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Alexander Hore-Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie

Brigadier General Alexander Gore Arkwright Hore-Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie, VC, GCMG, CB, DSO & Bar, PC (/ˈhɔːr ˈrɪvɛn/; 6 July 1872 – 2 May 1955) was a British Army officer who served as the 10th Governor-General of Australia, in office from 1936 to 1945. He was previously Governor of South Australia (1928–1934) and Governor of New South Wales (1935–1936).

The Earl of Gowrie
10th Governor-General of Australia
In office
23 January 1936 – 30 January 1945
MonarchsEdward VIII
George VI
Prime MinisterJoseph Lyons
Sir Earle Page
Robert Menzies
Arthur Fadden
John Curtin
Preceded bySir Isaac Isaacs
Succeeded byThe Duke of Gloucester
27th Governor of New South Wales
In office
15 January 1935 – 23 January 1936
MonarchsGeorge V
Edward VIII
PremierBertram Stevens
LieutenantSir Philip Street
Preceded bySir Philip Game
Succeeded bySir David Anderson
20th Governor of South Australia
In office
14 May 1928 – 26 April 1934
MonarchGeorge V
PremierRichard Butler
Lionel Hill
Robert Richards
Richard Butler
Preceded bySir George Bridges
Succeeded bySir Winston Joseph Dugan
Personal details
Born
Alexander Gore Arkwright Hore-Ruthven

(1872-07-06)6 July 1872
Windsor, Berkshire
Died2 May 1955(1955-05-02) (aged 82)
Shipton Moyne, Gloucestershire
SpouseZara Pollok
Children2, including Patrick
Military service
AllegianceUnited Kingdom
Branch/serviceBritish Army
Years of service1889–1928
RankBrigadier General
Battles/warsMahdist War
AwardsVictoria Cross
Companion of the Order of the Bath
Distinguished Service Order & Bar
Mentioned in Despatches (7)

Gowrie was born in Windsor, Berkshire, England, into a minor aristocratic family. He joined a voluntary Yeomanry unit at the age of 17, and then enlisted in the regular army at the age of 19. Gowrie fought in the Sudan during the Mahdist Revolt, and was awarded the Victoria Cross for saving a wounded Egyptian soldier. He later served in the Somaliland campaign and as an aide-de-camp to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. During the First World War, Gowrie commanded units in the Gallipoli campaign and on the Western Front, winning several further honours. He finished his military career with the rank of brigadier-general.

In 1928, Gowrie was appointed Governor of South Australia. His handling of political instability during the Great Depression was highly regarded, and when his term expired he was appointed Governor of New South Wales. However, Gowrie's second governorship lasted little more than a year, as Joseph Lyons recommended him to become Governor-General. As well as the stresses of the Second World War, he faced several constitutional challenges, including Lyons' death in office and the defeat of Arthur Fadden's government on a confidence motion. Gowrie's term in office was prolonged as a result of war, and in total he spent nine years in the position, the longest of any governor-general.

Early life and background edit

Alexander Hore-Ruthven was born on 6 July 1872 in Windsor, Berkshire, England, United Kingdom, as the second son of Walter Hore-Ruthven, 9th Lord Ruthven of Freeland, (1838–1921), much later created also Baron Ruthven of Gowrie, and Lady Caroline Annesley Gore (1848–1914), a daughter of the 4th Earl of Arran. After attending Winton House School in Winchester (not Winchester College, as is stated in some sources) as a boarder from 1884 to 1885, Hore-Ruthven spent most of his later education at Eton College and then Haileybury and Imperial Service College, where he stayed until 1888, when he was withdrawn owing to eyesight problems and sent into business by his parents. He first worked in a tea merchant's office in Glasgow and then traveled to British India to work on a tea plantation in Assam Province. Hore-Ruthven, however, soon succumbed to malaria and he returned to England in 1892.

Military career edit

 
Arkwright after being awarded the Victoria Cross in 1898

On 19 October 1889, Hore-Ruthven was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Lanarkshire Yeomanry Cavalry.[1] After his return to England in 1892, he then joined the Regular Army. Following training at the United Services College, he was commissioned on 27 April 1893 as a lieutenant in the 3rd Battalion of the Highland Light Infantry, and was promoted to captain on 18 November 1896.[2][3] During the Mahdist War, he was mentioned in despatches.[4]

During the action at Gedarif on 22 September 1898, Hore-Ruthven performed an act of courage, which earned him the Victoria Cross:

  • 28 February 1899 – Captain the Honourable A.G. A. Hore-Ruthven, 3rd Battalion, Highland Light Infantry

The Queen has been graciously pleased to signify Her intention to confer the decoration of the Victoria Cross on the undermentioned Officer, whose claims have been submitted for Her Majesty's approval, for his conspicuous bravery during the attack on the Baggage Guard at the action of Gedarif on the 22nd September 1898, as recorded against his name: On the 22nd September 1898, Captain Hore-Ruthven, seeing an Egyptian officer lying wounded within 50 yards of the advancing Dervishes, who were firing and charging, picked him up and carried him towards the 16th Egyptian Battalion. He dropped the wounded officer two or three times and fired upon the Dervishes, who were following, to check their advance. Had the officer been left where he first dropped, he must have been killed[5]

In May 1899, Hore-Ruthven was also awarded the Order of Osmanieh, Fourth Class, by the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire for his services in the Sudan.[6] On 17 May, he received a regular commission as a second lieutenant in the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders, dropping back two ranks.[7] In late November, he was part of a Camel Corps during the operations leading to the defeat of the Khalifa (mentioned in despatches 25 November 1899[8]). Promoted to supernumerary lieutenant on 14 December 1900, vice a Lieutenant Murdoch killed in action, he fought in the Somaliland campaign between 1903 and 1904, and was promoted to a regular lieutenancy on 16 April 1904.[9][10]

In 1905, Hore-Ruthven became an aide-de-camp to Lord Dudley, then Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Transferring to the 1st (King's) Dragoon Guards in 1908, he was promoted to supernumerary captain in that regiment on 11 April, regaining his former rank after nine years.[11] In 1908, Dudley was appointed Governor-General of Australia, and Hore-Ruthven went with him as military secretary. He left Australia in 1910 and returned to military service in India.

On 2 April 1915, Hore-Ruthven transferred to the Welsh Guards and was promoted to major from the same date.[12] He was appointed a GSO 1 on 18 January 1916, with the temporary rank of lieutenant-colonel, and was awarded the DSO on 1 January 1916.[13][14] He was awarded a Bar to his DSO on 2 April 1919; the citation reads as follows:

He commanded his brigade with conspicuous gallantry and judgment throughout the operations east of Ypres from 28th September to 27th October 1918, inclusive. His presence and personal bearing at critical times during the fighting was of decisive value, especially during a strong enemy counter-attack. On 20th October, at St. Louis, he went forward among the attacking troops at a critical juncture and inspired them to the final effort, whereby the high ground of great tactical value was captured.[15]

He was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant colonel on 15 October 1917 and appointed to the general staff as a temporary brigadier-general on 26 December.[16][17] On 1 January 1918, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG).[18][19] He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) on 3 June.[20][21]

During the First World War, he served in France and at Gallipoli, where he was severely wounded[citation needed] and mentioned in despatches five times. He finished the war as a brigadier general and commanded British forces in Germany between 1919 and 1920. On 14 December 1920, he was appointed the CO of his regiment, with the temporary rank of colonel, and was promoted to colonel on 5 July 1922 (seniority from 15 October 1921).[22][23][24] After this he held various Army staff positions, and received command of a brigade on 1 October 1924 in the temporary rank of colonel-commandant, which had replaced the rank of brigadier-general.[25] He was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG, 24 January 1928) and appointed Governor of South Australia (being sworn in on 14 May 1928).

Governor of South Australia edit

Hore-Ruthven arrived in Adelaide in May 1928. He took to his duties with enthusiasm and visited many areas of the State in a de Havilland DH.60 Moth owned by his ADC, Captain Hugh Grosvenor.[26] Together with Lady Hore-Ruthven, he was a keen supporter of the Boy Scout and Girl Guide movements. She was also president of the South Australian Red Cross.[27]

In a 1930 Anzac Day speech, Hore-Ruthven criticised the union movement for exacerbating, through strike action, the hardship suffered by returned servicemen. He was censured by the United Trades and Labour Council in response.[27]

He was on leave in London when the third Bodyline Test cricket match in Adelaide caused Anglo-Australian political tension in 1933, and played a significant part in smoothing relations through his meetings with the British Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs J.H. Thomas.

During Hore-Ruthven's second term as governor, the Great Depression was causing severe hardship in South Australia. The Lionel Hill government, elected on a promise of bringing a "golden future", was heavily criticised when economic realities forced it to adopt austerity measures. Hore-Ruthven supported Premier Hill in the face of criticism from within the Labor Party. His speeches frequently expressed the belief that a premier should "rise above party". Hill's firm resolve during the crisis was seen as largely the result of Hore-Ruthven's influence. His performance during the crisis was reportedly a critical factor in his subsequent selection as Governor of New South Wales.[27]

Governor of New South Wales edit

His term as Governor of South Australia ended in April 1934, and he returned to England. He was almost immediately appointed Governor of New South Wales and at the suggestion of Prime Minister Joseph Lyons was also raised to the peerage as Baron Gowrie, of Canberra in the Commonwealth of Australia and of Dirleton in the County of East Lothian.[28] He arrived in Sydney on 21 February 1935. However he had already been approached by George V regarding appointment as Governor-General while in England (after the 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow, son of the inaugural governor-general Lord Hopetoun, declined the post). He was raised to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) on 20 December 1935.[27]

Governor-General of Australia edit

With his military record and experience, Gowrie was seen as an obvious choice to succeed Sir Isaac Isaacs when he retired as Governor-General in 1936. In accordance with established practice Prime Minister Joseph Lyons was offered several alternatives, but Lyons had no intention of recommending another Australian to the post. At the time, non-Labor Prime Ministers always appointed British Governors-General. In accordance with Australian constitutional practice, he was formally appointed by George V, who died on 20 January 1936, three days before Gowrie was due to be sworn in as Governor-General. Thus, he came to office during the reign of Edward VIII.

 
Gowrie signing the declaration of War against Japan with Prime Minister John Curtin looking on.

In office, Gowrie was a popular if unobtrusive figure in Australia. The days that Governors-General exercised significant power, or even participated in negotiations between the Australian and British governments, had now passed, but Gowrie set a precedent in 1938, when he toured the Netherlands East Indies at the invitation of the colonial administration. That was the first time that a Governor-General had represented Australia abroad.

In April 1939 Lyons died suddenly and Gowrie commissioned Sir Earle Page, the leader of the Country Party, as caretaker Prime Minister until Lyons' United Australia Party could choose a new leader. This was the only circumstance in which the Governor-General still had some personal discretion.

Gowrie's political skills were tested again after the 1940 election. The Coalition lost its majority, leaving the UAP Prime Minister, Robert Menzies, dependent on the votes of independents Alexander Wilson and Arthur Coles to stay in power. When the UAP forced Menzies out as leader, it was so bereft of leadership that Country Party leader Arthur Fadden was named Prime Minister, even though the UAP was the senior coalition partner. However, Wilson and Coles were so outraged at how Menzies had been treated that they joined Labor in voting against Fadden's budget and brought the government down. Gowrie was reluctant to call an election for a Parliament just over a year old, especially given the international situation. However, he saw no alternative unless Labor leader John Curtin had enough support to govern. Gowrie's therefore summoned the two independents to Yarralumla and made them promise that if he commissioned Curtin as Prime Minister, they would support him and end the instability in government. The independents agreed, and Gowrie duly appointed Curtin. After some initial uneasiness perhaps inevitable with two such contrasting characters, the vice-regal aristocrat and the tough ALP boss got on well.

During the Second World War, Gowrie saw it as his duty to support the government, the British Empire, and the troops. He supported efforts to encourage the troops, including opening service personnel recreation huts at St Andrew's Cathedral and the Showgrounds for the Church of England National Emergency Fund.[29][30] In 1943, he undertook a four-week tour of inspection of Allied Defence Forces in northern Australia and New Guinea. Shortly before undertaking this tour, Gowrie and his wife had learned that their son, Patrick, had been killed in Libya the previous year.

Gowrie officially opened the Australian War Memorial on 11 November 1941.

Gowrie's term ended in September 1944 after which he returned to Britain, where he was created Viscount Ruthven of Canberra, of Dirleton in the County of East Lothian, and Earl of Gowrie[31] and appointed Deputy Constable and Lieutenant-Governor of Windsor Castle. In 1948, he was elected president of the Marylebone Cricket Club. He died in May 1955 at his home in Gloucestershire.

He was the only Governor-General of Australia to be advised by five different Prime Ministers (Lyons, Page, Menzies, Fadden and Curtin), although two (Page and Fadden) were short-term appointments.

Marriage and children edit

Gowrie married Zara Eileen Pollok (who eventually became Zara Hore-Ruthven, Countess of Gowrie when the Gowrie earldom was created in 1945) on 1 June 1908. The couple had two sons, one of whom died in infancy:[citation needed]

Lady Gowrie became renowned for her work in promoting the welfare of children in Australia, and the Lady Gowrie Child Centres were named in her honour.[32] She died in 1965 at the age of 86.

Lord Gowrie died in 1955 aged 82 and was succeeded in the earldom and other titles by his grandson, Grey.

Honours edit

Viceregal styles of
The Earl of Gowrie
 
Reference styleHis Excellency
Spoken styleYour Excellency
 
Hore-Ruthven's orders, medals and decorations on display in the Ashcroft Gallery at the Imperial War Museum
  Victoria Cross (VC) 1899
  Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) 1935
Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) 1928
Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) 1918
  Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) 1919
  Companion & Bar of the Distinguished Service Order (DSO & Bar) 1916, 1919
  Knight of Grace of the Venerable Order of St John of Jerusalem
  Queen's Sudan Medal
  Africa General Service Medal with two Clasps
  1914 Star with Clasp
  British War Medal
  Victory Medal with MID Palm
  1939–45 Star
  Pacific Star
  Defence Medal
  War Medal 1939–1945
  Australia Service Medal 1939–45
  1911 Delhi Durbar Medal 1911
  King George V Silver Jubilee Medal 1935
  King George VI Coronation Medal 1937
  Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal 1953
  Order of Osmanieh, 4th Class
  Belgian Croix de guerre
  French Croix de guerre 1914–1918 with Bronze star
  Khedive's Sudan Medal with three Clasps Khalifa
  Commander of the Order of the Dannebrog

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "No. 25985". The London Gazette. 18 October 1889. p. 5505.
  2. ^ "No. 26398". The London Gazette. 5 May 1893. p. 2618.
  3. ^ "No. 26795". The London Gazette. 17 November 1896. p. 6277.
  4. ^ "No. 27031". The London Gazette. 9 December 1898. p. 7969.
  5. ^ "No. 27057". The London Gazette. 28 February 1899. p. 1254.
  6. ^ "No. 27079". The London Gazette. 12 May 1899. p. 3031.
  7. ^ "No. 27080". The London Gazette. 16 May 1899. p. 3104.
  8. ^ "No. 27159". The London Gazette. 30 January 1900. pp. 597–600.
  9. ^ "No. 27266". The London Gazette. 15 January 1901. p. 313.
  10. ^ "No. 27673". The London Gazette. 3 May 1904. p. 2842.
  11. ^ "No. 28161". The London Gazette. 24 July 1908. p. 5424.
  12. ^ "No. 29117". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 March 1915. p. 3226.
  13. ^ "No. 29565". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 May 1916. p. 4428.
  14. ^ "No. 29469". The London Gazette (Supplement). 8 February 1916. p. 1575.
  15. ^ "No. 31680". The London Gazette (Supplement). 9 December 1919. p. 15281.
  16. ^ "No. 30444". The London Gazette (Supplement). 21 December 1917. p. 13452.
  17. ^ "No. 30511". The London Gazette (Supplement). 5 February 1918. p. 1714.
  18. ^ "It's an Honour – Honours – Search Australian Honours". Itsanhonour.gov.au. 8 March 1918. from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
  19. ^ "No. 30563". The London Gazette (Supplement). 5 March 1918. p. 2971.
  20. ^ "No. 31266". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 April 1919. p. 4316.
  21. ^ "No. 31370". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 May 1919. p. 6789.
  22. ^ "No. 32211". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 January 1921. p. 847.
  23. ^ "No. 32245". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 March 1921. p. 1771.
  24. ^ "No. 32726". The London Gazette. 4 July 1922. p. 5034.
  25. ^ "No. 32982". The London Gazette. 14 October 1924. p. 7433.
  26. ^ Neil Follett (7 July 2011). "Gertrude 'Mac' McKenzie: Forgotten aviation pioneer honoured". Australian Flying. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  27. ^ a b c d Chris Cunneen and Deirdre Morris. Gowrie, first Earl of (1872–1955). Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  28. ^ "No. 34273". The London Gazette. 31 December 1935. p. 8402.
  29. ^ Sydney Morning Herald 2/11/43 p 3
  30. ^ Sydney Morning Herald 20/7/43 p 7
  31. ^ "No. 36891". The London Gazette. 12 January 1945. pp. 361–362.
  32. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2019.

External links edit

  • Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Alexander Hore-Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie
  • A guide to Lord Gowrie's Papers
Government offices
Preceded by Governor of South Australia
1928–1934
Succeeded by
Preceded by Governor of New South Wales
1935–1936
Succeeded by
Preceded by Governor-General of Australia
1936–1945
Succeeded by
Peerage of the United Kingdom
New title Earl of Gowrie
1945–1955
Succeeded by
Baron Gowrie
1935–1955
Military offices
Preceded by Colonel of 1st King's Dragoon Guards
1940–1945
Succeeded by
Sidney Howes

alexander, hore, ruthven, earl, gowrie, brigadier, general, alexander, gore, arkwright, hore, ruthven, earl, gowrie, gcmg, ɔːr, july, 1872, 1955, british, army, officer, served, 10th, governor, general, australia, office, from, 1936, 1945, previously, governor. Brigadier General Alexander Gore Arkwright Hore Ruthven 1st Earl of Gowrie VC GCMG CB DSO amp Bar PC ˈ h ɔːr ˈ r ɪ v ɛ n 6 July 1872 2 May 1955 was a British Army officer who served as the 10th Governor General of Australia in office from 1936 to 1945 He was previously Governor of South Australia 1928 1934 and Governor of New South Wales 1935 1936 Brigadier GeneralThe Right HonourableThe Earl of GowrieVC GCMG CB DSO amp Bar10th Governor General of AustraliaIn office 23 January 1936 30 January 1945MonarchsEdward VIIIGeorge VIPrime MinisterJoseph LyonsSir Earle PageRobert MenziesArthur FaddenJohn CurtinPreceded bySir Isaac IsaacsSucceeded byThe Duke of Gloucester27th Governor of New South WalesIn office 15 January 1935 23 January 1936MonarchsGeorge VEdward VIIIPremierBertram StevensLieutenantSir Philip StreetPreceded bySir Philip GameSucceeded bySir David Anderson20th Governor of South AustraliaIn office 14 May 1928 26 April 1934MonarchGeorge VPremierRichard ButlerLionel HillRobert RichardsRichard ButlerPreceded bySir George BridgesSucceeded bySir Winston Joseph DuganPersonal detailsBornAlexander Gore Arkwright Hore Ruthven 1872 07 06 6 July 1872Windsor BerkshireDied2 May 1955 1955 05 02 aged 82 Shipton Moyne GloucestershireSpouseZara PollokChildren2 including PatrickMilitary serviceAllegianceUnited KingdomBranch serviceBritish ArmyYears of service1889 1928RankBrigadier GeneralBattles warsMahdist WarSomaliland campaignFirst World War Gallipoli campaign Western FrontAwardsVictoria CrossCompanion of the Order of the BathDistinguished Service Order amp BarMentioned in Despatches 7 Gowrie was born in Windsor Berkshire England into a minor aristocratic family He joined a voluntary Yeomanry unit at the age of 17 and then enlisted in the regular army at the age of 19 Gowrie fought in the Sudan during the Mahdist Revolt and was awarded the Victoria Cross for saving a wounded Egyptian soldier He later served in the Somaliland campaign and as an aide de camp to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland During the First World War Gowrie commanded units in the Gallipoli campaign and on the Western Front winning several further honours He finished his military career with the rank of brigadier general In 1928 Gowrie was appointed Governor of South Australia His handling of political instability during the Great Depression was highly regarded and when his term expired he was appointed Governor of New South Wales However Gowrie s second governorship lasted little more than a year as Joseph Lyons recommended him to become Governor General As well as the stresses of the Second World War he faced several constitutional challenges including Lyons death in office and the defeat of Arthur Fadden s government on a confidence motion Gowrie s term in office was prolonged as a result of war and in total he spent nine years in the position the longest of any governor general Contents 1 Early life and background 2 Military career 3 Governor of South Australia 4 Governor of New South Wales 5 Governor General of Australia 6 Marriage and children 7 Honours 8 See also 9 References 10 External linksEarly life and background editAlexander Hore Ruthven was born on 6 July 1872 in Windsor Berkshire England United Kingdom as the second son of Walter Hore Ruthven 9th Lord Ruthven of Freeland 1838 1921 much later created also Baron Ruthven of Gowrie and Lady Caroline Annesley Gore 1848 1914 a daughter of the 4th Earl of Arran After attending Winton House School in Winchester not Winchester College as is stated in some sources as a boarder from 1884 to 1885 Hore Ruthven spent most of his later education at Eton College and then Haileybury and Imperial Service College where he stayed until 1888 when he was withdrawn owing to eyesight problems and sent into business by his parents He first worked in a tea merchant s office in Glasgow and then traveled to British India to work on a tea plantation in Assam Province Hore Ruthven however soon succumbed to malaria and he returned to England in 1892 Military career edit nbsp Arkwright after being awarded the Victoria Cross in 1898On 19 October 1889 Hore Ruthven was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Lanarkshire Yeomanry Cavalry 1 After his return to England in 1892 he then joined the Regular Army Following training at the United Services College he was commissioned on 27 April 1893 as a lieutenant in the 3rd Battalion of the Highland Light Infantry and was promoted to captain on 18 November 1896 2 3 During the Mahdist War he was mentioned in despatches 4 During the action at Gedarif on 22 September 1898 Hore Ruthven performed an act of courage which earned him the Victoria Cross 28 February 1899 Captain the Honourable A G A Hore Ruthven 3rd Battalion Highland Light InfantryThe Queen has been graciously pleased to signify Her intention to confer the decoration of the Victoria Cross on the undermentioned Officer whose claims have been submitted for Her Majesty s approval for his conspicuous bravery during the attack on the Baggage Guard at the action of Gedarif on the 22nd September 1898 as recorded against his name On the 22nd September 1898 Captain Hore Ruthven seeing an Egyptian officer lying wounded within 50 yards of the advancing Dervishes who were firing and charging picked him up and carried him towards the 16th Egyptian Battalion He dropped the wounded officer two or three times and fired upon the Dervishes who were following to check their advance Had the officer been left where he first dropped he must have been killed 5 In May 1899 Hore Ruthven was also awarded the Order of Osmanieh Fourth Class by the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire for his services in the Sudan 6 On 17 May he received a regular commission as a second lieutenant in the Queen s Own Cameron Highlanders dropping back two ranks 7 In late November he was part of a Camel Corps during the operations leading to the defeat of the Khalifa mentioned in despatches 25 November 1899 8 Promoted to supernumerary lieutenant on 14 December 1900 vice a Lieutenant Murdoch killed in action he fought in the Somaliland campaign between 1903 and 1904 and was promoted to a regular lieutenancy on 16 April 1904 9 10 In 1905 Hore Ruthven became an aide de camp to Lord Dudley then Lord Lieutenant of Ireland Transferring to the 1st King s Dragoon Guards in 1908 he was promoted to supernumerary captain in that regiment on 11 April regaining his former rank after nine years 11 In 1908 Dudley was appointed Governor General of Australia and Hore Ruthven went with him as military secretary He left Australia in 1910 and returned to military service in India On 2 April 1915 Hore Ruthven transferred to the Welsh Guards and was promoted to major from the same date 12 He was appointed a GSO 1 on 18 January 1916 with the temporary rank of lieutenant colonel and was awarded the DSO on 1 January 1916 13 14 He was awarded a Bar to his DSO on 2 April 1919 the citation reads as follows He commanded his brigade with conspicuous gallantry and judgment throughout the operations east of Ypres from 28th September to 27th October 1918 inclusive His presence and personal bearing at critical times during the fighting was of decisive value especially during a strong enemy counter attack On 20th October at St Louis he went forward among the attacking troops at a critical juncture and inspired them to the final effort whereby the high ground of great tactical value was captured 15 He was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant colonel on 15 October 1917 and appointed to the general staff as a temporary brigadier general on 26 December 16 17 On 1 January 1918 he was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George CMG 18 19 He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath CB on 3 June 20 21 During the First World War he served in France and at Gallipoli where he was severely wounded citation needed and mentioned in despatches five times He finished the war as a brigadier general and commanded British forces in Germany between 1919 and 1920 On 14 December 1920 he was appointed the CO of his regiment with the temporary rank of colonel and was promoted to colonel on 5 July 1922 seniority from 15 October 1921 22 23 24 After this he held various Army staff positions and received command of a brigade on 1 October 1924 in the temporary rank of colonel commandant which had replaced the rank of brigadier general 25 He was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George KCMG 24 January 1928 and appointed Governor of South Australia being sworn in on 14 May 1928 Governor of South Australia editHore Ruthven arrived in Adelaide in May 1928 He took to his duties with enthusiasm and visited many areas of the State in a de Havilland DH 60 Moth owned by his ADC Captain Hugh Grosvenor 26 Together with Lady Hore Ruthven he was a keen supporter of the Boy Scout and Girl Guide movements She was also president of the South Australian Red Cross 27 In a 1930 Anzac Day speech Hore Ruthven criticised the union movement for exacerbating through strike action the hardship suffered by returned servicemen He was censured by the United Trades and Labour Council in response 27 He was on leave in London when the third Bodyline Test cricket match in Adelaide caused Anglo Australian political tension in 1933 and played a significant part in smoothing relations through his meetings with the British Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs J H Thomas During Hore Ruthven s second term as governor the Great Depression was causing severe hardship in South Australia The Lionel Hill government elected on a promise of bringing a golden future was heavily criticised when economic realities forced it to adopt austerity measures Hore Ruthven supported Premier Hill in the face of criticism from within the Labor Party His speeches frequently expressed the belief that a premier should rise above party Hill s firm resolve during the crisis was seen as largely the result of Hore Ruthven s influence His performance during the crisis was reportedly a critical factor in his subsequent selection as Governor of New South Wales 27 Governor of New South Wales editHis term as Governor of South Australia ended in April 1934 and he returned to England He was almost immediately appointed Governor of New South Wales and at the suggestion of Prime Minister Joseph Lyons was also raised to the peerage as Baron Gowrie of Canberra in the Commonwealth of Australia and of Dirleton in the County of East Lothian 28 He arrived in Sydney on 21 February 1935 However he had already been approached by George V regarding appointment as Governor General while in England after the 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow son of the inaugural governor general Lord Hopetoun declined the post He was raised to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George GCMG on 20 December 1935 27 Governor General of Australia editWith his military record and experience Gowrie was seen as an obvious choice to succeed Sir Isaac Isaacs when he retired as Governor General in 1936 In accordance with established practice Prime Minister Joseph Lyons was offered several alternatives but Lyons had no intention of recommending another Australian to the post At the time non Labor Prime Ministers always appointed British Governors General In accordance with Australian constitutional practice he was formally appointed by George V who died on 20 January 1936 three days before Gowrie was due to be sworn in as Governor General Thus he came to office during the reign of Edward VIII nbsp Gowrie signing the declaration of War against Japan with Prime Minister John Curtin looking on In office Gowrie was a popular if unobtrusive figure in Australia The days that Governors General exercised significant power or even participated in negotiations between the Australian and British governments had now passed but Gowrie set a precedent in 1938 when he toured the Netherlands East Indies at the invitation of the colonial administration That was the first time that a Governor General had represented Australia abroad In April 1939 Lyons died suddenly and Gowrie commissioned Sir Earle Page the leader of the Country Party as caretaker Prime Minister until Lyons United Australia Party could choose a new leader This was the only circumstance in which the Governor General still had some personal discretion Gowrie s political skills were tested again after the 1940 election The Coalition lost its majority leaving the UAP Prime Minister Robert Menzies dependent on the votes of independents Alexander Wilson and Arthur Coles to stay in power When the UAP forced Menzies out as leader it was so bereft of leadership that Country Party leader Arthur Fadden was named Prime Minister even though the UAP was the senior coalition partner However Wilson and Coles were so outraged at how Menzies had been treated that they joined Labor in voting against Fadden s budget and brought the government down Gowrie was reluctant to call an election for a Parliament just over a year old especially given the international situation However he saw no alternative unless Labor leader John Curtin had enough support to govern Gowrie s therefore summoned the two independents to Yarralumla and made them promise that if he commissioned Curtin as Prime Minister they would support him and end the instability in government The independents agreed and Gowrie duly appointed Curtin After some initial uneasiness perhaps inevitable with two such contrasting characters the vice regal aristocrat and the tough ALP boss got on well During the Second World War Gowrie saw it as his duty to support the government the British Empire and the troops He supported efforts to encourage the troops including opening service personnel recreation huts at St Andrew s Cathedral and the Showgrounds for the Church of England National Emergency Fund 29 30 In 1943 he undertook a four week tour of inspection of Allied Defence Forces in northern Australia and New Guinea Shortly before undertaking this tour Gowrie and his wife had learned that their son Patrick had been killed in Libya the previous year Gowrie officially opened the Australian War Memorial on 11 November 1941 Gowrie s term ended in September 1944 after which he returned to Britain where he was created Viscount Ruthven of Canberra of Dirleton in the County of East Lothian and Earl of Gowrie 31 and appointed Deputy Constable and Lieutenant Governor of Windsor Castle In 1948 he was elected president of the Marylebone Cricket Club He died in May 1955 at his home in Gloucestershire He was the only Governor General of Australia to be advised by five different Prime Ministers Lyons Page Menzies Fadden and Curtin although two Page and Fadden were short term appointments Marriage and children editGowrie married Zara Eileen Pollok who eventually became Zara Hore Ruthven Countess of Gowrie when the Gowrie earldom was created in 1945 on 1 June 1908 The couple had two sons one of whom died in infancy citation needed Major Hon Alexander Hardinge Patrick Hore Ruthven born 30 August 1913 died 24 December 1942 father of Grey Ruthven 2nd Earl of Gowrie Alistair Malise Hore Ruthven born 2 August 1917 died c 1918 Lady Gowrie became renowned for her work in promoting the welfare of children in Australia and the Lady Gowrie Child Centres were named in her honour 32 She died in 1965 at the age of 86 Lord Gowrie died in 1955 aged 82 and was succeeded in the earldom and other titles by his grandson Grey Honours editViceregal styles of The Earl of Gowrie nbsp Reference styleHis ExcellencySpoken styleYour Excellency nbsp Hore Ruthven s orders medals and decorations on display in the Ashcroft Gallery at the Imperial War Museum nbsp Victoria Cross VC 1899 nbsp Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George GCMG 1935Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George KCMG 1928Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George CMG 1918 nbsp Companion of the Order of the Bath CB 1919 nbsp Companion amp Bar of the Distinguished Service Order DSO amp Bar 1916 1919 nbsp Knight of Grace of the Venerable Order of St John of Jerusalem nbsp Queen s Sudan Medal nbsp Africa General Service Medal with two Clasps nbsp 1914 Star with Clasp nbsp British War Medal nbsp Victory Medal with MID Palm nbsp 1939 45 Star nbsp Pacific Star nbsp Defence Medal nbsp War Medal 1939 1945 nbsp Australia Service Medal 1939 45 nbsp 1911 Delhi Durbar Medal 1911 nbsp King George V Silver Jubilee Medal 1935 nbsp King George VI Coronation Medal 1937 nbsp Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal 1953 nbsp Order of Osmanieh 4th Class nbsp Belgian Croix de guerre nbsp French Croix de guerre 1914 1918 with Bronze star nbsp Khedive s Sudan Medal with three Clasps Khalifa nbsp Commander of the Order of the DannebrogSee also editCounty of Hore RuthvenReferences edit No 25985 The London Gazette 18 October 1889 p 5505 No 26398 The London Gazette 5 May 1893 p 2618 No 26795 The London Gazette 17 November 1896 p 6277 No 27031 The London Gazette 9 December 1898 p 7969 No 27057 The London Gazette 28 February 1899 p 1254 No 27079 The London Gazette 12 May 1899 p 3031 No 27080 The London Gazette 16 May 1899 p 3104 No 27159 The London Gazette 30 January 1900 pp 597 600 No 27266 The London Gazette 15 January 1901 p 313 No 27673 The London Gazette 3 May 1904 p 2842 No 28161 The London Gazette 24 July 1908 p 5424 No 29117 The London Gazette Supplement 30 March 1915 p 3226 No 29565 The London Gazette Supplement 2 May 1916 p 4428 No 29469 The London Gazette Supplement 8 February 1916 p 1575 No 31680 The London Gazette Supplement 9 December 1919 p 15281 No 30444 The London Gazette Supplement 21 December 1917 p 13452 No 30511 The London Gazette Supplement 5 February 1918 p 1714 It s an Honour Honours Search Australian Honours Itsanhonour gov au 8 March 1918 Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 Retrieved 23 July 2011 No 30563 The London Gazette Supplement 5 March 1918 p 2971 No 31266 The London Gazette Supplement 1 April 1919 p 4316 No 31370 The London Gazette Supplement 30 May 1919 p 6789 No 32211 The London Gazette Supplement 28 January 1921 p 847 No 32245 The London Gazette Supplement 1 March 1921 p 1771 No 32726 The London Gazette 4 July 1922 p 5034 No 32982 The London Gazette 14 October 1924 p 7433 Neil Follett 7 July 2011 Gertrude Mac McKenzie Forgotten aviation pioneer honoured Australian Flying Retrieved 25 April 2013 a b c d Chris Cunneen and Deirdre Morris Gowrie first Earl of 1872 1955 Australian Dictionary of Biography National Centre of Biography Australian National University Retrieved 25 April 2013 No 34273 The London Gazette 31 December 1935 p 8402 Sydney Morning Herald 2 11 43 p 3 Sydney Morning Herald 20 7 43 p 7 No 36891 The London Gazette 12 January 1945 pp 361 362 NSW Women PDF Archived from the original PDF on 15 May 2009 Retrieved 16 July 2019 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alexander Hore Ruthven 1st Earl of Gowrie Hansard 1803 2005 contributions in Parliament by Alexander Hore Ruthven 1st Earl of Gowrie A guide to Lord Gowrie s PapersGovernment officesPreceded bySir George Bridges Governor of South Australia1928 1934 Succeeded bySir Winston Joseph DuganPreceded bySir Philip Game Governor of New South Wales1935 1936 Succeeded bySir David AndersonPreceded bySir Isaac Isaacs Governor General of Australia1936 1945 Succeeded byThe Duke of GloucesterPeerage of the United KingdomNew title Earl of Gowrie1945 1955 Succeeded byGrey RuthvenBaron Gowrie1935 1955Military officesPreceded byCharles James Briggs Colonel of 1st King s Dragoon Guards1940 1945 Succeeded bySidney Howes Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Alexander Hore Ruthven 1st Earl of Gowrie amp oldid 1214373103, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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