Norrköping
Norrköping (/ˈnɔːrtʃɜːpɪŋ/;[2] Swedish: [ˈnɔ̂rːˌɕøːpɪŋ] (listen)) is a city in the province of Östergötland in eastern Sweden and the seat of Norrköping Municipality, Östergötland County, about 160 km southwest of the national capital Stockholm, 40 km east of county seat Linköping and 60 km west of the Södermanland capital of Nyköping. The city has a population of 95,618 inhabitants in 2016,[3] out of a municipal total of 130,050,[4] making it Sweden's tenth largest city and eighth largest municipality.
Norrköping | |
|---|---|
The Strykjärnet (Clothes Iron) building on the Motala River with the Museum of Work | |
| Nickname(s): Peking, Little Manchester | |
Norrköping Norrköping | |
| Coordinates: 58°36′N 16°12′E / 58.600°N 16.200°ECoordinates: 58°36′N 16°12′E / 58.600°N 16.200°E | |
| Country | Sweden |
| Province | Östergötland |
| County | Östergötland County |
| Municipality | Norrköping Municipality |
| Area | |
| • Total | 35.68 km2 (13.78 sq mi) |
| Population (31 March 2016)[1] | |
| • Total | 137,326 |
| • Density | 2,446/km2 (6,340/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Website | norrkoping.se |
The city is situated by the mouth of the river Motala ström, at Bråviken, an inlet of the Baltic Sea. Water power from the Motala ström and the good harbour were factors that facilitated the rapid growth of this once industrial city, known for its textile industry. It has several nicknames such as: "Sweden's Manchester",[5] "Peking" and "Surbullestan" (Surbulle [sour bun] was a local nickname for the textile workers, and stan is short for Staden, which means The City or The Town in Swedish).[citation needed]
History
The city has medieval foundations by settlers around the Motala stream estuary, who used the falls and rapids to power their mills. The stream was also full of fish such as salmon. Exact dates are uncertain, but there are mentions of a church in the 12th century. It was dedicated to Saint Olaf, Norway's patron.
The first trace of the city's name is from 1283, when Sophia of Denmark donated her rights of salmon fishing to the Skänninge monastery. The town is estimated to have received city status in the early 14th century, although no written documents exist prior to a document from 1384. This document, signed by Albrekt of Sweden is stored in the city archive today. Köping means there was a market there, while Nörr or Norr means "north". There is a smaller town nearby named Söderköping, or "South market".
The city was the location of several battles in the ensuing centuries. As a consequence, nothing of the medieval Norrköping remains today. During the Northern Seven Years' War (1563–1570), the entire southern part of Norrköping was burnt. It was rebuilt by John III of Sweden, who designed the current street pattern.
In 1618, a weapon industry was established by supervision of Gustavus Adolphus. The harbour also attracted ships due to its proximity to the industries of Finspång. In addition to the weapon industry, a large scale industry of textile was also initiated. An important benefactor was the industrial man Louis De Geer (1587–1652).[6] At De Geer's death, Norrköping had 6,000 inhabitants and was Sweden's second largest city.
The city again burnt in 1655, and again in 1719 during the Russian Pillage of 1719-21 when the Russians burnt it to the ground. Stones from the Johannisborg castle were used to build new houses, and today only a few stones remain.
During the 18th century it was rebuilt and several industries soon got a stronghold: In the 1740s, Norrköping boasted three sugar refineries; in the 1750s the large scale influential snus industry was established. From this time stems the city churches of Saint Olof and Saint Hedvig, and several other old houses. In 1762, the first theater in Sweden outside of Stockholm was established in the city, the Egges Teater.
Norrköping's importance again flourished. In 1769 the Swedish Riksdag assembled there.[7] In 1800 King Gustav IV of Sweden was crowned in the Church of Saint Olof.
In the later 18th and early 19th Centuries, Norrköping was one of the three Swedish cities where Jews were allowed to live (see History of the Jews in Sweden).
The city again suffered fires in 1822 and 1826. Thereafter wooden houses were banned. In 1841 a ship industry was initiated as a branch of Motala Verkstad in Motala. In 1850 the industry had over 600 employees making it Sweden's largest ship industry at the time. During the remaining 19th century, the industries kept expanding. The area by the Motala Stream was developed further with the construction of a cotton refinery, and a paper mill was constructed in 1854, specializing in newspaper, and is still today exporting to customers around the world.
The industry, including textile manufacturers, also expanded into the 20th century. In 1950 a total of 54 factories had 6,600 employees in town. By 1956, however, 18 of them had been closed due to competition from countries abroad with lower wages, such as Italy and Japan. In 1970 only 10 factories and 1,200 employees remained. In that year, the renowned Holmen paper mill, with its 350 years long history, announced closure, and another 900 people were let go.[8] To counter the effects, several governmental authorities were relocated to Norrköping from Stockholm. See also Braviken Paper Mill.
As of 2002, Norrköping is now seeing a revival, as a center of culture and education. The Norrköping symbol represents the "new" Norrköping.
Main sights
The Motala ström river flows through the city has a parade annexed. In connection to the latter is the industrial landscape where the old textile industries once were situated.[9]
In the summer, there is a cactus plantation in Carl Johans Park. 25,000 cacti planted there every summer.[10]
Kolmårdens Djurpark is a zoo located 30 km (19 mi) north of Norrköping. In connection to the large outdoor zoo, there is also Tropicariet, an aquarium, where for example snakes, crocodiles and sharks can be seen.[11]
The archipelagos 50 km (31 mi) away from Norrköping are called St Anna and Gryt.[12]
A campus of Linköping University, its own symphonic orchestra, an airport called Kungsängen with 170,000 traveling (2006), a high-tech industry park called Norrköping Science Park,[13] and Petroglyphs from the Nordic Bronze Age.
Climate
Norrköping had a humid continental climate[14] (Dfb) for the reference period of 1961–1990, but it was borderline four-season oceanic (Cfb) during that period and has since more resembled the latter, with somewhat warmer temperatures year-round. In spite of it being located near the Baltic Sea, Norrköping has a relatively dry climate with precipitation levels averaging 508.2 millimetres (20.01 in) between 1961 and 1990.[15] That would in turn be very low for a marine climate, but some way above more arid climates. The humidity for most of the year combined with there being no pronounced dry season keeps the surroundings green in spite of the rain shadow effect. Winter precipitation is quite low, but often falls as snow. On August 26, 2016, Norrköping set a nationwide record for the hottest temperature in the latter parts of August with 32.7 °C (90.9 °F) during a sudden and brief burst of extreme heat.[16]
| Climate data for Norrköping (2002–2021 averages; extremes since 1944) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 12.1 (53.8) | 13.7 (56.7) | 18.6 (65.5) | 27.5 (81.5) | 28.6 (83.5) | 33.3 (91.9) | 35.6 (96.1) | 34.8 (94.6) | 27.8 (82.0) | 23.0 (73.4) | 17.2 (63.0) | 13.3 (55.9) | 35.6 (96.1) |
| Mean maximum °C (°F) | 7.7 (45.9) | 8.3 (46.9) | 13.8 (56.8) | 19.7 (67.5) | 24.7 (76.5) | 28.4 (83.1) | 29.2 (84.6) | 28.3 (82.9) | 23.2 (73.8) | 17.0 (62.6) | 12.1 (53.8) | 8.4 (47.1) | 30.5 (86.9) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 1.1 (34.0) | 1.8 (35.2) | 5.9 (42.6) | 12.0 (53.6) | 17.1 (62.8) | 21.3 (70.3) | 23.5 (74.3) | 22.1 (71.8) | 17.6 (63.7) | 11.0 (51.8) | 6.0 (42.8) | 2.8 (37.0) | 11.9 (53.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.5 (29.3) | −1.1 (30.0) | 1.9 (35.4) | 6.8 (44.2) | 11.7 (53.1) | 15.9 (60.6) | 18.4 (65.1) | 17.3 (63.1) | 13.3 (55.9) | 7.7 (45.9) | 3.7 (38.7) | 0.5 (32.9) | 7.9 (46.2) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −4.0 (24.8) | −4.0 (24.8) | −2.1 (28.2) | 1.5 (34.7) | 6.2 (43.2) | 10.5 (50.9) | 13.3 (55.9) | 12.4 (54.3) | 9.0 (48.2) | 4.3 (39.7) | 1.3 (34.3) | −1.9 (28.6) | 3.9 (39.0) |
| Mean minimum °C (°F) | −14.6 (5.7) | −13.2 (8.2) | −9.8 (14.4) | −4.2 (24.4) | −0.2 (31.6) | 5.1 (41.2) | 8.7 (47.7) | 6.8 (44.2) | 2.1 (35.8) | −3.2 (26.2) | −6.4 (20.5) | −11.1 (12.0) | −17.0 (1.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −28.1 (−18.6) | −33.5 (−28.3) | −24.4 (−11.9) | −13.2 (8.2) | −4.0 (24.8) | −0.1 (31.8) | 4.9 (40.8) | 2.3 (36.1) | −4.6 (23.7) | −9.0 (15.8) | −15.9 (3.4) | −24.7 (−12.5) | −33.5 (−28.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 36.4 (1.43) | 29.1 (1.15) | 29.9 (1.18) | 26.5 (1.04) | 49.2 (1.94) | 58.4 (2.30) | 71.3 (2.81) | 68.8 (2.71) | 38.5 (1.52) | 52.9 (2.08) | 48.0 (1.89) | 41.0 (1.61) | 550 (21.66) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 16 (6.3) | 19 (7.5) | 13 (5.1) | 2 (0.8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (1.6) | 11 (4.3) | 24 (9.4) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 8.5 | 7.0 | 6.5 | 6.1 | 8.1 | 8.7 | 8.8 | 10.0 | 7.5 | 9.3 | 9.9 | 9.7 | 100.1 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 44.9 | 74.5 | 163.6 | 231.6 | 264.0 | 281.5 | 267.8 | 227.4 | 169.8 | 102.8 | 47.8 | 38.3 | 1,914 |
| Source 1: SMHI Open Data[17] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: SMHI Monthly Data 2002–2021[18] | |||||||||||||
Demography
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Notable natives
- Herman Theodor Lundgren – entrepreneur
- Thecla Åhlander – stage and film actress
- Hannes Alfvén – physicist, Nobel Prize winner
- Joannes Olaus Alnander – 18th Century author
- Malin Baryard – Olympic equestrian
- Amy Diamond – singer
- Eva Gothlin – historian
- Elin Grindemyr – model
- Eldkvarn – music group
- Peter Harryson – actor, entertainer
- Markus Krunegård – solo singer and member of Laakso
- Charlotta Löfgren – poet
- Mats Löfving – police chief
- Laakso – music group
- Marduk – music group
- Moa Martinson – author
- Ture Nerman – poet and socialist politician
- Magnus Pääjärvi-Svensson – NHL hockey player
- Slagsmålsklubben – electronic popgroup
- Jeffery Taylor – basketball player (Real Madrid Baloncesto)
- Michael B. Tretow – producer and audio engineer
- Pernilla Wiberg – alpine skier, double Olympic gold medalist
- Johannes Årsjö – heavy weight champion
- 23 Till – music group
- Ove Kindvall - soccer player
- Christoffer Nyman - professional footballer
- Fredrik Lundberg – entrepreneur
- Carl Swartz – former prime minister
Sports
Government Agencies
As part of the Swedish Government decentralisation policies of the 1960s and 1970s, a number of government agencies saw their national headquarters relocated from Stockholm to other parts of the country. A government inquiry suggested in 1970 that six such agencies should be relocated to Norrköping, with a particular focus on maritime and aviation transport and related services.[19][20]
After parliamentary debate, five agencies were established in Norrköping over a period of years in the early 1970s. While reorganized, restructured and renamed, in general, the same agencies are still headquartered in Norrköping, namely:
- Air Navigation Services of Sweden[21]
- Swedish Maritime Administration[22]
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute[23]
- Swedish Migration Agency[24]
- Swedish Prison and Probation Service[25]
The establishment of government agencies in Norrköping was partly understood as a response to the decline in the textile industry, which had struck Norrköping hard in the 1960s. The city needed new jobs. The relocation of government jobs, however, also meant a major shift in the structure of the city labour market. Unqualified or highly structured industrial work in the private sector was replaced by more than 1 400 qualified and independent work positions in the public sector.[19][20]
At a later point, the Norrköping cluster of transport authorities was augmented by one more:
- Swedish Transport Agency (Transportstyrelsen)[26]
In 1997, a state university also opened a subsidiary campus in Norrköping, again, relating to the industry changes and being an important part of the government response to unemployment and labour market policy. Although not a headquarter, it is the seventh government agency stationed in Norrköping, and with more than 5 000 students on campus it is a major hub of activities in the city.[27][28]
Logistics and Infrastructure
With a deep sea harbour, a position on the Southern Main Line railway, Norrköping Airport and being the intersection of European route E4 and European route E22, Norrköping is particularly well situated for logistics related business. This is further underlined by the presence of three transport related government agencies, the national weather services and Linköping University transports and logistics research and education programmes in place.
Norrköping is highly involved in the East Link, Ostlänken, which will increase travel speed and freight capacity on the Southern Main Line. As preparation, the Kardonbanan freight feeder line from Norrköping Harbour to the Southern Main Line was inaugurated in February 2021.[29] A new freight railway terminal and a relocation of Norrköping Central Station is currently being studied.
Norrköping is one of two Swedish cities (the other being Gothenburg) that retained its tram system after the 1967 conversion to right-hand drive, see Norrköping Tramway.
Culture
A theatre in Norrköping, Egges Theatre, hosted the first Scandinavian performance of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet in 1776, and the city has a long theatre and revue tradition. Current main theatres are Östgötateatern (Sweden's biggest regional theatre) from 1947 and Arbisteatern from 1865.
A 2016 Swedish drama/documentary, The Sex Temple ("Sextemplet," produced by Swedish Television), shows off both the charming old town and one of its glorious 19th-century theaters (the Arbisteatern) to great effect.
See also
References
- ^ a b "Localities 2010, area, population and density in localities 2005 and 2010 and change in area and population". Statistics Sweden. 29 May 2012. from the original on 16 January 2013.
- ^ . Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 27 August 2022.
- ^ . Statistiska Centralbyrån. Archived from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
- ^ Folkmängd i Norrköpings kommun den 31 December 2010 3 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Proctor, James. Vickers, Steven. (2017). The rough guide to Sweden. Rough Guides. p. 329. ISBN 9780241271049. OCLC 991860107.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Grell, Ole Peter (the Open University, Milton Keynes). Brethren in christ - a calvinist network in reformation europe. pp. 276–278. ISBN 9781107565180. OCLC 1023394037.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Ihalainen, Pasi (2010). Agents of the people : democracy and popular sovereignty in British and Swedish parliamentary and public debates, 1734-1800. Brill. p. 175. ISBN 9789004183360. OCLC 760029415.
- ^ Sjöstrand, Sven-Erik, 1945- (2016). "From MoDo to Holmen: a consolidation period". Rethinking corporate governance : the forming of operative and financial strategies in global corporations. Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc. ISBN 9781781951439. OCLC 951159398.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ . Upplev.norrkoping.se. Archived from the original on 28 April 2009. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ^ . Upplev.norrkoping.se. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ^ "Start – Kolmården – Nordens största djurpark". Kolmarden.com. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ^ "Archipelago – Upplev Norrköping". Upplev.norrkoping.se. Archived from the original on 18 April 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ^ Leopold, George (3 December 2007). "For Sweden's planners, visualization's the real deal". EE Times. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
- ^ "Climate Summary for Norrkoping, Sweden". Weatherbase. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
- ^ . SMHI. Archived from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
- ^ "Record late date for the annual highest temperature (almost)" (in Swedish). 29 August 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
- ^ "Ladda ner meteorologiska observationer". Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (in Swedish).
- ^ "Års- och månadsstatistik". Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (in Swedish). 15 January 2022.
- ^ a b c Decentralisering av statlig verksamhet — ett led i regionalpolitiken [Decentralisation of Government Activity — An Installment in Regionalisation Policy (unauthorized translation)] (PDF). Statens offentliga utredningar (SOU) (in Swedish). Vol. SOU 1970:29. Finansdepartementet. 25 May 1970. p. 83. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
- ^ a b c Petersson, Gunilla (2000). "Arbete och utbildning" [Worklife and Education (unauthorized translation)]. In Nilsson, Hans (ed.). Norrköpings historia : 1900-talet [The History of Norrköping, 20th Century (unauthorized translation)] (in Swedish). Linköping, Sweden: Centre for Local History, Linköping University. pp. 141–142, 159, 167–168. ISBN 91-7219-848-6.
- ^ "Contact". www.lfv.se. Swedish Prison and Probation Service. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
- ^ "Organization". www.sjofartsverket.se. Swedish Maritime Administration. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
- ^ "Who We Are". www.smhi.se. Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
- ^ "Our Organization". www.migrationsverket.se. Swedish Migration Agency. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
- ^ "Contact Us". www.kriminalvarden.se. Swedish Prison and Probation Service. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
- ^ "Organisation". www.transportstyrelsen.se (in Swedish). Swedish Transport Agency. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
- ^ "History of Linköping University". www.liu.se. Linköping University. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
- ^ "LiU in Figures". www.liu.se. Linköping University. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
- ^ "Invigning av kardonbanan" (movie). www.norrkoping.se. Norrköpings kommun. 1 February 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
External links
- Norrköping travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Official website (in English and Swedish)
- (in Swedish)