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Torres Strait Islanders

Torres Strait Islanders (/ˈtɒrɪs-/)[3] are the Indigenous Melanesian people of the Torres Strait Islands, which are part of the state of Queensland, Australia. Ethnically distinct from the Aboriginal peoples of the rest of Australia, they are often grouped with them as Indigenous Australians. Today there are many more Torres Strait Islander people living in mainland Australia (nearly 28,000) than on the Islands (about 4,500).

Torres Strait Islanders
Total population
c.66,387[1]
Regions with significant populations
Torres Strait Islands 4,514[2]
 Australia (mainland)61,873
Languages
Torres Strait Island languages, Torres Strait Creole, Torres Strait English, Australian English
Religion
Christianity
Related ethnic groups
Melanesians

Note difficulties with census counts.[2]

There are five distinct peoples within broader designation of Torres Strait Islander people, based partly on geographical and cultural divisions. There are two main Indigenous language groups, Kalaw Lagaw Ya and Meriam Mir. Torres Strait Creole is also widely spoken as a language of trade and commerce. The core of Island culture is Papuo-Austronesian, and the people are traditionally a seafaring nation. There is a strong artistic culture, particularly in sculpture, printmaking and mask-making.

Demographics Edit

 
Geographical distribution of people with Torres Strait Islander Indigenous status.[4]
 
Geographical distribution of people with both Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Indigenous status.[4]
 
Geographical distribution of people with Torres Strait Islander ancestry.[4]

In June 1875 a measles epidemic killed about 25% of the population, with some islands suffering losses of up to 80% of their people, as the islanders had no natural immunity to European diseases.[5]

Of the 133 islands, only 38 are inhabited. The islands are culturally unique, with much to distinguish them from neighbouring Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and the Pacific Islands. Today the islands are multicultural, having attracted Asian and Pacific Island traders to the beche-de-mer, mother-of-pearl and trochus-shell industries over the years.[6]

The 2016 Australian census counted 4,514 people living on the islands, of whom 91.8% were Torres Strait Islander or Aboriginal Australian people. (64% of the population identified as Torres Strait Islander; 8.3% as Aboriginal Australian; 6.5% as Papua New Guinean; 3.6% as other Australian and 2.6% as "Maritime South-East Asian", etc.).[1] In 2006 the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) had reported 6,800 Torres Strait Islanders living in the Torres Strait area.[7]

People identifying themselves as of Torres Strait Islander descent in the whole of Australia in the 2016 census numbered 32,345, while those with both Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal ancestry numbered a further 26,767 (compared with 29,515 and 17,811 respectively in 2006).[8]

Five communities of Torres Strait Islanders and Aboriginal Australians live on the coast of mainland Queensland, mainly at Bamaga, Seisia, Injinoo, Umagico and New Mapoon in the Northern Peninsula area of Cape York.[9]

Administration Edit

Until the late 20th century, Torres Strait Islanders had been administered by a system of elected councils, a system based partly on traditional pre-Christian local government and partly on the introduced mission management system.[10]

Today, the Torres Strait Regional Authority, an Australian government body established in 1994 and consisting of 20 elected representatives, oversees the islands, with its primary function being to strengthen the economic, social and cultural development of the peoples of the Torres Strait area.[11]

Further to the TSRA, there are several Queensland LGAs which administer areas occupied by Torres Strait Islander communities:

  • the Torres Strait Island Region, covering a large proportion of the Island;
  • the Northern Peninsula Area Region, administered from Bamaga, on the northern tip of Cape York; and
  • the Shire of Torres, which governs several islands as well as portions of Cape York Peninsula, is effectively colocated with the Northern Peninsula Area Region, which covers a number of Deed of Grant in Trust (DOGIT) areas on the peninsula, and the Torres Strait Island Region and administers those sections of its area which are not autonomous.[12]

Indigenous peoples Edit

 
Indigenous Status of population in localities with significant share of Torres Strait islander population.[4]
 
Ancestry of population in localities with significant share of Torres Strait islander population (Torres Strait Islander or other) .[4]

Torres Strait Islander people are of predominantly Melanesian descent, distinct from Aboriginal Australians on the mainland and some other Australian islands,[13][14] and share some genetic and cultural traits with the people of New Guinea.[15]

The five-pointed star on the national flag represents the five cultural groups;[15] another source says that it originally represented the five groups of islands, but today (as of 2001) it represents the five major political divisions.[16]

Pre-colonial Island people were not a homogeneous group and until then did not regard themselves as a single people. They have links with the people of Papua New Guinea, several islands being much closer to PNG than Australia, as well as the northern tip of Cape York on the Australian continent.[16]

Sources are generally agreed that there are five distinct geographical and/or cultural divisions, but descriptions and naming of the groups differ widely.

  • Encyclopaedia Britannica: the Eastern (Meriam, or Murray Island), Top Western (Guda Maluilgal), Near Western (Maluilgal), Central (Kulkalgal), and Inner Islands (Kaiwalagal).[15]
  • Multicultural Queensland 2001 (a Queensland Government publication), says that five groups may be distinguished, based on linguistic and cultural differences, and also related to their places of origin, type of area of settlement, and long-standing relationships with other peoples. these nations are: Saibailgal (Top Western Islanders), Maluilgal (Mid-Western Islanders), Kaurareg (Lower Western Islanders), Kulkalgal (Central Islanders) and Meriam Le (Eastern Islanders).[16]
  • Torres Shire Council official website (Queensland Government): Five major island clusters – the Top Western Group (Boigu, Dauan and Saibai), the Near Western Group (Badu, Mabuiag and Moa), the Central Group (Yam, Warraber, Coconut and Masig), the Eastern Group (Murray, Darnley and Stephen), and the TI Group (Thursday Island, Tabar Island, Horn, Hammond, Prince of Wales and Friday).[6]

Ethno-linguistic groups include:

  • Badu people, based on the central-west Badu island
  • Kaurareg people, lower Western Islanders, based on the Muralag (Prince of Wales Island) group.
  • Mabuiag (or Mabuygiwgal) people, across a number of the islands.
  • Meriam people, who living on a number of inner eastern islands, including Murray Island (also known as Mer Island) and Tabar Island.

Languages Edit

 
Languages used at home by Torres Strait Islanders in localities with significant share of Torres Strait islander population.[4]

There are two distinct Indigenous languages spoken on the Islands, as well as a creole language.[13]

The Western-central Torres Strait Language, or Kalaw Lagaw Ya, is spoken on the southwestern, western, northern and central islands;[17] a further dialect, Kala Kawa Ya (Top Western and Western) may be distinguished.[6] It is a member of the Pama-Nyungan family of languages of Australia.

Meriam Mir is spoken on the eastern islands. It is one of the four Eastern Trans-Fly languages, the other three being spoken in Papua New Guinea.[17]

Torres Strait Creole, an English-based creole language, is also spoken.[6]

Culture Edit

Archaeological, linguistic and folk history evidence suggests that the core of Island culture is Papuo-Austronesian. The people have long been agriculturalists (evidenced, for example, by tobacco plantations on Aureed Island[18]) as well as engaging in hunting and gathering. Dugong, turtles, crayfish, crabs, shellfish, reef fish and wild fruits and vegetables were traditionally hunted and collected and remain an important part of their subsistence lifestyle. Traditional foods play an important role in ceremonies and celebrations even when they do not live on the islands. Dugong and turtle hunting as well as fishing are seen as a way of continuing the Islander tradition of being closely associated with the sea.[19] The islands have long history of trade and interactions with explorers from other parts of the globe, both east and west, which has influenced their lifestyle and culture.[20]

The Indigenous people of the Torres Strait have a distinct culture which has slight variants on the different islands where they live. Cultural practices share similarities with Australian Aboriginal and Papuan culture. Historically, they have an oral tradition, with stories handed down and communicated through song, dance and ceremonial performance. As a seafaring people, sea, sky and land feature strongly in their stories and art.[21]

Post-colonisation Edit

Post-colonisation history has seen new cultural influences on the people, most notably the place of Christianity. After the "Coming of Light" (see below), artefacts previously important to their ceremonies lost their relevance, instead replaced by crucifixes and other symbols of Christianity. In some cases the missionaries prohibited the use of traditional sacred objects, and eventually production ceased. Missionaries, anthropologists and museums "collected" a huge amount of material: all of the pieces collected by missionary Samuel McFarlane, were in London and then split between three European museums and a number of mainland Australian museums.[22]

In 1898–9, British anthropologist Alfred Cort Haddon collected about 2000 objects, convinced that hundreds of art objects collected had to be saved from destruction by the zealous Christian missionaries intent on obliterating the religious traditions and ceremonies of the native islanders. Film footage of ceremonial dances was also collected.[23] The collection at Cambridge University is known as the Haddon Collection and is the most comprehensive collection of Torres Strait Islander artefacts in the world.[21]

During the first half of the 20th century, Torres Strait Islander culture was largely restricted to dance and song, weaving and producing a few items for particular festive occasions.[22] In the 1960s and 1970s, researchers trying to salvage what was left of traditional knowledge from surviving elders influenced the revival of interest in the old ways of life. An Australian historian, Margaret Lawrie, employed by the Queensland State Library, spent much time travelling the Islands, speaking to local people and recording their stories, which have since influenced visual art on the Islands.[24]

Art Edit

 
Ritual face mask from a Torres Strait Island (19th century).

Mythology and culture, deeply influenced by the ocean and the natural life around the islands, have always informed traditional artforms. Featured strongly are turtles, fish, dugongs, sharks, seabirds and saltwater crocodiles, which are considered totemic beings.[20]

Torres Strait Islander people are the only culture in the world to make turtleshell masks, known as krar (turtleshell) in the Western Islands and le-op (human face) in the Eastern Islands.[21]

Prominent among the artforms is wame (alt. wameya), many different string figures.[25][26][27]

Elaborate headdresses or dhari (also spelt dari[28]), as featured on the Torres Strait Islander Flag, are created for the purposes of ceremonial dances.[29]

The Islands have a long tradition of woodcarving, creating masks and drums, and carving decorative features on these and other items for ceremonial use. From the 1970s, young artists were beginning their studies at around the same time that a significant re-connection to traditional myths and legends was happening. Margaret Lawrie's publications, Myths and Legends of the Torres Strait (1970) and Tales from the Torres Strait (1972), reviving stories which had all but been forgotten, influenced the artists greatly.[30][31] While some of these stories had been written down by Haddon after his 1898 expedition to the Torres Strait,[32] many had subsequently fallen out of use or been forgotten.

 
Torres Islanders dance on Yorke Island, 1931

In the 1990s a group of younger artists, including the award-winning Dennis Nona (b.1973), started translating these skills into the more portable forms of printmaking, linocut and etching, as well as larger scale bronze sculptures. Other outstanding artists include Billy Missi (1970-2012), known for his decorated black and white linocuts of the local vegetation and eco-systems, and Alick Tipoti (b.1975). These and other Torres Strait artists have greatly expanded the forms of Indigenous art within Australia, bringing superb Melanesian carving skills as well as new stories and subject matter.[21] The College of Technical and Further Education on Thursday Island was a starting point for young Islanders to pursue studies in art. Many went on to further art studies, especially in printmaking, initially in Cairns, Queensland and later at the Australian National University in what is now the School of Art and Design. Other artists such as Laurie Nona, Brian Robinson, David Bosun, Glen Mackie, Joemen Nona, Daniel O'Shane and Tommy Pau are known for their printmaking work.[24]

An exhibition of Alick Tipoti's work, titled Zugubal, was mounted at the Cairns Regional Gallery in July 2015.[33][34]

 
Singer Christine Anu, who performed at the 2000 Sydney Summer Olympics.

Music and dance Edit

For Torres Strait Islander people, singing and dancing is their "literature" – "the most important aspect of Torres Strait lifestyle. The Torres Strait Islanders preserve and present their oral history through songs and dances;...the dances act as illustrative material and, of course, the dancer himself is the storyteller" (Ephraim Bani, 1979). There are many songs about the weather; others about the myths and legends; life in the sea and totemic gods; and about important events. "The dancing and its movements express the songs and acts as the illustrative material".[35]

Dance is also major form of creative and competitive expression. "Dance machines" (hand held mechanical moving objects), clappers and headdresses (dhari/dari) enhance the dance performances.[29] Dance artefacts used in the ceremonial performances relate to Islander traditions and clan identity, and each island group has its own performances.[36]

Artist Ken Thaiday Snr is renowned for his elaborately sculptured dari, often with moving parts and incorporating the hammerhead shark, a powerful totem.[36][37]

Christine Anu is an ARIA Award-winning singer-songwriter of Torres Strait Islander heritage, who first became popular with her cover version of the song "My Island Home" (first performed by the Warumpi Band).[38]

 
Jesse Williams, who won Super Bowl XLVII with the Seattle Seahawks.

Sports Edit

Sports are popular among Torres Strait Islanders and the community has many sporting stars in Australian and international sports. Sporting events bring together people from across the different islands and help to connect the Torres Strait with mainland Australia and Papua New Guinea. Rugby league is especially popular, including the annual 'Island of Origin' tournament between teams from different islands. Basketball is also extremely popular.[39]

Famous sports-people include Muara (Lifu) Wacando, who was awarded a gold medal by the Royal Humane Society for her sea rescue during the 1899 Cyclone Mahina; 1964 Olympic basketballer Michael Ah Matt; 1976 Paralympian field athlete Harry Mosby; 1980 and 1984 Olympic basketballer Danny Morseu; NBA players Patty Mills and Nathan Jawai; and 2013 Super Bowl winner Jesse Williams.

Religion and beliefs Edit

The people still have their own traditional belief systems. Stories of the Tagai, their spiritual belief system, represent Torres Strait Islanders as sea people, with a connection to the stars, as well as a system of order in which everything has its place in the world.[40] They follow the instructions of the Tagai.

One Tagai story depicts the Tagai as a man standing in a canoe. In his left hand, he holds a fishing spear, representing the Southern Cross. In his right hand, he holds a sorbi (a red fruit). In this story, the Tagai and his crew of 12 were preparing for a journey, but before the journey began, the crew consumed all the food and drink they planned to take. So the Tagai strung the crew together in two groups of six and cast them into the sea, where their images became star patterns in the sky. These patterns can be seen in the star constellations of Pleiades and Orion.[41]

Some Torres Strait Islander people share beliefs similar to the Aboriginal peoples' Dreaming and "Everywhen" concepts, passed down in oral history.[42]

Oral history Edit

One of the stories passed down in oral history tells of four brothers (bala) named Malo, Sagai, Kulka and Siu, who paddled their way up to the central and eastern islands from Cape York (Kay Daol Dai, meaning "big land"), and each established his own tribal following. Sagai landed at Iama Island (known as Yam), and after a time assumed a god-like status. The crocodile was his totem. Kulka settled on Aureed Island, and attained a similar status, as god of hunting. His totem was the fish known as gai gai (Trevally). Siu settled on Masig, becoming god of dancing, with the tiger shark (baidam) as his totem. The eldest brother, Malo, went on to Mer and became responsible for setting out a set of rules for living, a combination of religion and law, which were presented by Eddie Mabo in the famous Mabo native title case in 1992.[43]

The cult of Kulka was in evidence on Aureed Island with the finding of a "skull house" by the rescuers of survivors two years after the wreck of Charles Eaton, in 1836.[18]

Coming of the Light Edit

 
All Saints Anglican Church on Erub (Darnley Island).

From the 1870s, Christianity spread throughout the islands, and it remains strong today among Torres Strait Islander people everywhere. Christianity was first brought to the islands by the London Missionary Society (LMS) mission led by Rev. Samuel Macfarlane[44] and Rev. Archibald Wright Murray,[45][46] who arrived on Erub (Darnley Island) on 1 July 1871 on the schooner Surprise,[47][48][49][50] a schooner[a] chartered by the LMS.[55][56] They sailed to the Torres Strait after the French Government had demanded the removal of the missionaries from the Loyalty Islands and New Caledonia in 1869.[46] Eight teachers and their wives from Loyalty Islands arrived with the missionaries on the boat from Lifu.[45]

Clan elder and warrior, Dabad, greeted them on their arrival. Ready to defend his land and people, Dabad walked to the water's edge when McFarlane dropped to his knees and presented the Bible to Dabad. Dabad accepted the gift, interpreted as the "Light", introducing Christianity to the Torres Strait Islands. The people of the Torres Strait Islands adopted the Christian rituals and ceremonies and continued to uphold their connection to the land, sea and sky, practising their traditional customs, and cultural identity referred to as Ailan Kastom.[44]

 
Religious affiliations of Torres Strait islanders in localities with significant share of Torres Strait islander population.[4]

The Islanders refer to this event as "The Coming of the Light", also known as Zulai Wan,[47][57] or Bi Akarida,[48] and all Island communities celebrate the occasion annually on 1 July.[58][47] Coming of the Light, an episode in the 2013 documentary television series Desperate Measures, features the annual event.[59]

However the coming of Christianity did not spell the end of the people's traditional beliefs; their culture informed their understanding of the new religion, as the Christian God was welcomed and the new religion was integrated into every aspect of their everyday lives.[57]

Religious affiliation, 2016 census Edit

In the 2016 Census, a total of 20,658 Torres Strait Islander people (out of a total of 32,345) and 15,586 of both Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal identity (out of 26,767) reported adherence to some form of Christianity. (Across the whole of Australia, the Indigenous and non-Indigenous population were broadly similar with 54% (vs 55%) reporting a Christian affiliation, while less than 2% reported traditional beliefs as their religion, and 36% reported no religion.)[60]

Traditional adoptions Edit

A traditional cultural practice, known as kupai omasker, allows adoption of a child by a relative or community member for a range of reasons. The reasons differ depending on which of the many Torres Islander cultures the person belongs to, with one example being "where a family requires an heir to carry on the important role of looking after land or being the caretaker of land". Other reasons might relate to "the care and responsibility of relationships between generations".[61]

There had been a problem in Queensland law, where such adoptions are not legally recognised by the state's Succession Act 1981,[62] with one issue being that adopted children are not able to take on the surname of their adoptive parents.[61] On 17 July 2020 the Queensland Government introduced a bill in parliament to legally recognise the practice.[63] The bill was passed as the Meriba Omasker Kaziw Kazipa Act 2020 ("For Our Children's Children") on 8 September 2020.[64]

Notable people Edit

See also Edit

Footnotes Edit

  1. ^ Surprise, a schooner of 150 tons, was originally a French ship, acquired by a Sydney buyer around September 1868 at Circular Quay, having sailed there from Tahiti.[51] It was chartered by Macfarlane and Murray under Captain Paget, leaving Lifu and Wave in the Loyalty Islands in May 1871.[52][53] The ship, under Captain Brews, was wrecked in a gale on 2 February 1874 near Nobbys Head, off Newcastle, New South Wales.[54]

References Edit

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  7. ^ . Australia Now. Australian Government, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 8 October 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2006.
  8. ^ "2071.0 - Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia - Stories from the Census, 2016: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Population, 2016". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 31 October 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
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  10. ^ Jeremy Beckett (1990). Torres Strait Islanders: Custom and Colonialism. Cambridge University Press. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-0-521-37862-8. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  11. ^ Kelly, John (June 2001). (PDF). Australian National Audit Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016.
  12. ^ (PDF). Report of the Local Government Reform Commission. State of Queensland. July 2007. pp. 59–65. ISBN 978-1-921057-10-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 31 March 2008.
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Further reading Edit

  • Australian Art Network: Torres Strait Islands
  • Blue Water Empire - ABC TV 3-part dramatised documentary about Torres Strait Islands, its history and people
  • Contemporary stories by and about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
  • Smith, Aaron (26 May 2018). "The 'forgotten people': When death came to the Torres Strait". CNN.

External links Edit

  • Torres Strait Regional Authority
  • 'The Coming of the Light' Celebrating 150 years of Christianity in the Torres Strait 1 July 2021 - John Oxley Library Blog, State Library of Queensland.
  • ReTold: a retelling of stories and songs from Myths and Legends of the Torres Strait by Margaret Lawrie 2010- State Library of Queensland
  • Strait Home / State Library of Queensland

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This article is about Torres Strait Islander peoples For historical and contemporary information which relates to Aboriginal Australians as well as Torres Strait Islander people see Indigenous Australians Torres Strait Islanders ˈ t ɒ r ɪ s 3 are the Indigenous Melanesian people of the Torres Strait Islands which are part of the state of Queensland Australia Ethnically distinct from the Aboriginal peoples of the rest of Australia they are often grouped with them as Indigenous Australians Today there are many more Torres Strait Islander people living in mainland Australia nearly 28 000 than on the Islands about 4 500 Torres Strait IslandersTotal populationc 66 387 1 Regions with significant populationsTorres Strait Islands 4 514 2 Australia mainland 61 873LanguagesTorres Strait Island languages Torres Strait Creole Torres Strait English Australian EnglishReligionChristianityRelated ethnic groupsMelanesiansNote difficulties with census counts 2 There are five distinct peoples within broader designation of Torres Strait Islander people based partly on geographical and cultural divisions There are two main Indigenous language groups Kalaw Lagaw Ya and Meriam Mir Torres Strait Creole is also widely spoken as a language of trade and commerce The core of Island culture is Papuo Austronesian and the people are traditionally a seafaring nation There is a strong artistic culture particularly in sculpture printmaking and mask making Contents 1 Demographics 2 Administration 3 Indigenous peoples 4 Languages 5 Culture 5 1 Post colonisation 5 2 Art 5 3 Music and dance 5 4 Sports 6 Religion and beliefs 6 1 Oral history 6 2 Coming of the Light 6 3 Religious affiliation 2016 census 7 Traditional adoptions 8 Notable people 9 See also 10 Footnotes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External linksDemographics Edit nbsp Geographical distribution of people with Torres Strait Islander Indigenous status 4 nbsp Geographical distribution of people with both Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Indigenous status 4 nbsp Geographical distribution of people with Torres Strait Islander ancestry 4 In June 1875 a measles epidemic killed about 25 of the population with some islands suffering losses of up to 80 of their people as the islanders had no natural immunity to European diseases 5 Of the 133 islands only 38 are inhabited The islands are culturally unique with much to distinguish them from neighbouring Papua New Guinea Indonesia and the Pacific Islands Today the islands are multicultural having attracted Asian and Pacific Island traders to the beche de mer mother of pearl and trochus shell industries over the years 6 The 2016 Australian census counted 4 514 people living on the islands of whom 91 8 were Torres Strait Islander or Aboriginal Australian people 64 of the population identified as Torres Strait Islander 8 3 as Aboriginal Australian 6 5 as Papua New Guinean 3 6 as other Australian and 2 6 as Maritime South East Asian etc 1 In 2006 the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade DFAT had reported 6 800 Torres Strait Islanders living in the Torres Strait area 7 People identifying themselves as of Torres Strait Islander descent in the whole of Australia in the 2016 census numbered 32 345 while those with both Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal ancestry numbered a further 26 767 compared with 29 515 and 17 811 respectively in 2006 8 Five communities of Torres Strait Islanders and Aboriginal Australians live on the coast of mainland Queensland mainly at Bamaga Seisia Injinoo Umagico and New Mapoon in the Northern Peninsula area of Cape York 9 Administration EditFurther information Torres Strait Islands Administration Until the late 20th century Torres Strait Islanders had been administered by a system of elected councils a system based partly on traditional pre Christian local government and partly on the introduced mission management system 10 Today the Torres Strait Regional Authority an Australian government body established in 1994 and consisting of 20 elected representatives oversees the islands with its primary function being to strengthen the economic social and cultural development of the peoples of the Torres Strait area 11 Further to the TSRA there are several Queensland LGAs which administer areas occupied by Torres Strait Islander communities the Torres Strait Island Region covering a large proportion of the Island the Northern Peninsula Area Region administered from Bamaga on the northern tip of Cape York and the Shire of Torres which governs several islands as well as portions of Cape York Peninsula is effectively colocated with the Northern Peninsula Area Region which covers a number of Deed of Grant in Trust DOGIT areas on the peninsula and the Torres Strait Island Region and administers those sections of its area which are not autonomous 12 Indigenous peoples EditFurther information History of Indigenous Australians nbsp Indigenous Status of population in localities with significant share of Torres Strait islander population 4 nbsp Ancestry of population in localities with significant share of Torres Strait islander population Torres Strait Islander or other 4 Torres Strait Islander people are of predominantly Melanesian descent distinct from Aboriginal Australians on the mainland and some other Australian islands 13 14 and share some genetic and cultural traits with the people of New Guinea 15 The five pointed star on the national flag represents the five cultural groups 15 another source says that it originally represented the five groups of islands but today as of 2001 it represents the five major political divisions 16 Pre colonial Island people were not a homogeneous group and until then did not regard themselves as a single people They have links with the people of Papua New Guinea several islands being much closer to PNG than Australia as well as the northern tip of Cape York on the Australian continent 16 Sources are generally agreed that there are five distinct geographical and or cultural divisions but descriptions and naming of the groups differ widely Encyclopaedia Britannica the Eastern Meriam or Murray Island Top Western Guda Maluilgal Near Western Maluilgal Central Kulkalgal and Inner Islands Kaiwalagal 15 Multicultural Queensland 2001 a Queensland Government publication says that five groups may be distinguished based on linguistic and cultural differences and also related to their places of origin type of area of settlement and long standing relationships with other peoples these nations are Saibailgal Top Western Islanders Maluilgal Mid Western Islanders Kaurareg Lower Western Islanders Kulkalgal Central Islanders and Meriam Le Eastern Islanders 16 Torres Shire Council official website Queensland Government Five major island clusters the Top Western Group Boigu Dauan and Saibai the Near Western Group Badu Mabuiag and Moa the Central Group Yam Warraber Coconut and Masig the Eastern Group Murray Darnley and Stephen and the TI Group Thursday Island Tabar Island Horn Hammond Prince of Wales and Friday 6 Ethno linguistic groups include Badu people based on the central west Badu island Kaurareg people lower Western Islanders based on the Muralag Prince of Wales Island group Mabuiag or Mabuygiwgal people across a number of the islands Meriam people who living on a number of inner eastern islands including Murray Island also known as Mer Island and Tabar Island Languages EditMain article Torres Strait Island languages nbsp Languages used at home by Torres Strait Islanders in localities with significant share of Torres Strait islander population 4 There are two distinct Indigenous languages spoken on the Islands as well as a creole language 13 The Western central Torres Strait Language or Kalaw Lagaw Ya is spoken on the southwestern western northern and central islands 17 a further dialect Kala Kawa Ya Top Western and Western may be distinguished 6 It is a member of the Pama Nyungan family of languages of Australia Meriam Mir is spoken on the eastern islands It is one of the four Eastern Trans Fly languages the other three being spoken in Papua New Guinea 17 Torres Strait Creole an English based creole language is also spoken 6 Culture EditArchaeological linguistic and folk history evidence suggests that the core of Island culture is Papuo Austronesian The people have long been agriculturalists evidenced for example by tobacco plantations on Aureed Island 18 as well as engaging in hunting and gathering Dugong turtles crayfish crabs shellfish reef fish and wild fruits and vegetables were traditionally hunted and collected and remain an important part of their subsistence lifestyle Traditional foods play an important role in ceremonies and celebrations even when they do not live on the islands Dugong and turtle hunting as well as fishing are seen as a way of continuing the Islander tradition of being closely associated with the sea 19 The islands have long history of trade and interactions with explorers from other parts of the globe both east and west which has influenced their lifestyle and culture 20 The Indigenous people of the Torres Strait have a distinct culture which has slight variants on the different islands where they live Cultural practices share similarities with Australian Aboriginal and Papuan culture Historically they have an oral tradition with stories handed down and communicated through song dance and ceremonial performance As a seafaring people sea sky and land feature strongly in their stories and art 21 Post colonisation Edit Post colonisation history has seen new cultural influences on the people most notably the place of Christianity After the Coming of Light see below artefacts previously important to their ceremonies lost their relevance instead replaced by crucifixes and other symbols of Christianity In some cases the missionaries prohibited the use of traditional sacred objects and eventually production ceased Missionaries anthropologists and museums collected a huge amount of material all of the pieces collected by missionary Samuel McFarlane were in London and then split between three European museums and a number of mainland Australian museums 22 In 1898 9 British anthropologist Alfred Cort Haddon collected about 2000 objects convinced that hundreds of art objects collected had to be saved from destruction by the zealous Christian missionaries intent on obliterating the religious traditions and ceremonies of the native islanders Film footage of ceremonial dances was also collected 23 The collection at Cambridge University is known as the Haddon Collection and is the most comprehensive collection of Torres Strait Islander artefacts in the world 21 During the first half of the 20th century Torres Strait Islander culture was largely restricted to dance and song weaving and producing a few items for particular festive occasions 22 In the 1960s and 1970s researchers trying to salvage what was left of traditional knowledge from surviving elders influenced the revival of interest in the old ways of life An Australian historian Margaret Lawrie employed by the Queensland State Library spent much time travelling the Islands speaking to local people and recording their stories which have since influenced visual art on the Islands 24 Art Edit See also Indigenous Australian art nbsp Ritual face mask from a Torres Strait Island 19th century Mythology and culture deeply influenced by the ocean and the natural life around the islands have always informed traditional artforms Featured strongly are turtles fish dugongs sharks seabirds and saltwater crocodiles which are considered totemic beings 20 Torres Strait Islander people are the only culture in the world to make turtleshell masks known as krar turtleshell in the Western Islands and le op human face in the Eastern Islands 21 Prominent among the artforms is wame alt wameya many different string figures 25 26 27 Elaborate headdresses or dhari also spelt dari 28 as featured on the Torres Strait Islander Flag are created for the purposes of ceremonial dances 29 The Islands have a long tradition of woodcarving creating masks and drums and carving decorative features on these and other items for ceremonial use From the 1970s young artists were beginning their studies at around the same time that a significant re connection to traditional myths and legends was happening Margaret Lawrie s publications Myths and Legends of the Torres Strait 1970 and Tales from the Torres Strait 1972 reviving stories which had all but been forgotten influenced the artists greatly 30 31 While some of these stories had been written down by Haddon after his 1898 expedition to the Torres Strait 32 many had subsequently fallen out of use or been forgotten nbsp Torres Islanders dance on Yorke Island 1931In the 1990s a group of younger artists including the award winning Dennis Nona b 1973 started translating these skills into the more portable forms of printmaking linocut and etching as well as larger scale bronze sculptures Other outstanding artists include Billy Missi 1970 2012 known for his decorated black and white linocuts of the local vegetation and eco systems and Alick Tipoti b 1975 These and other Torres Strait artists have greatly expanded the forms of Indigenous art within Australia bringing superb Melanesian carving skills as well as new stories and subject matter 21 The College of Technical and Further Education on Thursday Island was a starting point for young Islanders to pursue studies in art Many went on to further art studies especially in printmaking initially in Cairns Queensland and later at the Australian National University in what is now the School of Art and Design Other artists such as Laurie Nona Brian Robinson David Bosun Glen Mackie Joemen Nona Daniel O Shane and Tommy Pau are known for their printmaking work 24 An exhibition of Alick Tipoti s work titled Zugubal was mounted at the Cairns Regional Gallery in July 2015 33 34 nbsp Singer Christine Anu who performed at the 2000 Sydney Summer Olympics Music and dance Edit Main articles Indigenous music of Australia and Indigenous dance of Australia For Torres Strait Islander people singing and dancing is their literature the most important aspect of Torres Strait lifestyle The Torres Strait Islanders preserve and present their oral history through songs and dances the dances act as illustrative material and of course the dancer himself is the storyteller Ephraim Bani 1979 There are many songs about the weather others about the myths and legends life in the sea and totemic gods and about important events The dancing and its movements express the songs and acts as the illustrative material 35 Dance is also major form of creative and competitive expression Dance machines hand held mechanical moving objects clappers and headdresses dhari dari enhance the dance performances 29 Dance artefacts used in the ceremonial performances relate to Islander traditions and clan identity and each island group has its own performances 36 Artist Ken Thaiday Snr is renowned for his elaborately sculptured dari often with moving parts and incorporating the hammerhead shark a powerful totem 36 37 Christine Anu is an ARIA Award winning singer songwriter of Torres Strait Islander heritage who first became popular with her cover version of the song My Island Home first performed by the Warumpi Band 38 nbsp Jesse Williams who won Super Bowl XLVII with the Seattle Seahawks Sports Edit Sports are popular among Torres Strait Islanders and the community has many sporting stars in Australian and international sports Sporting events bring together people from across the different islands and help to connect the Torres Strait with mainland Australia and Papua New Guinea Rugby league is especially popular including the annual Island of Origin tournament between teams from different islands Basketball is also extremely popular 39 Famous sports people include Muara Lifu Wacando who was awarded a gold medal by the Royal Humane Society for her sea rescue during the 1899 Cyclone Mahina 1964 Olympic basketballer Michael Ah Matt 1976 Paralympian field athlete Harry Mosby 1980 and 1984 Olympic basketballer Danny Morseu NBA players Patty Mills and Nathan Jawai and 2013 Super Bowl winner Jesse Williams Religion and beliefs EditThe people still have their own traditional belief systems Stories of the Tagai their spiritual belief system represent Torres Strait Islanders as sea people with a connection to the stars as well as a system of order in which everything has its place in the world 40 They follow the instructions of the Tagai One Tagai story depicts the Tagai as a man standing in a canoe In his left hand he holds a fishing spear representing the Southern Cross In his right hand he holds a sorbi a red fruit In this story the Tagai and his crew of 12 were preparing for a journey but before the journey began the crew consumed all the food and drink they planned to take So the Tagai strung the crew together in two groups of six and cast them into the sea where their images became star patterns in the sky These patterns can be seen in the star constellations of Pleiades and Orion 41 Some Torres Strait Islander people share beliefs similar to the Aboriginal peoples Dreaming and Everywhen concepts passed down in oral history 42 Oral history Edit One of the stories passed down in oral history tells of four brothers bala named Malo Sagai Kulka and Siu who paddled their way up to the central and eastern islands from Cape York Kay Daol Dai meaning big land and each established his own tribal following Sagai landed at Iama Island known as Yam and after a time assumed a god like status The crocodile was his totem Kulka settled on Aureed Island and attained a similar status as god of hunting His totem was the fish known as gai gai Trevally Siu settled on Masig becoming god of dancing with the tiger shark baidam as his totem The eldest brother Malo went on to Mer and became responsible for setting out a set of rules for living a combination of religion and law which were presented by Eddie Mabo in the famous Mabo native title case in 1992 43 The cult of Kulka was in evidence on Aureed Island with the finding of a skull house by the rescuers of survivors two years after the wreck of Charles Eaton in 1836 18 Coming of the Light Edit Further information All Saints Anglican Church Darnley Island History nbsp All Saints Anglican Church on Erub Darnley Island From the 1870s Christianity spread throughout the islands and it remains strong today among Torres Strait Islander people everywhere Christianity was first brought to the islands by the London Missionary Society LMS mission led by Rev Samuel Macfarlane 44 and Rev Archibald Wright Murray 45 46 who arrived on Erub Darnley Island on 1 July 1871 on the schooner Surprise 47 48 49 50 a schooner a chartered by the LMS 55 56 They sailed to the Torres Strait after the French Government had demanded the removal of the missionaries from the Loyalty Islands and New Caledonia in 1869 46 Eight teachers and their wives from Loyalty Islands arrived with the missionaries on the boat from Lifu 45 Clan elder and warrior Dabad greeted them on their arrival Ready to defend his land and people Dabad walked to the water s edge when McFarlane dropped to his knees and presented the Bible to Dabad Dabad accepted the gift interpreted as the Light introducing Christianity to the Torres Strait Islands The people of the Torres Strait Islands adopted the Christian rituals and ceremonies and continued to uphold their connection to the land sea and sky practising their traditional customs and cultural identity referred to as Ailan Kastom 44 nbsp Religious affiliations of Torres Strait islanders in localities with significant share of Torres Strait islander population 4 The Islanders refer to this event as The Coming of the Light also known as Zulai Wan 47 57 or Bi Akarida 48 and all Island communities celebrate the occasion annually on 1 July 58 47 Coming of the Light an episode in the 2013 documentary television series Desperate Measures features the annual event 59 However the coming of Christianity did not spell the end of the people s traditional beliefs their culture informed their understanding of the new religion as the Christian God was welcomed and the new religion was integrated into every aspect of their everyday lives 57 Religious affiliation 2016 census Edit In the 2016 Census a total of 20 658 Torres Strait Islander people out of a total of 32 345 and 15 586 of both Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal identity out of 26 767 reported adherence to some form of Christianity Across the whole of Australia the Indigenous and non Indigenous population were broadly similar with 54 vs 55 reporting a Christian affiliation while less than 2 reported traditional beliefs as their religion and 36 reported no religion 60 Traditional adoptions EditA traditional cultural practice known as kupai omasker allows adoption of a child by a relative or community member for a range of reasons The reasons differ depending on which of the many Torres Islander cultures the person belongs to with one example being where a family requires an heir to carry on the important role of looking after land or being the caretaker of land Other reasons might relate to the care and responsibility of relationships between generations 61 There had been a problem in Queensland law where such adoptions are not legally recognised by the state s Succession Act 1981 62 with one issue being that adopted children are not able to take on the surname of their adoptive parents 61 On 17 July 2020 the Queensland Government introduced a bill in parliament to legally recognise the practice 63 The bill was passed as the Meriba Omasker Kaziw Kazipa Act 2020 For Our Children s Children on 8 September 2020 64 Notable people EditMartin Nakata the first doctorate degree holder from Torres Islands proponent of Indigenous Standpoint Theory Eddie Koiki Mabo land rights campaigner who played a major role in a landmark decision which now characterises Australian law on land and title Patty Mills NBA player and captain for the Australian Boomers first Olympic medal win 65 Nathan Jawai basketball player Sam Powell Pepper Australian Football League player for Port Adelaide 66 Albert Proud Australian Football League player for Brisbane Lions 67 Cynthia Lui the first Torres Strait Islander elected to the Parliament of Queensland 68 Ken Thaiday Snr artist based in Cairns Sam Thaiday Australian National Rugby League player for the Brisbane Broncos Dane Gagai Australian National Rugby League player for the Newcastle Knights Christine Anu pop singer and actress known for her song My Island Home 69 Tanya Hosch social activist based in Adelaide South Australia Allira Toby soccer player in the W League Vanessa Lee AhMat the first Torres Strait Islander PhD graduate from Griffith University School of Medicine Kwami Dai Assistant Bishop in the Anglican Diocese of Carpentaria 70 Ted Mosby Assistant Bishop in the Anglican Diocese of North QueenslandSee also Edit nbsp Queensland portal nbsp Australia portalAboriginal Centre for the Performing Arts ACPA Australian frontier wars Blue Water Empire Indigenous Australians Indigenous health in Australia List of Indigenous Australian firsts Papuan people Pearl hunting Australia Torres Strait Islander Flag Torres Strait 8 relating to climate change and the Australian GovernmentFootnotes Edit Surprise a schooner of 150 tons was originally a French ship acquired by a Sydney buyer around September 1868 at Circular Quay having sailed there from Tahiti 51 It was chartered by Macfarlane and Murray under Captain Paget leaving Lifu and Wave in the Loyalty Islands in May 1871 52 53 The ship under Captain Brews was wrecked in a gale on 2 February 1874 near Nobbys Head off Newcastle New South Wales 54 References Edit a b 2016 Census QuickStats Torres Strait Island R Australian Bureau of Statistics Retrieved 27 December 2019 a b 3238 0 55 001 Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians June 2016 Australian Bureau of Statistics 31 August 2018 Retrieved 27 December 2019 Torres Strait Oxford Dictionary Online Oxford University Press Archived from the original on 23 August 2018 Retrieved 23 August 2018 a b c d e f g 2021 Census Cultural Diversity 2021 TableBuilder Australian Bureau of Statistics ABS Korff Jens 4 August 2021 Aboriginal timeline Health Creative Spirits Retrieved 4 August 2021 a b c d About the Torres Strait Torres Shire Council Queensland Government Retrieved 26 December 2019 Australia s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples Australia Now Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Archived from the original on 8 October 2006 Retrieved 10 December 2006 2071 0 Census of Population and Housing Reflecting Australia Stories from the Census 2016 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Population 2016 Australian Bureau of Statistics 31 October 2017 Retrieved 5 January 2020 About the Torres Strait Torres Strait Shire Council Retrieved 21 October 2019 Jeremy Beckett 1990 Torres Strait Islanders Custom and Colonialism Cambridge University Press pp 17 18 ISBN 978 0 521 37862 8 Retrieved 7 March 2016 Kelly John June 2001 Evaluation of the Torres Strait Regional Authority PDF Australian National Audit Office Archived from the original PDF on 4 March 2016 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island local government PDF Report of the Local Government Reform Commission State of Queensland July 2007 pp 59 65 ISBN 978 1 921057 10 6 Archived from the original PDF on 25 July 2008 Retrieved 31 March 2008 a b The people and history of the Torres Strait Islands BBC News 24 August 2015 Retrieved 27 December 2019 Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies Retrieved 14 November 2019 a b c Torres Strait Islander peoples Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 26 December 2019 a b c Shnukal Anna Torres Strait Islanders PDF Multicultural Australia a b Indigenous Fact Sheet Torres Strait Islanders PDF Australian Government Department of Families Community Services and Indigenous Affairs Archived from the original PDF on 18 May 2006 Retrieved 10 December 2006 a b Peek Veronica 16 June 2012 Part Four a tale of two boys Charles Eaton wake for the melancholy shipwreck Retrieved 5 August 2021 Smyth Dermot 2002 Appendix B The Indigenous Sector An Anthropological Perspective In Hundloe Tor ed Valuing Fisheries University of Queensland Press pp 230 231 ISBN 0 7022 3329 3 Retrieved 4 November 2012 a b Art in the Torres Strait Islands Japingka Aboriginal Art Retrieved 7 January 2020 a b c d Art Sets Art of the Torres Strait Islands New South Wales Art Gallery Retrieved 7 January 2020 a b Torres Strait Islands Australian Art Network Retrieved 8 January 2020 BBC Two Hidden Treasures of BBC Retrieved 3 February 2018 a b Robinson Brian 2001 Torres Strait Islander printmaking Retrieved 7 January 2020 via Centre for Australian Art Australian Prints Printmaking Conference paper from Australian Print Symposium Canberra National Gallery of Australia 1987 ongoing Brij V Lal Kate Fortune eds 2000 The Pacific Islands An Encyclopedia University of Hawaii Press p 456 ISBN 978 0 8248 2265 1 Retrieved 7 March 2016 Alfred Cort Haddon along with one of his daughters the pioneers in the modern study of Torres Strait string figures A string figure bibliography including examples from Torres Strait Whitford Maddie 13 April 2020 Producers reflect on profound experience walking with Indigenous artists on country ABC News Retrieved 14 April 2020 a b Dance machines amp headdresses Awakening Stories from the Torres Strait Queensland Government Retrieved 7 January 2020 Lawrie Margaret Elizabeth 1970 Myths and Legends of the Torres Strait collected and translated by Margaret Lawrie Brisbane University of Queensland Press Lawrie Margaret Elizabeth 1972 Tales from Torres Strait St Lucia Qld University of Queensland Press Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits Cambridge University Press 1901 clarification needed Alick Tipoti Zugubal Cairns Art Gallery Retrieved 7 January 2020 Tipoti Alick 2015 Butler Sally ed Alick Tipoti Zugubal ancestral spirits Cairns Regional Gallery ISBN 978 0 9757635 6 8 Wiltshire Kelly 27 October 2017 Audiovisual Heritage of Torres Strait Singing and Dancing AIATSIS Archived from the original on 21 March 2020 Retrieved 7 January 2020 a b Ken Thaiday Art Gallery NSW Retrieved 15 April 2020 Dr Ken Thaiday Senior Australia Council 15 May 2019 Retrieved 14 April 2020 Keenan Catherine 18 January 2003 Frog princess The Sydney Morning Herald Retrieved 8 January 2020 Osmond Gary 23 May 2020 Sport and the Torres Strait Thursday Island Island Studies the Archipelagic Turn and Identity The International Journal of the History of Sport 37 8 651 669 doi 10 1080 09523367 2020 1779704 ISSN 0952 3367 8 interesting facts about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders World Vision Retrieved 5 January 2020 Spirituality and religion among Torres Strait Islanders Queensland Curriculum amp Assessment Authority 25 July 2018 Retrieved 5 January 2020 The Dreaming Common Ground Retrieved 5 January 2020 Mackie Glen The Coming of Sagai FireWorks Gallery Retrieved 5 August 2021 a b nbsp This Wikipedia article incorporates text from The Coming of the Light Celebrating 150 years of Christianity in the Torres Strait 1 July 2021 28 June 2021 published by the State Library of Queensland under CC BY licence accessed on 29 June 2021 a b Murray Archibald Wright 1888 The Bible in the Pacific James Nisbet and Company pp 226 228 Retrieved 4 August 2021 via Google Books a b All Saints Anglican Church entry 600873 Queensland Heritage Register Queensland Heritage Council Dated 20 January 2016 Retrieved 31 July 2021 nbsp Text may have been copied from this source which is available under a Attribution 4 0 International CC BY 4 0 licence a b c Willis Carli 26 July 2021 Zulai Wan marks an encounter 150 years ago that changed Torres Strait Islanders lives forever ABC News Australian Broadcasting Corporation Retrieved 31 July 2021 a b Iesu ra mir giz from the beginning ge omaida when the Gospel came Mer ge baziarda it took root in Erub igiare Torres Strait and branched out to the whole of the Torres Strait Logan Art Gallery 2017 ISBN 9780958711012 Retrieved 31 July 2021 Gibbney H J 1974 Macfarlane Samuel 1837 1911 Australian Dictionary of Biography National Centre of Biography Australian National University Retrieved 3 August 2021 Hammond Philip 30 June 2011 Performers mark Coming of the Light The Courier Mail Retrieved 3 August 2021 Advertising The Sydney Morning Herald Vol LVIII no 9460 New South Wales Australia 15 September 1868 p 7 Retrieved 4 August 2021 via National Library of Australia Cruise of the Jeannie Oswald The Argus Melbourne No 7 914 Victoria Australia 21 October 1871 p 6 Retrieved 4 August 2021 via National Library of Australia The New Guinea Expedition The Herald Melbourne No 8118 Victoria Australia 13 January 1872 p 3 Retrieved 4 August 2021 via National Library of Australia Loss of the schooners Yarra and Surprise both crews saved The Sydney Morning Herald Vol LXIX no 11 143 New South Wales Australia 3 February 1874 p 4 Retrieved 4 August 2021 via National Library of Australia Missionary Ships Shipping Wonders of the World Part 51 26 January 1937 Retrieved 3 August 2021 The Coming of the Light Anglican Board of Mission Retrieved 3 August 2021 a b Aboriginal Christians amp Christianity Creative Spirits Retrieved 5 January 2020 Burton John History of Torres Strait to 1879 a regional view Torres Strait Regional Authority Archived from the original on 15 May 2009 Retrieved 3 July 2011 Coming of the Light 2013 The Screen Guide Screen Australia 16 March 2018 Retrieved 8 February 2023 2071 0 Census of Population and Housing Reflecting Australia Stories from the Census 2016 Religion in Australia 2016 Australian Bureau of Statistices 28 June 2017 Retrieved 5 January 2020 Include Religion table download from this page Table 8 Religious Affiliation by Indigenous Status Count of persons a a b Rigby Mark 4 June 2020 Torres Strait Islanders fear time running out for legal recognition of traditional adoptions ABC News Australian Broadcasting Corporation Retrieved 9 June 2020 Succession Act 1981 Queensland Legislation 25 May 2020 Retrieved 9 June 2020 Rigby Mark 16 July 2020 Torres Strait Islander adoption practices bill introduced to Queensland Parliament ABC News Australian Broadcasting Corporation Retrieved 16 July 2020 Historic moment Queensland now recognises traditional Torres Strait Islander adoption practices SBS News 9 September 2020 Retrieved 10 October 2021 After finishing fourth four times the Boomers finally get on the Olympic podium ABC News 7 August 2021 Retrieved 28 September 2023 Resilience the driving force behind Sam Powell Pepper s draft bid AFL Record Round 9 2009 Slattery Publishing pg 75 Moore Tony 28 November 2017 Labor one seat closer as first Torres Strait Islander woman elected to Parliament Brisbane Times Fairfax Media Retrieved 9 December 2017 History Winners by Artist Christine Anu ARIA Awards Australian Recording Industry Association ARIA Archived from the original on 19 May 2011 Retrieved 18 May 2009 Loos Noel White Christ Black Cross The Emergence of a Black Church Google Books p 8 Accessed 25 September 2013 Further reading EditAustralian Art Network Torres Strait Islands Blue Water Empire ABC TV 3 part dramatised documentary about Torres Strait Islands its history and people Contemporary stories by and about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people Smith Aaron 26 May 2018 The forgotten people When death came to the Torres Strait CNN External links EditTorres Strait Regional Authority The Coming of the Light Celebrating 150 years of Christianity in the Torres Strait 1 July 2021 John Oxley Library Blog State Library of Queensland ReTold a retelling of stories and songs from Myths and Legends of the Torres Strait by Margaret Lawrie 2010 State Library of Queensland Strait Home State Library of Queensland Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Torres Strait Islanders amp oldid 1177556696, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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