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Maharaja of Mysore

March 06, 2023

The maharaja of Mysore was the king and principal ruler of the southern Indian Kingdom of Mysore and briefly of Mysore State in the Indian Dominion roughly between the mid- to late-1300s and 1950.

Maharaja of Mysore
Royal coat of arms (1893)
Details
StyleHis Highness
First monarchYaduraya Wodeyar
Last monarchJayachamaraja Wodeyar
Formation1399
Abolition26 January 1950
ResidenceMysore Palace

In title, the role has been known by different names over time, from poleygar (Kannada, pāLegāra, for 'chieftain'[1][2]) during the early days of the fiefdom to raja (Sanskrit and Kannada, king–of especially a small region) during its early days as a kingdom to maharaja (Sanskrit and Kannada, [great] king–of a formidable kingdom[3]) for the rest of its period. In terms of succession, the successor was either a hereditary inheritor or, in case of no issue, handpicked by the reigning monarch or his privy council. All rulers under the Sanskrit-Kannada titles of raja or maharaja were exclusively from the house of Wadiyar.

As India gained Independence from British Crown in 1947, Crown allies, most of which were princely India, ceded into the Dominion of India by 1950. With that, the title and the role of maharaja was replaced with that of rajpramukh and soon governor.

Formation and abolishment

While becoming more occupied with major fights in the late 1300s, the Vijayanagara emperor Harihara II started delegating protection of regions on the flanks of the empire to their respective local chieftains. Protection of the regions in and around present-day Mysore city fell on Yaduraya's shoulders, the Vijayanagara soldier stationed as a chieftain in the region at that time.

Poleygars and rajas

Raja Chamaraja Wodeyar III, who ruled from 1513 to 1553 over a few villages not far from the Kaveri river,[4][5] is said to have constructed a small fort and named it Mahisuranagara (Kannada for buffalo town), from which Mysore gets its name.[1][4][6] However, earlier references to the region as mahishaka dating back to mythology and the Vedic period exist.[7][8]

Maharajas

With the fall and decline of the Vijayanagara Empire, Raja Chamaraja Wodeyar III's son and successor Maharaja Timmaraja Wodeyar II declared independence and assumed the title maharaja of Mysore.[9] During the reigns of kings Kanthirava Narasaraja I and Devaraja Wodeyar I, the kingdom saw great territorial expansion.[10] In the latter half of the 18th century, during the sultanate of the Hyder Ali-Tipu father-son duo dictating the kingdom in succession,[11] the maharajas went largely unrecognised or merely remained nominal rulers.[12] After the fall of Tipu, British Crown restored the kingdom to the Wadiyars as maharajas.[13]

Governor

After India's constitution into a republic in 1950, the last ruling Maharaja Jayachamaraja Wadiyar ceded the kingdom into the republic. However, like most kings in India at that time, the maharaja and his successors were allowed an annual payment (the privy purse), certain privileges, and the use of the title "Maharaja of Mysore."[a][14] Nevertheless, with the 26th Amendment to the Constitution of India,[15][16][17] titles and privy purse all ended. With this, the role was replaced with Rajpramukh of Mysore, later renamed Governor of Mysore (now Governor of Karnataka). The role was thus incorporated into the democratic system, the governor being recommended by the Government of India and appointed by the President.[18]

Maharajas

Further information: List of Maharajas of Mysore

The first raja (and poleygar) of Mysore was Yaduraya. The last ruling king was Maharaja Jayachamaraja Wadiyar. The current head of the Wadiyar family is Yaduveera Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar. The reputation of the maharajas of Mysore has varied historically, ending, however with great reputation. Whereas for example Maharaja Kanthirava Narasaraja I was famous as a reckoning force,[19][20] his nephew's great-great-grandson Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar I was seen as weak and capricious.[21] After the fall of Tipu, all maharajas have earned great adulation. Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar III both actively and monetarily contributed to arts and culture;[22][23][24] while Maharaja Chamaraja Wadiyar X spawned democratic practices,[25] Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV is praised for modernising Mysore Kingdom's economy and industries.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Under terms accepted when princely states were absorbed into independent India

Citations

  1. ^ a b Stein 1987, p. 82.
  2. ^ Manor 1975, p. 33.
  3. ^ Tej Ram Sharma (1989), A, Concept Publishing Company, ISBN 81-7022-251-6, ... Literally Maharaja means 'a great king' or Jinder Mahal ...
  4. ^ a b Simmons 2019, p. 6.
  5. ^ Ramusack 2004, p. 28.
  6. ^ Michell 1995, pp. 17–.
  7. ^ Station, Anthropological Survey of India South India (1 January 1978). Cultural profiles of Mysore City. Anthropological Survey of India, Govt. of India. from the original on 20 March 2017.
  8. ^ Vasudeva, Rashmi (3 November 2006). . Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 19 March 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2007.
  9. ^ Kamath 2001, pp. 220, 226, 234.
  10. ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial Series 1908, p. 20
  11. ^ Robson, Francis (1786). The Life Of Hyder Ally: With an Account of His Usurpation of the Kingdom of Mysore. London: S Hooper, High Holborn. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  12. ^ Bowring, p. 29
  13. ^ SARMAH, DIPAK (5 February 2020). "4". FORESTRY IN INDIA DURING BRITISH ERA: KARNATAKA CASE-STUDY. Notion Press. ISBN 978-1-64783-681-8.
  14. ^ Ramusack 2004, p. 273: "The crucial document was the Instrument of Accession by which rulers ceded to the legislatures of India or Pakistan control over defence, external affairs, and communications. In return for these concessions, the princes were to be guaranteed a privy purse in perpetuity and certain financial and symbolic privileges such as exemption from customs duties, the use of their titles, the right to fly their state flags on their cars, and to have police protection. ... By December 1947 Patel began to pressure the princes into signing Merger Agreements that integrated their states into adjacent British Indian provinces, soon to be called states or new units of erstwhile princely states, most notably Rajasthan, Patiala and East Punjab States Union, and Matsya Union (Alwar, Bharatpur, Dholpur and Karaulli)."
  15. ^ "The Constitution (26 Amendment) Act, 1971", indiacode.nic.in, Government of India, 1971, retrieved 9 November 2011
  16. ^ Ramusack 2004, p. 278: "Through a constitutional amendment passed in 1971, Indira Gandhi stripped the princes of the titles, privy purses and regal privileges which her father's government had granted."
  17. ^ Schmidt, Karl J. (1995). An atlas and survey of South Asian history. M.E. Sharpe. p. 78. ISBN 978-1-56324-334-9. Although the Indian states were alternately requested or forced into union with either India or Pakistan, the real death of princely India came when the Twenty-sixth Amendment Act (1971) abolished the princes' titles, privileges, and privy purses.
  18. ^ Durga Das Basu. Introduction to the Constitution of India. 1960. 20th edition, 2011 reprint. LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. ISBN 978-81-8038-559-9. p. 237, 241–44. Note: although the text talks about Indian state governments in general, it applies for the specific case of Karnataka as well.
  19. ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial Series 1908, p. 20, Michell 1995, p. 20
  20. ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial Series 1908, p. 20
  21. ^ Wilks, Mark (1869). Historical Sketches of the South of India, in an Attempt to Trace the History of Mysoor, Etc.
  22. ^ "Krishnaraja Wodeyar III". Wodeyars of Mysore. Kamat's Potpourri. 4 April 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  23. ^ "Krishnaraja Wodeyar III". Wodeyars of Mysore. Kamat's Potpourri. 4 April 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  24. ^ Laura Durnford. . Online webpage of Radio Netherlands, dated 15 December 2004. Archived from the original on 10 May 2007. Retrieved 8 October 2007.
  25. ^ Assembly, Karnataka (India) Legislature Legislative (1989). The History of Karnataka Legislature: The Mysore Representative Assembly. Government Suburban Press.

Sources used

  • Manor, James (1975), "Princely Mysore before the Storm: The State-Level Political System of India's Model State, 1920–1936", Modern Asian Studies, 9 (1): 31–58, doi:10.1017/s0026749x00004868, JSTOR 311796, S2CID 146415366
  • Michell, George (1995), Architecture and Art of Southern India: Vijayanagara and the successor states: 1350–1750, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-44110-2
  • Ramusack, Barbara (2004), The Indian Princes and their States (The New Cambridge History of India), Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-03989-4
  • Simmons, Caleb (2019), Devotional Sovereignty: Kingship and Religion in India, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-008890-3
  • Stein, Burton (1987), Vijayanagara (The New Cambridge History of India), Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-26693-9

External links

    March 06, 2023
    maharaja, mysore, maharaja, mysore, king, principal, ruler, southern, indian, kingdom, mysore, briefly, mysore, state, indian, dominion, roughly, between, late, 1300s, 1950, royal, coat, arms, 1893, detailsstylehis, highnessfirst, monarchyaduraya, wodeyarlast,. The maharaja of Mysore was the king and principal ruler of the southern Indian Kingdom of Mysore and briefly of Mysore State in the Indian Dominion roughly between the mid to late 1300s and 1950 Maharaja of MysoreRoyal coat of arms 1893 DetailsStyleHis HighnessFirst monarchYaduraya WodeyarLast monarchJayachamaraja WodeyarFormation1399Abolition26 January 1950ResidenceMysore PalaceIn title the role has been known by different names over time from poleygar Kannada paLegara for chieftain 1 2 during the early days of the fiefdom to raja Sanskrit and Kannada king of especially a small region during its early days as a kingdom to maharaja Sanskrit and Kannada great king of a formidable kingdom 3 for the rest of its period In terms of succession the successor was either a hereditary inheritor or in case of no issue handpicked by the reigning monarch or his privy council All rulers under the Sanskrit Kannada titles of raja or maharaja were exclusively from the house of Wadiyar As India gained Independence from British Crown in 1947 Crown allies most of which were princely India ceded into the Dominion of India by 1950 With that the title and the role of maharaja was replaced with that of rajpramukh and soon governor Contents 1 Formation and abolishment 1 1 Poleygars and rajas 1 2 Maharajas 1 3 Governor 2 Maharajas 3 See also 4 Notes 5 Citations 6 Sources used 7 External linksFormation and abolishment EditWhile becoming more occupied with major fights in the late 1300s the Vijayanagara emperor Harihara II started delegating protection of regions on the flanks of the empire to their respective local chieftains Protection of the regions in and around present day Mysore city fell on Yaduraya s shoulders the Vijayanagara soldier stationed as a chieftain in the region at that time Poleygars and rajas Edit Raja Chamaraja Wodeyar III who ruled from 1513 to 1553 over a few villages not far from the Kaveri river 4 5 is said to have constructed a small fort and named it Mahisuranagara Kannada for buffalo town from which Mysore gets its name 1 4 6 However earlier references to the region as mahishaka dating back to mythology and the Vedic period exist 7 8 Maharajas Edit With the fall and decline of the Vijayanagara Empire Raja Chamaraja Wodeyar III s son and successor Maharaja Timmaraja Wodeyar II declared independence and assumed the title maharaja of Mysore 9 During the reigns of kings Kanthirava Narasaraja I and Devaraja Wodeyar I the kingdom saw great territorial expansion 10 In the latter half of the 18th century during the sultanate of the Hyder Ali Tipu father son duo dictating the kingdom in succession 11 the maharajas went largely unrecognised or merely remained nominal rulers 12 After the fall of Tipu British Crown restored the kingdom to the Wadiyars as maharajas 13 Governor Edit After India s constitution into a republic in 1950 the last ruling Maharaja Jayachamaraja Wadiyar ceded the kingdom into the republic However like most kings in India at that time the maharaja and his successors were allowed an annual payment the privy purse certain privileges and the use of the title Maharaja of Mysore a 14 Nevertheless with the 26th Amendment to the Constitution of India 15 16 17 titles and privy purse all ended With this the role was replaced with Rajpramukh of Mysore later renamed Governor of Mysore now Governor of Karnataka The role was thus incorporated into the democratic system the governor being recommended by the Government of India and appointed by the President 18 Maharajas EditFurther information List of Maharajas of MysoreThe first raja and poleygar of Mysore was Yaduraya The last ruling king was Maharaja Jayachamaraja Wadiyar The current head of the Wadiyar family is Yaduveera Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar The reputation of the maharajas of Mysore has varied historically ending however with great reputation Whereas for example Maharaja Kanthirava Narasaraja I was famous as a reckoning force 19 20 his nephew s great great grandson Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar I was seen as weak and capricious 21 After the fall of Tipu all maharajas have earned great adulation Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar III both actively and monetarily contributed to arts and culture 22 23 24 while Maharaja Chamaraja Wadiyar X spawned democratic practices 25 Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV is praised for modernising Mysore Kingdom s economy and industries A miniature art of Krishnaraja Wodeyar I who despite having married nine wives never bore an issue and the direct male lineage of Yaduraya ended with him A pencil sketch of Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar III He was a patron of arts and culture who also built numerous temples across the kingdom A monochrome of Maharaja Chamaraja Wadiyar X He instituted the Mysore Representative Assembly the first parliamentary setup in British India A portrait of Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV The king is hailed the maker of Modern Mysore A portrait of the last ruling Maharaja of Mysore Jayachamaraja Wadiyar He later served as the Rajpramukh and Governor of Mysore The present head of the Wadiyar dynasty Yaduveera Krishnadatta Chamaraja WadiyarSee also EditGovernor of Karnataka List of maharajas of Mysore List of Governors of Karnataka Diwan of Mysore Wadiyar dynastyNotes Edit Under terms accepted when princely states were absorbed into independent IndiaCitations Edit a b Stein 1987 p 82 Manor 1975 p 33 Tej Ram Sharma 1989 A Concept Publishing Company ISBN 81 7022 251 6 Literally Maharaja means a great king or Jinder Mahal a b Simmons 2019 p 6 Ramusack 2004 p 28 Michell 1995 pp 17 Station Anthropological Survey of India South India 1 January 1978 Cultural profiles of Mysore City Anthropological Survey of India Govt of India Archived from the original on 20 March 2017 Vasudeva Rashmi 3 November 2006 Land of milk and honey Deccan Herald Archived from the original on 19 March 2014 Retrieved 12 November 2007 Kamath 2001 pp 220 226 234 sfn error no target CITEREFKamath2001 help Imperial Gazetteer of India Provincial Series 1908 p 20harvnb error no target CITEREFImperial Gazetteer of India Provincial Series1908 help Robson Francis 1786 The Life Of Hyder Ally With an Account of His Usurpation of the Kingdom of Mysore London S Hooper High Holborn Retrieved 24 January 2022 Bowring p 29 SARMAH DIPAK 5 February 2020 4 FORESTRY IN INDIA DURING BRITISH ERA KARNATAKA CASE STUDY Notion Press ISBN 978 1 64783 681 8 Ramusack 2004 p 273 The crucial document was the Instrument of Accession by which rulers ceded to the legislatures of India or Pakistan control over defence external affairs and communications In return for these concessions the princes were to be guaranteed a privy purse in perpetuity and certain financial and symbolic privileges such as exemption from customs duties the use of their titles the right to fly their state flags on their cars and to have police protection By December 1947 Patel began to pressure the princes into signing Merger Agreements that integrated their states into adjacent British Indian provinces soon to be called states or new units of erstwhile princely states most notably Rajasthan Patiala and East Punjab States Union and Matsya Union Alwar Bharatpur Dholpur and Karaulli The Constitution 26 Amendment Act 1971 indiacode nic in Government of India 1971 retrieved 9 November 2011 Ramusack 2004 p 278 Through a constitutional amendment passed in 1971 Indira Gandhi stripped the princes of the titles privy purses and regal privileges which her father s government had granted Schmidt Karl J 1995 An atlas and survey of South Asian history M E Sharpe p 78 ISBN 978 1 56324 334 9 Although the Indian states were alternately requested or forced into union with either India or Pakistan the real death of princely India came when the Twenty sixth Amendment Act 1971 abolished the princes titles privileges and privy purses Durga Das Basu Introduction to the Constitution of India 1960 20th edition 2011 reprint LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur ISBN 978 81 8038 559 9 p 237 241 44 Note although the text talks about Indian state governments in general it applies for the specific case of Karnataka as well Imperial Gazetteer of India Provincial Series 1908 p 20harvnb error no target CITEREFImperial Gazetteer of India Provincial Series1908 help Michell 1995 p 20 Imperial Gazetteer of India Provincial Series 1908 p 20harvnb error no target CITEREFImperial Gazetteer of India Provincial Series1908 help Wilks Mark 1869 Historical Sketches of the South of India in an Attempt to Trace the History of Mysoor Etc Krishnaraja Wodeyar III Wodeyars of Mysore Kamat s Potpourri 4 April 2014 Retrieved 16 June 2015 Krishnaraja Wodeyar III Wodeyars of Mysore Kamat s Potpourri 4 April 2014 Retrieved 16 June 2015 Laura Durnford Games afoot Online webpage of Radio Netherlands dated 15 December 2004 Archived from the original on 10 May 2007 Retrieved 8 October 2007 Assembly Karnataka India Legislature Legislative 1989 The History of Karnataka Legislature The Mysore Representative Assembly Government Suburban Press Sources used EditManor James 1975 Princely Mysore before the Storm The State Level Political System of India s Model State 1920 1936 Modern Asian Studies 9 1 31 58 doi 10 1017 s0026749x00004868 JSTOR 311796 S2CID 146415366 Michell George 1995 Architecture and Art of Southern India Vijayanagara and the successor states 1350 1750 Cambridge and New York Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 44110 2 Ramusack Barbara 2004 The Indian Princes and their States The New Cambridge History of India Cambridge and London Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 03989 4 Simmons Caleb 2019 Devotional Sovereignty Kingship and Religion in India Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 008890 3 Stein Burton 1987 Vijayanagara The New Cambridge History of India Cambridge and New York Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 26693 9External links EditVirtual Tour of Mysore Palace Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Maharaja of Mysore amp oldid 1142955653, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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