Nicknamed The Town with Eyes (given its historical buildings with partly open rooftops), the town is a well-known tourist destination for both domestic and foreign visitors. Known for its culture, history, gastronomy or local cuisine, and diverse architecture, which includes the iconic houses with eyes that gave Sibiu its nickname, the town has garnered significant attention since the beginning of the 21st century.
In 2004, its historical center began the process of becoming a UNESCOWorld Heritage Site. Sibiu was subsequently designated the European Capital of Culture in 2007, a title which it shared that year along with Luxembourg City as well.[8] One year later, it was ranked "Europe's 8th-most idyllic place to live" by Forbes.[9] In 2019, Sibiu was named the European Region of Gastronomy.[10] Sibiu hosted the European Wandering Capital event in 2021, the most important tourist wandering event in Europe.[11][12] A European Unionsummit was also hosted by the town in 2019.
Sibiu is also known nationally and internationally for its very beautiful Christmas market.[13][14] Renowned personalities include Transylvanian Saxon scientists Conrad Haas and Hermann Oberth, who were both pioneers of rocketry.[15] The company Elrond, which created the eGold cryptocurrency (among the biggest in the world), was founded by people from Sibiu.[16]
As of 2021 census, the city has a population of 134,309,[3] making it the 15th-largest city in Romania. The proposed Sibiu metropolitan area has a population of 267,170. The town also administers the village of Păltiniș, a ski resort located 35 kilometres to the southwest.
The name of the city derives from the Bulgar-Turkic name Sibin<Sebin<Säbin, meaning "rejoice".[20] An archaic version of the Romanian name Sibiu is Sibiiu, while an obsolete folk name is Sâghii, formerly spelled Sîghii. Its Hungarian name is Nagyszeben ("Big/Greater Sibiu"), or colloquially, Szeben.
In German, it is called Hermannstadt ("Hermann's town"), while in the local Transylvanian Saxon dialect, it is known as Härmeschtat. In Yiddish, it is called סעבען Seben or הערמאנשטאט Hermanshtat.
A number of other languages also have their own variants of the city's name, like CzechSibiň, PolishSybin, Serbo-CroatianSibinj, Old BulgarianSibin (Сибин) and the proposed Esperanto name Sibio.
The Roman fort of Cedonia was perhaps in the same location as Sibiu. The town was founded by Saxon (German) settlers brought there by King of Hungary and King of CroatiaGéza II during the mid-late 12th century, as part of the Ostsiedlung. They came from territories of the Holy Roman Empire and Kingdom of France (nowadays parts of Germany, France and the Benelux countries) and arrived at around 1147.[21][22] The first references to the area were Cibinium and Cipin from 1191 when Pope Celestine III confirmed the existence of the free prepositure of the Saxons in Transylvania, having its headquarters in Sibiu.[23][24] The city also used the names Prepositus Cibiniensis (1192–1196) and Prepositus Scibiniensis (1211). In 1223, it was renamed to Villa Hermanni,[25] either in honor of archbishopHermann II of Cologne[21] or after a man who is believed to have founded the city, Hermann of Nuremberg.[25] The actual German name of Hermannstadt ("Hermann's city") dates from 1366, while an earlier form, Hermannsdorf ("Hermann's village") was recorded in 1321.[26] An alternative urban legend has it that the town was named after a certain shoemaker by the name Hermann.[27]
Medieval fortifications which can be found in Sibiu's old town
In the 14th century, it was already an important trade centre. In 1376, the craftsmen were divided in 19 guilds. Hermannstadt became the most important ethnic German city among the seven cities that gave Transylvania its German name Siebenbürgen (literally seven citadels).[28][29] It was home to the Transylvanian Saxon University (Latin: Universitas Saxonum; i.e. Community of the Saxons), a network of pedagogues, ministers, intellectuals, city officials, and councilmen of the German community forging an ordered legal corpus and political system in Transylvania since the 1400s.[30][31] In 1699, after the Ottomans withdrew to their base of power in Hungary and Transylvania, the town became capital of Principality of Transylvania (since 1570 the principality was mostly under suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire, however often had a dual vassalage).[32]
During the 18th and 19th centuries, the city became the second- and later the first-most important centre of Transylvanian Romanian ethnics. The first Romanian-owned bank had its headquarters here (The Albina Bank), as did the ASTRA (Transylvanian Association for Romanian Literature and Romanian's People Culture). After the Romanian Orthodox Church was granted status in the Austrian Empire from the 1860s onwards, Sibiu became the Metropolitan seat, and the city is still regarded as the third-most important centre of the Romanian Orthodox Church. Between the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and 1867 (the year of the Ausgleich), Hermannstadt was the meeting-place of the Transylvanian Diet, which had taken its most representative form after the Empire agreed to extend voting rights in the region.
After World War I, when Austria-Hungary was dissolved and Sibiu became part of the Kingdom of Romania; the majority of its population was still ethnically German (until 1941) and counted a large Romanian community as well as a smaller Hungarian one. Starting from the 1950s and until 1990, most of the town's ethnic Germans emigrated to West Germany and Austria. The trend continued to a moderate extent after 1990 as well to unified Germany. Nonetheless, among the approximately 2,000 Transylvanian Saxons who decided to remain as per the 2011 Romanian census was Klaus Iohannis, the current[update]President of Romania and former longtime mayor of the town between 2000 and 2014, who was succeeded by Astrid Fodor since 2014 onwards, initially ad interim/acting, and then, subsequently in full constitutional powers after 2016.
Sibiu is situated near the geographical center of Romania at 45°47′34″N24°09′07″E / 45.792784°N 24.152069°E / 45.792784; 24.152069. Set in the Cibin Depression, the city is about 20 km (12 mi) from the Făgăraș Mountains, 12 km (7.5 mi) from the Cibin Mountains, and about 15 km (9.3 mi) from the Lotru Mountains, which border the depression in its southwestern section. The northern and eastern limits of Sibiu are formed by the Târnavelor Plateau, which descends to the Cibin Valley through Gușteriței Hill.
The Cibin River and some smaller streams run through Sibiu. The geographical position of Sibiu makes it one of the most important transportation hubs in Romania, with important roads and railway lines passing through it, including the A1 motorway, which also serves as a heavy traffic bypass for the city.
Climateedit
Sibiu's climate is humid continental (Köppen: Dfb), with average temperatures of 8 to 9 °C (46 to 48 °F). The average precipitation is 643.7 metres (25,340 in), and there are about 120 days of hard frost annually. Sibiu experiences 56 days per year with fog and 1.5 days withhail.[33]
Climate data for Sibiu (1991–2020, extremes 1901-2020)
In 2007, Sibiu was the European Capital of Culture (alongside Luxembourg). This was the most important cultural event that has ever happened in the town, and a great number of tourists came, both domestic and foreign.
The city of Sibiu and its surroundings are one of the most visited areas in Romania, as it holds one of the best preserved historical sites in the country, many of its medieval fortifications having been kept in excellent state. Its old center has begun the process for becoming a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004. Sibiu and its surrounding area have many significant museums, with 12+ institutions housing art collections, paintings, and exhibits in decorative arts, archeology, anthropology, history, industrial archeology and history of technology and natural sciences.
The city also lies close to the Făgăraș Mountains – a popular trekking destination, close to the city of Păltiniș and Arena Platoș ski resorts – both winter holiday destinations, and it is at the heart of the former Saxon communities in Transylvania renowned for its fortified churches.
Fortified Evangelical Lutheran church of Gușterița (German: Hammersdorf) neighbourhood, built during the 13th century, belonging to the local Transylvanian Saxon community.
Since 2007, a traditional Christmas market has been held in Sibiu. The first of its kind in Romania, it is inspired by Viennese Christmas markets, being a project developed by the Social Attaché of the Austrian Embassy in Romania, dr.h.c. Barbara Schöfnagel. It was held in the "Lesser Square" (Piața Mică) with 38 small stalls, a small stage and an area dedicated to children, having several mechanical attractions installed there. Since 2008, the market is held in the "Grand Square" (Piaţa Mare) grew to a number of about 70 stalls, a bigger stage was set up, where Christmas carols concerts are held. An ice skating rink and a children's workshop are also attractions which have been added in the following years.[37] It was the first Christmas Market in Romania, but soon other Christmas markets emerged across the country. In 2013, the Sibiu Christmas markets was included in the "15 Of the Most Beautiful Christmas Markets in Europe".[38]
In 2019, Sibiu had planned to host the European Gastronomical capital, by encouraging the local producers and businesses in the field of food production and culinary and gourmet culture, traditional workshops in the villages of the region, promoting farms and gastronomic circuits, or developing public programs to support small businesses in gastronomy and of the hospitality industry in the Sibiu region.[10]
Cultureedit
Sibiu is one of Romania's most culturally lively cities. It has 2 theatres and a philharmonic orchestra along with other smaller private theatrical venues and a theatre studio housed by the Performing Arts and Acting section of Lucian Blaga University, where students hold monthly representations.
The Radu Stanca National Theatre[39] is one of the leading Romanian theatres. With origins dating back to 1787, it attracts some of the best-known Romanian directors, such as Gábor Tompa and Silviu Purcărete. It has both a Romanian-language and a German-language section, and presents an average of five shows a week.
The Gong Theatre is specialised in puppetry, mime and non-conventional shows for children and teenagers. It also presents shows in both Romanian and German.
The State Philharmonic of Sibiu[40] presents weekly classical music concerts, and educational concerts for children and teenagers. The concerts take place in the newly restored Thalia Hall, a concert and theatre hall dating from 1787, situated along the old city fortifications. Weekly organ concerts are organised at the Evangelical Cathedral during summers, and thematic concerts are presented by the Faculty of Theology choir at the Orthodox Cathedral.
Sibiu's museums are organised around two entities: the Brukenthal National Museum and the ASTRA National Museum Complex. The Brukenthal Museum consists of an Art Gallery and an Old Books Library located inside the Brukenthal Palace, a History Museum located in the old town hall building, a Pharmacy Museum located in one of the first apothecary shops in Europe, dating from the 16th century, a Natural History Museum and a Museum of Arms and Hunting Trophies.
The ASTRA National Museum Complex focuses on ethnography, and consists of a Traditional Folk Civilisation Museum, a 96-hectare open-air museum located in Dumbrava Forest south of Sibiu, a Universal Ethnography Museum, a Museum of Transylvanian Civilisation and a Museum of Saxon Ethnography and Folk Art. Also planned is a Museum of the Culture and Civilisation of the Romany People.
The Dumbrava Sibiului Natural Park stretches over 960 ha (2,400 acres) and it is 4 km (2.5 mi) away from the center of the city in the southwest direction along the road towards Rășinari. Also, here you can find the Zoological Garden and Ethnography Museum.
The first park in the city was The Promenade, later called "The Disabled Promenade." established in 1791, today part of Parcul Cetății (Citadel Park). Current arrangement of the park, including the space between the walls, dates from 1928.
The Sub Arini Park, established between 1857 and 1859 based on plans of military engineer Michael Seyfried,[42] is one of the biggest and best-maintained parks in Romania. There are other green spaces in the city center, the best known being Astra Park, established in 1879.
Other parks:
Tineretului Park, Reconstrucției Park, Corneliu Coposu Park, Petöfi Sándor Park, Piața Cluj Park, Ștrand Park, Cristianului Park, Țițeica Park, Vasile Aaron Park, Lira Park.
The distribution of green space is good compared to other Romanian cities.
Eventsedit
Citadel Park, with the 16th century city wall
Several festivals are organised yearly in Sibiu, the most prestigious of them being the Sibiu International Theatre Festival, organized each spring at the end of May. Medieval Festival organized every year in August, reviving the medieval spirit of Transylvania. The Artmania Festival is held every Summer since 2006 and as of 2008 the Rockin' Transilvania Festival is also held in Sibiu. The oldest Jazz Festival in Romania is organized here, as well as the "Carl Filtsch" festival for young classical piano players, the "Astra Film" documentary film festival, the Transylvania calling Festival a Multi Cultural 6-day Open Air Music festival! 26–31 July 2007, a medieval arts festival and many more smaller cultural events.[43]Feeric Fashion Week is also hosted here. Sibiu was awarded by IGCAT (International Institute of Gastronomy, Culture, Arts and Tourism) to be part of the European Regions of Gastronomy program, event that will promote in 2019 the region's culinary heritage, multi-ethnic traditions and multi-cultural community.
European Cultural Capitaledit
The designation of Sibiu/Hermannstadt as European Cultural Capital in 2007 was owed greatly to the excellent collaboration with Luxembourg (and to the noteworthy historical ties between the Transylvanian Saxon community and Luxembourg), but also to what many regard as a miraculous social rebirth taking place in the town during the last years. The Cultural Capital status was expected to bring about an abrupt increase in quantity and quality of cultural events in 2007 and so it did.
The town government is headed by a mayor.[44] Since 2014, the office is held by Astrid Fodor from the Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania (FDGR/DFDR), who replaced Klaus Iohannis, the latter having become the 5th president of Romania. Iohannis, a Transylvanian Saxon, was mayor from 2000 to 2014, despite ethnic Germans nowadays making up less than 2% of Sibiu's population. Decisions are approved and discussed by the local government (Romanian: Consiliu local) made up of 23 elected councillors.[44] Sibiu is the capital of the Sibiu County.
Some of them were villages annexed by the city as it grew, others were built as the city developed and increased its surface.
The ASTRA National Museum Complex and the Zoo, located in the south, also fall within city limits. The Păltiniș ski resort, located 35 kilometres to the south, is also administered by Sibiu.
While Șelimbăr and the Arhitecților district of Cisnădie are not part of Sibiu proper, they are adjacent to the city limits and often considered part of it.
A 2017 estimate placed the population at 169,316, a 14.98% increase since 2011. This increase made Sibiu's population surpass the numbers observed in 1992 when the previously highest population was recorded.[47]
As of the 2021 census data, 134,309 inhabitants live within the city limits,[3] an 8.8% decrease from the figure recorded at the 2011 census.
Sibiu is an important economic hub for Romania, with a high rate of foreign investments. It is also an important hub for the manufacturing of automotive components and houses factories belonging to ThyssenKrupp Bilstein-Compa, Takata Corporation, Continental Automotive Systems, Marquardt Group and NTN-SNR ball bearings. Other local industries are machine components, textiles, agro-industry, and electrical components (Siemens).
The main industrial activities of Sibiu take place in two industrial zones located on the outskirts of the city:
East industrial zone (East Economic Center), alongside the railway to Brașov and Râmnicu Vâlcea
West industrial zone (West Economic Center),[50] near the exit to Sebeș, close to the Airport
A commercial zone located in the Șelimbăr commune plays an important role in the economy of Sibiu. It houses a mall and other large retailers.
Another factor that plays an important role in the economy of the city is tourism, which has been increasing at a steady rate since 2007.
Transportedit
Sibiu International Airport Location
Sibiu is well served in terms of transport and infrastructure. In 2010 a city bypass was opened, significantly reducing the road traffic inside the city.
Tursib[51] is the city's internal transportation system operator.
Airedit
Sibiu Airport, Blue Air flight
Sibiu International Airport is one of the most modern international airports in Romania, with direct connections to Germany, Austria, United Kingdom, Ireland and Spain.
Roadedit
Sibiu is an important node in the European road network, being on two different European routes (E68 and E81). At a national level, Sibiu is located on three different main national roads, DN1, DN7 and DN14.
The Romanian Motorway A1 will link the city with Pitești and the Romanian western border, near Arad. From the remaining 332 km (206 mi) of motorway towards the border with Hungary Nadlac, a total of 276 km (171 mi) is completed and the last 56 km (35 mi) are currently under construction, while the timeline for the segment towards Pitești is targeted for completion for the year 2025 (construction will start no sooner than 2019). Sibiu' s ring road as part of A1 motorway was completed on 1 December 2010.
Sibiu is also an important hub for the international bus links with the biggest passenger transporter in Romania, Atlassib, based here. Transport companies are also providing coach connections from Sibiu to a large number of locations in Romania.
Sibiu is situated on the CFR-Romanian Railways Main Line 200 (Brasov – Făgăraș – Sibiu – Simeria – Arad – Romanian Western Border) and on Line 206 (Sibiu – Mediaș).
The city is served by five rail stations: the Main Station (Gara Mare), the Little Station (Gara Mică), Turnișor, Sibiu Triaj, and Halta Ateliere Zonă. It has an important diesel-powered locomotive depot and a freight terminal.
Numerous interregional trains (nicknamed Blue Arrows) connect Sibiu to other major cities in Romania: Cluj-Napoca, Brașov, Craiova, Timișoara, and Bucharest.
Cyclingedit
Over the last six years, Sibiu has enjoyed a revival of cycling. The city has 43 kilometers of bicycle lanes. A new bike path with a completion date in 2023 will run the length of the Cibin River, creating a green corridor from the Ștrand to Broscărie neighbourhoods, via Gușterița.
Bicycle rentals have offered a boost for the local economy with several small rental centers and a bigger rental center that is administered by the I'Velo Bike Sharing group.
Healthedit
Sibiu County Hospital
Sibiu is one of the important medical centers of Romania, housing many important medical facilities:
County Hospital
Academic Emergency Hospital;
Hospital of Pediatrics;
Military Emergency Hospital;
CFR Hospital (Romanian Railways Hospital);
"Dr. Gheorghe Preda" Psychiatry Hospital
other smaller private clinics
The city also houses one of the largest private hospitals in the country, Polisano.
Educationedit
Samuel von Brukenthal High School
Sibiu is an important centre of higher education, with over 23,000 students in four public and private higher institutions.[52][53][54][55]
The Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu was founded in 1990, with five faculties: Engineering and Sciences; Language Sciences; History and Law; Medicine; Food and Textile Processing Technology. Nowadays, there are 10 faculties and departments.
Sibiu also houses the Nicolae Bălcescu Land Forces Academy and the Military Foreign Language Center as well as two private universities, Romanian-German University and Alma Mater University.
In Sibiu there are 20 educational institutions on the secondary level, the most important of which are:
The city houses a football stadium, a multi-functional arena building (Sala Transilvania), a rugby court, a municipal pool and several private tennis courts.
Sibiu has had a long football tradition, starting in 1913 with the founding of Șoimii Sibiu, which was the launchpad of Ilie Oană's career, who later became a star of FC Petrolul Ploiești. Later came Societatea Gimnastică Sibiu, a sport club of Sibiu's Transylvanian Saxon community, which's best performance was reaching the Divizia A final in the 1930–31 season. The best ever football team from Sibiu, based on performances, was Inter Sibiu, which had finished 4th after the 1990–91 season and had won the Balkans Cup during the same season. During the 21st century, the city has been represented by FC Sibiu and Voința Sibiu (of which only the latter has reached Liga I). Currently, FC Hermannstadt is the only major football team representing Sibiu, playing in the top level of the Romanian football pyramid, the Superliga, season 2022–2023. Starting with the 10th of December 2022, the team's home ground is the rebuilt 13000 seats Sibiu main stadium in the Sub Arini Park, the Stadionul Municipal Sibiu, the inaugural match ending with a 4–0 victory over first placed Farul Constanța.
Basketball
CSU Sibiu, one of the best Romanian basketball teams at the moment, represents Sibiu in the top tier of Romanian basketball, Liga Națională.
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February 15, 2024
sibiu, confused, with, sibu, city, malaysia, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books. Not to be confused with Sibu a city in Malaysia This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Sibiu news newspapers books scholar JSTOR February 2024 Learn how and when to remove this template message Sibiu s iː ˈ b j uː see BEW 4 Romanian siˈbiw German Hermannstadt ˈhɛʁmanʃtat Latin Cibinium Transylvanian Saxon Harmeschtat 5 or Hermestatt Hungarian Nagyszeben ˈnɒcsɛbɛn is a middle sized well preserved fortified medieval town in central Romania situated in the historical region of Transylvania Romanian Transilvania German Siebenburgen or Transsilvanien Located some 275 km 171 mi north west of Bucharest 6 the town straddles the Cibin River a tributary of the Olt River Now the county seat Romanian oraș reședință de județ of the Sibiu County between 1692 and 1791 and 1849 65 Sibiu was the capital of the Principality of Transylvania Romanian Principatul Transilvaniei German Grossfurstentum Siebenburgen During the Modern era the Hecht hause in Sibiu served as the seat of the Transylvanian Saxon University Romanian Universitatea Săsească German Sachsische Nationsuniversitat Latin Universitas Saxonum 7 Sibiu German HermannstadtTransylvanian Saxon Harmeschtat HermestattLatin CibiniumMunicipality former European Capital of Culture in 2007 a From top left to right Council Tower town symbol Lutheran Cathedral Eyes of Sibiu Medieval fortifications Bridge of Lies Town hall and Jesuit Church Brukenthal Palace Neo Baroque palace modern high rise buildingsFlagCoat of armsNickname The Town with Eyes 1 better source needed Location in Sibiu CountySibiuLocation within RomaniaCoordinates 45 47 34 N 24 09 07 E 45 79278 N 24 15194 E 45 79278 24 15194Country RomaniaCountySibiuStatusCounty seatSettled1st century BCResettledc 1147First off record1191 as Cibinium Founded byHermannGovernment Mayor 2020 2024 Astrid Fodor 2 FDGR DFDR Area Municipality former European Capital of Culture in 2007 a 121 km2 47 sq mi Elevation415 m 1 362 ft Population 2021 census 3 Municipality former European Capital of Culture in 2007 a 134 309 Density1 100 km2 2 900 sq mi Metroa267 170Demonym s sibian sibiancă ro hermannstadter de Time zoneUTC 2 EET Summer DST UTC 3 EEST Area code 40 269 369Car platesSBWebsiteturism wbr sibiu wbr ro wbr enaSibiu metropolitan area is a proposed projectNicknamed The Town with Eyes given its historical buildings with partly open rooftops the town is a well known tourist destination for both domestic and foreign visitors Known for its culture history gastronomy or local cuisine and diverse architecture which includes the iconic houses with eyes that gave Sibiu its nickname the town has garnered significant attention since the beginning of the 21st century In 2004 its historical center began the process of becoming a UNESCO World Heritage Site Sibiu was subsequently designated the European Capital of Culture in 2007 a title which it shared that year along with Luxembourg City as well 8 One year later it was ranked Europe s 8th most idyllic place to live by Forbes 9 In 2019 Sibiu was named the European Region of Gastronomy 10 Sibiu hosted the European Wandering Capital event in 2021 the most important tourist wandering event in Europe 11 12 A European Union summit was also hosted by the town in 2019 Sibiu is also known nationally and internationally for its very beautiful Christmas market 13 14 Renowned personalities include Transylvanian Saxon scientists Conrad Haas and Hermann Oberth who were both pioneers of rocketry 15 The company Elrond which created the eGold cryptocurrency among the biggest in the world was founded by people from Sibiu 16 As of 2021 census the city has a population of 134 309 3 making it the 15th largest city in Romania The proposed Sibiu metropolitan area has a population of 267 170 The town also administers the village of Păltiniș a ski resort located 35 kilometres to the southwest Historically especially during the High Middle Ages and Late Middle Ages Sibiu had been one of the most important cultural and administrative centres of the Transylvanian Saxons more specifically the most important 17 It is called Harmeschtat in their own local dialect which is very close to Luxembourgish from which it primarily descended a long time ago during the Ostsiedlung 18 19 Contents 1 Name 2 History 3 Geography 3 1 Climate 4 Tourism 5 Culture 5 1 Museums and parks 5 2 Events 5 3 European Cultural Capital 6 Administration 6 1 City districts 7 Demographics 7 1 Population dynamics 7 2 Population by religious denomination 8 Economy 9 Transport 9 1 Air 9 2 Road 9 3 Rail 9 4 Cycling 10 Health 11 Education 12 Sports 13 Natives 14 International relations 14 1 Twin towns 14 2 Consulates 15 Notes 16 Gallery 17 See also 18 References 19 Bibliography 20 External linksName editThe name of the city derives from the Bulgar Turkic name Sibin lt Sebin lt Sabin meaning rejoice 20 An archaic version of the Romanian name Sibiu is Sibiiu while an obsolete folk name is Saghii formerly spelled Sighii Its Hungarian name is Nagyszeben Big Greater Sibiu or colloquially Szeben In German it is called Hermannstadt Hermann s town while in the local Transylvanian Saxon dialect it is known as Harmeschtat In Yiddish it is called סעבען Seben or הערמאנשטאט Hermanshtat A number of other languages also have their own variants of the city s name like Czech Sibin Polish Sybin Serbo Croatian Sibinj Old Bulgarian Sibin Sibin and the proposed Esperanto name Sibio History editSee also Timeline of Sibiu Historical affiliations nbsp Kingdom of Hungary 1191 1526 nbsp Eastern Hungarian Kingdom 1526 1570 nbsp Principality of Transylvania 1570 1804 nbsp Austrian Empire 1804 1867 nbsp Austria Hungary 1867 1918 de jure Hungary until 1920 nbsp Kingdom of Romania 1920 1947 de facto from 1918 nbsp Romanian People s Republic 1947 1965 nbsp Socialist Republic of Romania 1965 1989 nbsp Romania 1989 present The Roman fort of Cedonia was perhaps in the same location as Sibiu The town was founded by Saxon German settlers brought there by King of Hungary and King of Croatia Geza II during the mid late 12th century as part of the Ostsiedlung They came from territories of the Holy Roman Empire and Kingdom of France nowadays parts of Germany France and the Benelux countries and arrived at around 1147 21 22 The first references to the area were Cibinium and Cipin from 1191 when Pope Celestine III confirmed the existence of the free prepositure of the Saxons in Transylvania having its headquarters in Sibiu 23 24 The city also used the names Prepositus Cibiniensis 1192 1196 and Prepositus Scibiniensis 1211 In 1223 it was renamed to Villa Hermanni 25 either in honor of archbishop Hermann II of Cologne 21 or after a man who is believed to have founded the city Hermann of Nuremberg 25 The actual German name of Hermannstadt Hermann s city dates from 1366 while an earlier form Hermannsdorf Hermann s village was recorded in 1321 26 An alternative urban legend has it that the town was named after a certain shoemaker by the name Hermann 27 nbsp Medieval fortifications which can be found in Sibiu s old townIn the 14th century it was already an important trade centre In 1376 the craftsmen were divided in 19 guilds Hermannstadt became the most important ethnic German city among the seven cities that gave Transylvania its German name Siebenburgen literally seven citadels 28 29 It was home to the Transylvanian Saxon University Latin Universitas Saxonum i e Community of the Saxons a network of pedagogues ministers intellectuals city officials and councilmen of the German community forging an ordered legal corpus and political system in Transylvania since the 1400s 30 31 In 1699 after the Ottomans withdrew to their base of power in Hungary and Transylvania the town became capital of Principality of Transylvania since 1570 the principality was mostly under suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire however often had a dual vassalage 32 During the 18th and 19th centuries the city became the second and later the first most important centre of Transylvanian Romanian ethnics The first Romanian owned bank had its headquarters here The Albina Bank as did the ASTRA Transylvanian Association for Romanian Literature and Romanian s People Culture After the Romanian Orthodox Church was granted status in the Austrian Empire from the 1860s onwards Sibiu became the Metropolitan seat and the city is still regarded as the third most important centre of the Romanian Orthodox Church Between the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and 1867 the year of the Ausgleich Hermannstadt was the meeting place of the Transylvanian Diet which had taken its most representative form after the Empire agreed to extend voting rights in the region After World War I when Austria Hungary was dissolved and Sibiu became part of the Kingdom of Romania the majority of its population was still ethnically German until 1941 and counted a large Romanian community as well as a smaller Hungarian one Starting from the 1950s and until 1990 most of the town s ethnic Germans emigrated to West Germany and Austria The trend continued to a moderate extent after 1990 as well to unified Germany Nonetheless among the approximately 2 000 Transylvanian Saxons who decided to remain as per the 2011 Romanian census was Klaus Iohannis the current update President of Romania and former longtime mayor of the town between 2000 and 2014 who was succeeded by Astrid Fodor since 2014 onwards initially ad interim acting and then subsequently in full constitutional powers after 2016 nbsp Panoramic view of Sibiu from 1928 nbsp View from Gușterița hill nbsp Burger Ocnei gate nbsp Cisnădie s Gate Tower nbsp Tower s Street and the Lutheran Cathedral nbsp Copper engraving of Sibiu Hermanstatt c 1630 nbsp A busy market scene in Sibiu 1818 nbsp The Tanners Tower painted by Johann Bobel nbsp Citadel Square painted by Johann BobelGeography edit nbsp Topographic map of the Sibiu region nbsp Făgăraș MountainsSibiu is situated near the geographical center of Romania at 45 47 34 N 24 09 07 E 45 792784 N 24 152069 E 45 792784 24 152069 Set in the Cibin Depression the city is about 20 km 12 mi from the Făgăraș Mountains 12 km 7 5 mi from the Cibin Mountains and about 15 km 9 3 mi from the Lotru Mountains which border the depression in its southwestern section The northern and eastern limits of Sibiu are formed by the Tarnavelor Plateau which descends to the Cibin Valley through Gușteriței Hill The Cibin River and some smaller streams run through Sibiu The geographical position of Sibiu makes it one of the most important transportation hubs in Romania with important roads and railway lines passing through it including the A1 motorway which also serves as a heavy traffic bypass for the city Climate edit Sibiu s climate is humid continental Koppen Dfb with average temperatures of 8 to 9 C 46 to 48 F The average precipitation is 643 7 metres 25 340 in and there are about 120 days of hard frost annually Sibiu experiences 56 days per year with fog and 1 5 days withhail 33 Climate data for Sibiu 1991 2020 extremes 1901 2020 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 17 8 64 0 21 3 70 3 30 6 87 1 30 2 86 4 32 2 90 0 35 4 95 7 38 3 100 9 38 9 102 0 39 5 103 1 32 5 90 5 27 0 80 6 19 3 66 7 39 5 103 1 Mean daily maximum C F 2 3 36 1 5 5 41 9 10 7 51 3 16 7 62 1 21 4 70 5 25 1 77 2 26 9 80 4 27 1 80 8 21 8 71 2 16 6 61 9 10 1 50 2 3 4 38 1 15 6 60 1 Daily mean C F 2 5 27 5 0 2 31 6 4 4 39 9 10 2 50 4 15 1 59 2 18 7 65 7 20 3 68 5 19 9 67 8 14 8 58 6 9 5 49 1 4 3 39 7 0 9 30 4 9 5 49 1 Mean daily minimum C F 6 6 20 1 4 8 23 4 0 7 30 7 4 3 39 7 8 9 48 0 12 4 54 3 13 9 57 0 13 5 56 3 9 1 48 4 4 0 39 2 0 4 31 3 4 7 23 5 4 1 39 4 Record low C F 31 8 25 2 31 0 23 8 24 5 12 1 12 0 10 4 3 6 25 5 1 0 33 8 2 8 37 0 2 1 28 2 9 4 15 1 18 4 1 1 26 7 16 1 29 8 21 6 31 8 25 2 Average precipitation mm inches 25 8 1 02 23 2 0 91 34 9 1 37 53 9 2 12 77 2 3 04 97 3 3 83 94 7 3 73 71 1 2 80 55 6 2 19 46 5 1 83 32 5 1 28 31 0 1 22 643 7 25 34 Average snowfall cm inches 11 0 4 3 11 0 4 3 7 4 2 9 4 8 1 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 0 7 4 5 1 8 6 5 2 6 46 9 18 5 Average precipitation days 1 0 mm 5 7 5 1 6 8 8 4 11 3 10 7 9 5 7 4 6 8 6 3 5 2 6 1 89 3Average relative humidity 87 79 71 67 68 71 71 72 76 78 80 86 75Average dew point C F 5 8 21 6 4 2 24 4 0 4 31 3 4 1 39 4 9 3 48 7 12 7 54 9 13 8 56 8 13 3 55 9 10 4 50 7 5 4 41 7 1 5 34 7 2 6 27 3 4 8 40 6 Mean monthly sunshine hours 73 9 97 3 137 6 171 8 209 9 232 5 253 6 249 0 174 7 148 4 92 4 61 3 1 902 4Source 1 NOAA snowfall and dew point 1961 1990 34 33 Source 2 Romanian National Statistic Institute extremes 1901 2000 35 Deutscher Wetterdienst humidity 1989 2008 36 Tourism edit nbsp The Evangelical Lutheran fortified church in Turnișor German Neppendorf belonging to the local Transylvanian Landler community In 2007 Sibiu was the European Capital of Culture alongside Luxembourg This was the most important cultural event that has ever happened in the town and a great number of tourists came both domestic and foreign The city of Sibiu and its surroundings are one of the most visited areas in Romania as it holds one of the best preserved historical sites in the country many of its medieval fortifications having been kept in excellent state Its old center has begun the process for becoming a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004 Sibiu and its surrounding area have many significant museums with 12 institutions housing art collections paintings and exhibits in decorative arts archeology anthropology history industrial archeology and history of technology and natural sciences The city also lies close to the Făgăraș Mountains a popular trekking destination close to the city of Păltiniș and Arena Platoș ski resorts both winter holiday destinations and it is at the heart of the former Saxon communities in Transylvania renowned for its fortified churches nbsp Fortified Evangelical Lutheran church of Gușterița German Hammersdorf neighbourhood built during the 13th century belonging to the local Transylvanian Saxon community Since 2007 a traditional Christmas market has been held in Sibiu The first of its kind in Romania it is inspired by Viennese Christmas markets being a project developed by the Social Attache of the Austrian Embassy in Romania dr h c Barbara Schofnagel It was held in the Lesser Square Piața Mică with 38 small stalls a small stage and an area dedicated to children having several mechanical attractions installed there Since 2008 the market is held in the Grand Square Piaţa Mare grew to a number of about 70 stalls a bigger stage was set up where Christmas carols concerts are held An ice skating rink and a children s workshop are also attractions which have been added in the following years 37 It was the first Christmas Market in Romania but soon other Christmas markets emerged across the country In 2013 the Sibiu Christmas markets was included in the 15 Of the Most Beautiful Christmas Markets in Europe 38 In 2019 Sibiu had planned to host the European Gastronomical capital by encouraging the local producers and businesses in the field of food production and culinary and gourmet culture traditional workshops in the villages of the region promoting farms and gastronomic circuits or developing public programs to support small businesses in gastronomy and of the hospitality industry in the Sibiu region 10 Culture editSibiu is one of Romania s most culturally lively cities It has 2 theatres and a philharmonic orchestra along with other smaller private theatrical venues and a theatre studio housed by the Performing Arts and Acting section of Lucian Blaga University where students hold monthly representations The Radu Stanca National Theatre 39 is one of the leading Romanian theatres With origins dating back to 1787 it attracts some of the best known Romanian directors such as Gabor Tompa and Silviu Purcărete It has both a Romanian language and a German language section and presents an average of five shows a week The Gong Theatre is specialised in puppetry mime and non conventional shows for children and teenagers It also presents shows in both Romanian and German The State Philharmonic of Sibiu 40 presents weekly classical music concerts and educational concerts for children and teenagers The concerts take place in the newly restored Thalia Hall a concert and theatre hall dating from 1787 situated along the old city fortifications Weekly organ concerts are organised at the Evangelical Cathedral during summers and thematic concerts are presented by the Faculty of Theology choir at the Orthodox Cathedral The Sibiu International Theatre Festival is an annual festival of performing arts Since 2016 it is the largest performance arts festival in the world 41 nbsp Brukenthal National Museum SibiuMuseums and parks edit Sibiu s museums are organised around two entities the Brukenthal National Museum and the ASTRA National Museum Complex The Brukenthal Museum consists of an Art Gallery and an Old Books Library located inside the Brukenthal Palace a History Museum located in the old town hall building a Pharmacy Museum located in one of the first apothecary shops in Europe dating from the 16th century a Natural History Museum and a Museum of Arms and Hunting Trophies The ASTRA National Museum Complex focuses on ethnography and consists of a Traditional Folk Civilisation Museum a 96 hectare open air museum located in Dumbrava Forest south of Sibiu a Universal Ethnography Museum a Museum of Transylvanian Civilisation and a Museum of Saxon Ethnography and Folk Art Also planned is a Museum of the Culture and Civilisation of the Romany People The Dumbrava Sibiului Natural Park stretches over 960 ha 2 400 acres and it is 4 km 2 5 mi away from the center of the city in the southwest direction along the road towards Rășinari Also here you can find the Zoological Garden and Ethnography Museum There is a Steam Locomotives Museum close to the railway station sheltering around 40 locomotives two of which are functional The first park in the city was The Promenade later called The Disabled Promenade established in 1791 today part of Parcul Cetății Citadel Park Current arrangement of the park including the space between the walls dates from 1928 The Sub Arini Park established between 1857 and 1859 based on plans of military engineer Michael Seyfried 42 is one of the biggest and best maintained parks in Romania There are other green spaces in the city center the best known being Astra Park established in 1879 Other parks Tineretului Park Reconstrucției Park Corneliu Coposu Park Petofi Sandor Park Piața Cluj Park Ștrand Park Cristianului Park Țițeica Park Vasile Aaron Park Lira Park The distribution of green space is good compared to other Romanian cities Events edit nbsp Citadel Park with the 16th century city wallSeveral festivals are organised yearly in Sibiu the most prestigious of them being the Sibiu International Theatre Festival organized each spring at the end of May Medieval Festival organized every year in August reviving the medieval spirit of Transylvania The Artmania Festival is held every Summer since 2006 and as of 2008 the Rockin Transilvania Festival is also held in Sibiu The oldest Jazz Festival in Romania is organized here as well as the Carl Filtsch festival for young classical piano players the Astra Film documentary film festival the Transylvania calling Festival a Multi Cultural 6 day Open Air Music festival 26 31 July 2007 a medieval arts festival and many more smaller cultural events 43 Feeric Fashion Week is also hosted here Sibiu was awarded by IGCAT International Institute of Gastronomy Culture Arts and Tourism to be part of the European Regions of Gastronomy program event that will promote in 2019 the region s culinary heritage multi ethnic traditions and multi cultural community European Cultural Capital edit The designation of Sibiu Hermannstadt as European Cultural Capital in 2007 was owed greatly to the excellent collaboration with Luxembourg and to the noteworthy historical ties between the Transylvanian Saxon community and Luxembourg but also to what many regard as a miraculous social rebirth taking place in the town during the last years The Cultural Capital status was expected to bring about an abrupt increase in quantity and quality of cultural events in 2007 and so it did Administration edit nbsp Incumbent mayor Astrid Cora Fodor FDGR DFDR The town government is headed by a mayor 44 Since 2014 the office is held by Astrid Fodor from the Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania FDGR DFDR who replaced Klaus Iohannis the latter having become the 5th president of Romania Iohannis a Transylvanian Saxon was mayor from 2000 to 2014 despite ethnic Germans nowadays making up less than 2 of Sibiu s population Decisions are approved and discussed by the local government Romanian Consiliu local made up of 23 elected councillors 44 Sibiu is the capital of the Sibiu County Party Seats Current Council National Liberal Party PNL 9 Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania FDGR DFDR 8 Save Romania Union USR 4 Social Democratic Party PSD 2 City districts edit Sibiu is divided into the following districts Historical center divided into the Upper and Lower Town Center south west of the historical center Broscărie Dumbrăvii Gușterița German Hammersdorf Hipodrom I II III IV Lazaret Lupeni Piața Cluj named after Cluj Reșița named after Reșița Ștrand Terezian Tilișca Tineretului Trei Stejari Turnișor German Neppendorf Țiglari Valea Aurie Vasile Aaron Veteranilor de Război Viile Sibiului Some of them were villages annexed by the city as it grew others were built as the city developed and increased its surface The ASTRA National Museum Complex and the Zoo located in the south also fall within city limits The Păltiniș ski resort located 35 kilometres to the south is also administered by Sibiu While Șelimbăr and the Arhitecților district of Cisnădie are not part of Sibiu proper they are adjacent to the city limits and often considered part of it Demographics editAt the 2011 census Sibiu had a population of 147 245 a 5 decrease from the figure recorded at the 2002 census 45 The ethnic breakdown was as follows 46 Romanians 95 9 Hungarians 1 6 Germans Transylvanian Saxons 1 1 and Roma 0 4 A 2017 estimate placed the population at 169 316 a 14 98 increase since 2011 This increase made Sibiu s population surpass the numbers observed in 1992 when the previously highest population was recorded 47 As of the 2021 census data 134 309 inhabitants live within the city limits 3 an 8 8 decrease from the figure recorded at the 2011 census Population dynamics edit Census 48 Ethnic structureYear Population Romanians Hungarians Germans1850 12 765 2 089 977 8 7901880 19 446 41 4 2 810 2 065 14 3271890 21 465 9 8 4 581 3 199 13 1481900 29 577 31 7 7 106 5 747 16 1411910 33 489 12 4 8 824 7 252 16 8321920 32 748 2 2 8 553 4 291 18 2181930 49 345 40 4 19 006 6 782 22 0451941 63 765 25 5 33 829 4 262 23 5741948 60 602 5 37 371 5 060 16 3591956 90 475 39 5 60 526 4 772 24 6361966 109 515 19 78 548 5 124 25 3871977 151 005 31 8 119 507 5 111 25 4031992 169 610 11 6 158 863 4 163 5 6052002 154 892 9 148 269 3 135 2 5082011 147 245 5 131 414 2 131 1 4812021 134 309 8 8 n a n a n aPopulation by religious denomination edit Today most of the population is Romanian Orthodox Protestants and Roman Catholics represent about 5 of the population Confessions in SibiuConfession 1910 2002Eastern Orthodox 18 91 Greek Catholic Uniate 8 1 Roman Catholic 20 2 Evangelical Lutheran 42 2 Reformed 7 1 Jewish 4 lt 1 Other 1 4 Economy editSibiu is an important economic hub for Romania with a high rate of foreign investments It is also an important hub for the manufacturing of automotive components and houses factories belonging to ThyssenKrupp Bilstein Compa Takata Corporation Continental Automotive Systems Marquardt Group and NTN SNR ball bearings Other local industries are machine components textiles agro industry and electrical components Siemens The city also contained Romania s second largest stock exchange the Sibiu Stock Exchange which merged with the Bucharest Stock Exchange in 2018 49 The main industrial activities of Sibiu take place in two industrial zones located on the outskirts of the city East industrial zone East Economic Center alongside the railway to Brașov and Ramnicu Valcea West industrial zone West Economic Center 50 near the exit to Sebeș close to the AirportA commercial zone located in the Șelimbăr commune plays an important role in the economy of Sibiu It houses a mall and other large retailers Another factor that plays an important role in the economy of the city is tourism which has been increasing at a steady rate since 2007 Transport edit nbsp Sibiu International Airport LocationSibiu is well served in terms of transport and infrastructure In 2010 a city bypass was opened significantly reducing the road traffic inside the city Tursib 51 is the city s internal transportation system operator Air edit nbsp Sibiu Airport Blue Air flightSibiu International Airport is one of the most modern international airports in Romania with direct connections to Germany Austria United Kingdom Ireland and Spain Road edit Sibiu is an important node in the European road network being on two different European routes E68 and E81 At a national level Sibiu is located on three different main national roads DN1 DN7 and DN14 The Romanian Motorway A1 will link the city with Pitești and the Romanian western border near Arad From the remaining 332 km 206 mi of motorway towards the border with Hungary Nadlac a total of 276 km 171 mi is completed and the last 56 km 35 mi are currently under construction while the timeline for the segment towards Pitești is targeted for completion for the year 2025 construction will start no sooner than 2019 Sibiu s ring road as part of A1 motorway was completed on 1 December 2010 Sibiu is also an important hub for the international bus links with the biggest passenger transporter in Romania Atlassib based here Transport companies are also providing coach connections from Sibiu to a large number of locations in Romania nbsp Public bus transportation in SibiuRail edit Main article Sibiu railway station Sibiu is situated on the CFR Romanian Railways Main Line 200 Brasov Făgăraș Sibiu Simeria Arad Romanian Western Border and on Line 206 Sibiu Mediaș The city is served by five rail stations the Main Station Gara Mare the Little Station Gara Mică Turnișor Sibiu Triaj and Halta Ateliere Zonă It has an important diesel powered locomotive depot and a freight terminal Numerous interregional trains nicknamed Blue Arrows connect Sibiu to other major cities in Romania Cluj Napoca Brașov Craiova Timișoara and Bucharest Cycling edit Over the last six years Sibiu has enjoyed a revival of cycling The city has 43 kilometers of bicycle lanes A new bike path with a completion date in 2023 will run the length of the Cibin River creating a green corridor from the Ștrand to Broscărie neighbourhoods via Gușterița Bicycle rentals have offered a boost for the local economy with several small rental centers and a bigger rental center that is administered by the I Velo Bike Sharing group Health edit nbsp Sibiu County HospitalSibiu is one of the important medical centers of Romania housing many important medical facilities County Hospital Academic Emergency Hospital Hospital of Pediatrics Military Emergency Hospital CFR Hospital Romanian Railways Hospital Dr Gheorghe Preda Psychiatry Hospital other smaller private clinicsThe city also houses one of the largest private hospitals in the country Polisano Education edit nbsp Samuel von Brukenthal High SchoolSibiu is an important centre of higher education with over 23 000 students in four public and private higher institutions 52 53 54 55 The Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu was founded in 1990 with five faculties Engineering and Sciences Language Sciences History and Law Medicine Food and Textile Processing Technology Nowadays there are 10 faculties and departments Sibiu also houses the Nicolae Bălcescu Land Forces Academy and the Military Foreign Language Center as well as two private universities Romanian German University and Alma Mater University In Sibiu there are 20 educational institutions on the secondary level the most important of which are Gheorghe Lazăr National College sciences and informatics first opened in 1692 as a Jesuit College nbsp Gheorghe Lazăr National College Samuel von Brukenthal National College linguistics sciences and informatics German language high school Octavian Goga National College social sciences sciences informatics and linguistics Onisifor Ghibu Theoretical Highschool informatics sciences sports theater and linguistics Andrei Șaguna National College training for school teacher and linguistics Constantin Noica Theoretical Highschool sciences and linguistics Daniel Popovici Barcianu Highschool agricultural sciences George Baritiu National College economic sciences Nicolae Iorga Elementary school Regina Maria Elementary schoolSports edit nbsp Sala Transilvania nbsp Stadionul MunicipalThe city houses a football stadium a multi functional arena building Sala Transilvania a rugby court a municipal pool and several private tennis courts Also several sports international competitions are taking place every year Sibiu Cycling Tour in July Red Bull Romaniacs Hard Enduro Rallye around July Sibiu Open formerly held in September Sibiu Rally currently held in October FootballSibiu has had a long football tradition starting in 1913 with the founding of Șoimii Sibiu which was the launchpad of Ilie Oană s career who later became a star of FC Petrolul Ploiești Later came Societatea Gimnastică Sibiu a sport club of Sibiu s Transylvanian Saxon community which s best performance was reaching the Divizia A final in the 1930 31 season The best ever football team from Sibiu based on performances was Inter Sibiu which had finished 4th after the 1990 91 season and had won the Balkans Cup during the same season During the 21st century the city has been represented by FC Sibiu and Voința Sibiu of which only the latter has reached Liga I Currently FC Hermannstadt is the only major football team representing Sibiu playing in the top level of the Romanian football pyramid the Superliga season 2022 2023 Starting with the 10th of December 2022 the team s home ground is the rebuilt 13000 seats Sibiu main stadium in the Sub Arini Park the Stadionul Municipal Sibiu the inaugural match ending with a 4 0 victory over first placed Farul Constanța BasketballCSU Sibiu one of the best Romanian basketball teams at the moment represents Sibiu in the top tier of Romanian basketball Liga Națională HandballThe city s handball team is called CSM Sibiu Additionally the nearby town of Cisnădie has a women s team in the first league CS Măgura Rugby CSM SibiuVolleyball CSM Sibiu men CSS Sibiu women Speed Skating CSS SibiuNatives editMain category People from Sibiu Michael Gottlieb Agnethler botanist Alexandru Apolzan football player Arthur Arz von Straussenburg Austro Hungarian general Florin Barbu bass player in Romanian bands Timpuri Noi and Proconsul Claudiu Baștea judoka Ion Besoiu Romanian actor Miklos Borsos Hungarian sculptor Dan Burincă Olympic artistic gymnast Andrei Codrescu American writer Sabina Cojocar Romanian gymnast Alexandru Curtean football player Florin Diacu Romanian Canadian mathematician Steve Holmes German pornographic actor Victor Iliu Romanian film director Klaus Iohannis 5th President of Romania Hermann Kusmanek von Burgneustadten Austro Hungarian general see also Siege of Przemysl Mircea Mureșan Romanian film director Alexandru Mușina Romanian poet Steliana Nistor Romanian gymnast Hermann Oberth space flight technology pioneer Nicolaus Olahus Catholic archbishop of Esztergom Valerian Onițiu chess problemist Oskar Pastior poet and translator Dan Perjovschi Romanian artist Claudia Presecan Romanian gymnast Erna Rubinstein Hungarian violinist Iancu Sasul Moldavian ruler Tobias Stranover Transylvanian Saxon painter Jeno Szemak Hungarian jurist Viorel Tilea Romanian diplomat Melania Ursu stage and film actress Radu Vasile politician Prime Minister of Romania Delia Velculescu Romanian American economist Adele Zay Transylvanian Saxon who established the kindergarten system in Hungary and then RomaniaInternational relations editTwin towns edit Sibiu has twinning agreements with nbsp Bauru Brazil since 1995 nbsp Butuan Philippines nbsp Columbia Missouri USA since 1994 nbsp Deventer Netherlands since 2007 56 nbsp Klagenfurt Austria since 1990 nbsp Landshut Germany since 2002 nbsp Marburg Germany since 2005 nbsp Mechelen Belgium since 1996 nbsp Rennes France since 1999 nbsp Valencia Venezuela since 1993 nbsp Wirral United Kingdom since 1994 nbsp Takayama Gifu Japan since 2009 nbsp Durham North Carolina United States since 2019 Consulates edit The following countries have consulates in Sibiu nbsp Germany Consulate General nbsp Austria Honorary consulate nbsp Luxembourg Honorary consulate nbsp Malta Honorary consulateNotes edit Alongside Luxembourg City the capital of LuxembourgGallery edit nbsp Bilingual Romanian German sign at the entrance in Sibiu Hermannstadt nbsp Small flag with Sibiu Hermannstadt as former European Capital of Culture in 2007 nbsp Turnul Sfatului German Hermannstadter Ratsturm in Small Square nbsp The Small Square of Sibiu during Feeric Fashion Week closing gala 2016 nbsp The Large Square during Christmas nbsp Lutsch House the headquarters of the local branch of FDGR DFDRSee also editList of castles in Romania Timeline of Sibiu Tourism in Romania Seven Wonders of Romania Villages with fortified churches in TransylvaniaReferences edit Heck Pete 11 August 2014 The Romania Eyes www hecktictravels com Hecktic Travels Retrieved 2 May 2020 Results of the 2020 local elections Central Electoral Bureau Retrieved 14 June 2021 a b c Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de varstă pe județe și municipii orașe comune la 1 decembrie 2021 in Romanian INSSE 31 May 2023 Sibiu in the Lexico dictionary powered by Oxford lexico com Oxford Archived from the original on 26 February 2020 Retrieved 2 May 2020 Sigrid Haldenwang Hermannstadt Siebenbuerger de in German Verband der Siebenburger Sachsen in Deutschland e V i e Association of Transylvanian Saxons in Germany Retrieved 7 February 2023 City Distance Tool geobytes com Archived from the original on 5 October 2010 Primăria Municipiului Sibiu Piața Mare nr 8 Casa Comesului sau Casa Hecht Sibiu Baroc in Romanian Retrieved 17 February 2023 Sibiu Cultural Capital Website sibiu2007 ro Archived from the original on 15 October 2006 Retrieved 28 April 2018 Beckett Edward Olson Parmy In Pictures Europe s Most Idyllic Places To Live Forbes Archived from the original on 13 February 2018 a b Sibiu 2019 European Regions of Gastronomy europeanregionofgastronomy org International Institute of Gastronomy Culture Arts and Tourism IGCAT Retrieved 2 May 2020 Laicauf Denisa 22 November 2019 Sibiu Capitala Europeana a Drumetiei Retrieved 2 May 2020 Eurorando Sibiu 2021 eurorando eu Retrieved 2 May 2020 El Mundo Best Christmas Markets in the World elmundo es El Mundo 21 December 2012 Retrieved 2 May 2020 Brooking Francesca European Christmas Markets Top 5 abouttimemagazine co uk Retrieved 2 May 2020 Victor Rouă 25 May 2017 Pioneering Spacecraft Propulsion In Late Medieval Transylvania The Dockyards Retrieved 29 December 2022 Moldovan Octavian 3 February 2021 Cum au reușit doi frați din Sibiu să construiască o companie care valorează 1 miliard stirileprotv ro Retrieved 4 February 2021 Victor Rouă 3 October 2015 The History Of The Transylvanian Saxons The Dockyards Retrieved 9 March 2021 Nathalie Lodhi 13 January 2020 The Transylvanian Saxon dialect a not so distant cousin of Luxembourgish RTL Today Retrieved 7 February 2023 Victor Rouă 19 August 2015 A Brief History Of The Transylvanian Saxon Dialect The Dockyards Retrieved 24 June 2020 Rasonyi Laszlo 1979 Bulaqs and Oguzs in Medieval Transylvania PDF Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae Akademiai Kiado 33 135 a b Hermannstadt Sibiu in Siebenburgen skr de Retrieved 2 May 2020 Hannover Moser Birgitta Gabriela 2011 Siebenburgen Rund um Kronstadt Schassburg und Hermannstadt Germany Trescher Verlag p 107 ISBN 978 3 89794 157 1 Archived 22 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine A szebeni varosi nyomda typographia oszk hu Retrieved 2 May 2020 a b Enciclopedia Romaniei enciclopediaromaniei ro Retrieved 3 May 2020 Sibiu Official Website History www sibiu ro Primaria Sibiu Retrieved 3 May 2020 Redacția Turnului Sfatului 3 June 2022 De unde vine numele Sibiu Hermannstadt De la legenda lui Hermann pană la datele istorice și Sibiul cel mic din Ungaria Turnul Sfatului in Romanian Retrieved 13 March 2023 Victor Rouă 3 October 2015 The History Of The Transylvanian Saxons The Dockyards Retrieved 23 June 2020 Sibiu or Hermannstadt A Romanian City with German Traditions europeupclose com 11 June 2014 Archived from the original on 4 January 2016 The vanished Romanian German community through Hitler s population transfer soviet deportation amp mass emigration expelledgermans org Archived from the original on 16 March 2016 The Saxons Land or the Royal Domain Fundus Regius alanier at Archived from the original on 15 July 2015 Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World Columbia University Press by arrangement with J B Lippincott Co 1952 OL 6112221M a b Sibiu Climate Normals 1961 1990 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Retrieved 9 July 2015 World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991 2020 Sibiu National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Retrieved 11 January 2024 AIR TEMPERATURE monthly and yearly absolute maximum and absolute minimum PDF Romanian Statistical Yearbook Geography Meteorology and Environment Romanian National Statistic Institute 2007 Archived from the original PDF on 27 September 2007 Retrieved 9 July 2015 Klimatafel von Hermannstadt Sibiu Siebenburgen Rumanien PDF Baseline climate means 1961 1990 from stations all over the world in German Deutscher Wetterdienst Retrieved 23 November 2016 Targul de Crăciun din Sibiu Archived from the original on 1 December 2009 Christmas Traveling 15 Of the Most Beautiful Christmas Markets in Europe tourismontheedge com 7 December 2012 Archived from the original on 13 April 2014 Retrieved 28 April 2018 Radu Stanca National Theatre Archived from the original on 9 September 2006 State Philharmonic of Sibiu Archived from the original on 20 November 2012 Insider Ro 17 January 2017 Sibiu International Theater Festival becomes world s biggest romania insider com Archived from the original on 13 February 2018 Retrieved 28 April 2018 Klein Konrad 17 October 2014 Eine Grafin mit Herz siebenbuerger de Retrieved 3 May 2020 2006 Cultural Programme Archived from the original on 1 May 2006 a b Law no 215 21 April 2001 Legea administrației publice locale in Romanian Parliament of Romania Retrieved 12 March 2008 Population as of 20 October 2011 in Romanian INSSE 5 July 2013 Retrieved 5 July 2013 2011 census data PDF insse ro Archived PDF from the original on 2 February 2017 Retrieved 28 April 2018 Statistică in șase ani Sibiul a crescut cu aproape 70 000 de locuitori Turnul Sfatului Online Turnul Sfatului Online in Romanian 1 October 2017 Archived from the original on 26 May 2015 Retrieved 8 October 2017 Erdely etnikai es felekezeti statisztikaja varga adatbank transindex ro Archived from the original on 22 October 2007 Retrieved 28 April 2018 Capital capital ro Retrieved 27 September 2020 West industrial zone PDF Official Site Tursib Archived from the original on 22 May 2007 ULBS Departamentul de Comunicaţii și Marketing al L B U S About LBUS www ulbsibiu ro Archived from the original on 4 April 2015 Retrieved 28 April 2018 Land Forces Military Academy mediafax ro Archived from the original on 30 January 2015 Universitatea Romano Germana din Sibiu www roger univ ro Archived from the original on 19 February 2015 Retrieved 28 April 2018 Istoricul Universitatii Alma Mater Sibiu Universitatea Alma Mater Sibiu www uamsibiu ro Archived from the original on 4 May 2015 Retrieved 28 April 2018 in Romanian Sibiu Town Hall Official Site Acordul de infratire intre Sibiu si orasul Deventer din Olanda Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine 23 May 2007Bibliography editSee also Bibliography of the history of SibiuExternal links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sibiu nbsp Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Sibiu Sibiu ro Official Sibiu Online website tourism and history information and images in Romanian English and German Turism sibiu ro Official Sibiu Tourism website in Romanian English and German patrimoniu sibiu ro Sibiu Heritage website in Romanian and English theFest ro Locuri si evenimente din Sibiu Romania in Romanian RomaniaTourism com Sibiu reference for surface area population etc 2005 Sibiupeople ro Restoration of Historical Monuments in Sibiu photo gallery and projects report Official Sibiu European Cultural Capital 2007 website in Romanian English and German The Diplomat article Sibiu as Capital of Culture in Romanian Descopera net Sibiu in pictures Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sibiu amp oldid 1206840328, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
