peshtigo fire burned the town of Williamsonville, fifty-nine people were killed. The area of this disaster is now Tornado Memorial County Park, named for a fire whirl which occurred there.[28][29][30] Altogether, 128 people in the county perished in the Peshtigo fire.[10][11] Following the fire, some residents decided to use brick instead of wood.[31]

In 1883, Harry Dankoler at the Door County Advocate set a world typesetting record.[32][33]

In 1885 or 1886, what is now the Coast Guard Station was established at Sturgeon Bay.[34][35] The small, seasonally open station on Washington Island was established in 1902.[36]

 
Excursion party on the Sailor Boy; postmarked 1906 in Sturgeon Bay. The Sailor Boy and other small steamboats stopped at Menominee to take on rail passengers. Since rail service was faster, tourists from Chicago would first take a northbound train in order to board steamboats bound for resort communities.[37]
 
This 1924 postcard produced by Curt Teich & Company reads, "Cedar Glen, one of the many free tourists' camp sites in Peninsula State Park, Door County Wisconsin."

As the period of settlement continued, Native Americans lived in Door County as a minority. The 1890 census reported 22 Indians living in Door County. They were self-supporting, subject to taxation, and did not receive rations.[38] By the 1910 census their numbers had declined to nine.[39]

In 1894 the Ahnapee and Western Railway was extended to Sturgeon Bay, with the first train arriving on August 9.[40] In 1969, a train ran north of Algoma into the county for the last time,[41] although trains continued to operate farther south until 1986.[42]

Early tourism

From 1865 through 1870, three resort hotels were constructed in and near Sturgeon Bay along with another one in Fish Creek. One resort established in 1870 charged $7.50 per week (around $160 in 2021 dollars). Although the price included three daily meals, extra was charged for renting horses, which were also available with buggies and buggy-drivers.[43] Besides staying in hotels, tourists also boarded in private homes. Tourists could visit the northern part of the county by Great Lakes passenger steamer, sometimes as part of a lake cruise featuring music and entertainment.[44] Reaching the peninsula from Chicago took three days. The air surrounding the agricultural communities was relatively free of ragweed pollen because grain crops matured slowly in the cool climate and were harvested late in the year. This prevented late-season ragweed infestations in the stubble, which was especially attractive to those with hay fever in the city.[45][46]

Even after the Ahnapee and Western extended service to Sturgeon Bay in 1894, many tourists continued taking the railroad to Menominee, Michigan[a] to embark on steamships bound for communities in Door County. This route over Green Bay bypassed poor road conditions in the northern part of the county, which persisted until the early 1920s. Only after crushed stone highways were built did motor and horse-drawn coaches become popular for transportation between Sturgeon Bay and the northern part of the peninsula.[47][10] By 1909 at least 1,000 tourists visited per year,[48] a figure which grew to about 125,000 in 1920,[49] 1 million in 1969,[50] 1.25 million in 1978,[51] and 1.9 million in 1995.[52] In 1938 Jens Jensen cautioned about negative cultural impacts of tourism. He wrote, "Door County is slowly being ruined by the stupid money crazed fools. This tourist business is destroying the little bit of culture that was."[53]

Orchard boosterism

 
1914 Sturgeon Bay real estate advertisement.[b]

In 1865, the first commercial fruit operation was established when grapes were cultivated on one of the Strawberry Islands. By 1895, a large fruit tree nursery was established and fruit horticulture was aggressively promoted. Not only farmers but even "city-bred" men were urged to consider fruit husbandry as a career. The first of multiple fruit marketing cooperatives began in 1897. In addition to corporate-run orchards, in 1910 the first corporation was established to plant and sell pre-established orchards. Although apple orchards predated cherry orchards, by 1913 it was reported that cherries had outpaced apples.[56]

Cherry crop labor sources

Cherry industry labor
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Women and children were typically employed to pick fruit crops, but the available work outstripped the labor supply. By 1918, it was difficult to find enough help to pick fruit crops, so workers were brought in by the YMCA and Boy Scouts of America. Cherry picking was marketed as a good summer camp activity for teenage boys in return for room, board, and recreation activities. One orchard hired players from the Green Bay Packers as camp counselors. Additionally, members of the Oneida Nation of Wisconsin and other native tribes were employed to pick fruit crops.[57][58] In addition to their pay, Native American families were given fruit that was too ripe for marketing, which they preserved and stored for long term use.[59] A Civilian Conservation Corps camp was established at Peninsula State Park during the Great Depression. In the summer of 1945, Fish Creek was the site of a POW camp under an affiliation with a base camp at Fort Sheridan, Illinois.[60][61][62] The German prisoners engaged in construction projects, cut wood, and picked cherries in Peninsula State Park and the surrounding area.[63] During a brief strike, the POWs refused to work. In response the guards established a "no work, no eat" policy and they returned to work, picking 11 pails per day and eventually totaling 508,020 pails.[64]

The Wisconsin State Employment Service established an office in Door County in 1949 to recruit Tejanos to pick cherries. Work was unpredictable, as cherry harvests were poor during certain years and workers were paid by the amount they picked. In 1951, the Wisconsin Department of Public Welfare conducted a study documenting conflict between migrant workers and tourists, who resented the presence of migrant families in public vacation areas.[65] A list of recommendations was prepared to improve race relations.[66] The employment of migrants continues to the present day. In 2013, there were three migrant labor camps in the county, housing a total of 57 orchard laborers and food processors along with five non-workers.[67]

20th–21st-century events

In the fall of 1901, passenger pigeons were seen in Forestville, "in quite large flocks". This is the last reported sighting in the county.[68] Before the forests were cleared away, myriads of passenger pigeons nested in the woods of the Door Peninsula, and during periods of migration they would frequently and effectually cloud the sun in their flight.[69]

In 1905, the Lilly Amiot was in Ellison Bay with a load of freight, dynamite, and gasoline when it caught fire. After being cut loose, it drifted until exploding; the explosion was heard up to 15 miles away.[70]

In 1912, the barnstormer Lincoln Beachey demonstrated his biplane during the county fair; this is believed to be the first takeoff and landing in the county.[71]

In 1913, The Old Rugged Cross was first sung at the Friends Church in Sturgeon Bay as a duet by two traveling preachers.[72]

In 1919, the first Army-Navy hydrogen balloon race was won by an Army team whose balloon splashed down in the Death's Door passage. Two soldiers endured 10-foot (3 m) waves for an hour before their rescue by a fisherman.[73]

In 1925, a cow in Horseshoe Bay named Aurora Homestead Badger produced 30,000 pounds (14,000 kg) of milk, at the time a world record for dairy cattle.[74]

In June 1938 and again in October 1952, aerial photos were taken of the entire county; in 2011 the 1938 photos were made available online.[75]

On June 14, 1939, Ted Bellak flew his the German-made glider Dove of Peace for 56 miles (90 km) from the newly opened Cherryland Airport to Frankfort, Michigan. He was towed into the air on a 3⁄8-inch-wide (9.5 mm), 200-foot-long (61 m) rope prior to gliding independently.[76] At the time, this was the farthest distance traveled in a glider over a body of water. The trip took one hour and six minutes,[77][78] with 57 minutes spent over Lake Michigan.[79]

In 1941, the Sturgeon Bay Vocation School opened. It is now the Sturgeon Bay campus of Northeast Wisconsin Technical College.

In December 1959, the Bridgebuilder X disappeared after leaving a shipyard in Sturgeon Bay where it had been repaired. Its intended destinations were Northport and South Fox Island. Possible factors included lack of ballast and a sudden development of 11-foot (3.4 m) waves. The body of one of the two crew members was found the following summer.[80][81]

In 2004, the county began a sister cities relationship with Jingdezhen in southeastern China.[82]

To encourage tourism, Ephraim residents passed referendums in 2016 to allow beer and wine to be sold for consumption on premises within the village and to allow beer and single, recorked bottles of opened wine to be sold off-premises.[83][84] Until then, Ephraim had been the state's last dry municipality.[84]

Geography

Aerial view of Sturgeon Bay, Northport, and Plum, Detroit, Washington, and Rock islands

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 2,370 square miles (6,100 km2), of which 482 square miles (1,250 km2) is land and 1,888 square miles (4,890 km2) (80%) is water.[85] It is the largest county in Wisconsin by total area.

In general the shoreline is characterized by the scarp face on the west side. On the east side peat is followed by dunes and beaches of sand or gravel along the lakeshore.[86] During years with receding lake levels, flora along the shore demonstrates plant succession. The middle of the peninsula is mostly flat with some rolling. There are three distinct aquifers and two types of springs present in the county.[87][88]

The county covers the majority of the Door Peninsula. With the completion of the Sturgeon Bay Shipping Canal in 1881,[89] the northern half of the peninsula became an artificial island.[90] This canal is believed to have somehow "caused a wonderful increase in the quantity of fish" in nearby waters[91] and also caused a reduction in the sturgeon population in the bay due to changes in the aquatic habitat.[92] The 45th parallel north bisects the "island," and this is commemorated by Meridian County Park.[93][94]

Features

Escarpment and dolomites

Niagara Escarpment
 
 
 

Dolomite outcroppings of the Niagara Escarpment are visible on both shores of the peninsula, but cliffs along the cuesta ridge are especially prominent on the Green Bay side, including at Bayshore Blufflands. South of Sturgeon Bay the steep side of the escarpment separates into multiple lower ridges without as many larger exposed rock faces.[95] The face of the escarpment varies in appearance. It may consist of a bare rock face of dolomite alone, or as a face with dolomite above and shale underneath. Sometimes the rock layers are covered with glacial till.[96]

Dolomites in the county have been separated by the different patterns marking the rocks. Each pattern is thought to represent a different general marine habitat from their formation. One layer has relatively straight and flat marks in the rocks, and is accompanied by fossils indicating a tidal flat, especially ostracods. The second layer of rocks has ripple marks and wavy patterns. Since the corals and shells in this layer are broken, the layer is inferred to have formed farther down along the reef shelf, where the corals and shells were exposed to the pounding of the waves. The third layer has rocks full of fossil burrows from marine animals. This layer formed in a still-deeper part of the middle reef under mostly calm conditions. Here, calm waters protected an abundant number of burrowing animals. Along with the fossil burrows are corals, brachiopods, and echinoderms. Yet the rocks in the third layer are interspersed with broken and disturbed material, indicating periodic storms. Each of these three layers is divided into smaller and more detailed sublayers.[97]

The bluffs are interrupted by a series of lowlands which stretch along a northwest to southeast direction; Sturgeon Bay and the Portes de Mortes passage are two of these lowlands.[98] Beyond the peninsula's northern tip, the partially submerged ridge forms the Potawatomi Islands, which stretch to the Garden Peninsula in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The largest of these is Washington Island. The islands form the Town of Washington[99] and also the southern part of Fairbanks Township in Delta County, Michigan.[100] The lakebed along the scarp face on the Green Bay side has a sharp bottom gradient, while in many places the lakebed of the Lake Michigan side has a more gentle bottom gradient.[101]

Areas overlooking the scarp face are attractive locations for houses and communications towers, and the stone of the escarpment is quarried.[102] A former stone quarry five miles northeast of Sturgeon Bay is now a county park.[103] Many caves are found in the escarpment.[104][105]

Shores

The county has 298 miles (480 km) of shoreline. In 2012, 268 miles (431 km) of the shoreline along Lake Michigan and Green Bay was surveyed and characterized by type. 42.9 miles (69.0 km) of the shore was made of artificial materials, while the remaining 225.1 miles (362.3 km) was natural. Of the natural shorelines, 167.8 miles (270.0 km) consisted of bedrock and boulders, 39.3 miles (63.2 km) was sandy, 17.4 miles (28.0 km) were covered in smaller stones such as shingles, pebbles, and cobbles, and 0.6 miles (0.97 km) was silty or mucky. Out of the total area surveyed, 101.0 miles (162.5 km) consisted of a flat coast, 88.9 miles (143.1 km) consisted of 2-to-10-foot (1 to 3 m) bluffs, 68.8 miles (110.7 km) consisted of 2-to-10-foot (1 to 3 m) dunes, and 9.3 miles (15.0 km) consisted of high bluffs taller than 10 feet (3 m).[106]

High points

Further information: Door Peninsula § High points
 
View from the top of Old Baldy in August

Eskers are only found in the far southwest corner of the county, but drumlins and small moraines also occur farther up the peninsula.[107] The Door-Leelanau Ridge is an underwater moraine cutting across Lake Michigan between Door and Leelanau counties.[108] A lacustrine terrace is located in Robert LaSalle Park.[109]

The 102-foot-high (31 m) Brussels Hill[110] (44°45′06″N 87°35′27″W / 44.75166°N 87.59093°W / 44.75166; -87.59093 (Brussels Hill), elevation 851 feet [259 m]) is the highest point in the county.[111] The nearby Red Hill Woods is the largest remaining maple–beech forest in the area.[112]

Old Baldy (44°55′13″N 87°12′07″W / 44.920344°N 87.20192°W / 44.920344; -87.20192 (Old Baldy)) is the state's tallest sand dune[113] at 93 feet above the lake level.[114]

Pollution

Main article: Pollution in Door County, Wisconsin

The combination of shallow soils and fractured bedrock makes well water contamination more likely. At any given time, at least one-third of private wells may contain bacteria.[115][116]

Mines, prior landfills, and former orchard sites are considered impaired lands and marked on an electronic county map.[117] A different electronic map shows the locations of private wells polluted with lead, arsenic, and other contaminants down to the section level.[118]

Most air pollution reaching the monitor in Newport State Park comes from outside the county.[119] The stability of air over the Lake Michigan shore along with the lake breezes may increase the concentration of ozone along the shoreline.[120] Additionally, pollution modeling predicts the presence of locally generated air pollution associated with vehicular traffic in the city of Sturgeon Bay.[121]

Soils

Generalized soil and physiography maps[c]
 
Soil Map, from 1910		  
Soils Map, from 1956
 
Physiography, drainage, and geology map, from 1978
Further information: Economy of Door County, Wisconsin § Non-metallic mining and agriculture

The most common USDA soil association in the northern two-thirds of the county is the Summerville[d]-Longrie[e]-Omena.[f][122] These associated soils typically are less than three feet deep. Altogether, thirty-nine percent of the county is mapped as having less than three feet (about a meter) to the dolomite bedrock. Because there is relatively little soil over much of the peninsula and the bedrock is fractured, snowmelt quickly enters the aquifer. This causes seasonal basement flooding in some areas.[123]

Soils in the county are classified as "frigid" because they usually have an average annual temperature of less than 46.4 °F (8.0 °C). The implication of this classification is that county soils are expected to be wetter and have less microbial activity than soils in warmer areas classified as "mesic." County soils are colder than those in inland areas of Wisconsin due to the climate-moderating effects of nearby bodies of water.[124]

Climate

Main article: Climate of Door County, Wisconsin

The county has a humid continental climate (classified as Dfb in Köppen) with warm summers and cold snowy winters. Data from the Peninsular Agricultural Research Station north of the city of Sturgeon Bay gives average monthly temperatures ranging from 68.7 °F (20.4 °C) in the summer down to 18.0 °F (−7.8 °C) in the winter. The moderating effects of nearby bodies of water reduce the likelihood of damaging late spring freezes. Late spring freezes are less likely to occur than in nearby areas, and when they do occur, they tend not to be as severe.[125]

Attractions

 
Road in Shivering Sands wetland complex, January 1

In 1905, Theodore Roosevelt recommended that the Shivering Sands area be protected.[126] Today this area includes Whitefish Dunes, Kellner's Fen, Shivering Sands wetland complex,[127] and Cave Point County Park.[128] Hjalmar Holand, an Ephraim resident,[129] promoted Door County as a tourist destination in the first half of the 20th century. He served on a committee begun in 1927 to protect and promote historical sites,[130] and as a result of this effort the county historical society purchased lands that are now county parks, including Tornado Park, Robert LaSalle Park, Murphy Park, Increase Claflin Park, and the Ridges Sanctuary.[131]

Today, most tourists and summer residents come from the metropolitan areas of Milwaukee, Chicago, Madison, Green Bay, and the Twin Cities,[132] although Illinois residents are the dominant group both in Door County and farther south along the eastern edge of Wisconsin.[133]

Recreational lands

 
View in August from the Potawatomi State Park Observation Tower. The small island is Heaven On Earth Island, formerly Bug Island.[134] On the left is Cabot Point, part of the Idlewild area, and on the right is the northwest shore of Sturgeon Bay featuring the rock cut of the Old Stone Quarry, once the largest in the state.[103] Green Island appears as a very faint line along the horizon.

Lands open to public use

Door County is home to six state parks.[135][136] Four are on the peninsula: Newport State Park, northeast of Ellison Bay; Peninsula State Park, east of Fish Creek; Potawatomi State Park, along Sturgeon Bay; and Whitefish Dunes State Park along Lake Michigan. Two are located on islands: Rock Island State Park and Grand Traverse Island State Park.[g] In addition to the nature centers located inside the state parks, there are three others outside the parks. There are four State Wildlife and Fishery Areas[h] and also State Natural Areas that allow free public access.[139][i] Additionally, Plum Island and the 148.65 acres (60.16 ha) of Detroit Island within the Green Bay National Wildlife Refuge are seasonally open for public recreation.[140]

Besides county,[141] town, and community parks,[142][143] there is a boy scout camp, a Christian camp,[144] and a public site operated by The Archaeological Conservancy.[145][146] A land trust operates 14 privately owned parks open to the public,[147] and 3,277.3 acres (1,326.3 ha) of privately owned lands are open to the public for hunting, fishing, hiking, sight-seeing and cross-country skiing under the Managed Forest Program.[148]

Beaches

Further information: Pollution in Door County, Wisconsin § Beach contamination; and Climate of Door County, Wisconsin § Lake breeze
 
Nicolet Bay at Peninsula State Park, Nicolet Beach in the center. Since this was taken in mid-September, the beach is mostly empty.

Including both the Lake Michigan and Green Bay shores, there are 54 public beaches or boat launches[149] and 39 kayak launch sites,[150] leading to the area's promotion as "the Cape Cod of the Midwest."[151] 35 beaches are routinely monitored for water quality advisories.[152]

Although Door County has fewer sunny days than most counties in Wisconsin and Illinois, it also has less rainfall and lower summer temperatures,[153] making for an optimal beach-going climate.

Waters

Further information: Door Peninsula § Waters

Boating

 
The boat on the left overturned during the 2013 wooden boat competition. The participants are reduced to swimming around the buoy.

In 2012, 8,341 registered boats were kept in the county. Most of the county boating accidents reported in 2012 occurred in Green Bay.[154] A 1989–90 study of recreational boating in Wisconsin found that the county's Green Bay and Lake Michigan waters had a higher frequency of Great Lakes boating than any other county bordering Lake Michigan or Lake Superior. The typical motor used in the county's Green Bay and Lake Michigan waters had a horsepower over 90, while the typical motor used for inland county waters had a horsepower under 50. Overall, boaters perceived county waters as uncrowded and boater satisfaction was average.[155]

An annual race is held for which participants build small plywood boats.[156]

The county's longest river canoe route is on the Ahnapee River from County H south to the county line.[157]

Some itineraries connecting the Great Loop around the eastern U.S. and through the Mississippi include stops in Door County.[158]

A charity holds sailing classes each summer.[159] 1972–1973 surveys of high school juniors and seniors in northeast Wisconsin found that students from Door County were more likely to use sailboats than students from other counties.[160]

Lakes and ponds
For details about the size and public accessibility of county lakes, see List of lakes of Wisconsin § Door County.

Besides Lake Michigan and Green Bay, there are 26 lakes, ponds, or marshes and 37 rivers, creeks, streams, and springs in the county.[161] The two deepest lakes, Mackaysee Lake at 26 feet (8 m) and Krause Lake at 24 feet (7 m) are on Chambers Island.[109] All streams in the county originate within the county;[109] together they have a combined length of 93 miles (150 km), with none more than 15 miles (24 km) long.[162] The five trout streams have a combined length of 14 miles (23 km) suitable for trout fishing.[163]

Wetlands

55,124 acres (22,308 ha) of wetlands cover 18% of the county's land area.[164] 11,400 acres (4,600 ha) of Door Peninsula Coastal Wetlands are listed under the Ramsar Convention as wetlands of international importance.[165] The listing includes three areas previously recognized as "Wetland Gems."[166]

Wetland Access[167]
Baileys Harbor Swamp privately owned, although some parcels at the edge of the swamp on the east of Highway 57 are owned by the DNR as part of Mud Lake State Natural Area[168]
Big Marsh (Gunnerson Marsh) 31.1 acres (12.6 ha) of water; partly within a DNR State Natural Area[169]
Button Marsh privately owned, 81.6 acres (33.0 ha) of Managed Forest Land[170] to the west; 71.6 acres (29.0 ha) to the southeast are owned an entity allowing public access[171]
Coffee Swamp 2.2 acres (0.89 ha) of water; mostly within a DNR State Natural Area[172]
Ephraim Swamp largely owned by an entity allowing free public access,[173] Ephraim Creek which runs through the swamp is a Class II[j] trout stream and is open to the public up to the ordinary high water mark.[174]
Gardner Swamp Gardner Swamp Wildlife Area[175] has three access sites[176] and 160 acres of adjacent Managed Forest Land[177]
Greenwood Swamp privately owned
Larson Swamp privately owned
Little Marsh (Wickman Marsh) 14 acres (5.7 ha) of water; DNR State Natural Area[169]
Kellner's Fen 60 to 80 acres (24 to 32 ha) of water; largely owned by an entity allowing public access[178]
Maplewood Swamp privately owned, but the Ahnapee Trail runs through part of it[179]
May Swamp privately owned
Stony Creek Swamp privately owned, but the Ahnapee Trail runs past the far south end[180]
Voecks Marsh 19.1 acres (7.7 ha) of water; within the Ridges Sanctuary which charges admission[181]

Recognized natural areas

There are 29 state-defined natural areas in the county.[139]

Living plant collections

This section is about cultivated plants. For wild plants and fungi, see Flora of Door County, Wisconsin.

Living plant collections include the orchid project at The Ridges Sanctuary[182] in Baileys Harbor and the U.S. Potato Genebank and a public garden in Sevastopol.[183][184]

Animals

Vertebrate species lists

From 1971 through 1976, 11 species of small mammals were found at Toft Point,[185] the Newport State Park Mammals Checklist has 34 species,[186] and in 1972 44 mammals were listed for the entire county.[187] In 1976, 8 amphibians and 7 reptiles were listed as occurring on the Grand Traverse Islands within Door County.[188] In 1978, 8 non-rodent mammals and three squirrels were listed as occurring on the Grand Traverse Islands.[188] From 1981 through 1995, 7 species of frogs and toads were recorded in the county.[189] In 1992 six amphibians and eight reptiles were found in and around Potawatomi State Park.[190] In 1981, nine species of reptiles and amphibians were listed for Chambers Island,[191] and in the summer of 2019 six bat species were acoustically detected on the island.[192]

 
FWS staff banding a cormorant at night in July on Spider Island in the Wisconsin Islands Wilderness. The island is home to a nesting colony.[193] Banding was done at night so the chicks would be sleeping and less aware.

Unique vertebrates

Tamias striatus doorsiensis, a subspecies of eastern chipmunk, is only found in Door, Kewaunee, Northeastern Brown, and possibly Manitowoc counties.[194] In 1999, the Wisconsin Natural Heritage Inventory listed 24 aquatic and 21 terrestrial animals in Door County as "rare."[195]

Birds

As of 2018, 166 species of birds have been confirmed to live in Door County, excluding birds seen which lack the habitat to nest and must only be passing through.[196] In 2019, 21 bald eagle and three osprey nests were found to be occupied in the county.[197] In 2013 figures, bald eagles occupied 12 nests and ospreys occupied seven nests.[198]

In 2008 during the spring migration, 13 species of raptors, 19 species of landbirds, and 9 species of waterfowl were seen crossing between the Door and Garden peninsulas.[199] Reverse migration is occasionally observed in the county. When birds traveling north reach the tip of the peninsula and the islands beyond, the long stretches of water sometimes unnerves them. Instead of crossing over to the Garden Peninsula, they turn around and fly back down the peninsula.[200]

During the 20th century, thousands of herring gulls were banded on Hat Island[201] to determine their migratory patterns.[202] Banded birds were found as far north as Hudson Bay and as far south as Central America.[134]

Brood parasitism by red-breasted mergansers has been observed on Gravel and Spider islands and on another island known informally as "The Reef." They laid eggs into the nests of mallards, gadwalls, and lesser scaups.[203]

Rare bees

The sweat bee Lasioglossum sagax was collected on Ridges Road in 2006. Aside from a single collection from Manitowoc County in 2005, it had previously been found only in Colorado.[204]

The kleptoparasitic bee Stelis labiata is considered very rare.[205] It was collected at Toft point in 2006. This was only the second time the species had been found in Wisconsin; the earlier collection's county of origin is unknown.[206]

Horseshoe Bay Cave invertebrates

In 2014 an invertebrate survey of Horseshoe Bay Cave found an apparently groundwater-dwelling amphipod of the genus Crangonyx. Groundwater-dwelling Crangonyx species had never been documented in Wisconsin before.[207] A springtail of the genus Pygmarrhopalites (a genus name synonymous with Arrhopalites) was "found on the surface of drip pools." It appeared to be adapted to cave life and the study concluded that it "could represent an undescribed cave species."[208]

Toft Point invertebrates

In 2004, an invertebrate species list for Toft Point was published listing five isopods, four millipedes, six daddy longlegs, and 113 spiders. Of these, two of the millipedes and 14 of the spiders had never been documented in Wisconsin before.[209]

Spiders

The climate may allow for the better survival of the northern black widow spider.[210]

Additionally, the county is home to the fishing spider Dolomedes tenebrosus, which can grow to about three inches (76 mm), half the size of a tarantula.[211]

Other invertebrates

Kangaroo Lake State Natural Area has the largest breeding population of the endangered Hine's Emerald Dragonfly in the world.[212] Motor vehicles kill an estimated 3,300 of them in the county each year.[213] In 2019, it was reported that out of 14 Hine's Emerald Dragonflies taken from nine locations within the county, all had the same haplotype, indicating a lower degree of genetic diversity. The dragonflies had been caught in the 1990s for other research.[214]

The Lake Huron locust lives on dunes in the county and is not found anywhere else in the state.[215]

From 1996 to 2001, researchers identified 69 species of snails in the county, including rare species.[216][157]

Research on apple maggots infesting cherries in Door County contributed to the study of sympatric speciation in the 1970s.[217]

In the 20th century, seven fish parasites were found in Hibbards Creek and 13 in Sturgeon Bay.[218]

During an experiment an estimated several thousand Mayflies hatched in Sawyer Harbor in 2016. They had previously been extirpated.[219]

From April to September 2016, 43 species of insects were found to pollinate 26 species of plants near the Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal.[220]

Bryozoans have been noticed clinging to piers.[221]

By season

Springtime

 
Sucker run in Fish Creek

Maple syrup production[222] was 983 gallons in 2017 from seven operations. This was similar to figures from 2012, but down from 2007 when 15 operations produced 2,365 gallons.[223]

The sucker run, which was a popular fishing event in the 19th century,[224] occurs in March and April.[225] Suckers may be taken by frame dip nets,[226] and the sucker run is also sought out as viewing opportunity.[227] Another permitted method of fishing for suckers is by speargun. In April 2018, the state speargun record for longnose sucker was taken by out of Door County waters on the Lake Michigan side. It weighed 3 pounds 9.9 ounces (1.64 kg) and was 21.25 inches (540 mm) long.[228] In April 2020, the all-methods state record for longnose sucker was caught out of Shivering Sands Creek. It weighed 3 pounds 9.1 ounces (1.62 kg) and was 22.25 inches (565 mm) long.[228]

Another attraction is mushroom hunting on public land.[229][230] Additionally, as of 2017 there are two commercial mushroom operations.[231]

Summer

 
Cherry tree, August

In 2017, there were ten operations growing 14 acres (5.7 ha) of strawberries.[232]

In 2017, there were eight operations harvesting five acres (2.0 ha) of fresh cut herbs, up from four acres (1.6 ha) in 2012.[233] Two of these operations grow lavender on Washington Island.[234][235]

In Baileys Harbor, religious tourism includes the Blessing of the Fleet.[236]

Door County has a history of strawberry,[237] apple, cherry, and plum growing that dates back to the 19th century.[238][56] Farmers were encouraged to grow fruit on the basis of the relatively mild climate on the peninsula. This is due to the moderating effects of the lake and bay on nearby land temperatures. U-pick orchards and fruit stands can be found along country roads when in season, and there are two cherry processors.[239]

However, the cherry and apple businesses have declined[240] since peaking in 1941[241] and 1964[56][242] respectively due to concerns about pesticides,[243] lack of migrant labor and a difficulty in finding local help, the closure of processing plants, unpredictable harvests, the introduction of Drosophila suzukii, land-use competition with tourism and residential development, better growing conditions to the east in the fruit belt, such as the nearby Traverse City area,[244][56] and intentional destruction of a portion of the crop ordered by the processor in order to drive up prices.[245] In 2017, there were only 1,945 acres (787 ha) of tart cherry orchards, down from 2012 when there were 2,429 acres (983 ha).[246]

Lightning bugs become common by the end of June.[247]

Fall

 
Apple orchard, October

Additionally, there were 400 acres (160 ha) of apple orchards in 2017, down from 468 acres (189 ha) in 2012.[248] In 2017, there were 12 acres (4.9 ha) of pear orchards, spread among 11 operations.[249] In 2017, there was only one acre (0.40 ha) of plum orchards, spread among four operations.[250] In 2007, there were two acres (0.81 ha) of apricot orchards, spread among six operations.[251] Research on the development of cold-hardy peaches has continued since the 1980s.[252] In 2012, there were two acres of peach orchards, spread among seven operations.[253]

In 2017, there were 40 acres (16 ha) of vineyards, down from 78 acres (32 ha) in 2012.[254] The county was recognized as part of a larger federally designated wine grape-growing region in 2012.[255]

In 2021, a county total of 3,940 deer were killed as a total of all deer hunting seasons, up from the total harvest of 4,166 deer in 2020.[256] In 2020, the county had the 6th highest deer density in the state with 56 deer per square mile of habitat.[257]

Another autumn activity is leaf peeping.[258]

Skiing and skating at Sturgeon Bay High School
 
 
 
 

Winter

Winter attractions include ice fishing, sledding,[k] cross-country skiing,[263] camping,[264] broomball,[265] pond hockey,[266] snowmobiling,[267] watching lake freighters in Sturgeon Bay,[268] and Christmas tree farms.[269][270] In 2017, 860 Christmas trees were cut, down from 1,929 in 2012.[271] The county has a white Christmas nearly 60% of the time.[272]

Culture

Lighthouses and historical sites

Further information: National Register of Historic Places listings in Door County, Wisconsin

Including both Lake Michigan and Green Bay shorelines, there are 50 total lights and lighthouses, besides lighted buoys.[273] Out of these, there are 10 historically significant lighthouse structures and sets of lights still serving as navigational lights. Most of them were built during the 19th century and are listed in the National Register of Historic Places: Baileys Harbor Range Lights, Cana Island Lighthouse,[274] Chambers Island Lighthouse, Eagle Bluff Lighthouse, Pilot Island Lighthouse, Plum Island Range Lights,[275] Pottawatomie Lighthouse, and Sturgeon Bay Canal Lighthouse. Other functioning historic lighthouses in the county include the Sherwood Point Lighthouse and the Sturgeon Bay Canal North Pierhead Light.[276] The Boyer Bluff Light is mounted on an 80-foot skeletal tower.[277] In addition, the Baileys Harbor Light is a non-functioning 19th century lighthouse.[276]

Thirteen historical sites are marked in the state maritime trail for the area[278] in addition to nine roadside historical markers.[279] In Sturgeon Bay, the tugboat John Purves is operated as a museum ship. Including lighthouses, the county has 72 properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places. There are 214 known confirmed and unconfirmed shipwrecks listed for the county,[280] including the SS Australasia, Christina Nilsson, Fleetwing, SS Frank O'Connor, Grape Shot, Green Bay, Hanover, Iris, SS Joys, SS Lakeland, Meridian, Ocean Wave, and Success. The SS Louisiana sank during the Great Lakes Storm of 1913.[281] Some shipwrecks are used for wreck diving.[282]

Buildings made from cordwood construction survive in the county, especially in the Bailey's Harbor area. Some, such as the Blacksmith Inn, are covered with clapboards on the outside.[283][284] It has been speculated that the use of stovewood in the county was associated with German immigrants and was also due to the lack of manpower needed to haul heavy logs.[285]

Food

Some foods of Door County
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Agritourism and culinary tourism supports food production.[286] Cooking classes are offered to tourists.[287]

Distinctive foods in the area include:

Scandinavian heritage

 
Chancel and altarpiece inside the stave church on Washington Island.

Scandinavian heritage-related attractions include The Clearing Folk School, two stave churches,[314] structures in Rock Island State Park furnished with rune-inscribed furniture,[315] and Al Johnson's Swedish Restaurant, which features goats on its grassy roof. In Ephraim, the Village Hall, the Moravian and Lutheran churches, and the Peter Peterson House are listed in the National Register of Historic Places, as is the L. A. Larson & Co. Store building in Sturgeon Bay. Although fish boils have been attributed to Scandinavian tradition,[316] several ethnicities present on the peninsula have traditions of boiling fish. The method common in the county is similar to that of Native Americans.[317][n]

Industry

In Sturgeon Bay, industrial tourism includes tours of the Bay Shipbuilding Company,[318] CenterPointe Yacht Services[319][320] and other manufacturers.[321] In particular, Bay Ship owns a blue gantry crane that dominates the skyline.[322] A cheese factory in Clay Banks conducts public tours.[323]

Arts

Tourism supports an arts community, including weavers,[324] painters,[325] decorative artists,[326] blacksmiths,[327] actors,[o] songwriters,[328] musicians,[329] and hymn-singers.[330]

A quilt trail along roadside barns was organized in 2010.[331]

The interesting landscape makes it an attractive target for photography. Several photographs have been used for commemorative stamps. A Town of Sturgeon Bay farm was featured on a stamp commemorating the Wisconsin Sesquicentennial in 2004,[332] and a cherry orchard near Brussels was featured on 2012 Earthscapes series stamp.

Sports

Door County Fairgrounds
 
 
 
 

Sports tourism includes an underwater hockey team,[333] a motor racetrack in Sturgeon Bay,[334] and a semi-pro football team in Baileys Harbor.[335]

A county-wide men's baseball league has eight teams.[336]

High school sports teams play in the Packerland Conference, except for girls' swimming and golf, which compete in the Bay Conference.

In 2014, Door County ranked 264th out of all 3,141 U.S. counties by number of golf courses and country clubs. The county has nine courses, tying with 42 other counties. Door County had the 87th highest number of courses per resident of all U.S. counties.[337]

Motorcycling

In 2020, 3,545 motorcycles were registered in the county, up from 1,806 in 2008.[338] A motorcycle club hosts a regional burning man event[339] involving a large wooden cow and maintains the adjacent Wisconsin Motorcycle Memorial.[340]

Flying

In 2021, 49 aircraft were registered in the county,[341] up from 46 aircraft in 2019.[342] During the EAA AirVenture Oshkosh, a fish boil is held as a $100 hamburger event at the Washington Island Airport to entice AirVenture conventiongoers to land on the island.[343]

Radio stations

Economy

Main article: Economy of Door County, Wisconsin

Door County's economy is considered a "forestry-related tourism"-based economy.[344] In 2020, the total gross domestic product (GDP) of the county was $1.39 billion, with the $274 million manufacturing industry overtaking real estate and rental and leasing that year to become the leading industry in the county at 19.7% of the overall GDP.[345]

Transportation

Land

According to the Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WisDOT), in 2021 Door County had 1,270 miles (2,040 km) of roadways.[346] In county figures for 2007 there were 1,455 named roads in the county.[347] In 2013 there were 588 lane miles (946 lane km)[p] of county trunk highways, 1,743 lanemiles (2,805 lanekm) of local roads, and 268 lanemiles (431 lanekm) of state highways.[349] In WisDOT figures for 2018, there were 102 miles (164 km) of state highways, 296 miles (476 km) of county highways, and 872 miles (1,403 km) of local roads.[346]

Altogether, the county's roadways account for 1.10% of Wisconsin's 115,751 miles of public roadway.[346][350] The county's roadways saw 501 million miles of vehicle travel in 2019, which was 0.43% of the 115.7 billion miles driven statewide that year.[351][350] The highest volumes of traffic in the county occur on WIS 42/WIS 57 from the junction of the separated highways in Nasewaupee to the bridge over the bay.[352] From 2014 through 2017, fatalities and serious injuries especially occurred on the western side of the peninsula between the bay of Sturgeon Bay and Egg Harbor.[352] From 2018 through 2020, crashes involving injuries or fatalities peaked in the month of July, on Saturdays, and between 3:00 PM and 4:00 PM.[351]

 
WIS 57 in March (here concurrent with the Door County National Scenic Byway)
 
WIS 42 near Gills Rock in October

The combined WIS 42/WIS 57 separates again at a junction in Sevastapol. Following this separation, WIS 42 continues along the western side of the peninsula and sees more traffic than WIS 57,[352] which continues along the eastern side. The two highways combine again at a junction in Liberty Grove.

There are five rustic roads in the county.[355] In addition to state-recognized rustic roads, Liberty Grove manages a heritage roads program. As of 2019 there were 12 heritage roads in the town.[356]

There are 230.8 miles (371.4 km)[357] of snowmobile trails,[358][359] which are opened as trails are groomed.[360]

Non-motorized

  • The Ahnapee State Trail connects Sturgeon Bay to Kewaunee, winter snowmobile access is dependent on weather and trail grooming.[361] Although the Ice Age Trail coincides with most of the Ahnapee State Trail, the Ice Age Trail forks away in the City of Sturgeon Bay and reaches its northern terminus at Potawatomi State Park.[362] Mountain bike trails are located in three of the state parks.[363][364]
  • WIS 42 and WIS 57 are part of the Lake Michigan Circle Tour.[365]
  • Egg Harbor operates a free public bicycle-sharing system, limited to daylight hours within the village during the tourist season.[366]

Bridges across Sturgeon Bay

  • Sturgeon Bay Bridge, (also called Michigan Street Bridge), truss structure, Scherzer-type, double-leaf, rolling-lift bascule with overhead counter-weights[367]
  • Oregon Street Bridge (reinforced concrete slab, rolling lift bascule girder with mechanical driven center locks)[368]
  • Bayview Bridge (monolithic concrete placed on structural deck with steel girder superstructure, open grating on deck, bascule)[369]

Ground transportation

A daily private shuttle service operates between Green Bay–Austin Straubel International Airport and Sturgeon Bay.[370] The nearest intercity bus stop with regular service is in Green Bay.[371] There are multiple private and public ground transportation services within the county, but none with regularly scheduled stops for the general public.[372][373]

Air

There are eleven airports in the county, including private or semi-public airports.

 
Ferry Robert Noble[r] serving Washington Island and Northport

Water

Ferries

  • Washington Island is served by two ferry routes operating between the Door Peninsula and Detroit Harbor. One route is a 30-minute ride on a freight, automobile, and passenger ferry that departs from the Northport Pier at the northern terminus of WIS 42. This ferry makes approximately 225,000 trips per year.[370] Another route is a 20- minute ride on a passenger-only ferry which departs from the unincorporated community of Gills Rock.[384]
  • Rock Island State Park is reachable by the passenger ferry Karfi from Washington Island.[385] During winter Rock Island is potentially accessible via snowmobile and foot traffic.
  • Although Chambers Island has no regularly scheduled ferry, there are boat operators which transport people to the island on call from Fish Creek.

Boat ramps and marinas

Population and its health

Population structures,
1930–2010
 
 
 
 

Demographics

2020 census

As of the census of 2020,[389] the population was 30,066. The population density was 62.4 inhabitants per square mile (24.1/km2). There were 23,738 housing units at an average density of 49.3 per square mile (19.0/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 92.3% White, 0.5% Black or African American, 0.5% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 1.6% from other races, and 4.6% from two or more races. Ethnically, the population was 3.8% Hispanic or Latino of any race.

2000 Census

As of the 2000 census,[390] there were 27,961 people, 11,828 households, and 7,995 families residing in the county. The population density was 58 people per square mile (22/km2).[391] There were 19,587 housing units at an average density of 41 per square mile (16/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 97.84% White, 0.19% Black or African American, 0.65% Native American, 0.29% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.33% from other races, and 0.69% from two or more races. 0.95% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 39.4% were of German and 10.3% Belgian ancestry. A small pocket of Walloon speakers forms the only Walloon-language region outside of Wallonia and its immediate neighbors.[392][393]

Out of a total of 11,828 households, 58.10% were married couples living together, 6.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.40% were non-families. 28.10% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.84.[394]

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18602,948—
18704,91966.9%
188011,645136.7%
189015,08229.5%
190017,58316.6%
191018,7116.4%
192019,0731.9%
193018,182−4.7%
194019,0955.0%
195020,8709.3%
196020,685−0.9%
197020,106−2.8%
198025,02924.5%
199025,6902.6%
200027,9618.8%
201027,785−0.6%
202030,0668.2%
U.S. Decennial Census[395]
1790–1960[396] 1900–1990[397]
1990–2000[398] 2010[399] 2020[2]

For every 100 females there were 97.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.50 males. 22.10% of the population was under the age of 18,[401] a decrease from 25.9% being under the age of 18 in the 1990 census.[402]) Additionally, 6.10% were aged from 18 to 24, 25.40% from 25 to 44, and 27.70% from 45 to 64.[401]

Births, deaths, and migration

In 2020, there were 192 births, giving a general fertility rate of 51.1 births per 1000 women aged 15–44, the 15th lowest rate out of 72 Wisconsin counties.[403]

Between April 2010 and January 2021, there were an estimated 2,257 births and 3,606 deaths in the county. Although the greater number of deaths served to decrease the population by an estimated 1,349 people, this was more than offset by a net gain of 2,654 people who moved in from outside the county. Altogether, the population increased by an estimated 1,305 persons during this period.[404] Based on 5-year ACS estimates, Door County is thought to have had a net loss of residents to other counties from 2009 to 2015 and also in 2018, but a net gain from other counties in 2016-2017 and 2019.[405]

Most elderly and youthful communities

From ACS data from 2014 to 2018, the most elderly community in the county was the village of Ephraim with a median age of 65.4, the seventh most elderly out of all 1965 cities, towns, and villages having available data. Following Ephraim was Egg Harbor with a median age of 64.0, the 14th most elderly in the state, Sister Bay with a median age of 63.4, tied with Sherman in Iron County as the 18th most elderly, Washington Island with a median age of 62.9, tied with Union in Burnett County as the 22nd most elderly, Liberty Grove with a median age of 62.4, tied with Lakewood in Oconto County as the 26th most elderly, Egg Harbor with a median age of 59.8, tied with three other towns as the 55th most elderly, Gibraltar with a median age of 59.4, tied with the town of Raddison in Sawyer county as the 64th most elderly, and Bailey's Harbor with a median age of 58.5, tied with Big Bend in Rusk County as the 83rd most elderly.

The youngest community in Door County was the village of Forestville with a median age of 39.0. It tied with 12 other communities as the 429th youngest community in the state. Following the village of Forestville was the city of Sturgeon Bay with a median age of 42.8, tied with 9 other communities as the 742nd youngest in the state, Brussels with a median age of 46.9, tied with 8 other communities as the 1163rd youngest in the state, the town of Forestville with a median age of 47.4, tied with 9 other communities as the 1222nd youngest in the state, and Gardner with a median age of 49.4, tied with 15 other communities as the 1434th youngest in the state.[406]

Based on ACS data from 2013 to 2017, the county had a median age of 52.4 years old, tied with Florence as the fifth most elderly of all Wisconsin counties.[407] This was an increase from the 2000 census, which reported a county median age of 43 years.[401] In the 2000 census, 18.70% of the county population was 65 years of age or older.[401] By 2015, the percentage of elderly climbed, with 25.8% of the population being 65 or older, the third highest in the state.[408]

From 2013 to 2017, 36.8% of the 9,358 households in the county included children, based on the ACS 5-year estimate, compared to 44.2% for Wisconsin in 2017, based on the ACS one-year estimate.[409]

 
The Jacksonport site of Stella Maris Catholic Parish, a six-point parish in the northern part of the county.[410]

Religious statistics

In 2010 statistics, the largest religious group in Door County was the Catholics, with 9,325 adherents worshipping at six parishes, followed by 2,982 ELCA Lutherans with seven congregations, 2,646 WELS Lutherans with seven congregations, 872 Moravians with three congregations, 834 United Methodists with four congregations, 533 non-denominational Christians with six congregations, 503 LCMS Lutherans with two congregations, 283 LCMC Lutherans with one congregation, 270 Converge Baptists with three congregations, 213 Episcopalians with one congregation, 207 UCC Christians with one congregation, and 593 other adherents. Altogether, 69.3% of the population was counted as adherents of a religious congregation.[411]

In 2014, Door County had the 719th-most religious organizations per resident out of all 3,141 U.S. counties, with 34 religious organizations in the county.[337]

Marriages

Five-year ACS data from 2012 to 2016 show that an estimated 24.6% of women aged 45–54 in the county had never been married, the 69th highest percentage of never-married women in this age bracket out of 3,130 U.S. counties reporting data. The ACS estimate also found that 75.9% of women aged 35–44 were married, the 389th highest number of married women in this age bracket out of 3,136 counties reporting data. 13.4% of births were to unmarried women; the county was tied with three other counties in having the 180th lowest percentage of births to unmarried women out of 3,021 counties reporting data.[412]

In 2017, the county had the 25th-most marriages and 44th-most divorces out of all Wisconsin counties. September had the most marriages, with 68.[413] In 2016 the county was the 45th-most populous in the state.[414]

Public health

In most measures of public health for 2019, the county has figures as healthy as or healthier than those of the entire state.[415] In 2017–2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System figures, adults in Door County have the highest incidence of arthritis, high blood pressure, cancer, high cholesterol, kidney disease, heart disease, and stroke when compared to adults in Wisconsin counties to the south along the Lake Michigan shore. Among the same counties, Door County has the second lowest incidence of asthma and the loss of all teeth, while chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and diabetes rates are the second highest. When compared to counties directly to the north in the Upper Peninsula, health outcomes in Door County tend to be about the same or better, with mixed results when comparing Door County with Wisconsin counties directly to the west across Green Bay.[416] According to calculations based on 2010–2014 data, children born in Door County have a life expectancy of 80.9 years, the ninth highest of Wisconsin's 72 counties.[417] From 2000 to 2010, the county's premature death rate for people under 75 fell 35.0%, the second-greatest reduction in Wisconsin.[418]

Much of the county is thought to be far enough away from a maternity ward to cause some babies to be born outside of a maternity ward unintentionally, and the very northern part of the peninsula and Washington Island together account for one of only three populated areas in the state which are at least 30 miles away from a maternity ward.[419]

In December 2018, Door County residents aged 18–64 were less likely to be receiving government payments for disability than the averages for Wisconsin and the United States as a whole.[420] Five-year ACS estimates for 2012–2016 found that Door County tied with 24 other counties in having the 573rd lowest percentage of disabled residents under 65 out of all 3,145 U.S. counties. 9.3% were disabled.[412]

According to 2015-2019 ACS estimates, 8.66% of Door County's population are veterans. 20.36% of the county's veterans have a disability, compared to 9.07% for the county as a whole.[421] In 2019 there were 422 veterans in the county receiving compensation for a service-connected disability. 64 were aged 17–44, 84 were aged 45–64, and 274 were 65 or older. 391 were male and 31 were female. Disability ratings varied with 146 rating up to 20% disabled, 68 rating from 20%–60%, 84 rating from 70%–90% disabled, and 59 who were rated as 100% disabled.[422]

From 2009 to 2013 the county had the highest skin cancer rate in the state.[423]

Minors receiving county-managed
psychiatric medication, 2014–2021[424]

2020 drug charges by type of drug[425]

  Marijuana, 30 charges
  Methamphetamine, 22 charges
  Cocaine, 2 charges
  Heroin, 1 charge
  Schedule I–IV drugs, 1 charge

A CDC survey of people reporting frequent mental distress (14–30 mentally unhealthy days in the last 30 days, data aggregated over 2003–2009) found that people in Door County were more likely to be distressed than those in most Wisconsin counties, but less likely to be distressed than those in the heavily urbanized southeast portion of the state.[426] In 2018 figures for Medicare recipients, the county had the second-lowest prevalence of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders in the state at 1.03%, although data was only available for 71 of Wisconsin's 72 counties. Nationally the county had the 87th lowest prevalence of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. The county also ranked 51st lowest in the state for depression at 16.13% of Medicare recipients.[427]

With a rate of 9.53 county-medicated children per 1000 children, Door County had the fourth highest rate in the state out of all 27 counties and multi-county social services agencies reporting statistics on the psychiatric medication of minors in 2019. Out of the 51 medicated minors in 2021, 27 were female and 24 were male, 39 were white, 9 were of an unknown race, and 3 belonged to another race or was multiracial. Out of all races, 7 were ethnically Hispanic/Latino[428]

In 2019, the county Behavioral Health Unit had 185 clients, up from 142 in 2018.[429]

In 2017–2019 figures, 15.0% of the county's adult population smoked, the fourth lowest in the state and 275th lowest nationally.[430]

In 2017, three people died from drug abuse, up from two in 2016.[431]

In 2021 figures from a national health statistics program, Door County ranked 27th highest out of all counties nationally for adults either binge drinking or drinking heavy amounts of alcohol. 27.5% of adults surveyed in the county reported either binge or heavy drinking within the last thirty days, with an error margin between 26%–29%.[432]

In 2018, Door County ranked 88th nationally for the lowest percentage of Medicare recipients who abused drugs or substances. It also had state's lowest prevalence of drug and substance abuse with 1.17% of Medicare recipients abusing drugs or substances. It also had the second lowest prevalence of alcohol abuse among Medicare recipients out of all Wisconsin counties. 1.36% of the 6,403 Medicare recipients in the county were known to abuse alcohol, which was less than the national average of 2.08%. It also ranked the lowest in the state for chronic kidney disease at 17.68% of Medicare recipients.[427] In 2018, 3.65% of all Medicare Part D prescriptions were for opioids, less than the state average of 4.67% and the national average of 4.68%. 4,376 Medicare claims in the county were for opioids and involved 66 different prescribers. Of the 4,376 claims, 624 of them (14.26%) involved long-acting opioids, which contain more drug, have a larger potential for misuse and addiction, and are of significant concern in the opioid epidemic in the United States. Although 14.26% was less than the state average of 14.47%, it was greater than the national average of 11.79%. Both the overall Medicare Part D opioid prescription rate and the rate for long-acting opioids decreased between 2013 and 2018.[433] In 2020, 15 deaths from opioid related overdoses were reported in the county.[434]

The prevalence of arthritis in the county was the highest in the state at 38.03% of Medicare recipients, respectively. Nationally, Door County ranked 92nd highest for the most cancer among Medicare recipients, and it was also the top ranking county in the state with 9.98% of Medicare recipients having cancer.[427] Out of all Wisconsin counties and for all ages, Door County had the ninth lowest age-adjusted death rate for cancer in 2015–2019 figures.[435]

COVID-19

On March 25, 2020, non-essential businesses were closed under the statewide Safer at Home order,[436] with the first case in the county reported on March 30.[437] After a ruling from the Wisconsin Supreme Court struck down the statewide order, the county board extended the quarantine until May 19, 2020.[438] Some businesses were impacted by the coronavirus-related suspension of the J-1 visa program; no foreign students received visas to work in Door County in 2020.[439] Meal sites for the elderly remained closed and did not reopen until June 7, 2021.[440] Additionally, the county Adult Protective Services experienced a 70.7% drop in referrals in 2020 with only 115 new referrals submitted.[441] This was due to elderly not leaving their homes as often and not having contact with people who typically file allegations with the Adult Protective Services.[442] Previously the volume of allegations of self-neglect, abuse, and financial exploitation[s] had increased from 61 referrals in 2007 to 392 referrals in 2019.[444] Reports of child abuse and neglect decreased from 433 in 2019 to 396 in 2020;[445] this was due to children not seeing teachers, medical professionals, or other mandated reporters.[442] In 2021, both counts increased, with 121 APS referrals[446] and 517 CPS reports for the year.[445] Coronavirus statistics are updated weekly by the Door County Public Health Office,[447] and vaccination figures are published by the Wisconsin Department of Health Services[448] and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.[449]

Crime

In 2020, there were 208 felony cases prosecuted by the county,[357] up from 195 cases in 2019 and 171 in 2018. No trials were held concerning any of the felony cases in 2020.[357] In 2019, 3 cases went to trial, down from 6 in 2018.[429]

The county has been a focus of sex-trafficking enforcement efforts.[450] From 2015 to 2020 there were no reports of sex-trafficking in the county.[451]

In 2014, the voluntary intoxication defense in Wisconsin was repealed due to outcry following its use during a trial in Door County. Initially the trial ended with a hung jury but a retrial resulted in a conviction.[452][453]

Communities

 
Towns in 1915; the borders remain the same today except for annexations by the City of Sturgeon Bay and the four villages.

Incorporated communities

City

Villages

Towns

Unincorporated communities

Census-designated places

Former communities

Absorbed into Sturgeon Bay

Sites used as parks

Adjacent counties

Further information: Green Bay metropolitan area
For a history of county borders, see Door Peninsula § County border adjustments.

By land

In Green Bay

Along the Rock Island Passage

In Lake Michigan

Notable people

Politics

From May through August 2019, a randomized study asked 313 beachgoers visiting 27 Door County beaches and 85 beachgoers visiting three beaches in Algoma, Kewaunee, and Manitowoc which political party they belonged to. Out of the total 398 people surveyed, 38.4% were Democratic, 26% Republican, 19.6% Independent, 1% Green, 1% Libertarian, 2.2% Other, and 11.8% gave no response.[467]

The county has voted more moderately Republican than nearby Brown, Kewaunee and Manitowoc Counties ever since 1940, only voting for a Democrat in 1964 and 1996. In addition, the county voted for the winning candidate in every presidential election since 1996. President Clinton was the last candidate to win the state without carrying Door County in the 1992 presidential election. Up until the 2022 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Door County had voted Republican since the 2010 gubernatorial election, although this did not have any significant effect on the results.

United States presidential election results for Door County, Wisconsin[468]
Year Republican Democratic Third party
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2020 9,752 48.48% 10,044 49.93% 321 1.60%
2016 8,580 48.77% 8,014 45.55% 998 5.67%
2012 8,121 45.96% 9,357 52.95% 193 1.09%
2008 7,112 40.68% 10,142 58.02% 227 1.30%
2004 8,910 50.94% 8,367 47.84% 214 1.22%
2000 7,810 51.31% 6,560 43.10% 850 5.58%
1996 4,948 40.39% 5,590 45.63% 1,713 13.98%
1992 5,468 39.69% 4,735 34.37% 3,574 25.94%
1988 6,907 55.60% 5,425 43.67% 90 0.72%
1984 8,264 67.35% 3,916 31.91% 91 0.74%
1980 7,170 55.23% 4,961 38.21% 851 6.56%
1976 6,557 57.43% 4,553 39.88% 307 2.69%
1972 6,503 64.25% 3,430 33.89% 188 1.86%
1968 5,647 63.34% 2,728 30.60% 541 6.07%
1964 4,289 49.22% 4,416 50.68% 9 0.10%
1960 5,790 61.50% 3,610 38.35% 14 0.15%
1956 6,722 77.96% 1,859 21.56% 41 0.48%
1952 7,621 80.82% 1,790 18.98% 19 0.20%
1948 4,911 65.84% 2,440 32.71% 108 1.45%
1944 5,668 68.25% 2,599 31.29% 38 0.46%
1940 5,461 66.11% 2,750 33.29% 49 0.59%
1936 3,146 41.05% 3,952 51.57% 566 7.39%
1932 2,488 36.95% 4,149 61.61% 97 1.44%
1928 3,636 59.28% 2,456 40.04% 42 0.68%
1924 1,891 38.56% 235 4.79% 2,778 56.65%
1920 3,817 88.34% 385 8.91% 119 2.75%
1916 1,656 56.25% 1,204 40.90% 84 2.85%
1912 1,167 41.15% 769 27.12% 900 31.73%
1908 2,463 73.88% 778 23.34% 93 2.79%
1904 2,689 80.51% 515 15.42% 136 4.07%
1900 2,362 76.29% 674 21.77% 60 1.94%
1896 2,402 71.30% 895 26.57% 72 2.14%
1892 1,596 58.18% 1,007 36.71% 140 5.10%

Gallery

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ See the 1899 rail map.
  2. ^ In 1914 the Door County News reported about the variety and quality of fruit at the county fair and editorialized, "No wonder they call Door county the California of the North for surely little Door is one of the keenest rivals that the state of California will ever have...Of all the names that have been applied to Door county this exhibit would pick or force most of us to say that Door county is The Garden of Eden of the United States."[54] In the early 1900s, "California of the North" was the title of a poem by Jens Jacobsen.[55]
  3. ^ For detailed soil maps showing specific areas, see the Web Soil Survey, Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture
  4. ^ Summerville soil series information, also see inceptisol as Summerville soils are inceptisols.
  5. ^ Longrie soil series information, also see spodosol, as Longrie soils are spodosols.
  6. ^ Omena soil series information, also see alfisol, as Omena soils are alfisols.
  7. ^ Grand Traverse Island State Park was founded in 1970 and protects sightly more than 5 acres (2.0 ha) of land on Detroit Island.[137] It consists of five discontiguous parcels[138] and there is no ferry access; this undeveloped state park is ordinarily omitted from state park listings.
  8. ^ Gardner Swamp Wildlife Area, Mud Lake Wildlife Area, Reibolts Creek Public Access, and Schuyler Creek State Fishery Area
  9. ^ Access to SNAs depends on ownership, but most are free and open to the public. Complex ownership complicates a straightforward listing of the parks, as besides the land trust, the Nature Conservancy manages five preserves in the county.
  10. ^ See Trout stream classifications, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
  11. ^ There are two public sledding hills in Sturgeon Bay,[259] one in Sister Bay,[260] one in Peninsula State Park,[261] and a small sledding hill in Potawatomi State Park.[262]
  12. ^ See Skorpa for fika by Bonnie Sparrman in Pietisten 12(2), Fall/Winter 2017
  13. ^ As a food preparation ritual, fish boils in the county have been compared to the Lūʻau parties of Hawaii, the barbecues of the South, and the clambakes of the Northeast.[45]
  14. ^ For a description of Belgian acculturation towards Native Americans, see The Walloon Immigrants Of Northeast Wisconsin An Examination Of Ethnic Retention by Jacqueline Tinkler, MA Thesis, UT-Arlington, May 2013, pp. 26–27 (pp. 33–34 of the pdf)
  15. ^ See Peninsula Players and Northern Sky Theater
  16. ^ Lane miles are the number of miles of road multiplied by the number of lanes; in Wisconsin lane mile figures each lane is a 12-foot (3.7 m) width of road.[348]
  17. ^ The other five private airports:
    • Forscoro Airport, Forestville
    • Hill Road Airport, Sister Bay[379]
    • Mick Schier Field Airport, Namur[380]
    • Mave's Lakeview Road Airport, Ellison Bay[381]
    • Sunny Slope Runway Airport, Egg Harbor[382]
  18. ^ This ferry is named after Robert Noble, who was a shipwreck survivor and 19th century ferry operator across Sturgeon Bay.[383]
  19. ^ In 2019, 85.6% of referrals alleging the abuse and neglect of adults or elderly involved self-neglect and 5.4% were for financial exploitation. The remaining 8.0% of referrals alleged other crimes, such as neglect, emotional abuse, physical abuse, and sexual abuse.[443]

References

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  2. ^ a b "2020 Population and Housing State Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  3. ^ . National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
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  6. ^ Kohl, Cris; Forsberg, Joan. Shipwrecks at Death's Door. p. 10.
  7. ^ Eaton, Conan Bryant (1980). Death's Door: The Pursuit of a Legend (Revised ed.). Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin: Bayprint. p. 22.
  8. ^ Holand, Hjalmar (1917). History of Door County Wisconsin, The County Beautiful. Chicago: S. J. Clarke. p. 77.
  9. ^ Titus, William A. (1930). "Chapter XXXVI: Door County". History of the Fox River Valley, Lake Winnebago, and the Green Bay region. Vol. 2. Chicago: S.J. Clarke. p. 802.
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  125. ^ Potter, Brian E.; Cate, Thomas W. (1999). A Climatology of Late-spring Freezes in the Northeastern United States (PDF). United States Forest Service. p. 2. General Technical Report NC - 204. Also see maps on pp. 15 and 29.
  126. ^ , November 2008, Chapter 6, p. 7, p. 104 of the pdf
  127. ^ Landings, Journal of the Door County Land Trust, Spring 2012, pp. 6–7
  128. ^ A Data Compilation and Assessment of Coastal Wetlands of Wisconsin's Great Lakes, 2002 (See M-16. Shivering Sands Area on p. 37 of the document and p. 43 of the pdf)
  129. ^ My first eighty years by Holand, Hjalmar Rued, 1957, Twayne Publishers, New York, p. 10 (p. 16 of the pdf)
  130. ^ Old peninsula days; the making of an American community, Chapter 26, "The Peninsula's County Parks" by Holand, Hjalmar Rued, 8th revised edition, 1959, p. 242 and following (p. 254 and following of the pdf)
  131. ^ Grutzmacher, Steve (September 4, 2015). "Door County's Original Historian: Hjalmar R. Holand". Door County Living.
  132. ^ Lyttle, Bethany (September 11, 2008). "The Cape Cod of the Midwest". The New York Times. from the original on October 22, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2008.
  133. ^ Rebecca L. Schewe; Donald R. Field; Deborah J. Frosch; Gregory Clendenning; Dana Jensen (May 15, 2012). Condos in the Woods: The Growth of Seasonal and Retirement Homes in Northern Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 22–. ISBN 978-0-299-28533-3.
  134. ^ a b Slattery, Sally (July 1, 2014). "Door County's Islands". Door County Living.
  135. ^ Federal lawmakers have spent billions in the wake of the pandemic to get Americans high-speed internet. And they want to spend much more. by Sarah Ewall-Wice, CBS News May 21, 2021
  136. ^ Article posted Thursday, March 6, 2014 10:36am by Jim Lundstrom, Peninsula Pulse, March 6, 2014
  137. ^ "Payment of State Aid to Municipalities for the payment year of 2005" (PDF). Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
  138. ^ , Wisconsin DNR PUB PR-2090, Rev. November 9, 2014 (Archived July 19, 2021)
  139. ^ a b Wisconsin DNR. "Door". State natural areas by county. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
  140. ^ , USFWS (Archived February 23, 2022)
  141. ^ Door County Parks, Door County Facilities and Parks Department
  142. ^ Park facilities, City of Sturgeon Bay
  143. ^ "Far From the Madding Crowd: Liberty Grove Town Parks". Door County Pulse. August 20, 2015.
  144. ^ Camp Zion listing in the CCCA campgrounds directory, accessed December 10, 2019
  145. ^ Ice Age Trail Guidebook 2014, Points of interest: Cardy Paleo-Indian Camp Archaeological Site, p. 353 (p. 6 of the pdf)
  146. ^ Life During The End Of The Ice Age: The Cardy site could inform archaeologists about how humans dealt with a challenging environment. February 23, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, American Archaeology Vol. 14, No. 3, Fall 2010
  147. ^ "Explore Our Preserves". from the original on October 9, 2021. Retrieved October 9, 2021.
  148. ^ Lands enrolled in the tax program are shown on the DNR Private Forest Lands Open for Public Recreation interactive map and by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, February 25, 2019, p. 17
  149. ^ Map of Door County Beaches on Lake Michigan and Wisconsin's Great Lake Public Access Guide, electronic map
  150. ^ , Door County Visitor Bureau
  151. ^ Lyttle, Bethany (September 11, 2008). "The Cape Cod of the Midwest". The New York Times. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
  152. ^ Wisconsin Beach Advisories on the Wisconsin Beach Health website; counties are located in the dropdown menu
  153. ^ See map at bottom of "Door County, Wisconsin, - Sperling's BestPlaces". Bestplaces.net. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
  154. ^ 2012 Wisconsin Boating Program Report, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Bureau of Law Enforcement Pub-LE-314-2012
  155. ^ , 1991, Technical Bulletin No. 174 Department of Natural Resources: Madison, Wisconsin
  156. ^ Jon Gast: It's safe to say Sturgeon Bay's Sikaflex 'boat' race is like no other by Jon Gast, Green Bay Press Gazette, August 7, 2018
  157. ^ a b A Guide to Significant Wildlife Habitat and Natural Areas Of Door County, Wisconsin, March 2003, by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Sturgeon Bay Service Center, p. 128, p. 52, p. 23, p. 127 and pp. 52, 83, 85, and 99 (note: pagination in the pdf is one page past the numerical pagination)
  158. ^ Kim Russo (July 6, 2017). "Both Sides of Lake Michigan". blogtalkradio.com (Podcast). Great Loop Radio., at 10:36 there is a discussion of Sister Bay, at 13:04 there is a discussion of anchorages off of Door County, at 14:00 there is a discussion of Fish Creek, and at 16:50 there is a discussion of fish boils. Door County is part of the Lake Michigan Segment on the Great Loop Map, America's Great Loop Cruisers' Association, Accessed March 2, 2022
  159. ^ , YouTube, Around the Corner with John McGivern, February 4, 2015, Milwaukee PBS (Archived January 4, 2016) and Sailing Classes - Info and Schedules, Sail Training Foundation website, Accessed December 31, 2019
  160. ^ Marine Recreational Uses of Green Bay: A Survey of Human Behavior and Attitude Patterns of High School Juniors and Seniors. by RB Ditton and PK Johnsen, UW-Wisconsin Sea Grant Program, February 1974, p. 29 (p. 36 of the pdf)
  161. ^ Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (November 27, 2009). (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 13, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2019.; for the 26th lake, see Flora and Vegetation of the Grand Traverse Islands (Lake Michigan), Wisconsin and Michigan by Emmet J. Judziewicz, The Michigan Botanist, Volume 40, Number 4, October 2001, page 127
  162. ^ Flood Insurance Study: Door County, Wisconsin Unincorporated Areas, U.S. Department of Housing & Urban Development Federal Insurance Administration, June 1977, page 2
  163. ^ Environmental impact statement for the proposed development and management of Newport State Park, Door County, Wisconsin, by the Wisconsin Bureau of Parks and Recreation, by C. D. Besadny, Director, Bureau of Environmental Impact, September 1974, Appendix V: Economic Profile, Door County, section on Outdoor Recreation Highlights, page 48
  164. ^ Wetland Fact Sheet Door County, WI by the Wisconsin Wetlands Association, April 2016, page 1
  165. ^ United States designates its 37th Ramsar Site, April 27, 2015, United States of America; for a map of the wetlands see Figure 2-28. Door Peninsula Coastal Wetlands Ramsar Site map by the Door County Planning Department, May 2014 in the July 9, 2020 Land Conservation Committee Agenda, page 83
  166. ^ Document RIS 2218: Door Peninsula Coastal Wetlands, Ramsar Information Service, March 25, 2015, also see Door Peninsula Coastal Wetlands in the Ramsar Sites Information Service
  167. ^ (PDF). Surface Water Inventory of Door County. Door County Soil and Water Conservation Department. June 27, 1999. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 13, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2019. and Find A Lake database, Wisconsin DNR; areas of public ownership or DNR Managed Forest Land are shown on the Door County Web Map
  168. ^ Mud Lake (No. 125), Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, January 31, 2020
  169. ^ a b Big and Little Marsh (No. 391), Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, January 31, 2020
  170. ^ , Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
  171. ^ Hike This: Judy Abner Meissner Memorial Wetlands Preserve by Sara Rae Lancaster, Peninsula Pulse, June 4, 2021
  172. ^ Coffey Swamp (No. 276), Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, January 31, 2020
  173. ^ High Quality Forest Protected at Gibraltar-Ephraim Swamp, Door County Land Trust, September 21, 2021
  174. ^ Door County Trout Map, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, January 6, 2017, and the discussion of Wisconsin Statute 30.134 on page 13 (page 26 of the pdf) of Wisconsin Water Law: A Guide to Water Rights and Regulations, by Paul G. Kent and Tamara A. Dudiak, University of Wisconsin–Extension and Cooperative Extension University for the University of Wisconsin Stevens–Point, 2001
  175. ^ Gardner Swamp Wildlife Area, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and Gardner Wildlife Area Conceptual Master Plan by Charles E. Higgs, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, May 27, 1980
  176. ^ Gardner 2014 Public Access inventory in the Town of Gardner Open Space and Recreation Plan, October 17, 2014, page 8 and pages 21–23
  177. ^ , Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
  178. ^ Recent Purchase Protects Centerpiece Parcel at DCLT's Kellner Fen Nature Preserve, October 26, 2010, and , Door County Land Trust, 2018 (Archived July 21, 2021); description of the Fen is included at Wisconsin State Natural Areas Program Cave Point-Clay Banks (No. 559) overview section, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
  179. ^ Maplewood Swamp and the Ahnapee Trail, Ice Age Trail Interactive Hiker Resource Map
  180. ^ Stony Creek Swamp and the Ahnapee Trail, Ice Age Trail Interactive Hiker Resource Map
  181. ^ The Ridges Sanctuary (No. 17), Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, January 31, 2020
  182. ^ "Orchid Restoration Work at The Ridges". Door County Pulse. January 20, 2017.
  183. ^ Jones, Gary (September 16, 2009). "Door County's Potato Genebank". Door County Pulse. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
  184. ^ The Garden Door Fact Sheet by the Door County Master Gardeners Association, Accessed December 18, 2019
  185. ^ Johnson, Wendel J. (1978). "Small mammals of the Toft Point scientific area, Door County, Wisconsin: a preliminary survey". The State of Wisconsin Collection. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  186. ^ Melinda Kleinedler (March 2017). (PDF). Newport Wilderness Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 13, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
  187. ^ Col. James M. Miller (October 1974). "Draft Environmental Statement for the Sturgeon Bay and Lake Michigan Canal, Wisconsin". U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  188. ^ a b Environmental Impact Statement for Proposed Acquisition, Development and Management of Grand Traverse Islands State Park, Door County Wisconsin by the Bureau of Environmental Impact, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, June 1978, page 95, (continued) Animals of the Grand Traverse Islands
  189. ^ Monitoring long-term trends in Wisconsin frog and toad populations, chapter 21 in Status and Conservation of Midwestern Amphibians ed. Mossman, M. J. chapter by M. J. Mossman, L. M. Hartman, R. Hay, J. R. Sauer, and B. J. Dhuey, University of Iowa Press, 1998, pages 169–198, county level species distribution maps are found on pp. 185–186, (pp. 16–18 of the pdf)
  190. ^ Dreux J. Watermolen (December 1992). (PDF). Chicago Herpetological Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 23, 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
  191. ^ Chambers Island Wetland Complex, Fish and Wildlife Resources of the Great Lakes Coastal Wetlands within the United States, Volume 5: Lake Michigan, Part 2, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, 1981, pages 818–819
  192. ^ The Effect of Covid-19 on Bat Research in Wisconsin; Coughing Tiger Hidden Dragon by Nicole Dahlman, Kayla Guenther, and Chris Yahnke, UW-Stevens Point, 2020
  193. ^ Feeding Flights of Breeding Double-Crested Cormorant at Two Wisconsin Colonies by Thomas W. Custer and Christine Bunck, J. Field Ornithology 63(2), pages 203–211
  194. ^ Tales of the wild: a year with nature by Roy Lukes, (entry on worldcat.org) Egg Harbor, Wisconsin: Nature-Wise, 2000, p. 73
  195. ^ Door County Soil and Water Conservation Department (June 27, 1999). (PDF). Surface Water Inventory of Door County. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 13, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
  196. ^ Nick Anich (October 2, 2018). "Season 4 Preliminary Results and Stats". UWGB Cofrin Center for Biodiversity. Retrieved January 22, 2019. and "Wisconsin Breeding Bird Atlas". Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
  197. ^ , Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, pages 4 and 7 (Archived February 8, 2020)
  198. ^ Wisconsin Bald Eagle and Osprey Nest Surveys 2013, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, pages 4 and 7
  199. ^ by John Guarnaccia and Paul Kerlinger, September 2008 (Archived June 27, 2021)
  200. ^ Reverse migration of Juvenile Broad-winged hawks by Robert Demars, The Passenger Pigeon 63(4), 2001, pp. 301–304, (pp. 3–6 of the pdf)
  201. ^ The Herring Gulls of Hat Island, Wisconsin by Murl Deusing, The Wilson Bulletin, September 1939 Vol. 51, No. 3
  202. ^ Door to Nature column by Roy and Charlotte Lukes, June 12, 2008
  203. ^ Nest Parasitism by Red-Breasted Mergansers in Wisconsin by Henry W. Pelzl, The Auk 88(1), January 1, 1971, pp. 184–185
  204. ^ See Lasioglossum sagax (article in Swedish), Bees of Wisconsin (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) by A. T. Wolf, J. S. Ascher, Great Lakes Entomologist, 2009, p. 153
  205. ^ Stelis labiata, F, Side, NC, Moore County, usgs.gov, picture taken December 17, 2019
  206. ^ Bees of Wisconsin (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) by A. T. Wolf, J. S. Ascher, Great Lakes Entomologist, 2009, page 156
  207. ^ Echolocator, January 2015, p. 12
  208. ^ by Redell, Jennifer and Schuster, William, sections "Conclusions from the invertebrate inventory" and "Invertebrate fauna of Horseshoe Bay Cave, Door County, Wisconsin, with notes on habitats and management recommendations" by Taylor, Steven J. and Soto-Adames, Felipe, pp. 71, 197, 220, and 264, also see the presentation, 2014
  209. ^ Preliminary Survey of the Terrestrial Isopods (Isopoda), Millipedes (Diplopoda), Harvestmen (Opiliones), and Spiders (Araneae) of Toft Point Natural Area, Door County, Wisconsin by Bruce A. Snyder, Michael L. Draney, John L. Kaspar, and Joel Whitehouse, October 2004, The Great Lakes Entomologist 37(3–4), pp. 105ff.
  210. ^ Wisconsin's Top 10 Trends Of 2017 For Insects (And Other Pests) Reports Of Familiar And Invasive Species Points To 2018 Possibilities by PJ Liesch, UW-Extension April 26, 2018
  211. ^
February 28, 2023
door, county, wisconsin, door, county, easternmost, county, state, wisconsin, 2020, census, population, county, seat, sturgeon, named, after, strait, between, door, peninsula, washington, island, dangerous, passage, known, death, door, contains, shipwrecks, kn. Door County is the easternmost county in the U S state of Wisconsin As of the 2020 census the population was 30 066 2 Its county seat is Sturgeon Bay 3 It is named after the strait between the Door Peninsula and Washington Island The dangerous passage known as Death s Door contains shipwrecks and was known to Native Americans and early French explorers The county was created in 1851 and organized in 1861 4 Nicknamed the Cape Cod of the Midwest Door County is a popular Upper Midwest vacation destination It is also home to a small Walloon population Door CountyU S countyDoor County Government Center in Sturgeon BayLocation within the U S state of WisconsinWisconsin s location within the U S Coordinates 45 01 N 87 01 W 45 02 N 87 01 W 45 02 87 01 Coordinates 45 01 N 87 01 W 45 02 N 87 01 W 45 02 87 01Country United StatesState WisconsinFounded1851Named forPorte des MortsSeatSturgeon BayLargest citySturgeon BayArea Total2 370 sq mi 6 100 km2 Land482 sq mi 1 250 km2 Water1 888 sq mi 4 890 km2 80 Population 2020 Total30 066 Density62 4 sq mi 24 1 km2 DemonymDoor Countyite 1 Time zoneUTC 6 Central Summer DST UTC 5 CDT Area code920Congressional district8thWebsitewww wbr co wbr door wbr wi wbr govWisconsin county code 15FIPS county code 55029 Contents 1 History 1 1 Native Americans and French 1 1 1 Porte des Morts legend 1 2 Settlement and development 1 2 1 19th 20th century settlement 1 2 2 Early tourism 1 2 3 Orchard boosterism 1 2 4 Cherry crop labor sources 1 2 5 20th 21st century events 2 Geography 2 1 Features 2 1 1 Escarpment and dolomites 2 1 2 Shores 2 1 3 High points 2 2 Pollution 2 3 Soils 2 4 Climate 3 Attractions 3 1 Recreational lands 3 1 1 Lands open to public use 3 1 2 Beaches 3 2 Waters 3 2 1 Boating 3 2 1 1 Lakes and ponds 3 2 1 2 Wetlands 3 3 Recognized natural areas 3 4 Living plant collections 3 5 Animals 3 5 1 Vertebrate species lists 3 5 2 Unique vertebrates 3 5 3 Birds 3 5 4 Rare bees 3 5 5 Horseshoe Bay Cave invertebrates 3 5 6 Toft Point invertebrates 3 5 7 Spiders 3 5 8 Other invertebrates 3 6 By season 3 6 1 Springtime 3 6 2 Summer 3 6 3 Fall 3 6 4 Winter 3 7 Culture 3 7 1 Lighthouses and historical sites 3 7 2 Food 3 7 3 Scandinavian heritage 3 7 4 Industry 3 7 5 Arts 3 7 6 Sports 3 7 7 Motorcycling 3 7 8 Flying 3 7 9 Radio stations 4 Economy 5 Transportation 5 1 Land 5 1 1 Non motorized 5 1 2 Bridges across Sturgeon Bay 5 1 3 Ground transportation 5 2 Air 5 3 Water 5 3 1 Ferries 5 3 2 Boat ramps and marinas 6 Population and its health 6 1 Demographics 6 1 1 2020 census 6 1 2 2000 Census 6 1 3 Births deaths and migration 6 1 4 Most elderly and youthful communities 6 1 5 Religious statistics 6 1 6 Marriages 6 2 Public health 6 2 1 COVID 19 7 Crime 8 Communities 8 1 Incorporated communities 8 1 1 City 8 1 2 Villages 8 1 3 Towns 8 2 Unincorporated communities 8 3 Former communities 8 3 1 Absorbed into Sturgeon Bay 8 3 2 Sites used as parks 9 Adjacent counties 9 1 By land 9 2 In Green Bay 9 3 Along the Rock Island Passage 9 4 In Lake Michigan 10 Notable people 11 Politics 12 Gallery 13 Explanatory notes 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External linksHistory EditFurther information Door Peninsula Archaeology Native Americans and French Edit Further information Door Peninsula Potawatomi and Menominee Porte des Morts legend Edit Door County s name came from Porte des Morts Death s Door the passage between the tip of Door Peninsula and Washington Island 5 The name Death s Door came from Native American tales heard by early French explorers and published in greatly embellished form by Hjalmar Holand which described a failed raid by the Ho Chunk Winnebago tribe to capture Washington Island from the rival Pottawatomi tribe in the early 1600s It has become associated with shipwrecks within the passage 6 The earliest known written reference to the legend is from Emmanuel Crespel fr who termed the peninsula Cap a la Mort in 1728 7 Settlement and development Edit 19th 20th century settlement Edit Graves of Increase Claflin and family The 19th and 20th centuries saw the immigration and settlement of pioneers mariners fishermen loggers and farmers The first white settler was Increase Claflin 8 In 1834 a federal government operated quarry operation at the mouth of Sturgeon Bay shipped its first stone blocks they were used for a harbor breakwater in Michigan City Indiana 9 In 1851 Door County was separated from what had been Brown County 10 In 1853 Moravians founded Ephraim after Nils Otto Tank resisted attempts at land ownership reform at the old religious colony near Green Bay 11 An African American community and congregation worshiping at West Harbor on Washington Island was described in 1854 12 Also in 1854 the first post office in the county opened on Washington Island 13 In 1855 four Irishmen were accidentally left behind by their steamboat leading to the settlement of what is now Forestville 14 In the 19th century a fairly large scale immigration of Belgian Walloons populated a small region in the southern portion of the county 15 including the area designated as the Namur Historic District They built small roadside votive chapels some still in use today 16 and brought other traditions over from Europe such as the Kermiss harvest festival 17 Shortly after the 1831 Treaty of Washington 18 the federal government surveyed what is now Door County to determine the value of the timber and to divide up parcels for eventual sale 19 20 Following the treaty land in what is now the county was sold or granted to private citizens Lots from 40 to 320 acres 16 to 129 ha were sold at 50 cents an acre 21 From 1841 to 1932 1 661 land patents were issued to private citizens 22 Of these 774 were bounty land warrants to veterans authorized by the Scrip Warrant Acts of 1842 1850 1852 and 1855 23 The other patents concerned the sale of land 711 patents were filed under the Land Act of 1820 24 139 patents were filed under the Homestead Act of 1862 25 and 37 patents were filed under the Morrill Act of 1862 26 At the time the Homestead Act of 1862 was passed most of the county s nearly 2 000 farmers were squatters earning most of their revenue from lumber and wood products The most common product was cordwood a cord of maple sold for 37 and a half cents The remaining portion of the population consisted of about 1 000 fishermen and their families The fishing industry centered on Washington Island which at 632 persons was the most populated area at the time Sturgeon Bay had a population of 230 people Fishermen caught lake trout and whitefish which were sold for two cents per pound Out of the total population of 2 948 people 170 fought in the Civil War Most enlisted in 1861 or 1862 The entire assessed valuation of the county that year was 395 000 with an average of 8 00 in tax assessed to each family It was difficult to earn enough money to pay taxes which were often delinquent There were 25 school districts but staffing was a challenge due to delinquent taxes Highway 42 between Sturgeon Bay and Egg Harbor had 27 chronic mudholes some more than 3 000 feet 910 m long and passage by wagons was at times unfeasible 27 When the 1871 Peshtigo fire burned the town of Williamsonville fifty nine people were killed The area of this disaster is now Tornado Memorial County Park named for a fire whirl which occurred there 28 29 30 Altogether 128 people in the county perished in the Peshtigo fire 10 11 Following the fire some residents decided to use brick instead of wood 31 In 1883 Harry Dankoler at the Door County Advocate set a world typesetting record 32 33 In 1885 or 1886 what is now the Coast Guard Station was established at Sturgeon Bay 34 35 The small seasonally open station on Washington Island was established in 1902 36 Excursion party on the Sailor Boy postmarked 1906 in Sturgeon Bay The Sailor Boy and other small steamboats stopped at Menominee to take on rail passengers Since rail service was faster tourists from Chicago would first take a northbound train in order to board steamboats bound for resort communities 37 This 1924 postcard produced by Curt Teich amp Company reads Cedar Glen one of the many free tourists camp sites in Peninsula State Park Door County Wisconsin As the period of settlement continued Native Americans lived in Door County as a minority The 1890 census reported 22 Indians living in Door County They were self supporting subject to taxation and did not receive rations 38 By the 1910 census their numbers had declined to nine 39 In 1894 the Ahnapee and Western Railway was extended to Sturgeon Bay with the first train arriving on August 9 40 In 1969 a train ran north of Algoma into the county for the last time 41 although trains continued to operate farther south until 1986 42 Early tourism Edit From 1865 through 1870 three resort hotels were constructed in and near Sturgeon Bay along with another one in Fish Creek One resort established in 1870 charged 7 50 per week around 160 in 2021 dollars Although the price included three daily meals extra was charged for renting horses which were also available with buggies and buggy drivers 43 Besides staying in hotels tourists also boarded in private homes Tourists could visit the northern part of the county by Great Lakes passenger steamer sometimes as part of a lake cruise featuring music and entertainment 44 Reaching the peninsula from Chicago took three days The air surrounding the agricultural communities was relatively free of ragweed pollen because grain crops matured slowly in the cool climate and were harvested late in the year This prevented late season ragweed infestations in the stubble which was especially attractive to those with hay fever in the city 45 46 Even after the Ahnapee and Western extended service to Sturgeon Bay in 1894 many tourists continued taking the railroad to Menominee Michigan a to embark on steamships bound for communities in Door County This route over Green Bay bypassed poor road conditions in the northern part of the county which persisted until the early 1920s Only after crushed stone highways were built did motor and horse drawn coaches become popular for transportation between Sturgeon Bay and the northern part of the peninsula 47 10 By 1909 at least 1 000 tourists visited per year 48 a figure which grew to about 125 000 in 1920 49 1 million in 1969 50 1 25 million in 1978 51 and 1 9 million in 1995 52 In 1938 Jens Jensen cautioned about negative cultural impacts of tourism He wrote Door County is slowly being ruined by the stupid money crazed fools This tourist business is destroying the little bit of culture that was 53 Orchard boosterism Edit 1914 Sturgeon Bay real estate advertisement b In 1865 the first commercial fruit operation was established when grapes were cultivated on one of the Strawberry Islands By 1895 a large fruit tree nursery was established and fruit horticulture was aggressively promoted Not only farmers but even city bred men were urged to consider fruit husbandry as a career The first of multiple fruit marketing cooperatives began in 1897 In addition to corporate run orchards in 1910 the first corporation was established to plant and sell pre established orchards Although apple orchards predated cherry orchards by 1913 it was reported that cherries had outpaced apples 56 Cherry crop labor sources Edit Cherry industry labor Women and children were typically employed to pick fruit crops but the available work outstripped the labor supply By 1918 it was difficult to find enough help to pick fruit crops so workers were brought in by the YMCA and Boy Scouts of America Cherry picking was marketed as a good summer camp activity for teenage boys in return for room board and recreation activities One orchard hired players from the Green Bay Packers as camp counselors Additionally members of the Oneida Nation of Wisconsin and other native tribes were employed to pick fruit crops 57 58 In addition to their pay Native American families were given fruit that was too ripe for marketing which they preserved and stored for long term use 59 A Civilian Conservation Corps camp was established at Peninsula State Park during the Great Depression In the summer of 1945 Fish Creek was the site of a POW camp under an affiliation with a base camp at Fort Sheridan Illinois 60 61 62 The German prisoners engaged in construction projects cut wood and picked cherries in Peninsula State Park and the surrounding area 63 During a brief strike the POWs refused to work In response the guards established a no work no eat policy and they returned to work picking 11 pails per day and eventually totaling 508 020 pails 64 The Wisconsin State Employment Service established an office in Door County in 1949 to recruit Tejanos to pick cherries Work was unpredictable as cherry harvests were poor during certain years and workers were paid by the amount they picked In 1951 the Wisconsin Department of Public Welfare conducted a study documenting conflict between migrant workers and tourists who resented the presence of migrant families in public vacation areas 65 A list of recommendations was prepared to improve race relations 66 The employment of migrants continues to the present day In 2013 there were three migrant labor camps in the county housing a total of 57 orchard laborers and food processors along with five non workers 67 20th 21st century events Edit In the fall of 1901 passenger pigeons were seen in Forestville in quite large flocks This is the last reported sighting in the county 68 Before the forests were cleared away myriads of passenger pigeons nested in the woods of the Door Peninsula and during periods of migration they would frequently and effectually cloud the sun in their flight 69 In 1905 the Lilly Amiot was in Ellison Bay with a load of freight dynamite and gasoline when it caught fire After being cut loose it drifted until exploding the explosion was heard up to 15 miles away 70 In 1912 the barnstormer Lincoln Beachey demonstrated his biplane during the county fair this is believed to be the first takeoff and landing in the county 71 In 1913 The Old Rugged Cross was first sung at the Friends Church in Sturgeon Bay as a duet by two traveling preachers 72 In 1919 the first Army Navy hydrogen balloon race was won by an Army team whose balloon splashed down in the Death s Door passage Two soldiers endured 10 foot 3 m waves for an hour before their rescue by a fisherman 73 In 1925 a cow in Horseshoe Bay named Aurora Homestead Badger produced 30 000 pounds 14 000 kg of milk at the time a world record for dairy cattle 74 In June 1938 and again in October 1952 aerial photos were taken of the entire county in 2011 the 1938 photos were made available online 75 On June 14 1939 Ted Bellak flew his the German made glider Dove of Peace for 56 miles 90 km from the newly opened Cherryland Airport to Frankfort Michigan He was towed into the air on a 3 8 inch wide 9 5 mm 200 foot long 61 m rope prior to gliding independently 76 At the time this was the farthest distance traveled in a glider over a body of water The trip took one hour and six minutes 77 78 with 57 minutes spent over Lake Michigan 79 In 1941 the Sturgeon Bay Vocation School opened It is now the Sturgeon Bay campus of Northeast Wisconsin Technical College In December 1959 the Bridgebuilder X disappeared after leaving a shipyard in Sturgeon Bay where it had been repaired Its intended destinations were Northport and South Fox Island Possible factors included lack of ballast and a sudden development of 11 foot 3 4 m waves The body of one of the two crew members was found the following summer 80 81 In 2004 the county began a sister cities relationship with Jingdezhen in southeastern China 82 To encourage tourism Ephraim residents passed referendums in 2016 to allow beer and wine to be sold for consumption on premises within the village and to allow beer and single recorked bottles of opened wine to be sold off premises 83 84 Until then Ephraim had been the state s last dry municipality 84 Geography Edit source source source source source source source source source source source source Aerial view of Sturgeon Bay Northport and Plum Detroit Washington and Rock islands According to the U S Census Bureau the county has a total area of 2 370 square miles 6 100 km2 of which 482 square miles 1 250 km2 is land and 1 888 square miles 4 890 km2 80 is water 85 It is the largest county in Wisconsin by total area In general the shoreline is characterized by the scarp face on the west side On the east side peat is followed by dunes and beaches of sand or gravel along the lakeshore 86 During years with receding lake levels flora along the shore demonstrates plant succession The middle of the peninsula is mostly flat with some rolling There are three distinct aquifers and two types of springs present in the county 87 88 The county covers the majority of the Door Peninsula With the completion of the Sturgeon Bay Shipping Canal in 1881 89 the northern half of the peninsula became an artificial island 90 This canal is believed to have somehow caused a wonderful increase in the quantity of fish in nearby waters 91 and also caused a reduction in the sturgeon population in the bay due to changes in the aquatic habitat 92 The 45th parallel north bisects the island and this is commemorated by Meridian County Park 93 94 Features Edit Escarpment and dolomites Edit Niagara Escarpment Dolomite outcroppings of the Niagara Escarpment are visible on both shores of the peninsula but cliffs along the cuesta ridge are especially prominent on the Green Bay side including at Bayshore Blufflands South of Sturgeon Bay the steep side of the escarpment separates into multiple lower ridges without as many larger exposed rock faces 95 The face of the escarpment varies in appearance It may consist of a bare rock face of dolomite alone or as a face with dolomite above and shale underneath Sometimes the rock layers are covered with glacial till 96 Dolomites in the county have been separated by the different patterns marking the rocks Each pattern is thought to represent a different general marine habitat from their formation One layer has relatively straight and flat marks in the rocks and is accompanied by fossils indicating a tidal flat especially ostracods The second layer of rocks has ripple marks and wavy patterns Since the corals and shells in this layer are broken the layer is inferred to have formed farther down along the reef shelf where the corals and shells were exposed to the pounding of the waves The third layer has rocks full of fossil burrows from marine animals This layer formed in a still deeper part of the middle reef under mostly calm conditions Here calm waters protected an abundant number of burrowing animals Along with the fossil burrows are corals brachiopods and echinoderms Yet the rocks in the third layer are interspersed with broken and disturbed material indicating periodic storms Each of these three layers is divided into smaller and more detailed sublayers 97 The bluffs are interrupted by a series of lowlands which stretch along a northwest to southeast direction Sturgeon Bay and the Portes de Mortes passage are two of these lowlands 98 Beyond the peninsula s northern tip the partially submerged ridge forms the Potawatomi Islands which stretch to the Garden Peninsula in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan The largest of these is Washington Island The islands form the Town of Washington 99 and also the southern part of Fairbanks Township in Delta County Michigan 100 The lakebed along the scarp face on the Green Bay side has a sharp bottom gradient while in many places the lakebed of the Lake Michigan side has a more gentle bottom gradient 101 Areas overlooking the scarp face are attractive locations for houses and communications towers and the stone of the escarpment is quarried 102 A former stone quarry five miles northeast of Sturgeon Bay is now a county park 103 Many caves are found in the escarpment 104 105 Shores Edit The county has 298 miles 480 km of shoreline In 2012 268 miles 431 km of the shoreline along Lake Michigan and Green Bay was surveyed and characterized by type 42 9 miles 69 0 km of the shore was made of artificial materials while the remaining 225 1 miles 362 3 km was natural Of the natural shorelines 167 8 miles 270 0 km consisted of bedrock and boulders 39 3 miles 63 2 km was sandy 17 4 miles 28 0 km were covered in smaller stones such as shingles pebbles and cobbles and 0 6 miles 0 97 km was silty or mucky Out of the total area surveyed 101 0 miles 162 5 km consisted of a flat coast 88 9 miles 143 1 km consisted of 2 to 10 foot 1 to 3 m bluffs 68 8 miles 110 7 km consisted of 2 to 10 foot 1 to 3 m dunes and 9 3 miles 15 0 km consisted of high bluffs taller than 10 feet 3 m 106 High points Edit Further information Door Peninsula High points View from the top of Old Baldy in August Eskers are only found in the far southwest corner of the county but drumlins and small moraines also occur farther up the peninsula 107 The Door Leelanau Ridge is an underwater moraine cutting across Lake Michigan between Door and Leelanau counties 108 A lacustrine terrace is located in Robert LaSalle Park 109 The 102 foot high 31 m Brussels Hill 110 44 45 06 N 87 35 27 W 44 75166 N 87 59093 W 44 75166 87 59093 Brussels Hill elevation 851 feet 259 m is the highest point in the county 111 The nearby Red Hill Woods is the largest remaining maple beech forest in the area 112 Old Baldy 44 55 13 N 87 12 07 W 44 920344 N 87 20192 W 44 920344 87 20192 Old Baldy is the state s tallest sand dune 113 at 93 feet above the lake level 114 Pollution Edit Main article Pollution in Door County Wisconsin The combination of shallow soils and fractured bedrock makes well water contamination more likely At any given time at least one third of private wells may contain bacteria 115 116 Mines prior landfills and former orchard sites are considered impaired lands and marked on an electronic county map 117 A different electronic map shows the locations of private wells polluted with lead arsenic and other contaminants down to the section level 118 Most air pollution reaching the monitor in Newport State Park comes from outside the county 119 The stability of air over the Lake Michigan shore along with the lake breezes may increase the concentration of ozone along the shoreline 120 Additionally pollution modeling predicts the presence of locally generated air pollution associated with vehicular traffic in the city of Sturgeon Bay 121 Soils Edit Generalized soil and physiography maps c Soil Map from 1910 Soils Map from 1956 Physiography drainage and geology map from 1978Further information Economy of Door County Wisconsin Non metallic mining and agriculture The most common USDA soil association in the northern two thirds of the county is the Summerville d Longrie e Omena f 122 These associated soils typically are less than three feet deep Altogether thirty nine percent of the county is mapped as having less than three feet about a meter to the dolomite bedrock Because there is relatively little soil over much of the peninsula and the bedrock is fractured snowmelt quickly enters the aquifer This causes seasonal basement flooding in some areas 123 Soils in the county are classified as frigid because they usually have an average annual temperature of less than 46 4 F 8 0 C The implication of this classification is that county soils are expected to be wetter and have less microbial activity than soils in warmer areas classified as mesic County soils are colder than those in inland areas of Wisconsin due to the climate moderating effects of nearby bodies of water 124 Climate Edit Main article Climate of Door County Wisconsin The county has a humid continental climate classified as Dfb in Koppen with warm summers and cold snowy winters Data from the Peninsular Agricultural Research Station north of the city of Sturgeon Bay gives average monthly temperatures ranging from 68 7 F 20 4 C in the summer down to 18 0 F 7 8 C in the winter The moderating effects of nearby bodies of water reduce the likelihood of damaging late spring freezes Late spring freezes are less likely to occur than in nearby areas and when they do occur they tend not to be as severe 125 Attractions Edit Road in Shivering Sands wetland complex January 1 In 1905 Theodore Roosevelt recommended that the Shivering Sands area be protected 126 Today this area includes Whitefish Dunes Kellner s Fen Shivering Sands wetland complex 127 and Cave Point County Park 128 Hjalmar Holand an Ephraim resident 129 promoted Door County as a tourist destination in the first half of the 20th century He served on a committee begun in 1927 to protect and promote historical sites 130 and as a result of this effort the county historical society purchased lands that are now county parks including Tornado Park Robert LaSalle Park Murphy Park Increase Claflin Park and the Ridges Sanctuary 131 Today most tourists and summer residents come from the metropolitan areas of Milwaukee Chicago Madison Green Bay and the Twin Cities 132 although Illinois residents are the dominant group both in Door County and farther south along the eastern edge of Wisconsin 133 Recreational lands Edit View in August from the Potawatomi State Park Observation Tower The small island is Heaven On Earth Island formerly Bug Island 134 On the left is Cabot Point part of the Idlewild area and on the right is the northwest shore of Sturgeon Bay featuring the rock cut of the Old Stone Quarry once the largest in the state 103 Green Island appears as a very faint line along the horizon Lands open to public use Edit Door County is home to six state parks 135 136 Four are on the peninsula Newport State Park northeast of Ellison Bay Peninsula State Park east of Fish Creek Potawatomi State Park along Sturgeon Bay and Whitefish Dunes State Park along Lake Michigan Two are located on islands Rock Island State Park and Grand Traverse Island State Park g In addition to the nature centers located inside the state parks there are three others outside the parks There are four State Wildlife and Fishery Areas h and also State Natural Areas that allow free public access 139 i Additionally Plum Island and the 148 65 acres 60 16 ha of Detroit Island within the Green Bay National Wildlife Refuge are seasonally open for public recreation 140 Besides county 141 town and community parks 142 143 there is a boy scout camp a Christian camp 144 and a public site operated by The Archaeological Conservancy 145 146 A land trust operates 14 privately owned parks open to the public 147 and 3 277 3 acres 1 326 3 ha of privately owned lands are open to the public for hunting fishing hiking sight seeing and cross country skiing under the Managed Forest Program 148 Beaches Edit Further information Pollution in Door County Wisconsin Beach contamination and Climate of Door County Wisconsin Lake breeze Nicolet Bay at Peninsula State Park Nicolet Beach in the center Since this was taken in mid September the beach is mostly empty Including both the Lake Michigan and Green Bay shores there are 54 public beaches or boat launches 149 and 39 kayak launch sites 150 leading to the area s promotion as the Cape Cod of the Midwest 151 35 beaches are routinely monitored for water quality advisories 152 Although Door County has fewer sunny days than most counties in Wisconsin and Illinois it also has less rainfall and lower summer temperatures 153 making for an optimal beach going climate Waters Edit Further information Door Peninsula Waters Boating Edit The boat on the left overturned during the 2013 wooden boat competition The participants are reduced to swimming around the buoy In 2012 8 341 registered boats were kept in the county Most of the county boating accidents reported in 2012 occurred in Green Bay 154 A 1989 90 study of recreational boating in Wisconsin found that the county s Green Bay and Lake Michigan waters had a higher frequency of Great Lakes boating than any other county bordering Lake Michigan or Lake Superior The typical motor used in the county s Green Bay and Lake Michigan waters had a horsepower over 90 while the typical motor used for inland county waters had a horsepower under 50 Overall boaters perceived county waters as uncrowded and boater satisfaction was average 155 An annual race is held for which participants build small plywood boats 156 The county s longest river canoe route is on the Ahnapee River from County H south to the county line 157 Some itineraries connecting the Great Loop around the eastern U S and through the Mississippi include stops in Door County 158 A charity holds sailing classes each summer 159 1972 1973 surveys of high school juniors and seniors in northeast Wisconsin found that students from Door County were more likely to use sailboats than students from other counties 160 Lakes and ponds Edit For details about the size and public accessibility of county lakes see List of lakes of Wisconsin Door County Besides Lake Michigan and Green Bay there are 26 lakes ponds or marshes and 37 rivers creeks streams and springs in the county 161 The two deepest lakes Mackaysee Lake at 26 feet 8 m and Krause Lake at 24 feet 7 m are on Chambers Island 109 All streams in the county originate within the county 109 together they have a combined length of 93 miles 150 km with none more than 15 miles 24 km long 162 The five trout streams have a combined length of 14 miles 23 km suitable for trout fishing 163 Wetlands Edit 55 124 acres 22 308 ha of wetlands cover 18 of the county s land area 164 11 400 acres 4 600 ha of Door Peninsula Coastal Wetlands are listed under the Ramsar Convention as wetlands of international importance 165 The listing includes three areas previously recognized as Wetland Gems 166 Wetland Access 167 Baileys Harbor Swamp privately owned although some parcels at the edge of the swamp on the east of Highway 57 are owned by the DNR as part of Mud Lake State Natural Area 168 Big Marsh Gunnerson Marsh 31 1 acres 12 6 ha of water partly within a DNR State Natural Area 169 Button Marsh privately owned 81 6 acres 33 0 ha of Managed Forest Land 170 to the west 71 6 acres 29 0 ha to the southeast are owned an entity allowing public access 171 Coffee Swamp 2 2 acres 0 89 ha of water mostly within a DNR State Natural Area 172 Ephraim Swamp largely owned by an entity allowing free public access 173 Ephraim Creek which runs through the swamp is a Class II j trout stream and is open to the public up to the ordinary high water mark 174 Gardner Swamp Gardner Swamp Wildlife Area 175 has three access sites 176 and 160 acres of adjacent Managed Forest Land 177 Greenwood Swamp privately ownedLarson Swamp privately ownedLittle Marsh Wickman Marsh 14 acres 5 7 ha of water DNR State Natural Area 169 Kellner s Fen 60 to 80 acres 24 to 32 ha of water largely owned by an entity allowing public access 178 Maplewood Swamp privately owned but the Ahnapee Trail runs through part of it 179 May Swamp privately ownedStony Creek Swamp privately owned but the Ahnapee Trail runs past the far south end 180 Voecks Marsh 19 1 acres 7 7 ha of water within the Ridges Sanctuary which charges admission 181 Recognized natural areas Edit There are 29 state defined natural areas in the county 139 Living plant collections Edit This section is about cultivated plants For wild plants and fungi see Flora of Door County Wisconsin Living plant collections include the orchid project at The Ridges Sanctuary 182 in Baileys Harbor and the U S Potato Genebank and a public garden in Sevastopol 183 184 Animals Edit Vertebrate species lists Edit From 1971 through 1976 11 species of small mammals were found at Toft Point 185 the Newport State Park Mammals Checklist has 34 species 186 and in 1972 44 mammals were listed for the entire county 187 In 1976 8 amphibians and 7 reptiles were listed as occurring on the Grand Traverse Islands within Door County 188 In 1978 8 non rodent mammals and three squirrels were listed as occurring on the Grand Traverse Islands 188 From 1981 through 1995 7 species of frogs and toads were recorded in the county 189 In 1992 six amphibians and eight reptiles were found in and around Potawatomi State Park 190 In 1981 nine species of reptiles and amphibians were listed for Chambers Island 191 and in the summer of 2019 six bat species were acoustically detected on the island 192 FWS staff banding a cormorant at night in July on Spider Island in the Wisconsin Islands Wilderness The island is home to a nesting colony 193 Banding was done at night so the chicks would be sleeping and less aware Unique vertebrates Edit Tamias striatus doorsiensis a subspecies of eastern chipmunk is only found in Door Kewaunee Northeastern Brown and possibly Manitowoc counties 194 In 1999 the Wisconsin Natural Heritage Inventory listed 24 aquatic and 21 terrestrial animals in Door County as rare 195 Birds Edit As of 2018 update 166 species of birds have been confirmed to live in Door County excluding birds seen which lack the habitat to nest and must only be passing through 196 In 2019 21 bald eagle and three osprey nests were found to be occupied in the county 197 In 2013 figures bald eagles occupied 12 nests and ospreys occupied seven nests 198 In 2008 during the spring migration 13 species of raptors 19 species of landbirds and 9 species of waterfowl were seen crossing between the Door and Garden peninsulas 199 Reverse migration is occasionally observed in the county When birds traveling north reach the tip of the peninsula and the islands beyond the long stretches of water sometimes unnerves them Instead of crossing over to the Garden Peninsula they turn around and fly back down the peninsula 200 During the 20th century thousands of herring gulls were banded on Hat Island 201 to determine their migratory patterns 202 Banded birds were found as far north as Hudson Bay and as far south as Central America 134 Brood parasitism by red breasted mergansers has been observed on Gravel and Spider islands and on another island known informally as The Reef They laid eggs into the nests of mallards gadwalls and lesser scaups 203 Rare bees Edit The sweat bee Lasioglossum sagax was collected on Ridges Road in 2006 Aside from a single collection from Manitowoc County in 2005 it had previously been found only in Colorado 204 The kleptoparasitic bee Stelis labiata is considered very rare 205 It was collected at Toft point in 2006 This was only the second time the species had been found in Wisconsin the earlier collection s county of origin is unknown 206 Horseshoe Bay Cave invertebrates Edit In 2014 an invertebrate survey of Horseshoe Bay Cave found an apparently groundwater dwelling amphipod of the genus Crangonyx Groundwater dwelling Crangonyx species had never been documented in Wisconsin before 207 A springtail of the genus Pygmarrhopalites a genus name synonymous with Arrhopalites was found on the surface of drip pools It appeared to be adapted to cave life and the study concluded that it could represent an undescribed cave species 208 Toft Point invertebrates Edit In 2004 an invertebrate species list for Toft Point was published listing five isopods four millipedes six daddy longlegs and 113 spiders Of these two of the millipedes and 14 of the spiders had never been documented in Wisconsin before 209 Spiders Edit The climate may allow for the better survival of the northern black widow spider 210 Additionally the county is home to the fishing spider Dolomedes tenebrosus which can grow to about three inches 76 mm half the size of a tarantula 211 Other invertebrates Edit Kangaroo Lake State Natural Area has the largest breeding population of the endangered Hine s Emerald Dragonfly in the world 212 Motor vehicles kill an estimated 3 300 of them in the county each year 213 In 2019 it was reported that out of 14 Hine s Emerald Dragonflies taken from nine locations within the county all had the same haplotype indicating a lower degree of genetic diversity The dragonflies had been caught in the 1990s for other research 214 The Lake Huron locust lives on dunes in the county and is not found anywhere else in the state 215 From 1996 to 2001 researchers identified 69 species of snails in the county including rare species 216 157 Research on apple maggots infesting cherries in Door County contributed to the study of sympatric speciation in the 1970s 217 In the 20th century seven fish parasites were found in Hibbards Creek and 13 in Sturgeon Bay 218 During an experiment an estimated several thousand Mayflies hatched in Sawyer Harbor in 2016 They had previously been extirpated 219 From April to September 2016 43 species of insects were found to pollinate 26 species of plants near the Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal 220 Bryozoans have been noticed clinging to piers 221 By season Edit Springtime Edit Sucker run in Fish Creek Maple syrup production 222 was 983 gallons in 2017 from seven operations This was similar to figures from 2012 but down from 2007 when 15 operations produced 2 365 gallons 223 The sucker run which was a popular fishing event in the 19th century 224 occurs in March and April 225 Suckers may be taken by frame dip nets 226 and the sucker run is also sought out as viewing opportunity 227 Another permitted method of fishing for suckers is by speargun In April 2018 the state speargun record for longnose sucker was taken by out of Door County waters on the Lake Michigan side It weighed 3 pounds 9 9 ounces 1 64 kg and was 21 25 inches 540 mm long 228 In April 2020 the all methods state record for longnose sucker was caught out of Shivering Sands Creek It weighed 3 pounds 9 1 ounces 1 62 kg and was 22 25 inches 565 mm long 228 Another attraction is mushroom hunting on public land 229 230 Additionally as of 2017 update there are two commercial mushroom operations 231 Summer Edit Cherry tree August In 2017 there were ten operations growing 14 acres 5 7 ha of strawberries 232 In 2017 there were eight operations harvesting five acres 2 0 ha of fresh cut herbs up from four acres 1 6 ha in 2012 233 Two of these operations grow lavender on Washington Island 234 235 In Baileys Harbor religious tourism includes the Blessing of the Fleet 236 Door County has a history of strawberry 237 apple cherry and plum growing that dates back to the 19th century 238 56 Farmers were encouraged to grow fruit on the basis of the relatively mild climate on the peninsula This is due to the moderating effects of the lake and bay on nearby land temperatures U pick orchards and fruit stands can be found along country roads when in season and there are two cherry processors 239 However the cherry and apple businesses have declined 240 since peaking in 1941 241 and 1964 56 242 respectively due to concerns about pesticides 243 lack of migrant labor and a difficulty in finding local help the closure of processing plants unpredictable harvests the introduction of Drosophila suzukii land use competition with tourism and residential development better growing conditions to the east in the fruit belt such as the nearby Traverse City area 244 56 and intentional destruction of a portion of the crop ordered by the processor in order to drive up prices 245 In 2017 there were only 1 945 acres 787 ha of tart cherry orchards down from 2012 when there were 2 429 acres 983 ha 246 Lightning bugs become common by the end of June 247 Fall Edit Apple orchard October Additionally there were 400 acres 160 ha of apple orchards in 2017 down from 468 acres 189 ha in 2012 248 In 2017 there were 12 acres 4 9 ha of pear orchards spread among 11 operations 249 In 2017 there was only one acre 0 40 ha of plum orchards spread among four operations 250 In 2007 there were two acres 0 81 ha of apricot orchards spread among six operations 251 Research on the development of cold hardy peaches has continued since the 1980s 252 In 2012 there were two acres of peach orchards spread among seven operations 253 In 2017 there were 40 acres 16 ha of vineyards down from 78 acres 32 ha in 2012 254 The county was recognized as part of a larger federally designated wine grape growing region in 2012 255 In 2021 a county total of 3 940 deer were killed as a total of all deer hunting seasons up from the total harvest of 4 166 deer in 2020 256 In 2020 the county had the 6th highest deer density in the state with 56 deer per square mile of habitat 257 Another autumn activity is leaf peeping 258 Skiing and skating at Sturgeon Bay High School Winter Edit Winter attractions include ice fishing sledding k cross country skiing 263 camping 264 broomball 265 pond hockey 266 snowmobiling 267 watching lake freighters in Sturgeon Bay 268 and Christmas tree farms 269 270 In 2017 860 Christmas trees were cut down from 1 929 in 2012 271 The county has a white Christmas nearly 60 of the time 272 Culture Edit Lighthouses and historical sites Edit Further information National Register of Historic Places listings in Door County Wisconsin Including both Lake Michigan and Green Bay shorelines there are 50 total lights and lighthouses besides lighted buoys 273 Out of these there are 10 historically significant lighthouse structures and sets of lights still serving as navigational lights Most of them were built during the 19th century and are listed in the National Register of Historic Places Baileys Harbor Range Lights Cana Island Lighthouse 274 Chambers Island Lighthouse Eagle Bluff Lighthouse Pilot Island Lighthouse Plum Island Range Lights 275 Pottawatomie Lighthouse and Sturgeon Bay Canal Lighthouse Other functioning historic lighthouses in the county include the Sherwood Point Lighthouse and the Sturgeon Bay Canal North Pierhead Light 276 The Boyer Bluff Light is mounted on an 80 foot skeletal tower 277 In addition the Baileys Harbor Light is a non functioning 19th century lighthouse 276 Thirteen historical sites are marked in the state maritime trail for the area 278 in addition to nine roadside historical markers 279 In Sturgeon Bay the tugboat John Purves is operated as a museum ship Including lighthouses the county has 72 properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places There are 214 known confirmed and unconfirmed shipwrecks listed for the county 280 including the SS Australasia Christina Nilsson Fleetwing SS Frank O Connor Grape Shot Green Bay Hanover Iris SS Joys SS Lakeland Meridian Ocean Wave and Success The SS Louisiana sank during the Great Lakes Storm of 1913 281 Some shipwrecks are used for wreck diving 282 Buildings made from cordwood construction survive in the county especially in the Bailey s Harbor area Some such as the Blacksmith Inn are covered with clapboards on the outside 283 284 It has been speculated that the use of stovewood in the county was associated with German immigrants and was also due to the lack of manpower needed to haul heavy logs 285 Food Edit Some foods of Door County Agritourism and culinary tourism supports food production 286 Cooking classes are offered to tourists 287 Distinctive foods in the area include cherry pie 288 Belgian pie 289 290 rhubarb pie 291 cherry kuchen 291 apple kuchen 291 rodgrod 291 rhubarb salad 291 rhubarb cake 291 rhubarb torte 291 cherry torte 291 raspberry marmalade Linzer torte 292 chicken caps broiled mushroom caps coated in chicken spread and nuts 291 chocolate kraut cookies 291 cooked rhubarb juice diluted with water and sweetened with sugar 293 apricot pockets 294 cherry tarts 294 chopped cherry jam 295 cherry soup 296 Norwegian frugt suppe 297 cherry bread pudding 298 dried cherries 299 limpa bread 298 skorpa l 298 aebleskiver Icelandic pancakes 300 301 Norwegian and Swedish pancakes 302 green tomato jam 303 plum pudding with flaming brandy sauce 304 baked pears with cheese 305 cheese curds 306 fried perch 307 smoked chubs 308 fish boil fuel oil flare up originated in the county to entertain tourists 309 m booyah 310 did not originate in Europe 311 Belgian trippe sausage made with stomach lining 312 lapskaus Norwegian potato stew 313 hash brown sandwich 312 Scandinavian heritage Edit Chancel and altarpiece inside the stave church on Washington Island Scandinavian heritage related attractions include The Clearing Folk School two stave churches 314 structures in Rock Island State Park furnished with rune inscribed furniture 315 and Al Johnson s Swedish Restaurant which features goats on its grassy roof In Ephraim the Village Hall the Moravian and Lutheran churches and the Peter Peterson House are listed in the National Register of Historic Places as is the L A Larson amp Co Store building in Sturgeon Bay Although fish boils have been attributed to Scandinavian tradition 316 several ethnicities present on the peninsula have traditions of boiling fish The method common in the county is similar to that of Native Americans 317 n Industry Edit In Sturgeon Bay industrial tourism includes tours of the Bay Shipbuilding Company 318 CenterPointe Yacht Services 319 320 and other manufacturers 321 In particular Bay Ship owns a blue gantry crane that dominates the skyline 322 A cheese factory in Clay Banks conducts public tours 323 Arts Edit Tourism supports an arts community including weavers 324 painters 325 decorative artists 326 blacksmiths 327 actors o songwriters 328 musicians 329 and hymn singers 330 A quilt trail along roadside barns was organized in 2010 331 The interesting landscape makes it an attractive target for photography Several photographs have been used for commemorative stamps A Town of Sturgeon Bay farm was featured on a stamp commemorating the Wisconsin Sesquicentennial in 2004 332 and a cherry orchard near Brussels was featured on 2012 Earthscapes series stamp Sports Edit Door County Fairgrounds Sports tourism includes an underwater hockey team 333 a motor racetrack in Sturgeon Bay 334 and a semi pro football team in Baileys Harbor 335 A county wide men s baseball league has eight teams 336 High school sports teams play in the Packerland Conference except for girls swimming and golf which compete in the Bay Conference In 2014 Door County ranked 264th out of all 3 141 U S counties by number of golf courses and country clubs The county has nine courses tying with 42 other counties Door County had the 87th highest number of courses per resident of all U S counties 337 Motorcycling Edit In 2020 3 545 motorcycles were registered in the county up from 1 806 in 2008 338 A motorcycle club hosts a regional burning man event 339 involving a large wooden cow and maintains the adjacent Wisconsin Motorcycle Memorial 340 Flying Edit In 2021 49 aircraft were registered in the county 341 up from 46 aircraft in 2019 342 During the EAA AirVenture Oshkosh a fish boil is held as a 100 hamburger event at the Washington Island Airport to entice AirVenture conventiongoers to land on the island 343 Radio stations EditEconomy EditMain article Economy of Door County Wisconsin Door County s economy is considered a forestry related tourism based economy 344 In 2020 the total gross domestic product GDP of the county was 1 39 billion with the 274 million manufacturing industry overtaking real estate and rental and leasing that year to become the leading industry in the county at 19 7 of the overall GDP 345 Transportation EditLand Edit According to the Wisconsin Department of Transportation WisDOT in 2021 Door County had 1 270 miles 2 040 km of roadways 346 In county figures for 2007 there were 1 455 named roads in the county 347 In 2013 there were 588 lane miles 946 lane km p of county trunk highways 1 743 lanemiles 2 805 lanekm of local roads and 268 lanemiles 431 lanekm of state highways 349 In WisDOT figures for 2018 there were 102 miles 164 km of state highways 296 miles 476 km of county highways and 872 miles 1 403 km of local roads 346 Altogether the county s roadways account for 1 10 of Wisconsin s 115 751 miles of public roadway 346 350 The county s roadways saw 501 million miles of vehicle travel in 2019 which was 0 43 of the 115 7 billion miles driven statewide that year 351 350 The highest volumes of traffic in the county occur on WIS 42 WIS 57 from the junction of the separated highways in Nasewaupee to the bridge over the bay 352 From 2014 through 2017 fatalities and serious injuries especially occurred on the western side of the peninsula between the bay of Sturgeon Bay and Egg Harbor 352 From 2018 through 2020 crashes involving injuries or fatalities peaked in the month of July on Saturdays and between 3 00 PM and 4 00 PM 351 WIS 57 in March here concurrent with the Door County National Scenic Byway WIS 42 near Gills Rock in October The combined WIS 42 WIS 57 separates again at a junction in Sevastapol Following this separation WIS 42 continues along the western side of the peninsula and sees more traffic than WIS 57 352 which continues along the eastern side The two highways combine again at a junction in Liberty Grove Wisconsin Highway 42 WIS 42 Wisconsin Highway 57 WIS 57 Door County Coastal Byway WIS 42 and WIS 57 north of Sturgeon Bay to Northport is classified as a Wisconsin Scenic Byway 353 and National Scenic Byway 354 There are five rustic roads in the county 355 In addition to state recognized rustic roads Liberty Grove manages a heritage roads program As of 2019 update there were 12 heritage roads in the town 356 There are 230 8 miles 371 4 km 357 of snowmobile trails 358 359 which are opened as trails are groomed 360 Non motorized Edit The Ahnapee State Trail connects Sturgeon Bay to Kewaunee winter snowmobile access is dependent on weather and trail grooming 361 Although the Ice Age Trail coincides with most of the Ahnapee State Trail the Ice Age Trail forks away in the City of Sturgeon Bay and reaches its northern terminus at Potawatomi State Park 362 Mountain bike trails are located in three of the state parks 363 364 WIS 42 and WIS 57 are part of the Lake Michigan Circle Tour 365 Egg Harbor operates a free public bicycle sharing system limited to daylight hours within the village during the tourist season 366 Bridges across Sturgeon Bay Edit Sturgeon Bay Bridge also called Michigan Street Bridge truss structure Scherzer type double leaf rolling lift bascule with overhead counter weights 367 Oregon Street Bridge reinforced concrete slab rolling lift bascule girder with mechanical driven center locks 368 Bayview Bridge monolithic concrete placed on structural deck with steel girder superstructure open grating on deck bascule 369 Ground transportation Edit A daily private shuttle service operates between Green Bay Austin Straubel International Airport and Sturgeon Bay 370 The nearest intercity bus stop with regular service is in Green Bay 371 There are multiple private and public ground transportation services within the county but none with regularly scheduled stops for the general public 372 373 Air Edit There are eleven airports in the county including private or semi public airports Door County Cherryland Airport KSUE medium general aviation 374 public use three miles 4 8 km west of Sturgeon Bay Wisconsin Ephraim Gibraltar Airport 3D2 small general aviation 374 public use one mile 1 6 km southwest of Ephraim Wisconsin Washington Island Airport 2P2 small general aviation 374 public use Crispy Cedars Airport Brussels 7WI8 private but open to visitors with advance notice 375 376 Door County Memorial Hospital Heliport allows for air ambulance service to the hospital from remote areas of the county 377 and for flying patients to Green Bay Chambers Island Airport private 378 Five other small airports q Ferry Robert Noble r serving Washington Island and Northport Water Edit Ferries Edit Washington Island is served by two ferry routes operating between the Door Peninsula and Detroit Harbor One route is a 30 minute ride on a freight automobile and passenger ferry that departs from the Northport Pier at the northern terminus of WIS 42 This ferry makes approximately 225 000 trips per year 370 Another route is a 20 minute ride on a passenger only ferry which departs from the unincorporated community of Gills Rock 384 Rock Island State Park is reachable by the passenger ferry Karfi from Washington Island 385 During winter Rock Island is potentially accessible via snowmobile and foot traffic Although Chambers Island has no regularly scheduled ferry there are boat operators which transport people to the island on call from Fish Creek Boat ramps and marinas Edit There are 30 public boat access sites in the county 386 387 The Lake Michigan State Water Trail follows most county shorelines 388 Population and its health EditPopulation structures 1930 2010 Demographics Edit 2020 census Edit As of the census of 2020 389 the population was 30 066 The population density was 62 4 inhabitants per square mile 24 1 km2 There were 23 738 housing units at an average density of 49 3 per square mile 19 0 km2 The racial makeup of the county was 92 3 White 0 5 Black or African American 0 5 Native American 0 5 Asian 1 6 from other races and 4 6 from two or more races Ethnically the population was 3 8 Hispanic or Latino of any race 2000 Census Edit As of the 2000 census 390 there were 27 961 people 11 828 households and 7 995 families residing in the county The population density was 58 people per square mile 22 km2 391 There were 19 587 housing units at an average density of 41 per square mile 16 km2 The racial makeup of the county was 97 84 White 0 19 Black or African American 0 65 Native American 0 29 Asian 0 01 Pacific Islander 0 33 from other races and 0 69 from two or more races 0 95 of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race 39 4 were of German and 10 3 Belgian ancestry A small pocket of Walloon speakers forms the only Walloon language region outside of Wallonia and its immediate neighbors 392 393 Out of a total of 11 828 households 58 10 were married couples living together 6 50 had a female householder with no husband present and 32 40 were non families 28 10 of all households were made up of individuals and 12 70 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older The average household size was 2 33 and the average family size was 2 84 394 Historical population CensusPop Note 18602 948 18704 91966 9 188011 645136 7 189015 08229 5 190017 58316 6 191018 7116 4 192019 0731 9 193018 182 4 7 194019 0955 0 195020 8709 3 196020 685 0 9 197020 106 2 8 198025 02924 5 199025 6902 6 200027 9618 8 201027 785 0 6 202030 0668 2 U S Decennial Census 395 1790 1960 396 1900 1990 397 1990 2000 398 2010 399 2020 2 For every 100 females there were 97 10 males For every 100 females age 18 and over there were 94 50 males 22 10 of the population was under the age of 18 401 a decrease from 25 9 being under the age of 18 in the 1990 census 402 Additionally 6 10 were aged from 18 to 24 25 40 from 25 to 44 and 27 70 from 45 to 64 401 Births deaths and migration Edit In 2020 there were 192 births giving a general fertility rate of 51 1 births per 1000 women aged 15 44 the 15th lowest rate out of 72 Wisconsin counties 403 Between April 2010 and January 2021 there were an estimated 2 257 births and 3 606 deaths in the county Although the greater number of deaths served to decrease the population by an estimated 1 349 people this was more than offset by a net gain of 2 654 people who moved in from outside the county Altogether the population increased by an estimated 1 305 persons during this period 404 Based on 5 year ACS estimates Door County is thought to have had a net loss of residents to other counties from 2009 to 2015 and also in 2018 but a net gain from other counties in 2016 2017 and 2019 405 Most elderly and youthful communities Edit From ACS data from 2014 to 2018 the most elderly community in the county was the village of Ephraim with a median age of 65 4 the seventh most elderly out of all 1965 cities towns and villages having available data Following Ephraim was Egg Harbor with a median age of 64 0 the 14th most elderly in the state Sister Bay with a median age of 63 4 tied with Sherman in Iron County as the 18th most elderly Washington Island with a median age of 62 9 tied with Union in Burnett County as the 22nd most elderly Liberty Grove with a median age of 62 4 tied with Lakewood in Oconto County as the 26th most elderly Egg Harbor with a median age of 59 8 tied with three other towns as the 55th most elderly Gibraltar with a median age of 59 4 tied with the town of Raddison in Sawyer county as the 64th most elderly and Bailey s Harbor with a median age of 58 5 tied with Big Bend in Rusk County as the 83rd most elderly The youngest community in Door County was the village of Forestville with a median age of 39 0 It tied with 12 other communities as the 429th youngest community in the state Following the village of Forestville was the city of Sturgeon Bay with a median age of 42 8 tied with 9 other communities as the 742nd youngest in the state Brussels with a median age of 46 9 tied with 8 other communities as the 1163rd youngest in the state the town of Forestville with a median age of 47 4 tied with 9 other communities as the 1222nd youngest in the state and Gardner with a median age of 49 4 tied with 15 other communities as the 1434th youngest in the state 406 Based on ACS data from 2013 to 2017 the county had a median age of 52 4 years old tied with Florence as the fifth most elderly of all Wisconsin counties 407 This was an increase from the 2000 census which reported a county median age of 43 years 401 In the 2000 census 18 70 of the county population was 65 years of age or older 401 By 2015 the percentage of elderly climbed with 25 8 of the population being 65 or older the third highest in the state 408 From 2013 to 2017 36 8 of the 9 358 households in the county included children based on the ACS 5 year estimate compared to 44 2 for Wisconsin in 2017 based on the ACS one year estimate 409 The Jacksonport site of Stella Maris Catholic Parish a six point parish in the northern part of the county 410 Religious statistics Edit In 2010 statistics the largest religious group in Door County was the Catholics with 9 325 adherents worshipping at six parishes followed by 2 982 ELCA Lutherans with seven congregations 2 646 WELS Lutherans with seven congregations 872 Moravians with three congregations 834 United Methodists with four congregations 533 non denominational Christians with six congregations 503 LCMS Lutherans with two congregations 283 LCMC Lutherans with one congregation 270 Converge Baptists with three congregations 213 Episcopalians with one congregation 207 UCC Christians with one congregation and 593 other adherents Altogether 69 3 of the population was counted as adherents of a religious congregation 411 In 2014 Door County had the 719th most religious organizations per resident out of all 3 141 U S counties with 34 religious organizations in the county 337 Marriages Edit Five year ACS data from 2012 to 2016 show that an estimated 24 6 of women aged 45 54 in the county had never been married the 69th highest percentage of never married women in this age bracket out of 3 130 U S counties reporting data The ACS estimate also found that 75 9 of women aged 35 44 were married the 389th highest number of married women in this age bracket out of 3 136 counties reporting data 13 4 of births were to unmarried women the county was tied with three other counties in having the 180th lowest percentage of births to unmarried women out of 3 021 counties reporting data 412 In 2017 the county had the 25th most marriages and 44th most divorces out of all Wisconsin counties September had the most marriages with 68 413 In 2016 the county was the 45th most populous in the state 414 Public health Edit In most measures of public health for 2019 the county has figures as healthy as or healthier than those of the entire state 415 In 2017 2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System figures adults in Door County have the highest incidence of arthritis high blood pressure cancer high cholesterol kidney disease heart disease and stroke when compared to adults in Wisconsin counties to the south along the Lake Michigan shore Among the same counties Door County has the second lowest incidence of asthma and the loss of all teeth while chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and diabetes rates are the second highest When compared to counties directly to the north in the Upper Peninsula health outcomes in Door County tend to be about the same or better with mixed results when comparing Door County with Wisconsin counties directly to the west across Green Bay 416 According to calculations based on 2010 2014 data children born in Door County have a life expectancy of 80 9 years the ninth highest of Wisconsin s 72 counties 417 From 2000 to 2010 the county s premature death rate for people under 75 fell 35 0 the second greatest reduction in Wisconsin 418 Much of the county is thought to be far enough away from a maternity ward to cause some babies to be born outside of a maternity ward unintentionally and the very northern part of the peninsula and Washington Island together account for one of only three populated areas in the state which are at least 30 miles away from a maternity ward 419 In December 2018 Door County residents aged 18 64 were less likely to be receiving government payments for disability than the averages for Wisconsin and the United States as a whole 420 Five year ACS estimates for 2012 2016 found that Door County tied with 24 other counties in having the 573rd lowest percentage of disabled residents under 65 out of all 3 145 U S counties 9 3 were disabled 412 According to 2015 2019 ACS estimates 8 66 of Door County s population are veterans 20 36 of the county s veterans have a disability compared to 9 07 for the county as a whole 421 In 2019 there were 422 veterans in the county receiving compensation for a service connected disability 64 were aged 17 44 84 were aged 45 64 and 274 were 65 or older 391 were male and 31 were female Disability ratings varied with 146 rating up to 20 disabled 68 rating from 20 60 84 rating from 70 90 disabled and 59 who were rated as 100 disabled 422 From 2009 to 2013 the county had the highest skin cancer rate in the state 423 Minors receiving county managedpsychiatric medication 2014 2021 424 2020 drug charges by type of drug 425 Marijuana 30 charges Methamphetamine 22 charges Cocaine 2 charges Heroin 1 charge Schedule I IV drugs 1 charge A CDC survey of people reporting frequent mental distress 14 30 mentally unhealthy days in the last 30 days data aggregated over 2003 2009 found that people in Door County were more likely to be distressed than those in most Wisconsin counties but less likely to be distressed than those in the heavily urbanized southeast portion of the state 426 In 2018 figures for Medicare recipients the county had the second lowest prevalence of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders in the state at 1 03 although data was only available for 71 of Wisconsin s 72 counties Nationally the county had the 87th lowest prevalence of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders The county also ranked 51st lowest in the state for depression at 16 13 of Medicare recipients 427 With a rate of 9 53 county medicated children per 1000 children Door County had the fourth highest rate in the state out of all 27 counties and multi county social services agencies reporting statistics on the psychiatric medication of minors in 2019 Out of the 51 medicated minors in 2021 27 were female and 24 were male 39 were white 9 were of an unknown race and 3 belonged to another race or was multiracial Out of all races 7 were ethnically Hispanic Latino 428 In 2019 the county Behavioral Health Unit had 185 clients up from 142 in 2018 429 In 2017 2019 figures 15 0 of the county s adult population smoked the fourth lowest in the state and 275th lowest nationally 430 In 2017 three people died from drug abuse up from two in 2016 431 In 2021 figures from a national health statistics program Door County ranked 27th highest out of all counties nationally for adults either binge drinking or drinking heavy amounts of alcohol 27 5 of adults surveyed in the county reported either binge or heavy drinking within the last thirty days with an error margin between 26 29 432 In 2018 Door County ranked 88th nationally for the lowest percentage of Medicare recipients who abused drugs or substances It also had state s lowest prevalence of drug and substance abuse with 1 17 of Medicare recipients abusing drugs or substances It also had the second lowest prevalence of alcohol abuse among Medicare recipients out of all Wisconsin counties 1 36 of the 6 403 Medicare recipients in the county were known to abuse alcohol which was less than the national average of 2 08 It also ranked the lowest in the state for chronic kidney disease at 17 68 of Medicare recipients 427 In 2018 3 65 of all Medicare Part D prescriptions were for opioids less than the state average of 4 67 and the national average of 4 68 4 376 Medicare claims in the county were for opioids and involved 66 different prescribers Of the 4 376 claims 624 of them 14 26 involved long acting opioids which contain more drug have a larger potential for misuse and addiction and are of significant concern in the opioid epidemic in the United States Although 14 26 was less than the state average of 14 47 it was greater than the national average of 11 79 Both the overall Medicare Part D opioid prescription rate and the rate for long acting opioids decreased between 2013 and 2018 433 In 2020 15 deaths from opioid related overdoses were reported in the county 434 The prevalence of arthritis in the county was the highest in the state at 38 03 of Medicare recipients respectively Nationally Door County ranked 92nd highest for the most cancer among Medicare recipients and it was also the top ranking county in the state with 9 98 of Medicare recipients having cancer 427 Out of all Wisconsin counties and for all ages Door County had the ninth lowest age adjusted death rate for cancer in 2015 2019 figures 435 COVID 19 Edit On March 25 2020 non essential businesses were closed under the statewide Safer at Home order 436 with the first case in the county reported on March 30 437 After a ruling from the Wisconsin Supreme Court struck down the statewide order the county board extended the quarantine until May 19 2020 438 Some businesses were impacted by the coronavirus related suspension of the J 1 visa program no foreign students received visas to work in Door County in 2020 439 Meal sites for the elderly remained closed and did not reopen until June 7 2021 440 Additionally the county Adult Protective Services experienced a 70 7 drop in referrals in 2020 with only 115 new referrals submitted 441 This was due to elderly not leaving their homes as often and not having contact with people who typically file allegations with the Adult Protective Services 442 Previously the volume of allegations of self neglect abuse and financial exploitation s had increased from 61 referrals in 2007 to 392 referrals in 2019 444 Reports of child abuse and neglect decreased from 433 in 2019 to 396 in 2020 445 this was due to children not seeing teachers medical professionals or other mandated reporters 442 In 2021 both counts increased with 121 APS referrals 446 and 517 CPS reports for the year 445 Coronavirus statistics are updated weekly by the Door County Public Health Office 447 and vaccination figures are published by the Wisconsin Department of Health Services 448 and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 449 Crime EditIn 2020 there were 208 felony cases prosecuted by the county 357 up from 195 cases in 2019 and 171 in 2018 No trials were held concerning any of the felony cases in 2020 357 In 2019 3 cases went to trial down from 6 in 2018 429 The county has been a focus of sex trafficking enforcement efforts 450 From 2015 to 2020 there were no reports of sex trafficking in the county 451 In 2014 the voluntary intoxication defense in Wisconsin was repealed due to outcry following its use during a trial in Door County Initially the trial ended with a hung jury but a retrial resulted in a conviction 452 453 Communities Edit Towns in 1915 the borders remain the same today except for annexations by the City of Sturgeon Bay and the four villages Incorporated communities Edit City Edit Sturgeon Bay county seat Villages Edit Egg Harbor Ephraim Forestville Sister BayTowns Edit Baileys Harbor Cana Island is in the Town of Baileys Harbor Brussels Clay Banks Egg Harbor Forestville Gardner Gibraltar the Strawberry Islands Hat Horseshoe and Chambers Island are in the Town of Gibraltar Jacksonport Liberty Grove Gravel Island Spider Island and the Sister Islands are in the Town of Liberty Grove Nasewaupee Sevastopol Sturgeon Bay Union Washington Island Unincorporated communities Edit Brussels Carlsville Carnot Detroit Harbor Fish Creek Gills Rock Idlewild Institute Jacksonport Juddville Kolberg Maplewood Namur North Bay Northport Peninsula Center Rosiere partially in Kewaunee County Rowleys Bay Salona Shoemaker Point Valmy Vignes Washington West Jacksonport Whitefish Bay Census designated places Baileys Harbor Ellison Bay Little SturgeonFormer communities Edit Absorbed into Sturgeon Bay Edit Sawyer Stevens HillSites used as parks Edit Rock Island settlement on island now Rock Island State Park Newport community now Newport State Park 454 455 Williamsonville now Tornado Memorial County Park 456 457 458 Adjacent counties EditFurther information Green Bay metropolitan area For a history of county borders see Door Peninsula County border adjustments By land Edit Kewaunee County southIn Green Bay Edit Brown County southwest 459 Oconto County west Marinette County northwest Menominee County Michigan northwestAlong the Rock Island Passage Edit Delta County Michigan north Eastern Time ZoneIn Lake Michigan Edit Leelanau County Michigan northeast and east Eastern Time Zone Benzie County Michigan southeast Eastern Time ZoneNotable people EditRobert C Bassett 1911 2000 U S presidential advisor 460 Jule Berndt 1924 1997 pastor Norbert Blei 1935 2013 writer Gene Brabender 1941 1996 baseball player 461 Hans Christian born 1960 musician Jessie Kalmbach Chase 1879 1970 painter Eddie Cochems 1877 1953 Father of the Forward Pass Erik Cordier born 1986 baseball player Katherine Whitney Curtis 1897 1980 originator of synchronized swimming A J Dillon born 1998 Green Bay Packers running back has the key to the county Mary Maples Dunn 1931 2017 historian John Fetzer 1840 1900 mill owner Wisconsin State Senator Jim Flanigan born 1971 football player 462 Lou Goss born 1987 racecar driver Chris Greisen born 1976 Milwaukee Iron quarterback AFL Nick Greisen born 1979 Denver Broncos linebacker NFL Stuart Hagmann born 1942 film and television director Bernard Hahn 1860 1931 Wisconsin State Representative hotel and opera house owner arsonist Arthur G Hansen 1925 2010 engineer university president and chancellor Hjalmar Holand 1872 1963 historian Jens Jensen 1860 1951 landscape architect M J Jischke born 1885 butcher postmaster Al Johnson born 1979 football player Ben Johnson born 1980 football player Bill Jorgenson 1930 2007 bluegrass musician Al C Kalmbach 1910 1981 publisher Henry Killilea 1863 1929 helped found American League 463 Curly Lambeau 1898 1965 football player and coach 464 Doug Larson 1926 2017 newspaper writer James Larsin b 1855 saved seven people from drowning Lester Leitl 1899 1980 football player and coach Pat MacDonald born 1952 once part of Timbuk 3 runs Steel Bridge Songfest Amy McKenzie born 1959 producer director Thomas J Minar born 1963 sex offender 465 Edward S Minor 1840 1924 U S Representative Alex Meunier 1897 1983 teacher orchardist Wisconsin State Senator Conrad P Olson 1882 1952 Oregon Supreme Court justice Sigurd F Olson 1899 1982 wilderness guide Alexander Noble 1829 1905 town official in Fish Creek Charles L Peterson 1927 2022 painter Casey Rabach born 1977 Washington Redskins center NFL David M Raup 1933 2015 paleontologist Hugh M Raup 1901 1995 ecologist Dennis A Reed born 1822 Wisconsin State Representative Civil War lieutenant Charles Reynolds 1839 1914 Wisconsin State Representative Civil War captain Thomas Reynolds 466 1840 1919 Wisconsin State Representative patriarch of Wisconsin political dynasty Jack Ritchie 1922 1983 writer of detective fiction Hallie H Rowe 1896 1992 sheriff Wisconsin State Assemblyman Paul J Schlise born 1966 U S Navy admiral John Shinners born 1947 football player Paul Sills 1927 2008 director improvisation teacher Allen Thiele 1940 2017 Coast Guard officer Chester Thordarson 1867 1945 inventor erected buildings on Rock Island Emma Toft 1891 1982 resort owner Madeline Tourtelot 1915 2002 artist founder of the Peninsula School of Art James Valcq born 1963 writer of musicals Thorstein Veblen 1857 1929 economist Richard Warch 1939 2013 president of Lawrence University Lloyd Wasserbach 1921 1949 football player Charles Mitchell Whiteside 1854 1924 helped merge Sawyer and Sturgeon Bay Randy Wright born 1961 Green Bay Packers quarterback NFL Albert Zahn 1894 1953 folk artist known as the birdmanPolitics EditFrom May through August 2019 a randomized study asked 313 beachgoers visiting 27 Door County beaches and 85 beachgoers visiting three beaches in Algoma Kewaunee and Manitowoc which political party they belonged to Out of the total 398 people surveyed 38 4 were Democratic 26 Republican 19 6 Independent 1 Green 1 Libertarian 2 2 Other and 11 8 gave no response 467 The county has voted more moderately Republican than nearby Brown Kewaunee and Manitowoc Counties ever since 1940 only voting for a Democrat in 1964 and 1996 In addition the county voted for the winning candidate in every presidential election since 1996 President Clinton was the last candidate to win the state without carrying Door County in the 1992 presidential election Up until the 2022 Wisconsin gubernatorial election Door County had voted Republican since the 2010 gubernatorial election although this did not have any significant effect on the results United States presidential election results for Door County Wisconsin 468 Year Republican Democratic Third partyNo No No 2020 9 752 48 48 10 044 49 93 321 1 60 2016 8 580 48 77 8 014 45 55 998 5 67 2012 8 121 45 96 9 357 52 95 193 1 09 2008 7 112 40 68 10 142 58 02 227 1 30 2004 8 910 50 94 8 367 47 84 214 1 22 2000 7 810 51 31 6 560 43 10 850 5 58 1996 4 948 40 39 5 590 45 63 1 713 13 98 1992 5 468 39 69 4 735 34 37 3 574 25 94 1988 6 907 55 60 5 425 43 67 90 0 72 1984 8 264 67 35 3 916 31 91 91 0 74 1980 7 170 55 23 4 961 38 21 851 6 56 1976 6 557 57 43 4 553 39 88 307 2 69 1972 6 503 64 25 3 430 33 89 188 1 86 1968 5 647 63 34 2 728 30 60 541 6 07 1964 4 289 49 22 4 416 50 68 9 0 10 1960 5 790 61 50 3 610 38 35 14 0 15 1956 6 722 77 96 1 859 21 56 41 0 48 1952 7 621 80 82 1 790 18 98 19 0 20 1948 4 911 65 84 2 440 32 71 108 1 45 1944 5 668 68 25 2 599 31 29 38 0 46 1940 5 461 66 11 2 750 33 29 49 0 59 1936 3 146 41 05 3 952 51 57 566 7 39 1932 2 488 36 95 4 149 61 61 97 1 44 1928 3 636 59 28 2 456 40 04 42 0 68 1924 1 891 38 56 235 4 79 2 778 56 65 1920 3 817 88 34 385 8 91 119 2 75 1916 1 656 56 25 1 204 40 90 84 2 85 1912 1 167 41 15 769 27 12 900 31 73 1908 2 463 73 88 778 23 34 93 2 79 1904 2 689 80 51 515 15 42 136 4 07 1900 2 362 76 29 674 21 77 60 1 94 1896 2 402 71 30 895 26 57 72 2 14 1892 1 596 58 18 1 007 36 71 140 5 10 Gallery Edit Sunset Sister Bay Wigwam display at Whitefish Dunes State Park Hog Island Cave Point County Park The Ahnapee River below the dam at Forestville Sturgeon Bay Shipping CanalExplanatory notes Edit See the 1899 rail map In 1914 the Door County News reported about the variety and quality of fruit at the county fair and editorialized No wonder they call Door county the California of the North for surely little Door is one of the keenest rivals that the state of California will ever have Of all the names that have been applied to Door county this exhibit would pick or force most of us to say that Door county is The Garden of Eden of the United States 54 In the early 1900s California of the North was the title of a poem by Jens Jacobsen 55 For detailed soil maps showing specific areas see the Web Soil Survey Natural Resources Conservation Service United States Department of Agriculture Summerville soil series information also see inceptisol as Summerville soils are inceptisols Longrie soil series information also see spodosol as Longrie soils are spodosols Omena soil series information also see alfisol as Omena soils are alfisols Grand Traverse Island State Park was founded in 1970 and protects sightly more than 5 acres 2 0 ha of land on Detroit Island 137 It consists of five discontiguous parcels 138 and there is no ferry access this undeveloped state park is ordinarily omitted from state park listings Gardner Swamp Wildlife Area Mud Lake Wildlife Area Reibolts Creek Public Access and Schuyler Creek State Fishery Area Access to SNAs depends on ownership but most are free and open to the public Complex ownership complicates a straightforward listing of the parks as besides the land trust the Nature Conservancy manages five preserves in the county See Trout stream classifications Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources There are two public sledding hills in Sturgeon Bay 259 one in Sister Bay 260 one in Peninsula State Park 261 and a small sledding hill in Potawatomi State Park 262 See Skorpa for fika by Bonnie Sparrman in Pietisten 12 2 Fall Winter 2017 As a food preparation ritual fish boils in the county have been compared to the Luʻau parties of Hawaii the barbecues of the South and the clambakes of the Northeast 45 For a description of Belgian acculturation towards Native Americans see The Walloon Immigrants Of Northeast Wisconsin An Examination Of Ethnic Retention by Jacqueline Tinkler MA Thesis UT Arlington May 2013 pp 26 27 pp 33 34 of the pdf See Peninsula Players and Northern Sky Theater Lane miles are the number of miles of road multiplied by the number of lanes in Wisconsin lane mile figures each lane is a 12 foot 3 7 m width of road 348 The other five private airports Forscoro Airport Forestville Hill Road Airport Sister Bay 379 Mick Schier Field Airport Namur 380 Mave s Lakeview Road Airport Ellison Bay 381 Sunny Slope Runway Airport Egg Harbor 382 This ferry is named after Robert Noble who was a shipwreck survivor and 19th century ferry operator across Sturgeon Bay 383 In 2019 85 6 of referrals alleging the abuse and neglect of adults or elderly involved self neglect and 5 4 were for financial exploitation The remaining 8 0 of referrals alleged other crimes such as neglect emotional abuse physical abuse and sexual abuse 443 References Edit Robertson Jim March 4 1969 Our own story It s here and It s delicious Door County Advocate Vol 107 no 99 p 1 a b 2020 Population and Housing State Data United States Census Bureau Retrieved August 28 2021 Find a County National Association of Counties Archived from the original on May 31 2011 Retrieved June 7 2011 Wisconsin Individual County Chronologies Wisconsin Atlas of Historical County Boundaries The Newberry Library 2007 Archived from the original on February 14 2020 Retrieved August 13 2015 Gannett Henry 1905 The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States Washington D C U S Government Printing Office p 108 Retrieved May 7 2018 via Internet Archive Kohl Cris Forsberg Joan Shipwrecks at Death s Door p 10 Eaton Conan Bryant 1980 Death s Door The Pursuit of a Legend Revised ed Sturgeon Bay Wisconsin Bayprint p 22 Holand Hjalmar 1917 History of Door County Wisconsin The County Beautiful Chicago S J Clarke p 77 Titus William A 1930 Chapter XXXVI Door County History of the Fox River Valley Lake Winnebago and the Green Bay region Vol 2 Chicago S J Clarke p 802 a b c Chapter 3 Historical and Cultural Resources Door County Comprehensive Plan 2030 PDF Vol II Resource Report Table 3 1 Timeline of Historic Events in Door County pp 19 20 Archived from the original PDF on January 13 2020 a b Historical Records Survey Division of Women s and Professional Projects 1938 Inventory of the Church Archives of Wisconsin Moravian Church Works Progress Administration p 21 and Holand Hjalmar R 1917 Chapter XXXIV Ephraim History of Door County Wisconsin Chicago S J Clarke On Islands Lighthouses amp The Keeper of the Light on Pilot Island Martin Nicolai Knudsen A Gleam Across the Wave Norbert Blei Door County Times December 20 2006 Archived from the original on February 2 2007 Hale James B 1996 Going For The Mail A History Of Door County Post Offices Green Bay Wisconsin Brown County Historical Society Village of Forestville Comprehensive Plan PDF September 11 2009 pp 14 16 Archived from the original PDF on January 13 2020 Soucek G 2011 Door County Tales Shipwrecks Cherries and Goats on the Roof American Chronicles Arcadia Publishing ISBN 978 1 61423 383 1 Retrieved April 23 2017 Lott Katie May 1 2009 Southern Door County s Belgian Wayside Chapels Door County Living Retrieved January 22 2019 Where to Find Belgian Chapels in Door County Door County Visitor Bureau Retrieved January 22 2019 Google Wisconsin Belgian Roadside Chapels Map Google Maps Google Holand Hjalmar Rued 1933 Chapter VII Belgian Characteristics and Customs PDF Wisconsin s Belgian community an account of the early events in the Belgian settlement in northeastern Wisconsin with particular reference to the Belgians in Door County pp 82 ff Archived PDF from the original on October 9 2022 See also the Table of Contents for the entire book Powell J W Royce Charles C Thomas Cyrus 1899 Wisconsin 1 Map Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology 1896 97 Part 2 1 2 217 600 Great Lakes Indian Fish amp Wildlife Commission p 728 Door County Survey Notes Wisconsin Board of Commissioners of Public Lands Surveys Door County Wisconsin General Land Office Records United States Bureau of Land Management Fifty Cents an Acre Door County Advocate Vol 76 no 3 March 26 1937 p 4 Patents Door County Wisconsin General Land Office Records United States Bureau of Land Management 1847 Warrants Door County Wisconsin General Land Office Records United States Bureau of Land Management 1850 Warrants Door County Wisconsin General Land Office Records United States Bureau of Land Management 1852 Warrants Door County Wisconsin General Land Office Records United States Bureau of Land Management 1855 Warrants Door County Wisconsin General Land Office Records United States Bureau of Land Management Patents Land Act of 1820 Door County Wisconsin General Land Office Records United States Bureau of Land Management Patents Homestead Act of 1862 Door County Wisconsin General Land Office Records United States Bureau of Land Management Patents Morrill Act of 1862 Door County Wisconsin General Land Office Records United States Bureau of Land Management Holand Hjalmar R March 26 1937 County Had 3 000 people in 1862 Sturgeon Bay a Settlement of 30 Homes Door County Advocate Vol 76 no 3 p 1 Moran Joseph M Somerville E Lee 1990 Tornadoes of Fire at Williamsonville Wisconsin October 8 1871 PDF Wisconsin Academy of Sciences Arts and Letters Archived PDF from the original on October 9 2022 Skiba Justin September 2 2016 The Fire That Took Williamsonville Door County Living Retrieved January 22 2019 Tornado Memorial Park PDF Archived from the original PDF on January 13 2020 kiosk historical notes also see County C Park and Ride lot panel draft PDF p 19 Zimmerman Lisa Marie 2013 Brick by Brick A Comparative pXRF Analysis of Brickworks and Structures in the Belgian American Community of the Door Peninsula M S thesis University of Wisconsin Milwaukee and Holmes Fred L 1944 Old World Wisconsin around Europe in the Badger State E M Hale and Co p 163 Davis Jeffery F 1998 An Advocate For The County Door County Magazine Mead Howard Dean Jill Smith Susan 1998 Portrait of the Past A Photographic Journey Through Wisconsin 1865 1920 Madison Wisconsin Wisconsin Trails p 57 Transportation Profile Draft PDF Door County Comprehensive Plan 2030 Transportation Advisory Workgroup p 5 Archived from the original PDF on January 13 2020 Station Sturgeon Bay Canal Wisconsin PDF U S Coast Guard History Program United States Coast Guard Archived from the original PDF on September 25 2008 Retrieved November 23 2011 USCG Station Washington Island PDF United States Coast Guard January 2012 Archived from the original PDF on October 25 2012 Retrieved November 23 2012 Wiley Charles Frederick 1990 Did You Get the Eagle Mr Moss A Memoir of Ephraim Summers Sister Bay Wisconsin Wm Caxton pp 34 and 109 Total Indian Population as of June 1 1890 PDF Bureau of the Census p 1 Table 7 Indians Chinese and Japanese For Counties and For Cities of 25 000 or More 1920 1920 and 1900 PDF Fourteenth Census of the United States State Compendium Wisconsin Bureau of the Census 1925 p 33 Railway Express Door County Advocate Vol 76 no 3 March 26 1937 p 3 Dannhausen Myles Jr Williamson Patty November 15 2011 The Rise and Fall of the Ahnapee amp Western Railway Door County Living Mailer Stan 1989 Green Bay amp Western The First 111 Years Hundman Publishing Thomas Bruce 1993 Door County Wisconsin s Peninsular Jewel pp 33 34 41 OCLC 767578020 also see the inflation calculator from measuringworth com Frederickson Arthur C Frederickson Lucy F 1963 Ships and Shipwrecks in Door County Wisconsin Vol 2 Frankfort Michigan A C and L F Frederickson p 3 a b Hart John Fraser 1984 Resort Areas in Wisconsin Geographical Review Vol 74 no 2 pp 206 207 and 198 200 JSTOR 214100 Dadant C F September 19 1901 A Bee keeper s Vacation Spent in Wisconsin American Bee Journal Vol 41 no 38 Chicago p 957 Wiley 1990 pp 110 115 Nolen John 1909 State parks for Wisconsin Report of John Nolen Landscape Architect With Letter of Transmittal by State Park Board p 31 Schuknecht Roy J May June 1921 Wisconsin s Wonderland See America First Magazine Vol 7 no 4 p 103 Ellis William S March 1969 Wisconsin s Door Peninsula A Kingdom So Delicious National Geographic p 350 Bureau of Environmental Impact June 1978 Recreational Demand Environmental Impact Statement for Proposed Acquisition Development and Management of Grand Traverse Islands State Park Door County Wisconsin Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources p 35 Appendix E Bay Shore County Park 4 f 6 4 Evaluation Purpose and Need for Proposed Action Part C Need for the Action Final Environmental Impact Statement Project I D 1480 04 08 00 STH 57 STH 54 STH 42 Brown Kewaunee and Door Counties December 3 1998 p 10 quotation taken from the Green Bay Press Gazette June 15 1938 in Tishler William H 2006 Door County s Emerald Treasure A History of Peninsula State Park Madison University of Wisconsin Press p 194 ISBN 9780299220730 Some of the Products of Door County The Wonderland of Wisconsin The California of the North Door County News Vol 1 no 14 September 25 1914 p 7 Part II Jens Jacobsen The California Connection Norman Blei Door County Times June 28 2006 Archived from the original on February 2 2007 a b c d Cain Cortney May 2006 Chapter 4 Door County Apple Horticulture The Development of Apple Horticulture in Wisconsin 1850s 1950s Case Studies of Bayfield Crawford and Door Counties M A thesis UW Madison Retrieved September 15 2019 Bankston Kody Jarocki Morgan amp Miller Adrienne 2012 Geography of Apple Orchards in Wisconsin Examining the Core of Cultivation PDF Student paper University of Wisconsin Madison Irwin Emily July 1 2017 Migrant Labor and Door County Cherries Weso Thomas Pecore 2016 Good Seeds A Menominee Indian Food Memoir Wisconsin Historical Society Press p 29 ISBN 9780870207723 Goode Mariah July 1 2005 The Harvest of 1945 German POW Camps Filled Door County s Labor Shortage Door County Pulse Lentz Cheyenne June 23 2015 Story of Wisconsin s German POWs Is a Piece of Hidden History Author Says Wisconsin Public Radio Jaques Damien July 9 2012 Cherry Picking with German POWs in Door County On Milwaukee Tishler W H 2006 Door County s Emerald Treasure A History of Peninsula State Park Wisconsin Land and Life University of Wisconsin Press ISBN 978 0 299 22073 0 Retrieved April 23 2017 Cowley Betty 2002 Camp Sturgeon Bay 1945 Stalag Wisconsin Inside WW II Prisoner of War Camps Oregon Wisconsin Badger Books pp 240 and 243 ISBN 9781878569837 Gonzalez Sergio 2017 Mexicans in Wisconsin Wisconsin Historical Society Press ISBN 9780870208355 Migrant Agricultural workers in Door County Wisconsin State Department of Public Welfare Division for Children and Youth 1951 pp 51 ff MacVeigh Fierro Daniel Ricci Samantha amp Walder Damani October 19 2014 Developing Strategies to Improve Farm Labor Camp Housing Policy in Massachusetts PDF B S Interactive Qualifying Project Worcester Polytechnic Institute Boston Project Center p 65 Archived PDF from the original on October 9 2022 A W Schorger notes PDF pp 330 632 Temple Stanley 2014 index to Schorger s notes Wisconsin PDF Passenger Pigeon Project Chicago Academy of Sciences and its Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum p 42 Rural News Items Forestville Algoma Record Herald Vol 29 no 25 October 18 1901 p 8 Shelak Benjamin J 2003 Shipwrecks of Lake Michigan Black Earth Wisconsin Trails Books p 41 ISBN 9781931599214 Enigl John amp Felhofer Wallace Bud 2001 They Wanted Wings A History of Door County Aviation PDF p 5 Archived from the original PDF on January 13 2020 Hodges Heidi amp Steebs Kathy 2018 Hidden History of Sturgeon Bay Charleston South Carolina The History Press p 113 ISBN 9781467119702 Enigl amp Felhofer 2001 p 13 Over There and Everywhere U S Air Services Vol 2 no 4 November 1919 p 33 Dannhausen Myles Jr May 1 2013 Horseshoe Bay Farms Still Stands Tall Door County Living Veregin Howard February 23 2011 Wisconsin historic aerial photographs now available online Wisconsin Geospatial News For low resolution scans of the 1952 photos see 22 National Archive search results for Index to Aerial Photography of Door County Wisconsin National Archives and Records Administration Bellak Theodore 1995 Memoirs of Gliding and Soaring Freeman South Dakota Pine Hill Press p 69 ISBN 9781575790046 Glider Crosses Lake in 1 Hour and 6 Minutes Door County News June 15 1939 p 1 Here He Goes Bellak and His Sailplane Door County Advocate June 16 1939 p 1 Bellak Theodore 1995 Memoirs of Gliding and Soaring Freeman South Dakota Pine Hill Press pp 70 204 ISBN 9781575790046 Morelli Meghan December 14 2012 More Mysteries in the Great Lakes UpNorthLive Traverse City Michigan WPBN TV Archived from the original on February 7 2020 Richardson Ross 1959 Bridgebuilder X Michigan Mysteries Archived from the original on November 23 2019 Door County and Jingdezhen China Sister Cities Door County Living July 1 2004 Retrieved December 12 2019 Chapter 15 Alcohol Licensing PDF Village of Ephraim pp 4 6 a b Roberts Rhonda April 6 2016 After 163 years Door County s Ephraim no longer dry WBAY TV Green Bay Archived from the original on April 18 2016 Retrieved April 6 2016 2010 Census Gazetteer Files United States Census Bureau August 22 2012 Archived from the original on September 4 2015 Retrieved August 4 2015 Geib W J Thompson Carl Geib H V 1918 Soil Survey of Door County Wisconsin PDF USDA Bureau of Soils p 6 Sherrill M G 1978 Geology and ground water in Door County Wisconsin with emphasis on contamination potential in the Silurian dolomite PDF Open File Report U S Geological Survey pp 11 12 doi 10 3133 OFR7761 S2CID 210024286 Water Supply Paper 2047 Archived from the original PDF on January 26 2020 Swanson Susan Wisconsin Springs Data Map Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey See the four points located in the county on the electronic map Wardius K Wardius B 2013 Wisconsin Lighthouses A Photographic and Historical Guide Revised Edition Wisconsin Historical Society Press pp 100 25 ISBN 978 0 87020 610 8 Retrieved April 23 2017 Dunphy Maureen 2016 Washington Island Wisconsin Great Lakes Island Escapes Wayne State University Press p 64 Bertrand Gerard Lang Jean Ross John January 1976 Section 6 1 Early History The Green Bay Watershed Past Present Future Technical report University of Wisconsin Madison Sea Grant Program no 29 University of Wisconsin Sea Grant College Program p 142 Technical Report 229 Chapter 2 City of Sturgeon Bay Comprehensive Plan Update PDF 2010 p 2 Archived from the original PDF on January 13 2020 Meridian County Park Door County Parks Retrieved May 18 2020 Meridian County Park and Harter Matter Sanctuary Map and trail guide PDF Archived PDF from the original on October 9 2022 Chapter 8 Central Lake Michigan Coastal Ecological Landscape Bedrock Geology PDF The ecological landscapes of Wisconsin An assessment of ecological resources and a guide to planning sustainable management Madison Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources 2015 p J 5 PUB SS 1131Q 2015 Archived from the original PDF on February 28 2010 Kasprzak Candice M Walter Mark A Stiegliz Ronald D Trick Joel A March 2001 An inventory and Assessment of the Resources of the Niagara Escarpment in Wisconsin PDF United States Environmental Protection Agency pp 33 37 Bay Lake Regional Planning Commission Technical Report 77 Archived from the original PDF on November 2 2021 Lower Silurian Llandovery Facies Sequence Stratigraphy and Porosity Patterns in the Door Peninsula Wisconsin An Outcrop View by Mark T Harris and Kurt R Waldhuetter in The Silurian Dolomite Aquifer of the Door Peninsula Facies Sequence Stratigraphy Porosity and Hydrogeology Field Trip Guidebook Revised Version for the 1996 Fall Field Conference of the Great Lakes Section of the SEPM Green Bay Wisconsin and Pre meeting field trip for the 1997 Meeting of the North Central Section of the GSA Madison Wisconsin January 1998 pages 8 12 pages 12 16 of the pdf Deller Howard Stoelting Paul 1986 Wisconsin s Door Peninsula and Its Geomorphology PDF The Wisconsin Geographer Vol 2 p 32 Soil Survey of Door County Wisconsin PDF USDA SCS December 1978 Retrieved January 22 2019 Sinclair William C Physiography and Relief Reconnaissance of the Ground Water Resources of Delta County Michigan PDF Michigan Geological Survey p 11 Progress Report 24 Region V February 1983 Final Environmental Report Middle Door County Wisconsin Wastewater Treatment Facilities Chicago US Environmental Protection Agency p 6 Anderson Craig Epstein Eric Smith William Merryfield Nicole May 2002 The Niagara Escarpment Inventory Findings 1999 2001 and Considerations for Management Final Report PDF Natural Heritage Inventory Program Bureau of Endangered Resources Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources p 32 a b George Pinney County Park kiosk information PDF Archived from the original PDF on January 27 2020 Retrieved January 27 2020 Sherrill M G 1978 Geology and Ground Water in Door County Wisconsin with Emphasis on Contamination Potential in the Silurian Dolomite PDF United States Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2047 Locations of caves are shown on Plate 1 Waldinger Joel October 14 2014 Man Goes Deep to Explore Preserve the Hidden Treasures of Door County s Caves Wisconsin Life PBS STARR Partners February 2013 Appendix F Kewaunee Door and Brown County Section I IV i 7 Shoreline Information PDF Discovery Report Federal Emergency Management Agency Region V Shoreline pp 18 19 Flood insurance p 30 Wisconsin Geology Map In the Layer List Landforms features lines was selected to show the glacial landforms Great Lakes Data Rescue Project Lake Michigan Bathymetry Two Rivers Ridge and Door Leelanau Ridge National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service and Office of Oceanic amp Atmospheric Research a b c Before They re Gone by Roy Lukes Wisconsin Natural Resources May June 1986 Volume 10 Number 3 Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources page 8 Chapter 5 Town of Gardner 20 Year Comprehensive Plan PDF January 2010 p 15 Archived from the original PDF on January 13 2020 Vandenhouten Mike Daubner Dan DeJardin Galen Delveaux George Jr Gehm Mary Chapter 2 Town of Brussels 2020 Comprehensive Plan PDF p 30 Archived from the original PDF on January 13 2020 Central Lake Michigan Coastal ecological landscape Red Hill Woods Brussels Grassland PDF Wisconsin Land Legacy Report Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources 2006 p 134 Archived from the original PDF on February 28 2010 Get A Bird s Eye View of Wisconsin s Fall Color Travel Wisconsin September 21 2017 Note that lake level changes from year to year Whitefish Dunes State Park Trail descriptions Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Beyer Debbie Giguere Shelby Protect the Water You Drink PDF Pamphlet UW Extension Basin Education Initiative and the Door County Soil and Water Conservation Department Archived from the original PDF on January 13 2020 Erb Kevin Ronk Eric Koundinya Vikram Luczaj John 2015 Groundwater Quality Changes in a Karst Aquifer of Northeastern Wisconsin USA Reduction of Brown Water Incidence and Bacterial Contamination Resulting from Implementation of Regional Task Force Recommendations Resources 4 3 655 672 doi 10 3390 resources4030655 Web Map of Door County Wisconsin For All Seasons Map Door County Land Information Office Retrieved September 7 2019 Groundwater Center Groundwater Quality Viewer UW Stevens Point College of Natural Resources Photo of the monitoring station on p 128 of Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Air Monitoring Network Plan 2016 June 2015 PDF Environmental Protection Agency Retrieved February 6 2019 Hanna Steven R Chang Joseph C March 1995 Relations between Meteorology and Ozone in the Lake Michigan Breeze Journal of Applied Meteorology Vol 34 p 678 doi 10 1175 1520 0450 1995 034 lt 0670 RBMAOI gt 2 0 CO 2 EJSCREEN Environmental Protection Agency Retrieved October 5 2021 Map 6 1 General Soil Association PDF Map Door County Comprehensive and Farmland Preservation Plan 2035 Archived from the original PDF on January 13 2020 Chapter 6 Village of Ephraim Comprehensive Plan 2009 PDF p 5 Archived from the original PDF on January 13 2020 Schaetzl Randall J Knapp Bruce D Isard Scott A 2005 Modeling Soil Temperatures and the Mesic Frigid Boundary in the Central Great Lakes Region 1951 2000 PDF Soil Science Society of America Journal Vol 69 no 6 pp 2033 2040 doi 10 2136 sssaj2004 0349 Potter Brian E Cate Thomas W 1999 A Climatology of Late spring Freezes in the Northeastern United States PDF United States Forest Service p 2 General Technical Report NC 204 Also see maps on pp 15 and 29 Town of Sevastopol Comprehensive Plan 2028 November 2008 Chapter 6 p 7 p 104 of the pdf Landings Journal of the Door County Land Trust Spring 2012 pp 6 7 A Data Compilation and Assessment of Coastal Wetlands of Wisconsin s Great Lakes 2002 See M 16 Shivering Sands Area on p 37 of the document and p 43 of the pdf My first eighty years by Holand Hjalmar Rued 1957 Twayne Publishers New York p 10 p 16 of the pdf Old peninsula days the making of an American community Chapter 26 The Peninsula s County Parks by Holand Hjalmar Rued 8th revised edition 1959 p 242 and following p 254 and following of the pdf Grutzmacher Steve September 4 2015 Door County s Original Historian Hjalmar R Holand Door County Living Lyttle Bethany September 11 2008 The Cape Cod of the Midwest The New York Times Archived from the original on October 22 2017 Retrieved September 25 2008 Rebecca L Schewe Donald R Field Deborah J Frosch Gregory Clendenning Dana Jensen May 15 2012 Condos in the Woods The Growth of Seasonal and Retirement Homes in Northern Wisconsin University of Wisconsin Press pp 22 ISBN 978 0 299 28533 3 a b Slattery Sally July 1 2014 Door County s Islands Door County Living Federal lawmakers have spent billions in the wake of the pandemic to get Americans high speed internet And they want to spend much more by Sarah Ewall Wice CBS News May 21 2021 Article posted Thursday March 6 2014 10 36am by Jim Lundstrom Peninsula Pulse March 6 2014 Payment of State Aid to Municipalities for the payment year of 2005 PDF Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Retrieved February 26 2016 Hunting amp Trapping Map Grand Traverse Island State Park Wisconsin DNR PUB PR 2090 Rev November 9 2014 Archived July 19 2021 a b Wisconsin DNR Door State natural areas by county Retrieved January 22 2019 Green Bay National Wildlife Refuge Hunt Fish amp Public Use Regulations 2021 2022 USFWS Archived February 23 2022 Door County Parks Door County Facilities and Parks Department Park facilities City of Sturgeon Bay Far From the Madding Crowd Liberty Grove Town Parks Door County Pulse August 20 2015 Camp Zion listing in the CCCA campgrounds directory accessed December 10 2019 Ice Age Trail Guidebook 2014 Points of interest Cardy Paleo Indian Camp Archaeological Site p 353 p 6 of the pdf Life During The End Of The Ice Age The Cardy site could inform archaeologists about how humans dealt with a challenging environment Archived February 23 2022 at the Wayback Machine American Archaeology Vol 14 No 3 Fall 2010 Explore Our Preserves Archived from the original on October 9 2021 Retrieved October 9 2021 Lands enrolled in the tax program are shown on the DNR Private Forest Lands Open for Public Recreation interactive map and Managed Forest Law 2019 Acreage Summary Report by Municipality by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources February 25 2019 p 17 Map of Door County Beaches on Lake Michigan and Wisconsin s Great Lake Public Access Guide electronic map Bicycle and other silent sports map 2016 Door County Visitor Bureau Lyttle Bethany September 11 2008 The Cape Cod of the Midwest The New York Times Retrieved April 23 2017 Wisconsin Beach Advisories on the Wisconsin Beach Health website counties are located in the dropdown menu See map at bottom of Door County Wisconsin Sperling s BestPlaces Bestplaces net Retrieved December 12 2019 2012 Wisconsin Boating Program Report Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Bureau of Law Enforcement Pub LE 314 2012 Boating Pressure on Wisconsin s Lakes and Rivers Results of the 1989 1990 Wisconsin Recreational Boating Study Phase 1 1991 Technical Bulletin No 174 Department of Natural Resources Madison Wisconsin Jon Gast It s safe to say Sturgeon Bay s Sikaflex boat race is like no other by Jon Gast Green Bay Press Gazette August 7 2018 a b A Guide to Significant Wildlife Habitat and Natural Areas Of Door County Wisconsin March 2003 by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Sturgeon Bay Service Center p 128 p 52 p 23 p 127 and pp 52 83 85 and 99 note pagination in the pdf is one page past the numerical pagination Kim Russo July 6 2017 Both Sides of Lake Michigan blogtalkradio com Podcast Great Loop Radio at 10 36 there is a discussion of Sister Bay at 13 04 there is a discussion of anchorages off of Door County at 14 00 there is a discussion of Fish Creek and at 16 50 there is a discussion of fish boils Door County is part of the Lake Michigan Segment on the Great Loop Map America s Great Loop Cruisers Association Accessed March 2 2022 Sturgeon Bay 405 YouTube Around the Corner with John McGivern February 4 2015 Milwaukee PBS Archived January 4 2016 and Sailing Classes Info and Schedules Sail Training Foundation website Accessed December 31 2019 Marine Recreational Uses of Green Bay A Survey of Human Behavior and Attitude Patterns of High School Juniors and Seniors by RB Ditton and PK Johnsen UW Wisconsin Sea Grant Program February 1974 p 29 p 36 of the pdf Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources November 27 2009 Door County Comprehensive Plan 2030 Chapter 4 Agricultural and Natural Resources p 20 of the pdf Tables 4 15 and 4 16 PDF Archived from the original PDF on January 13 2020 Retrieved January 22 2019 for the 26th lake see Flora and Vegetation of the Grand Traverse Islands Lake Michigan Wisconsin and Michigan by Emmet J Judziewicz The Michigan Botanist Volume 40 Number 4 October 2001 page 127 Flood Insurance Study Door County Wisconsin Unincorporated Areas U S Department of Housing amp Urban Development Federal Insurance Administration June 1977 page 2 Environmental impact statement for the proposed development and management of Newport State Park Door County Wisconsin by the Wisconsin Bureau of Parks and Recreation by C D Besadny Director Bureau of Environmental Impact September 1974 Appendix V Economic Profile Door County section on Outdoor Recreation Highlights page 48 Wetland Fact Sheet Door County WI by the Wisconsin Wetlands Association April 2016 page 1 United States designates its 37th Ramsar Site April 27 2015 United States of America for a map of the wetlands see Figure 2 28 Door Peninsula Coastal Wetlands Ramsar Site map by the Door County Planning Department May 2014 in the July 9 2020 Land Conservation Committee Agenda page 83 Document RIS 2218 Door Peninsula Coastal Wetlands Ramsar Information Service March 25 2015 also see Door Peninsula Coastal Wetlands in the Ramsar Sites Information Service Figure 9 Door County Lakes and Ponds pages 32 39 pages 36 43 of the pdf Rodgers lake is covered on page 23 page 27 of the pdf PDF Surface Water Inventory of Door County Door County Soil and Water Conservation Department June 27 1999 Archived from the original PDF on January 13 2020 Retrieved January 22 2019 and Find A Lake database Wisconsin DNR areas of public ownership or DNR Managed Forest Land are shown on the Door County Web Map Mud Lake No 125 Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources January 31 2020 a b Big and Little Marsh No 391 Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources January 31 2020 Managed Forest Land Map 14 005 2006 Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Hike This Judy Abner Meissner Memorial Wetlands Preserve by Sara Rae Lancaster Peninsula Pulse June 4 2021 Coffey Swamp No 276 Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources January 31 2020 High Quality Forest Protected at Gibraltar Ephraim Swamp Door County Land Trust September 21 2021 Door County Trout Map Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources January 6 2017 and the discussion of Wisconsin Statute 30 134 on page 13 page 26 of the pdf of Wisconsin Water Law A Guide to Water Rights and Regulations by Paul G Kent and Tamara A Dudiak University of Wisconsin Extension and Cooperative Extension University for the University of Wisconsin Stevens Point 2001 Gardner Swamp Wildlife Area Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and Gardner Wildlife Area Conceptual Master Plan by Charles E Higgs Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources May 27 1980 Gardner 2014 Public Access inventory in the Town of Gardner Open Space and Recreation Plan October 17 2014 page 8 and pages 21 23 Managed Forest Land Map 15 224 1998 Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Recent Purchase Protects Centerpiece Parcel at DCLT s Kellner Fen Nature Preserve October 26 2010 and Kellner Fen Natural Area Hunting Map Door County Land Trust 2018 Archived July 21 2021 description of the Fen is included at Wisconsin State Natural Areas Program Cave Point Clay Banks No 559 overview section Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Maplewood Swamp and the Ahnapee Trail Ice Age Trail Interactive Hiker Resource Map Stony Creek Swamp and the Ahnapee Trail Ice Age Trail Interactive Hiker Resource Map The Ridges Sanctuary No 17 Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources January 31 2020 Orchid Restoration Work at The Ridges Door County Pulse January 20 2017 Jones Gary September 16 2009 Door County s Potato Genebank Door County Pulse Retrieved January 22 2019 The Garden Door Fact Sheet by the Door County Master Gardeners Association Accessed December 18 2019 Johnson Wendel J 1978 Small mammals of the Toft Point scientific area Door County Wisconsin a preliminary survey The State of Wisconsin Collection Retrieved February 6 2019 Melinda Kleinedler March 2017 Newport State Park Mammals Checklist PDF Newport Wilderness Society Archived from the original PDF on January 13 2020 Retrieved January 22 2019 Col James M Miller October 1974 Draft Environmental Statement for the Sturgeon Bay and Lake Michigan Canal Wisconsin U S Army Corps of Engineers Retrieved February 6 2019 a b Environmental Impact Statement for Proposed Acquisition Development and Management of Grand Traverse Islands State Park Door County Wisconsin by the Bureau of Environmental Impact Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources June 1978 page 95 continued Animals of the Grand Traverse Islands Monitoring long term trends in Wisconsin frog and toad populations chapter 21 in Status and Conservation of Midwestern Amphibians ed Mossman M J chapter by M J Mossman L M Hartman R Hay J R Sauer and B J Dhuey University of Iowa Press 1998 pages 169 198 county level species distribution maps are found on pp 185 186 pp 16 18 of the pdf Dreux J Watermolen December 1992 page 6 of the pdf Amphibians and Reptiles of the Potawatomi State Park Area with Notes on Other Door County Localities PDF Chicago Herpetological Society Archived from the original PDF on January 23 2019 Retrieved January 22 2019 Chambers Island Wetland Complex Fish and Wildlife Resources of the Great Lakes Coastal Wetlands within the United States Volume 5 Lake Michigan Part 2 United States Fish and Wildlife Service 1981 pages 818 819 The Effect of Covid 19 on Bat Research in Wisconsin Coughing Tiger Hidden Dragon by Nicole Dahlman Kayla Guenther and Chris Yahnke UW Stevens Point 2020 Feeding Flights of Breeding Double Crested Cormorant at Two Wisconsin Colonies by Thomas W Custer and Christine Bunck J Field Ornithology 63 2 pages 203 211 Tales of the wild a year with nature by Roy Lukes entry on worldcat org Egg Harbor Wisconsin Nature Wise 2000 p 73 Door County Soil and Water Conservation Department June 27 1999 Figure 11 General Distribution of Rare Species and Habitats in Door County p 62 of the pdf PDF Surface Water Inventory of Door County Archived from the original PDF on January 13 2020 Retrieved January 22 2019 Nick Anich October 2 2018 Season 4 Preliminary Results and Stats UWGB Cofrin Center for Biodiversity Retrieved January 22 2019 and Wisconsin Breeding Bird Atlas Cornell Lab of Ornithology Retrieved January 22 2019 Wisconsin Bald Eagle and Osprey Nest Surveys 2019 Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources pages 4 and 7 Archived February 8 2020 Wisconsin Bald Eagle and Osprey Nest Surveys 2013 Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources pages 4 and 7 Spring Migration Study Garden Peninsula Wind Energy Project Delta County Michigan by John Guarnaccia and Paul Kerlinger September 2008 Archived June 27 2021 Reverse migration of Juvenile Broad winged hawks by Robert Demars The Passenger Pigeon 63 4 2001 pp 301 304 pp 3 6 of the pdf The Herring Gulls of Hat Island Wisconsin by Murl Deusing The Wilson Bulletin September 1939 Vol 51 No 3 Door to Nature column by Roy and Charlotte Lukes June 12 2008 Nest Parasitism by Red Breasted Mergansers in Wisconsin by Henry W Pelzl The Auk 88 1 January 1 1971 pp 184 185 See Lasioglossum sagax article in Swedish Bees of Wisconsin Hymenoptera Apoidea Anthophila by A T Wolf J S Ascher Great Lakes Entomologist 2009 p 153 Stelis labiata F Side NC Moore County usgs gov picture taken December 17 2019 Bees of Wisconsin Hymenoptera Apoidea Anthophila by A T Wolf J S Ascher Great Lakes Entomologist 2009 page 156 Horseshoe Bay Cave Update cont d Echolocator January 2015 p 12 Rapid Inventory amp Assessment of Horseshoe Bay Cave by Redell Jennifer and Schuster William sections Conclusions from the invertebrate inventory and Invertebrate fauna of Horseshoe Bay Cave Door County Wisconsin with notes on habitats and management recommendations by Taylor Steven J and Soto Adames Felipe pp 71 197 220 and 264 also see the Horseshoe Bay Cave presentation 2014 Preliminary Survey of the Terrestrial Isopods Isopoda Millipedes Diplopoda Harvestmen Opiliones and Spiders Araneae of Toft Point Natural Area Door County Wisconsin by Bruce A Snyder Michael L Draney John L Kaspar and Joel Whitehouse October 2004 The Great Lakes Entomologist 37 3 4 pp 105ff Wisconsin s Top 10 Trends Of 2017 For Insects And Other Pests Reports Of Familiar And Invasive Species Points To 2018 Possibilities by PJ Liesch UW Extension April 26 2018 a, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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