Voronezh

Not to be confused with Voronizh.

Voronezh (Russian: Воро́неж, IPA: [vɐˈronʲɪʂ]) is a city and the administrative centre of Voronezh Oblast in southwestern Russia straddling the Voronezh River, located 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) from where it flows into the Don River. The city sits on the Southeastern Railway, which connects western Russia with the Urals and Siberia, the Caucasus and Ukraine, and the M4 highway (Moscow–Voronezh–Rostov-on-Don–Novorossiysk). In recent years the city has experienced rapid population growth, rising in 2021 to 1,057,681,^[12] up from 889,680 recorded in the 2010 Census,^[13] making it the 14th-most populous city in the country.

Voronezh Воронеж
City^[1]
Flag Coat of arms
Location of Voronezh
Voronezh Location of Voronezh Show map of Russia Voronezh Voronezh (Voronezh Oblast) Show map of Voronezh Oblast Voronezh Voronezh (European Russia) Show map of European Russia
Coordinates: 51°40′18″N 39°12′38″E / 51.67167°N 39.21056°E / 51.67167; 39.21056
Country	Russia
Federal subject	Voronezh Oblast^[1]
Founded	1585^[2] or much earlier^[3]
City status since	1585^[4]
Government
• Body	City Duma
• Mayor	Vadim Kstenin
Area ^[5]
• Total	601 km^2 (232 sq mi)
Elevation	154 m (505 ft)
Population
• Estimate  (2018)^[6]	1,047,549
Demonym	none
Administrative status
• Subordinated to	Voronezh Urban Okrug^[1]
• Capital of	Voronezh Oblast,^[1] Voronezh Urban Okrug^[1]
Municipal status
• Urban okrug	Voronezh Urban Okrug^[7]
• Capital of	Voronezh Urban Okrug^[7]
Time zone	UTC+3 (MSK ^[8])
Postal code(s)^[9]	394000–394095
Dialing code(s)	+7 473^[10]
OKTMO ID	20701000001
City Day	Third Saturday of September^[11]
Website	www.voronezh-city.ru

Geography

Urban layout

Information about the original urban layout of Voronezh is contained in the "Patrol Book" of 1615. At that time, the city fortress was logged and located on the banks of the Voronezh River. In plan, it was an irregular quadrangle with a perimeter of about 130 fathoms (238 m), that is, it was very small: inside it, due to lack of space, there was no housing or siege yards, and even the cathedral church was supposed to be taken out. However, at this small fortress there was a large garrison - 666 households of service people. These courtyards were reliably protected by the second line of fortifications by a standing prison on taras with 25 towers covered with earth; behind the prison was a moat, and beyond the moat there were stakes. Voronezh was a typical military settlement, which is clearly evidenced by the decisive predominance of service people in its population (about 70%), mainly "by device". In the city prison there were only settlements of military men: Streletskaya, Kazachya, Belomestnaya atamanskaya, Zatinnaya and Pushkarskaya; The posad population received the territory between the ostrog and the river, where the Monastyrskaya settlements (at the Assumption Monastery) was formed. Subsequently, the Yamnaya Sloboda was added to them, and on the other side of the fort, on the Chizhovka Mountain, the Chizhovskaya Sloboda of archers and Cossacks appeared. As a result, the Voronezh settlements surrounded the fortress in a ring. The location of the parish churches emphasized this ring-like and even distribution of settlements: the Ilyinsky Church of the Streletskaya Sloboda, the Pyatnitskaya Cossack and Pokrovskaya Belomestnaya were brought out to the passage towers of the prison. The Nikolskaya Church of the Streletskaya Sloboda was located near the marketplace (and, accordingly, the front facade of the fortress), and the paired ensemble of the Rozhdestvenskaya and Georgievskaya churches of the Cossack Sloboda marked the main street of the city, going from the Cossack Gate to the fortress tower.^[14]

History

See also: Timeline of Voronezh

Foundation and name

 

Scythian vessel from Voronezh, 4th century BC. Hermitage Museum.

The first chronicle references to the word "Voronezh" are dated 1177, when the Ryazan prince Yaropolk, having lost the battle, fled "to Voronozh" and there was moving "from town to town". Modern data of archeology and history interpret Voronezh as a geographical region, which included the Voronezh river (tributary of the Don) and a number of settlements. In the lower reaches of the river, a unique Slavic town-planning complex of the 8th – early 11th century was discovered, which covered the territory of the present city of Voronezh and its environs (about 42 km long, about 13 forts and many unfortified villages). By the 12th – 13th centuries, most of the old towns were desolate, but new settlements appeared upstream, closer to Ryazan.^{[15][16][17][18]}

For many years, the hypothesis of the Soviet historian Vladimir Zagorovsky dominated: he produced the toponym "Voronezh" from the hypothetical Slavic personal name Voroneg. This man allegedly gave the name of a small town in the Chernigov Principality (now the village of Voronezh in Ukraine^[19]). Later, in the 11th or 12th century, the settlers were able to "transfer" this name to the Don region, where they named the second city Voronezh, and the river got its name from the city.^[20][21] However, now many researchers criticize the hypothesis, since in reality neither the name of Voroneg nor the second city was revealed, and usually the names of Russian cities repeated the names of the rivers, but not vice versa.

The linguistic comparative analysis of the name "Voronezh" was carried out by the Khovansky Foundation in 2009. There is an indication of the place names of many countries in Eurasia, which may partly be not only similar in sound, but also united by common Indo-European languages: Varanasi, Varna, Verona, Brno, etc.^[22]

A comprehensive scientific analysis was conducted in 2015–2016 by the historian Pavel Popov. His conclusion: "Voronezh" is a probable Slavic macrotoponym associated with outstanding signs of nature, has a root voron- (from the proto-Slavic vorn) in the meaning of "black, dark" and the suffix -ezh (-azh, -ozh). It was not “transferred” and in the 8th - 9th centuries it marked a vast territory covered with black forests (oak forests) - from the mouth of the Voronezh river to the Voronozhsky annalistic forests in the middle and upper reaches of the river, and in the west to the Don (many forests were cut down). The historian believes that the main "city" of the early town-planning complex could repeat the name of the region – Voronezh. Now the hillfort is located in the administrative part of the modern city, in the Voronezh upland oak forest. This is one of Europe's largest ancient Slavic hillforts, the area of which – more than 9 hectares – 13 times the area of the main settlement in Kyiv before the baptism of Rus.^[18][23]

In [1] it is assumed that the word "Voronezh" means bluing - a technique to increase the corrosion resistance of iron products. This explanation fits well with the proximity to the ancient city of Voronezh of a large iron deposit and the city of Stary Oskol.

Folk etymology claims the name comes from combining the Russian words for raven (ворон) and hedgehog (еж) into Воронеж. According to this explanation two Slavic tribes named after the animals used this combination to name the river which later in turn provided the name for a settlement. There is not believed to be any scientific support for this explanation.

In the 16th century, the Middle Don basin, including the Voronezh river, was gradually conquered by Muscovy from the Nogai Horde (a successor state of the Golden Horde), and the current city of Voronezh was established in 1585 by Feodor I as a fort protecting the Muravsky Trail trade route against the slave raids of the Nogai and Crimean Tatars. The city was named after the river.^[2]

17th to 19th centuries

 

A monument to Peter the Great

 

Voronezh. Ship Museum Goto Predestinatsia

In the 17th century, Voronezh gradually evolved into a sizable town. Weronecz is shown on the Worona river in Resania in Joan Blaeu's map of 1645.^[24]Peter the Great built a dockyard in Voronezh where the Azov Flotilla was constructed for the Azov campaigns in 1695 and 1696. This fleet, the first ever built in Russia, included the first Russian ship of the line, Goto Predestinatsia. The Orthodox diocese of Voronezh was instituted in 1682 and its first bishop, Mitrofan of Voronezh, was later proclaimed the town's patron saint.

 

View of Voronezh in the 18th century

Owing to the Voronezh Admiralty Wharf, for a short time, Voronezh became the largest city of South Russia and the economic center of a large and fertile region. In 1711, it was made the seat of the Azov Governorate, which eventually morphed into the Voronezh Governorate.

In the 19th century, Voronezh was a center of the Central Black Earth Region. Manufacturing industry (mills, tallow-melting, butter-making, soap, leather, and other works) as well as bread, cattle, suet, and the hair trade developed in the town. A railway connected Voronezh with Moscow in 1868 and Rostov-on-Don in 1871.

20th century

World War II

During World War II, Voronezh was the scene of fierce fighting between Russian and combined Axis troops. The Germans used it as a staging area for their attack on Stalingrad, and made it a key crossing point on the Don River. In June 1941, two BM-13 (Fighting machine #13 Katyusha) artillery installations were built at the Voronezh excavator factory. In July, the construction of Katyushas was rationalized so that their manufacture became easier and the time of volley repetition was shortened from five minutes to fifteen seconds. More than 300 BM-13 units manufactured in Voronezh were used in a counterattack near Moscow in December 1941. In October 22, 1941, the advance of the German troops prompted the establishment of a defense committee in the city. On November 7, 1941, there was a troop parade, devoted to the anniversary of the October Revolution. Only three such parades were organized that year: in Moscow, Kuybyshev, and Voronezh. In late June 1942, the city was attacked by German and Hungarian forces. In response, Soviet forces formed the Voronezh Front. By July 6, the German army occupied the western river-bank suburbs before being subjected to a fierce Soviet counter-attack. By July 24 the frontline had stabilised along the Voronezh River as the German forces continued southeast into the Great Bend of the Don. The attack on Voronezh represented the first phase of the German Army's 1942 campaign in the Soviet Union, codenamed Case Blue.

 

German mechanized forces on their way to Voronezh, July 1942

Until January 25, 1943, parts of the Second German Army and the Second Hungarian Army occupied the western part of Voronezh. During Operation Little Saturn, the Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh Offensive, and the Voronezhsko-Kastornenskoy Offensive, the Voronezh Front exacted heavy casualties on Axis forces. On January 25, 1943, Voronezh was liberated after ten days of combat. During the war the city was almost completely ruined, with 92% of all buildings destroyed.

Post-war

By 1950, Voronezh had been rebuilt. Most buildings and historical monuments were repaired. It was also the location of a prestigious Suvorov Military School, a boarding school for young boys who were considered to be prospective military officers, many of whom had been orphaned by war.^[25]

In 1950–1960, new factories were established: a tire factory, a machine-tool factory, a factory of heavy mechanical pressing, and others. In 1968, Serial production of the Tupolev Tu-144 supersonic plane was established at the Voronezh Aviation factory. In October 1977, the first Soviet domestic wide-body plane, Ilyushin Il-86, was built there.

In 1989, TASS published details of an alleged UFO landing in the city's park and purported encounters with extraterrestrial beings reported by a number of children. A Russian scientist that was cited in initial TASS reports later told the Associated Press that he was misquoted, cautioning, "Don't believe all you hear from TASS," and "We never gave them part of what they published",^[26] and a TASS correspondent admitted the possibility that some "make-believe" had been added to the TASS story, saying, "I think there is a certain portion of truth, but it is not excluded that there is also fantasizing".^[27][28]

21st century

 

City Day in Voronezh in 2008

From 10 to 17 September 2011, Voronezh celebrated its 425th anniversary. The anniversary of the city was given the status of a federal scale celebration that helped attract large investments from the federal and regional budgets for development.^[29]

On December 17, 2012, Voronezh became the fifteenth city in Russia with a population of over one million people.^[30]

Today Voronezh is the economic, industrial, cultural, and scientific center of the Central Black Earth Region. As part of the annual tradition in the Russian city of Voronezh, every winter the main city square is thematically drawn around a classic literature. In 2020, the city was decorated using the motifs from Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's The Nutcracker. In the year of 2021, the architects drew inspiration from Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tale The Snow Queen as well as the animation classic The Snow Queen from the Soviet Union. The fairy tale replica city will feature the houses of Kai and Gerda, the palace of the snow queen, an ice rink, and illumination.^[31][32]

In June 2023, during the Wagner Group rebellion, forces of the Wagner Group claimed to have taken control of military facilities in the city. Later they were confirmed to have taken the city itself.^[33][34][35]

Administrative and municipal status

 

The Mayor's office of Voronezh

 

Administrative districts of Voronezh

Voronezh is the administrative center of the oblast.^[1] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as Voronezh Urban Okrug—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.^[1] As a municipal division, this administrative unit also has urban okrug status.^[7]

City divisions

The city is divided into six administrative districts:

1. Zheleznodorozhny (183,17 km²)
2. Tsentralny (63,96 km²)
3. Kominternovsky (47,41 km²)
4. Leninsky (18,53 km²)
5. Sovetsky (156,6 km²)
6. Levoberezhny (123,89 km²)

Demographics

Demographic evolution

1615	1777	1840	1897	1923	1939	1959	1973	1989	1997
7,000	13,000	43,800	80,599	95,000	326,932	447,164	713,000	886,844	905,000
2010^[13]	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2018	2020	2021^[36]
889,680	979,884	991,269	1,003,638	1,014,610	1,023,570	1,032,895	1,047,549	1,058,261	1,057,681

At the time of the official 2021 Census, the ethnic makeup of the city's population whose ethnicity was known (960,357) was:^[37]

Ethnicity	Population	Percentage
Russians	918,247	95.6%
Ukrainians	4,806	0.5%
Armenians	4,416	0.5%
Tajiks	1,946	0.2%
Uzbeks	1,707	0.2%
Azerbaijanis	1,679	0.2%
Turkmens	1,383	0.1%
Others	26,173	2.7%

Note: 1926–1970 and 2016 are population estimates; 1989 is the Soviet Census; 2002 and 2010 are census urban population only.

Economy

The leading sectors of the urban economy in the 20th century were mechanical engineering, metalworking, the electronics industry and the food industry.

In the city are such companies as:

• Voronezh Aircraft Production Association (where, amongst other types, the Tupolev Tu-144 was built)

 

Tupolev Tu-144

• Voronezhselmash (agricultural engineering)
• Sozvezdie^[38] (headquarter, JSC Concern “Sozvezdie”, in 1958 the world's first created mobile telephony and wireless telephone Altai
• Verofarm (pharmaceutics, owner Abbott Laboratories),
• Voronezh Mechanical Plant^[39] (production of missile and aircraft engines, oil and gas equipment)
• Mining Machinery Holding - RUDGORMASH^[40] (production of drilling, mineral processing and mining equipment)
• VNiiPM Research Institute of Semiconductor Engineering^[41] (equipment for plasma-chemical processes, technical-chemical equipment for liquid operations, water treatment equipment)
• KBKhA Chemical Automatics Design Bureau with notable products:.^[42]
• Pirelli Voronezh.^[43]

On the territory of the city district government Maslovka Voronezh region with the support of the Investment Fund of Russia, is implementing a project to create an industrial park, "Maslowski", to accommodate more than 100 new businesses, including the transformer factory of Siemens. On September 7, 2011 in Voronezh there opened a Global network operation center of Nokia Siemens Networks, which was the fifth in the world and the first in Russia.

Construction

In 2014, 926,000 square meters of housing was delivered.^[44]

Clusters of Voronezh

In clusters of tax incentives and different preferences, the full support of the authorities. A cluster of Oil and Gas Equipment, Radio-electronic cluster, Furniture cluster, IT cluster, Cluster aircraft, Cluster Electromechanics, Transport and logistics cluster, Cluster building materials and technologies.^[45]

Transportation

•  

  Voronezh railway station

•  

  Voronezh International Airport

•  

  Voronezh Bus Station

•  

  A Trolleybus in Voronezh

Air

The city is served by the Voronezh International Airport, which is located north of the city and is home to Polet Airlines. Voronezh is also home to the Pridacha Airport, a part of a major aircraft manufacturing facility VASO (Voronezhskoye Aktsionernoye Samoletostroitelnoye Obshchestvo, Voronezh aircraft production association) where the Tupolev Tu-144 (known in the West as the "Concordski"), was built and the only operational unit is still stored. Voronezh also hosts the Voronezh Malshevo air force base in the southwest of the city, which, according to a Natural Resources Defense Council report, houses nuclear bombers.^{[citation needed]}

Rail

Since 1868, there is a railway connection between Voronezh and Moscow.^[46] Rail services form a part of the South Eastern Railway of the Russian Railways. Destinations served direct from Voronezh include Moscow, Kyiv, Kursk, Novorossiysk, Sochi, and Tambov. The main train station is called Voronezh-1 railway station and is located in the center of the city.

Bus

There are three bus stations in Voronezh that connect the city with destinations including Moscow, Belgorod, Lipetsk, Volgograd, Rostov-on-Don, and Astrakhan.

Climate

Voronezh experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb) with long, cold winters and short, warm summers.^[47]

Climate data for Voronezh (1991–2020, extremes 1918–present)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	8.0 (46.4)	11.0 (51.8)	19.4 (66.9)	29.2 (84.6)	35.7 (96.3)	38.9 (102.0)	40.1 (104.2)	40.5 (104.9)	34.4 (93.9)	26.5 (79.7)	18.1 (64.6)	12.4 (54.3)	40.5 (104.9)
Average high °C (°F)	−3.4 (25.9)	−2.6 (27.3)	3.6 (38.5)	14.4 (57.9)	21.7 (71.1)	25.0 (77.0)	27.2 (81.0)	26.5 (79.7)	19.7 (67.5)	11.5 (52.7)	3.0 (37.4)	−1.9 (28.6)	12.1 (53.8)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−6.0 (21.2)	−5.7 (21.7)	−0.3 (31.5)	8.7 (47.7)	15.5 (59.9)	19.1 (66.4)	21.1 (70.0)	19.9 (67.8)	14.0 (57.2)	7.4 (45.3)	0.4 (32.7)	−4.3 (24.3)	7.5 (45.5)
Average low °C (°F)	−8.5 (16.7)	−8.5 (16.7)	−3.5 (25.7)	3.9 (39.0)	9.8 (49.6)	13.7 (56.7)	15.6 (60.1)	14.2 (57.6)	9.2 (48.6)	4.0 (39.2)	−1.9 (28.6)	−6.6 (20.1)	3.5 (38.3)
Record low °C (°F)	−36.5 (−33.7)	−36.2 (−33.2)	−32.0 (−25.6)	−16.8 (1.8)	−3.3 (26.1)	−1.6 (29.1)	5.0 (41.0)	0.4 (32.7)	−5.2 (22.6)	−15.2 (4.6)	−25.1 (−13.2)	−33.4 (−28.1)	−36.5 (−33.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	42 (1.7)	39 (1.5)	38 (1.5)	41 (1.6)	48 (1.9)	61 (2.4)	58 (2.3)	52 (2.0)	51 (2.0)	51 (2.0)	43 (1.7)	48 (1.9)	572 (22.5)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches)	16 (6.3)	22 (8.7)	16 (6.3)	1 (0.4)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	2 (0.8)	9 (3.5)	22 (8.7)
Average rainy days	8	6	8	12	13	15	13	10	13	14	13	9	134
Average snowy days	21	20	14	3	0.2	0	0	0	0.1	3	12	20	93
Average relative humidity (%)	84	82	77	66	61	67	68	67	73	79	85	85	75
Mean monthly sunshine hours	62	86	125	184	268	284	286	254	185	111	45	38	1,928
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net,^[48]
Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)^[49]

Education and culture

 

Voronezh State Medical University

 

Snow at night in a Voronezh park

 

Aviastroiteley Park

The city has seven theaters, twelve museums, a number of movie theaters, a philharmonic hall, and a circus. It is also a major center of higher education in central Russia. The main educational facilities include:

• Voronezh State University
• Voronezh State Technical University
• Voronezh State University of Architecture and Construction
• Voronezh State Pedagogical University
• Voronezh State Agricultural University
• Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies
• Voronezh State Medical University named after N. N. Burdenko
• Voronezh State Academy of Arts
• Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov
• Voronezh State Institute of Physical Training
• Voronezh Institute of Russia's Home Affairs Ministry
• Voronezh Institute of High Technologies
• Military Educational and Scientific Center of the Air Force «N.E. Zhukovsky and Y.A. Gagarin Air Force Academy» (Voronezh)
• Plekhanov Russian University of Economics (Voronezh branch)
• Russian State University of Justice^[50]
• Admiral Makarov State University of Sea and River Fleet (Voronezh branch)
• International Institute of Computer Technologies
• Voronezh Institute of Economics and Law

and a number of other affiliate and private-funded institutes and universities. There are 2000 schools within the city.

Theaters

• Voronezh Chamber Theatre^[51]
• Koltsov Academic Drama Theater^[52]
• Voronezh State Opera and Ballet Theatre^[53]
• Shut Puppet Theater^[54]

Festivals

Platonov International Arts Festival^[55]

Sports

Club	Sport	Founded	Current League	League Rank	Stadium
Fakel Voronezh	Football	1947	Russian Premier League	1st	Tsentralnyi Profsoyuz Stadion
Energy Voronezh	Football	1989	Women's Premier League	1st	Rudgormash Stadium
Buran Voronezh	Ice Hockey	1977	Higher Hockey League	2nd	Yubileyny Sports Palace
VC Voronezh	Volleyball	2006	Women's Higher Volleyball League A	2nd	Kristall Sports Complex

Religion

 

Annunciation Orthodox Cathedral in Voronezh

Orthodox Christianity is the predominant religion in Voronezh.^{[citation needed]} There is an Orthodox Jewish community in Voronezh, with a synagogue located on Stankevicha Street.^[56][57]

In 1682, the Voronezh diocese was formed to fight the schismatics. Its first head was Bishop Mitrofan (1623-1703) at the age of 58. Under him, the construction began on the new Annunciation Cathedral to replace the old one. In 1832, Mitrofan was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church.

In the 1990s, many Orthodox churches were returned to the diocese. Their restoration was continued. In 2009, instead of the lost one, a new Annunciation Cathedral was built with a monument to St. Mitrofan erected next to it.

Cemeteries

There are ten cemeteries in Voronezh:

• Levoberezhnoye Cemetery
• Lesnoye Cemetery
• Jewish Cemetery
• Nikolskoye Cemetery
• Pravoberezhnoye Cemetery
• Budyonnovskoe Cemetery
• Yugo-Zapadnoye Cemetery
• Podgorenskоye Cemetery
• Kominternovskoe Cemetery

Ternovoye Cemetery is а historical site closed to the public.

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Voronezh

Sister cities

Source:^[58]

Date		Sister City
1989		Wesermarsch, Lower Saxony, Germany
1991		Charlotte, North Carolina, United States
1992		Chongqing, China
1995		Sliven, Bulgaria
1996		León, Castile and León, Spain^[59]

References

Notes

1. Law #87-OZ
2. Историческая хроника (DOC) (in Russian). Муниципальное учреждение культуры Централизованная библиотечная система города Воронежа Центральная городская библиотека имени А. Платонова. 2009. from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
3. Воронеж может оказаться намного старше (in Russian). Вести. August 19, 2010. from the original on September 13, 2014. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
4. "История". Voronezh-city.ru. from the original on August 1, 2011. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
5. "База данных показателей муниципальных образований". Gks.ru. from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
6. "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
7. Law #66-OZ
8. "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
9. . E-adres.ru. Archived from the original on August 30, 2009. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
10. "Телефонный код города Воронеж". Kody.su. from the original on November 22, 2015. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
11. "День города Воронеж 2015". Mir36.ru. from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
12. Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
13. Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
14. Urban planning of the Moscow state in the 16th - 17th centuries. pp.82-85
15. В. П. Загоровский. "Воронежская историческая энциклопедия". Воронеж, 1992. Стр. 53.
16. А. З. Винников, А. Т. Синюк. "Дорогами тысячелетий: Археологи о древней истории Воронежского края". Издание 2-е. Воронеж, 2003. Стр. 185–187, 236–242.
17. Н. А. Тропин. "Южные территории Чернигово-Рязанского порубежья в XII–XV вв." Автореферат диссертации на соискание ученой степени доктора исторических наук. Москва, 2007.
18. П. А. Попов. "Воронеж: древнее слово и древние города, а также древние леса и древние реки России". Воронеж, 2016.
19. Woroneż (Wronasz) is shown on the Woroneż river by Stefan Kuczyński (1936) in a historical map of 15th-century Chernigov, «Ziemie Czernihowsko-Siewierskie pod rządami Litwy».
20. В. П. Загоровский. "О древнем Воронеже и слове «Воронеж»". Издание 2-е. Воронеж, 1977.
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22. А. Лазарев. "Тайна имени Воронежъ" (The Mystery of the Name of Voronezh). Воронеж, 2009.
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Sources

• Воронежская областная Дума. Закон №87-ОЗ от 27 октября 2006 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Воронежской области и порядке его изменения», в ред. Закона №41-ОЗ от 13 апреля 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Воронежской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Воронежской области и порядке его изменения"». Вступил в силу по истечении 10 дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Молодой коммунар", №123, 3 ноября 2006 г. (Voronezh Oblast Duma. Law #87-OZ of October 27, 2006 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Voronezh Oblast and on the Procedures of Changing It, as amended by the Law #41-OZ of April 13, 2015 On Amending the Law of Voronezh Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Voronezh Oblast and on the Procedures of Changing It". Effective as of after 10 days from the day of the official publication.).
• Воронежская областная Дума. Закон №66-ОЗ от 31 октября 2005 г. «О наделении муниципального образования город Воронеж статусом городского округа». Вступил в силу по истечении 10 дней со дня официального опубликования (18 ноября 2005 г.). Опубликован: "Коммуна", №171, 8 ноября 2005 г. (Voronezh Oblast Duma. Law #66-OZ of October 31, 2005 On Granting Urban Okrug Status to the Municipal Formation of the City of Voronezh. Effective as of the day which is 10 days after the official publication date (November 18, 2005).).

Further reading and cultural references

See also: Bibliography of the history of Voronezh

• Charlotte Hobson's book, Black Earth City, is an account of life in Voronezh at the time of the fall of the Soviet Union based on her experiences after spending a year in Voronezh as a foreign student in 1991–1992.
• Nadezhda Mandelstam's Hope Against Hope, the first volume of her memoirs concerning her husband, the poet Osip Mandelstam, provides many details about life in Voronezh in the 1930s under Stalinist rule.
• Alan Sillitoe, the English writer, published a collection of poems entitled Love in the Environs of Voronezh and Other Poems in 1968.
• In the song Red Army Blues by the Waterboys, on the album A Pagan Place, there is a line "Took the train to Voronezh, that was as far as it would go."

External links

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Voronezh.

•   Voronezh travel guide from Wikivoyage
• Official website of Voronezh (in Russian)
• Unofficial website of Voronezh (in Russian)
• Voronezh State University
• Panoramic views of Voronezh