A beech–maple forest or a maple beech forest is a climaxmesic closed canopy hardwood forest.[1] It is primarily composed of American beech and sugar maple trees which co-dominate the forest and which are the pinnacle of plant succession in their range.[2][3] A form of this forest was the most common forest type in the Northeastern United States when it was settled by Europeans and remains widespread but scattered today.
A beech–maple forest with details of leaves (Cleveland Metroparks, Ohio).A beech and maple tree growing adjacent to each other.
The canopy is dominated by American beech and sugar maple trees, providing little light to the understory. The reduced light provides poor conditions for shrubs, with the exceptions of American witch-hazel and alderleaf viburnum shrubs.[4] The ground cover includes herbs and spring ephemerals, flowers which are able to bloom before the canopy fills in.[5] Seedlings of beech and maple trees are shade-tolerant, allowing them to grow in low light conditions for several years. These seedling are waiting for an opening in the canopy, and grow rapidly when an opening is made by the death of a mature tree.[4]
Beech–maple forests are often found on flat or rolling terrain, in a variety of moist to well-drained soils with high levels of organic matter.[4][6] They thrive in glacial till from the Wisconsin glaciation.[7] Typically, in sandy soils, the maple is more common while in soils that have more clay in them, the beech is more dominant.[2] There must be a fairly high level of precipitation.[8]
These forests are the result of ecological succession, a long progression of different plant species over centuries. One possible sere is from bare ground, it would start with weeds, then shrubs, weedy trees (such as mulberry), then coniferous trees (such as juniper) and additional types such as ash lead to a mixed mesophytic forest. Eventually, an oak–hickory forest develops. If the conditions allow, the final climax community for several different series[9] is the beech–maple community.[10] Even in a climax community dominated by two types of trees, there can be many different species of trees on the edges of the forest, in windthrow gaps or in microclimates.[11]
Distributionedit
The range of the beech–maple forest type extends from the Atlantic coast west to Minnesota, Michigan and from southern Canada south to Virginia and Tennessee.[4] It is widespread in New York[4] and was an important component of the original vegetation of northeastern Ohio.[12] Instances of a beech–maple forest can be found at altitudes of 320 feet (98 m) to 3,900 feet (1,200 m).[4]
^. Archived from the original on 2008-12-26. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
^ abGates, Frank C (March 27 – April 20, 1912). "The Vegetation of the Region in the Vicinity of Douglas Lake, Cheboygan County, Michigan, 1911". Annual Report of the Michigan Academy of Science. University of Michigan: Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters. 14th: 71–75, 104. Retrieved December 11, 2008.
^Perinton Natural History page describing Harts Woods, a National Natural Landmark beech maple forest
^(PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-07-20. Retrieved 2008-12-06.
^(PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-01-05. Retrieved 2008-12-06.
^(PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
^Study of the North-facing Slope of the Grand Valley State University Ravines
^, Bio 3300 Dr. John B. Pascarella, Valdosta State University.
^. Archived from the original on 2008-11-23. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
^. Archived from the original on 2008-12-04. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
^"The Vegetative Composition of a Beech-Maple Climax Forest in the Glaciated Plateau of Northeastern Ohio, William H. Schlesinger" (PDF). May 1971.
External linksedit
A. B. Williams. The Composition and Dynamics of a Beech-Maple Climax community. First printed in Ecological Monographs Vol 6 No 3, July 1936 pages 318-408. [1]
^The composition and dynamics of a beech maple climax community. Vol. 6. 1936.
March 14, 2024
beech, maple, forest, beech, maple, forest, maple, beech, forest, climax, mesic, closed, canopy, hardwood, forest, primarily, composed, american, beech, sugar, maple, trees, which, dominate, forest, which, pinnacle, plant, succession, their, range, form, this,. A beech maple forest or a maple beech forest is a climax mesic closed canopy hardwood forest 1 It is primarily composed of American beech and sugar maple trees which co dominate the forest and which are the pinnacle of plant succession in their range 2 3 A form of this forest was the most common forest type in the Northeastern United States when it was settled by Europeans and remains widespread but scattered today A beech maple forest with details of leaves Cleveland Metroparks Ohio A beech and maple tree growing adjacent to each other Contents 1 Description 2 Distribution 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksDescription editThe canopy is dominated by American beech and sugar maple trees providing little light to the understory The reduced light provides poor conditions for shrubs with the exceptions of American witch hazel and alderleaf viburnum shrubs 4 The ground cover includes herbs and spring ephemerals flowers which are able to bloom before the canopy fills in 5 Seedlings of beech and maple trees are shade tolerant allowing them to grow in low light conditions for several years These seedling are waiting for an opening in the canopy and grow rapidly when an opening is made by the death of a mature tree 4 Beech maple forests are often found on flat or rolling terrain in a variety of moist to well drained soils with high levels of organic matter 4 6 They thrive in glacial till from the Wisconsin glaciation 7 Typically in sandy soils the maple is more common while in soils that have more clay in them the beech is more dominant 2 There must be a fairly high level of precipitation 8 These forests are the result of ecological succession a long progression of different plant species over centuries One possible sere is from bare ground it would start with weeds then shrubs weedy trees such as mulberry then coniferous trees such as juniper and additional types such as ash lead to a mixed mesophytic forest Eventually an oak hickory forest develops If the conditions allow the final climax community for several different series 9 is the beech maple community 10 Even in a climax community dominated by two types of trees there can be many different species of trees on the edges of the forest in windthrow gaps or in microclimates 11 Distribution editThe range of the beech maple forest type extends from the Atlantic coast west to Minnesota Michigan and from southern Canada south to Virginia and Tennessee 4 It is widespread in New York 4 and was an important component of the original vegetation of northeastern Ohio 12 Instances of a beech maple forest can be found at altitudes of 320 feet 98 m to 3 900 feet 1 200 m 4 Gallery edit nbsp American beech Fagus grandifolia Gadsden Co Florida nbsp Sugar maple tree Acer saccharum Morton Arboretum Lisle Illinois nbsp American Beech Fagus grandifolia Maple Climax community Johnson City TNSee also editEcological succession Old growth forestReferences edit Eco Succession Archived from the original on 2008 12 26 Retrieved 2008 12 10 a b Gates Frank C March 27 April 20 1912 The Vegetation of the Region in the Vicinity of Douglas Lake Cheboygan County Michigan 1911 Annual Report of the Michigan Academy of Science University of Michigan Michigan Academy of Science Arts and Letters 14th 71 75 104 Retrieved December 11 2008 Perinton Natural History page describing Harts Woods a National Natural Landmark beech maple forest a b c d e f Sugar Maple Aceraceae Maple family Lake Erie Allegheny Partnership for Biodiversity PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2008 07 20 Retrieved 2008 12 06 Michigan Natural Features Inventory PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2009 01 05 Retrieved 2008 12 06 Bio440 lecture notes Bette A Loiselle PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2011 06 06 Retrieved 2008 12 10 Study of the North facing Slope of the Grand Valley State University Ravines Changes in the Community Bio 3300 Dr John B Pascarella Valdosta State University Plant Succession Course description Archived from the original on 2008 11 23 Retrieved 2008 12 08 Neonaturalist Natural Communities Archived from the original on 2008 12 04 Retrieved 2008 12 10 The Vegetative Composition of a Beech Maple Climax Forest in the Glaciated Plateau of Northeastern Ohio William H Schlesinger PDF May 1971 External links editBeech Maple Forest A B Williams The Composition and Dynamics of a Beech Maple Climax community First printed in Ecological Monographs Vol 6 No 3 July 1936 pages 318 408 1 The composition and dynamics of a beech maple climax community Vol 6 1936 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Beech maple forest amp oldid 1200794598, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
