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Boston Marathon bombing

December 20, 2023

"Boston attack" redirects here. For the incident in 1770, see Boston Massacre.
"Boston bomber" redirects here. For the Douglas Boston bomber aircraft, see Douglas A-20 Havoc.

The Boston Marathon bombing was a domestic terrorist attack that took place during the annual Boston Marathon on April 15, 2013. Brothers Dzhokhar and Tamerlan Tsarnaev planted two homemade pressure cooker bombs that detonated near the finish line of the race 14 seconds and 210 yards (190 m) apart. Three people were killed and hundreds injured, including 17 who lost limbs.[1][4][5]

Boston Marathon bombing
Part of domestic terrorism in the United States
Moments after the first explosion
Bomb locations / marathon route
LocationBoston, Massachusetts
DateApril 15, 2013; 10 years ago (2013-04-15)
2:49 p.m. (EDT)
Attack type
Bombings, domestic terrorism[1]
WeaponsTwo pressure cooker bombs
Deaths3
Injured281
Victims
Perpetrators
MotiveRevenge for American military action in Iraq and Afghanistan[2][3]

On April 18, 2013, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) released images of two suspects in the bombing.[6][7][8] The two suspects were later identified as the Tsarnaev brothers. Later on the evening of April 18, the Tsarnaev brothers killed an MIT policeman (Sean Collier) and proceeded to commit a carjacking. They engaged in a shootout with police in nearby Watertown during which two officers were severely injured (one of the injured officers, Dennis Simmonds, died a year later). Tamerlan was shot several times, and his brother Dzhokhar ran him over while escaping in the stolen car. Tamerlan died soon thereafter.

An unprecedented manhunt for Dzhokhar Tsarnaev ensued, with thousands of law enforcement officers searching a 20-block area of Watertown.[9] Residents of Watertown and surrounding communities were asked to stay indoors, and the transportation system and most businesses and public places closed.[10][11] After a Watertown resident discovered Dzhokhar hiding in a boat in his backyard,[12] Tsarnaev was shot and wounded by police before being taken into custody on the evening of April 19.[13][14]

During questioning, Dzhokhar said that he and his brother were motivated by the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, that they were self-radicalized and unconnected to any outside terrorist groups, and that he was following his brother's lead. He said they learned to build explosive devices from the online magazine of al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula.[15] He also said they had intended to travel to New York City to bomb Times Square. He was convicted of 30 charges, including use of a weapon of mass destruction and malicious destruction of property resulting in death.[16][17][18]

Two months later, he was sentenced to death,[19] but the sentence was vacated by the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.[20] A writ of certiorari was granted by the Supreme Court of the United States, which considered the questions of whether the lower court erred in vacating the death sentence. After hearing arguments as United States v. Tsarnaev, the Court upheld the death penalty, reversing the First Circuit Court's decision.[21][22]

Bombing edit

 
The blasts (red) occurred along the marathon course (dark blue), the first nearer the finish line than the second.
 
 
 
The view after the Tsarnaevs' attack

The 117th annual Boston Marathon was run on Patriots' Day, April 15, 2013. At 2:49 p.m. EDT (18:49 UTC), two bombs detonated about 210 yards (190 m) apart at the finish line on Boylston Street near Copley Square.[23][24][25][26] The first exploded outside Marathon Sports at 671–673 Boylston Street at 2:49:43 p.m.[23] At the time of the first explosion, the race clock at the finish line showed 04:09:43[27]—the elapsed time since the Wave 3 start at 10:40 a.m. The second bomb exploded at 2:49:57 p.m.,[24][28] 14 seconds later and one block farther west at 755 Boylston Street.[5] The explosions took place nearly three hours after the winning runner crossed the finish line,[28] but with more than 5,700 runners yet to finish.[29]

Windows on adjacent buildings were blown out, but there was no structural damage.[28][30] Runners continued to cross the line until 2:57 p.m.[31]

Casualties and initial response edit

Rescue workers and medical personnel, on hand as usual for the marathon, gave aid as additional police, fire, and medical units were dispatched,[32][33] including from surrounding cities as well as private ambulances from all over the state. The explosions killed three civilians and injured 264 others.[4]

Police, following emergency plans, diverted all remaining runners to Boston Common and Kenmore Square. The nearby Lenox Hotel and other buildings surrounding the scene were evacuated.[26] Immediately after the bombing occurred and medically injured people were transported, the police closed a 15-block area around the blast site; this was reduced to a 12-block crime scene the next day.[26][30][34] Boston police commissioner Edward F. Davis recommended that people stay off the streets.[30]

Dropped bags and packages, abandoned as their owners fled from the blasts, increased uncertainty as to the possible presence of more bombs[23][35] and many false reports were received.[6][26][36] Simultaneously an electrical fire at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library in nearby Dorchester was initially feared to be a bomb.

 
Emergency services at work after the bombing

The airspace over Boston was restricted, and departures halted from Boston's Logan International Airport.[37] Some local transit service was halted as well.[28]

The Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency suggested people trying to contact those in the vicinity use text messaging instead of voice calls because of crowded cell phone lines.[28] Cell phone service in Boston was congested but remained in operation, despite some media reports stating that cell service was shut down to prevent cell phones from being used as detonators.[38]

The American Red Cross helped concerned friends and family receive information about runners and casualties.[39][40] The Boston Police Department also set up a call helpline for people concerned about relatives or acquaintances to contact and a line for people to provide information.[41] Google Person Finder activated their disaster service under Boston Marathon Explosions to log known information about missing people as a publicly viewable file.[42]

Due to the closure of several hotels near the blast zone, a number of visitors were left with nowhere to stay; many Boston-area residents opened their homes to them.[43]

Initial investigation edit

 
This pressure cooker fragment was part of one of the explosive devices.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation led the investigation, assisted by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, the Central Intelligence Agency, the National Counterterrorism Center, and the Drug Enforcement Administration.[44] It was initially believed by some that North Korea was behind the attack.[45][46]

United States government officials stated that there had been no intelligence reports suggesting such an attack. Representative Peter King, a member of the House Intelligence Committee, said: "I received two top secret briefings last week on the current threat levels in the United States, and there was no evidence of this at all."[47]

 
Emptied fireworks from Dzhokhar Tsarnaev's backpack, found in a landfill near the UMass Dartmouth campus

Evidence found near the blast sites included bits of metal, nails, ball bearings,[48] black nylon pieces from a backpack,[49] remains of an electronic circuit board, and wiring.[48][50] A pressure cooker lid was found on a nearby rooftop.[51] Both of the improvised explosive devices were pressure cooker bombs manufactured by the bombers.[52][53][54] Authorities confirmed that the brothers used bomb-making instructions found in Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula's Inspire magazine.[55][56] After the suspects were identified, The Boston Globe reported that Tamerlan purchased fireworks from a fireworks store in New Hampshire.[57]

April 18–19 shootings and manhunt edit

Tsarnaev brothers shootings and manhunt
 
Security camera images of Tamerlan Tsarnaev (front) and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev just prior to the bombings[58]
LocationShooting: Corner of Vassar Street and Main Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts[59]
Firefight and manhunt: Watertown, Massachusetts
DateShooting: April 18, 2013, 10:25 p.m.
Firefight and manhunt: April 19, 2013, 12:30 a.m. – 8:42 p.m.
Attack type
Shooting, vehicle ramming, lone wolf terrorism[60]
Weapons
Deaths3 (including Tamerlan Tsarnaev and a victim who died in 2014[61])
Injured16 (via gunfire)
Perpetrators
  • Dzhokhar Tsarnaev (sentenced to death)
  • Tamerlan Tsarnaev (deceased)

Release of suspect photos edit

Jeff Bauman was immediately adjacent to one of the bombs and lost both legs; he wrote while in the hospital: "Bag, saw the guy, looked right at me".[62] He later gave a detailed description of the suspects, which enabled images of them to be identified and circulated quickly.[62][63][64]

At 5:00 p.m. on April 18, three days after the bombing, the FBI released images of two suspects carrying backpacks, asking the public's help in identifying them.[65][66] The FBI said that they were doing this in part to limit harm to people wrongly identified by news reports and on social media.[67] As seen on video, the suspects stayed to observe the chaos after the explosions, then walked away casually. The public sent authorities a deluge of photographs and videos.[66] The FBI-released images depicted Dzhokhar and Tamerlan Tsarnaev.[68]

MIT shooting and carjacking edit

 
Scenes and approximate times of events of April 18–19

Hours after the FBI released photos of the two suspects in the bombing, Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev visited their family's apartment in Cambridge. There, they obtained five improvised explosive devices (IEDs), ammunition, a semiautomatic handgun, and a machete. The two brothers then drove to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[14]

On April 18, 2013 at 10:25 p.m., the Tsarnaev brothers ambushed and shot Sean A. Collier of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Police Department six times.[69][14] The two brothers were attempting to steal Collier's Smith & Wesson M&P45 sidearm, which they could not free from his holster because of its security retention system.[70] Collier, aged 27, was seated in his police car near Building 32 on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology campus.[13][71] He died shortly after the shooting.[13][72]

The brothers then carjacked a Mercedes-Benz M-Class SUV in the Allston-Brighton neighborhood of Boston. Tamerlan took the owner, Chinese national Dun "Danny" Meng[73] (Chinese: 孟盾),[74] hostage and told him that he was responsible for the Boston bombing and for shooting Collier.[13] Dzhokhar followed them in their green Honda Civic, later joining them in the Mercedes-Benz. Interrogation later revealed that the brothers "decided spontaneously" that they wanted to go to New York and bomb Times Square.[75]

The Tsarnaev brothers forced Meng to use his ATM cards to obtain $800 in cash (equivalent to $1,005 in 2022).[76][77] They transferred objects to the Mercedes-Benz and one brother followed it in their Civic,[78] for which an all-points bulletin was issued. The Tsarnaev brothers then drove to a Shell gas station on Memorial Drive in Cambridge to fill up for the long ride to Times Square to set off more explosives. But while Dzhokhar went inside to pay for junk food, Meng, fearing that the suspects would harm him during the long drive, escaped from the Mercedes and ran across the street to the Mobil gas station, asking the clerk to call 911.[79][80] His cell phone remained in the vehicle, allowing the police to focus their search on Watertown.[81]

Watertown shootout edit

Shortly after midnight on April 19, Watertown police officer Joseph Reynolds identified the brothers in the Honda and the stolen Mercedes after overhearing radio traffic that the vehicle was "pinged" by Cambridge officers on Dexter Avenue in Watertown. Reynolds followed the vehicle while waiting for additional units to perform a high-risk traffic stop when the suspect vehicles both turned onto Laurel Street and stopped at the intersection of Laurel and Dexter.[citation needed]

Tamerlan Tsarnaev stepped out of the Mercedes and immediately opened fire on Officer Reynolds and Sergeant John MacLellan, who both returned fire and requested emergency assistance over their radios. A gun battle ensued between Tsarnaev, the aforementioned officers, and additional officers responding to the "shots fired" radio transmissions from Reynolds and MacLellan in the 100 block of Laurel St.[13][82][83] An estimated 200 to 300 shots were fired. The suspects shot 56 times, detonated at least one pressure cooker bomb, and threw five "crude grenades", three of which exploded.[83][84]

The agencies involved in the nearly seven-minute shootout included the Watertown Police Department, Cambridge Police Department, Boston Police Department, Massachusetts State Police (MSP), Boston University Police Department, and MBTA Transit Police Department. Most of the officers involved were equipped by their respective agencies with either the Glock 22 or Glock 23 .40 S&W-caliber pistols. MSP troopers were armed with Smith & Wesson M&P45 pistols chambered in .45 ACP; this led investigators to match the 9mm casings and projectiles found at the scene to the suspects' 9mm Ruger P95 pistol.

According to Watertown Police Chief Edward Deveau, the brothers had an "arsenal of guns".[85] Tamerlan eventually ran out of ammunition and threw his empty Ruger pistol at Watertown PD Sergeant Jeffrey Pugliese, who subsequently tackled him with assistance from Sergeant MacLellan.[86][87]

Tamerlan's younger brother Dzhokhar then drove the stolen SUV toward Tamerlan and the police, who unsuccessfully tried to drag Tamerlan out of the car's path and handcuff him;[86][87] the car ran over Tamerlan and dragged him a short distance down the street, narrowly missing the Watertown officers. Watertown Sgt. MacLellan later stated that the younger brother had thought they were doing CPR on another officer and tried to run them over.[13][86][88][89] Dzhokhar abandoned the car half a mile away and fled on foot.[13][81][90][91] Badly wounded, Tamerlan Tsarnaev was taken into custody and died at 1:35 a.m. at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.[92]

Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Police Officer Richard H. Donohue Jr.[93] was critically wounded in the leg[94] in crossfire from other officers shooting at the fleeing vehicle, but survived. Reports revealed that his gunshot wound severed his femoral artery, and he nearly died. Fast-acting efforts by his fellow officers and medical personnel saved his life.[95] Boston Police Department officer Dennis Simmonds was injured by a hand grenade and died on April 10, 2014.[61] Fifteen other officers were also injured.[82] A later report by Harvard Kennedy School's Program on Crisis Leadership concluded that lack of coordination among police agencies had put the public at excessive risk during the shootout.[96]

Only one firearm, Tsarnaev's Ruger P95, was recovered at the scene. That firearm was found to have a defaced serial number.[97][98]

Further investigation and post-shootout search for Dzhokhar Tsarnaev edit

Further information: Dzhokhar Tsarnaev and Tamerlan Tsarnaev

Records on the Honda left at the Watertown shootout scene identified the bombers[99] Tamerlan and Dzhokhar "Jahar" Tsarnaev.[100][101] The FBI released additional photos of the two during the Watertown incident.[102] Early on April 19, investigators released the name and photo of Dzhokhar Tsarnaev to the public.[14] In addition, Watertown residents received automated calls asking them to stay indoors.[103] That same morning Governor Patrick asked residents of Watertown and adjacent cities and towns[104][105][106] to "shelter in place".[107] Somerville residents also received automated calls instructing them to shelter in place.[108]

A 20-block area of Watertown was cordoned off and residents were told not to leave their homes or answer the door, as officers scoured the area in tactical gear. Helicopters circled the area and SWAT teams in armored vehicles moved through in formation, with officers going door to door and searching houses.[109] These actions generated discussions about the legality of searching large numbers of houses without a search warrant, with The Atlantic stating that this kind of search is legal due to exigent circumstances.[110] Agencies on the scene were the FBI; the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives; Diplomatic Security Service; HSI-ICE; the National Guard; the Boston, Cambridge, and Watertown Police departments; and the Massachusetts State Police. The show of force was the first major field test of the interagency task forces created in the wake of the September 11 attacks.[111]

The entire public transit network and most Boston taxi services[a] were suspended, as was Amtrak service to and from Boston.[71][113] Logan International Airport remained open under heightened security.[113] Universities, schools, many businesses, and other facilities were closed as thousands of law enforcement personnel participated in the door-to-door manhunt in Watertown. Others followed up on other leads, including searching the house that the brothers shared in Cambridge, where seven improvised explosive devices were found.[114]

The brothers' father spoke from his home in Makhachkala, Dagestan, encouraging Dzhokhar to: "Give up. You have a bright future ahead of you. Come home to Russia." He continued, "If they killed him, then all hell would break loose."[115] On television, Dzhokhar's uncle from Montgomery Village, Maryland, pleaded with him to turn himself in.[116]

Also on April 19, the FBI, West New York Police Department, and Hudson County Sheriff's Department seized computer equipment from the apartment of the Tsarnaevs' sister in West New York, New Jersey.[117]

 
Dzhokhar Tsarnaev at the time of his capture
 
Post-capture celebrations in Boston's student-heavy Mission Hill neighborhood

On the evening of April 19, after the shelter-in-place order had been lifted, David Henneberry, a Watertown resident outside the search area, noticed that the tarpaulin was loose on his parked boat.[118][119] Investigating, he saw a body lying inside the boat in a pool of blood.[120] He contacted the authorities at 6:42 p.m., and they surrounded the boat. A police helicopter verified movement through a thermal imaging device.[82][121] The figure inside started poking at the tarpaulin, prompting police to shoot at the boat.[122]

According to Boston Police Commissioner Ed Davis and Watertown Police Chief Deveau, Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was shooting at police from inside the boat, "exchanging fire for an hour".[123] A subsequent report indicated that the firing lasted for a shorter time.[124] Despite this, Tsarnaev was found to have no weapon when he was captured.[125]

Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was arrested at 8:42 p.m.[126][127] and taken to Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, where he was listed in critical condition[128] with gunshot wounds to the head, neck, legs, and hand.[129] Initial reports that the neck wound represented a suicide attempt were contradicted by Tsarnaev's being found unarmed.[130] The situation was chaotic, according to a police source quoted by The Washington Post, and the firing of weapons occurred during "the fog of war".[124] A subsequent review by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts provided this more specific summary: "One officer fired his weapon without appropriate authority in response to perceived movement in the boat, and surrounding officers followed suit in a round of 'contagious fire', assuming they were being fired on by Tsarnaev. Weapons continued to be fired for several seconds until on scene supervisors ordered a ceasefire and regained control of the scene. The unauthorized shots created another dangerous crossfire situation".[131] The confusion was caused in part by a lack of clearly identified and coordinated law enforcement command of the thousands of officers from surrounding communities who self-deployed into the Watertown area during the events.[132]

After Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was taken into custody, the FBI revealed that it had investigated Tamerlan Tsarnaev in 2011 after a foreign nation had expressed concern about his potential radicalization. That investigation had included an interview of Tamerlan Tsarnaev. At that time, the FBI found no evidence of terrorist involvement by Tamerlan Tsarnaev.[133]

On April 24, investigators reported that they had reconstructed the bombs, and believed that they had been triggered by remote controls used for toy cars.[134]

Legal proceedings edit

Interrogation edit

United States Senators Kelly Ayotte, Saxby Chambliss, Lindsey Graham, and John McCain, and Representative Peter T. King suggested that Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, a U.S. citizen, should be tried as an unlawful enemy combatant rather than as a criminal, potentially preventing him from obtaining legal counsel.[135][136] Others said that doing so would be illegal, including prominent American legal scholar and lawyer Alan Dershowitz, and would jeopardize the prosecution.[137][138] The government decided to try Dzhokhar in the federal criminal court system and not as an enemy combatant.[139]

Dzhokhar was questioned for 16 hours by investigators but stopped communicating with them on the night of April 22 after Judge Marianne Bowler read him a Miranda warning.[75][140] Dzhokhar had not previously been given a Miranda warning, as federal law enforcement officials invoked the warning's public safety exception.[141] This raised doubts whether his statements during this investigation would be admissible as evidence and led to a debate surrounding Miranda rights.[142][143][144]

Charges and detention edit

 
Dzhokhar Tsarnaev in a court holding cell on July 10, 2013

On April 22, 2013, formal criminal charges were brought against Tsarnaev in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts during a bedside hearing while he was hospitalized. He was charged with use of a weapon of mass destruction and with malicious destruction of property resulting in death.[16] Some of the charges carried potential sentences of life imprisonment or the death penalty.[145] Tsarnaev was judged to be awake, mentally competent, and lucid, and he responded to most questions by nodding. The judge asked him whether he was able to afford an attorney and he said no; he was represented by the Federal Public Defender's office.[146] On April 26, Dzhohkar Tsarnaev was moved from Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center to the Federal Medical Center at Fort Devens, about 40 miles (64 km) from Boston. FMC Devens is a federal prison medical facility at a former Army base[147] where he was held in solitary confinement at a segregated housing unit[148] with 23-hour-per-day lockdown.[149]

On July 10, 2013, Tsarnaev pleaded not guilty to 30 charges in his first public court appearance, including a murder charge for MIT police officer Sean Collier.[150] He was back in court for a status hearing on September 23,[151] and his lawyers requested more time to prepare their defense.[152] On October 2, Tsarnaev's attorneys asked the court to lift the special administrative measures (SAMs) imposed by Attorney General Holder in August, saying that the measures had left Tsarnaev unduly isolated from communication with his family and lawyers, and that no evidence suggested that he posed a future threat.[153]

Trial and sentencing edit

Main article: Trial of Dzhokhar Tsarnaev

Jury selection began on January 5, 2015, and was completed on March 3, with a jury consisting of eight men and ten women (including six alternates).[154] The trial began on March 4 with Assistant U.S. Attorney William Weinreb describing the bombing and painting Dzhokhar as "a soldier in a holy war against Americans" whose motive was "reaching paradise". He called the brothers equal participants.[155]

Defense attorney Judy Clarke admitted that Dzhokhar Tsarnaev had placed the second bomb and was present at the murder of Sean Collier, the carjacking of Dun Meng, and the Watertown shootout, but she emphasized the influence that his older brother had on him, portraying him as a follower.[156] Between March 4 and 30, prosecutors called more than 90 witnesses, including bombing survivors who described losing limbs in the attack, and the government rested its case on March 30.[157] The defense rested as well on March 31, after calling four witnesses.[158]

Tsarnaev was found guilty on all 30 counts on April 8.[159] The sentencing phase of the trial began on April 21,[160] and a further verdict was reached on May 15 in which it was recommended that he be put to death.[161] Tsarnaev was sentenced to death on June 24, after apologizing to the victims.[162] In 2018 Tsarnaev's lawyers appealed on the grounds that a lower-court judge's refusal to move the case to another city not traumatized by the bombings deprived him of a fair trial.[163]

On July 30, 2020, Tsarnaev's death sentence was reversed by the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, which found that, during jury selection, the District Court did not properly screen prospective jurors on how much they had heard of the case. The First Circuit vacated the death sentence and three of the other thirty convictions against Tsarnaev, and ordered a new penalty phase jury trial with fresh jurors, leaving the decision of a new change of venue to the District Court. Tsarnaev's remaining convictions still carried multiple life sentences, ensuring that he would remain in prison regardless of the results of the new trial.[20] The United States government appealed this ruling to the U.S. Supreme Court, which granted certiorari in the case United States v. Tsarnaev in March 2021, which was argued before the Court on October 13, 2021.[22] On March 4, 2022, the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the First Circuit and reinstated Tsarnaev's death penalty.[164]

Motives and backgrounds of the Tsarnaev brothers edit

Motives edit

According to FBI interrogators, Dzhokhar and his brother were motivated by extremist beliefs but "were not connected to any known terrorist groups", instead learning to build explosive weapons from an online magazine published by al-Qaeda affiliates in Yemen.[15] They further alleged that "Dzhokhar and his brother considered suicide attacks and striking the Boston Pops Fireworks Spectacular on the Fourth of July";[165] but ultimately decided to use remotely-activated pressure cooker bombs and other IEDs. Fox News reported that the brothers "chose the prestigious race as a 'target of opportunity' ... [after] the building of the bombs came together more quickly than expected".[166][167]

Dzhokhar said that he and his brother wanted to defend Islam from the U.S., accusing the U.S. of conducting the Iraq War and War in Afghanistan against Muslims.[139][168][169] A CBS report revealed that Dzhokhar had scrawled a note with a marker on the interior wall of the boat where he was hiding; the note stated that the bombings were "retribution for U.S. military action in Afghanistan and Iraq", and called the Boston victims "collateral damage", "in the same way innocent victims have been collateral damage in U.S. wars around the world".[3] Photographs of the note were later used in the trial.[170][171]

Some political science and public policy writers theorize that the primary motives might have been sympathy towards the political aspirations in the Caucasus region and Tamerlan's inability to become fully integrated into American society.[172] According to the Los Angeles Times, a law enforcement official said that Dzhokhar "did not seem as bothered about America's role in the Muslim world" as his brother Tamerlan had been.[56] Dzhokhar identified Tamerlan as the "driving force" behind the bombing, and said that his brother had only recently recruited him to help.[139][173]

Some journalists and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev's defense attorney have suggested that the FBI may have recruited or attempted to recruit Tamerlan Tsarnaev as an informant.[174][175][176][177]

Backgrounds edit

 
An apartment was searched in West New York, New Jersey, that belonged to a sister of the Tsarnaevs.
See also: Tamerlan Tsarnaev § Personal background, and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev § Personal background

Tamerlan Tsarnaev was born in 1986 in the Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, North Caucasus.[178] Dzhokhar was born in 1993 in Kyrgyzstan, although some reports say that his family claims that he was born in Dagestan.[179] The family spent time in Tokmok, Kyrgyzstan, and in Makhachkala, Dagestan.[77][180] They are half Chechen through their father Anzor, and half Avar[181] through their mother Zubeidat. They never lived in Chechnya, yet the brothers identified themselves as Chechen.[179][182][183][184]

The Tsarnaev family immigrated to the United States in 2002[13][182][185][186] where they applied for political asylum, settling in Cambridge, Massachusetts.[101] Tamerlan Tsarnaev attended Bunker Hill Community College but dropped out to become a boxer. His goal was to gain a place on the U.S. Olympic boxing team, saying that, "unless his native Chechnya becomes independent", he would "rather compete for the United States than for Russia".[187][188] He married U.S. citizen Katherine Russell on July 15, 2010, in the Masjid Al Quran Mosque. While initially quoted in a student magazine as saying, "I don't have a single American friend. I don't understand them," a later FBI interview report documents Tamerlan stating it was a misquote, and that most of his friends were American.[189][190] He had a history of violence, including an arrest in July 2009 for assaulting his girlfriend.[191]

The brothers were Muslim; Tamerlan's aunt stated that he had recently become a devout Muslim.[183][184] Tamerlan became more devout and religious after 2009,[192][193] and a YouTube channel in his name was linked to Salafist[192] and Islamist[194][195] videos. The FBI was informed by the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) in 2011 that he was a "follower of radical Islam".[194] In response, the FBI interviewed Tamerlan and his family and searched databases, but they did not find any evidence of "terrorism activity, domestic or foreign".[196][197][198][199][200][201] During the 2012 trip to Dagestan, Tamerlan was reportedly a frequent visitor at a mosque on Kotrova Street in Makhachkala,[202][203][204] believed by the FSB to be linked with radical Islam.[203] Some believe that "they were motivated by their faith, apparently an anti-American, radical version of Islam" acquired in the U.S.,[205] while others believe that the turn happened in Dagestan.[206]

At the time of the bombing, Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was a student at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth with a major in marine biology.[207] He became a naturalized U.S. citizen on September 11, 2012.[208] Tamerlan's boxing coach reported to NBC that the young brother was greatly affected by Tamerlan and admired him.[209][210]

Tamerlan was previously connected to the triple homicide in Waltham, Massachusetts, on the evening of September 11, 2011, but he was not a suspect at the time.[211][212] Brendan Mess, Erik Weissman, and Raphael Teken were murdered in Mess's apartment. All had their throats slit from ear to ear with such great force that they were nearly decapitated. The local district attorney said that it appeared that the killer and the victims knew each other, and that the murders were not random.[213] Tamerlan Tsarnaev had previously described murder victim Brendan Mess as his "best friend".[214] After the bombing and subsequent revelations of Tsarnaev's personal life, the Waltham murders case was reexamined in April 2013 with Tsarnaev as a new suspect.[211] Both ABC and The New York Times have reported that there is strong evidence which implicates Tsarnaev in this triple homicide.[214][215]

Some analysts claim that the Tsarnaevs' mother Zubeidat Tsarnaeva is a radical extremist and supporter of jihad who influenced her sons' behavior.[216][217] This prompted the Russian government to warn the U.S. government on two occasions about the family's behavior. Both Tamerlan and his mother were placed on a terrorism watch list about 18 months before the bombing took place.[218]

Other arrests, detentions, and prosecutions edit

People detained and released edit

On April 15, several people who were near the scene of the blast were taken into custody and questioned about the bombing, including a Saudi man whom police stopped as he was walking away from the explosion; they detained him when some of his responses made them uncomfortable.[219][220][221][222] Law enforcement searched his residence in a Boston suburb, and the man was found to have no connection to the attack. An unnamed U.S. official said, "he was just at the wrong place at the wrong time".[223][224][225]

On the night of April 18, two men who were riding in a taxi in the vicinity of the shootout were arrested and released shortly thereafter when police determined that they were not involved in the Marathon attacks.[226] Another man was arrested several blocks from the site of the shootout and was forced to strip naked by police who feared that he might have concealed explosives. He was released that evening after a brief investigation determined that he was an innocent bystander.[227][228]

Ibragim Todashev edit

Main article: Ibragim Todashev

On May 22, the FBI interrogated Ibragim Todashev in Orlando, Florida, who was a Chechen from Boston. During the interrogation, he was shot and killed by an FBI agent who claimed that Todashev attacked him.[229] The New York Times quoted an unnamed law enforcement official as saying that Todashev had confessed to a triple homicide, and had implicated Tsarnaev as well.[230] Todashev's father claimed his son was innocent and that federal investigators were biased against Chechens and made up their case against him.[231]

Dzhokhar Tsarnaev's roommates edit

Personal backgrounds edit

Robel Phillipos (19) was a U.S. citizen of Ethiopian descent living in Cambridge who was arrested and faced with charges of knowingly making false statements to police.[232][233] He graduated from high school in 2011 with Dzhokhar Tsarnaev.[234] Dias Kadyrbayev (19) and Azamat Tazhayakov (20) were natives of Kazakhstan living in the U.S.[235][236] They were Dzhokhar Tsarnaev's roommates in an off-campus housing complex in New Bedford, Massachusetts, where Tsarnaev had sometimes stayed.[232]

Phillipos, Kadyrbayev, Tazhayakov, and Tsarnaev entered the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth in the fall of 2011 and knew each other well. After seeing photos of Tsarnaev on television, they traveled to his dorm room where Kadyrbayev and Tazhayakov retrieved a backpack and laptop belonging to Tsarnaev, while Phillipos acted as lookout. The backpack was discarded, but police recovered it and its contents in a nearby New Bedford landfill on April 26. During interviews, the men initially denied visiting the dorm room but later admitted their actions.[232][237]

Arrests and legal proceedings edit

Kadyrbayev and Tazhayakov were arrested by police at the off-campus housing complex during the night of April 18–19. An unidentified girlfriend of one of the men was also arrested,[235][236] but all three were soon released.[232]

Kadyrbayev and Tazhayakov were re-arrested in New Bedford on April 20 and held on immigration-related violations. They appeared before a federal immigration judge on May 1 and were charged with overstaying their student visas.[238][239][240] That same day, they were charged criminally with:

willfully conspir(ing) with each other to commit an offense against the United States... by knowingly destroying, concealing, and covering up objects belonging to Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, namely, a backpack containing fireworks and a laptop computer, with the intent to impede, obstruct, and influence the criminal investigation of the Marathon bombing.[241][242]

Kadyrbayev and Tazhayakov were indicted by a federal grand jury on August 8, 2013, on charges of conspiracy to obstruct justice for helping Dzhokhar Tsarnaev dispose of a laptop computer, fireworks, and a backpack after the bombing. Each faced up to 25 years in prison and deportation if convicted.[243] Tazhayakov was convicted of obstruction of justice and conspiracy on July 21, 2014.[244]

Kadyrbayev pleaded guilty to obstruction charges on August 22, 2014,[245] but sentencing was delayed pending the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Yates v. United States.[246] Kadyrbayev was sentenced to six years in prison in June 2015.[247] He was deported to Kazakhstan in October 2018.[248]

Tazhayakov pleaded not guilty and went to trial, arguing that "Kadyrbayev was the mastermind behind destroying the evidence and that Tazhayakov only 'attempted obstruction'." Jurors returned a guilty verdict, however, and he was sentenced to 42 months (3+1⁄2 years) in prison in June 2015. U.S. District Judge Douglas Woodlock gave a lighter sentence to Tazhayakov than to Kadyrbayev, who was viewed as more culpable.[247] Tazhayakov was released in May 2016 and subsequently deported.[249]

Phillipos was arrested and faced charges of knowingly making false statements to police.[232][233] He was released on $100,000 bail ($125,629 in 2022 dollars) and placed under house confinement with an ankle monitor.[234] He was convicted on October 28, 2014, on two charges of lying about being in Tsarnaev's dorm room. He later acknowledged that he was in the room while two friends removed a backpack containing potential evidence relating to the bombing.[250]

Phillipos faced a maximum sentence of eight years' imprisonment on each count.[251] In June 2015, U.S. District Judge Douglas P. Woodlock sentenced him to three years in prison.[252] Phillipos filed an appeal, but his sentence was upheld in court on February 28, 2017.[253]

Phillipos was released from prison in Philadelphia on February 26, 2018, and began serving a three-year probationary period.[254]

Khairullozhon Matanov edit

See also: Carmen Ortiz § Boston Marathon bombings

A federal indictment was unsealed against Khairullozhon Matanov on May 30, 2014, charging him with "one count of destroying, altering, and falsifying records, documents, and tangible objects in a federal investigation, specifically information on his computer, and three counts of making materially false, fictitious, and fraudulent statements in a federal terrorism investigation". Matanov bought dinner for the two Tsarnaev brothers 40 minutes after the bombing. After the Tsarnaev brothers' photos were released to the public, Matanov viewed the photos on the CNN and FBI websites before attempting to reach Dzhokhar, and then tried to give away his cell phone and delete hundreds of documents from his computer. Prosecutors said that Matanov attempted to mislead investigators about the nature of his relationship with the brothers and to conceal that he shared their philosophy of violence.[255][256]

Matanov was originally from Kyrgyzstan. He came to the U.S. in 2010 on a student visa, and later claimed asylum. He attended Quincy College for two years before dropping out to become a taxicab driver. He was living in Quincy, Massachusetts, at the time of his arrest, and was a friend of Tamerlan Tsarnaev.[256]

In March 2015, Matanov pleaded guilty to all four counts.[256][257] In June 2015, he was sentenced to 30 months in prison.[256]

Victims edit

Deaths edit

Three people were killed as a direct result of the bombings. Krystle Marie Campbell, a 29-year-old restaurant manager from Medford, Massachusetts, was killed by the first bomb.[258] Lü Lingzi (Chinese: 吕令子),[259][260] a 23-year-old Chinese national and Boston University graduate student from Shenyang, Liaoning,[261][262][263][264] and 8-year-old Martin William Richard from the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, were both killed by the second bomb.[265][266]

Sean Allen Collier, 27 years old, was shot and killed by the bombers as he sat in his patrol car on April 18, at about 10:48 p.m. He was an MIT police officer, and had been with the Somerville Auxiliary Police Department from 2006 to 2009.[267][268] He died from multiple gunshot wounds.[269]

Boston Police Department officer Dennis Simmonds died on April 10, 2014, from head injuries he received during the Watertown shootout a year before.[61]

Injuries edit

About 281 civilians were treated at 27 local hospitals.[4][270] Eleven days later, 29 remained hospitalized, one in critical condition.[271] Many victims had lower leg injuries and shrapnel wounds,[272] which indicated that the devices were low to the ground.[273] At least 16 civilians lost limbs, at the scene or by surgical amputation, and three lost more than one limb.[274][275][276][277]

Doctors described removing "ball-bearing type" metallic beads a little larger than BBs and small carpenter-type nails about 0.5 to 1 inch (1 to 3 cm) long.[278] Similar objects were found at the scene.[48] The New York Times cited doctors as saying that the bombs mainly injured legs, ankles, and feet because they were low to the ground, instead of fatally injuring abdomens, chests, shoulders, and heads.[279] Some victims had perforated eardrums.[273]

MBTA police officer Richard H. Donohue Jr. (33) was critically wounded during a firefight with the bombers just after midnight on April 19.[93] He lost almost all of his blood, and his heart stopped for 45 minutes, during which time he was kept alive by cardiopulmonary resuscitation.[citation needed] The Boston Globe reported that Donohue may have been accidentally shot by a fellow officer.[94]

Marc Fucarile lost his right leg and received severe burns and shrapnel wounds. He was the last victim released from hospital care on July 24, 2013.[280]

Reactions edit

Law enforcement, local and national politicians, and various heads of state reacted quickly to the bombing, generally condemning the act and expressing sympathies for the victims.[49][281] Spontaneous, improvised temporary memorials appeared at the sites of the deaths in Boston and Cambridge. Over the next few years, permanent memorials were constructed and dedicated at these locations.

Aid to victims edit

 
The Prudential Tower lit up with a large "1" for the One Fund Boston a week after the bombing

The One Fund Boston was established by Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick and Boston mayor Thomas Menino to make monetary distributions to bombing victims.[282][283] The Boston Strong concert at the TD Garden in Boston on May 30, 2013, benefitted the One Fund, which ultimately received more than $69.8 million in donations.[284] A week after the bombing, crowdfunding websites[285] received more than 23,000 pledges promising more than $2 million for the victims, their families, and others affected by the bombing.[286] The Israel Trauma Coalition for Response and Preparedness sent six psychologists and specialists from Israel to help Boston emergency responders, government administrators, and community people develop post-terrorist attack recovery strategies.[287]

Local reactions edit

 
The Boston Red Sox wore this patch on their uniforms in memory of the victims. The team would go on to win the 2013 World Series.
 
Victims of the bombing are remembered at Copley Square in Boston.
 
A monument memorializing the victims of the bombing was installed on Boylston Street, at the location of the explosions, in 2019[288]

Numerous sporting events, concerts, and other public entertainment were postponed or canceled in the days following the bombing.[289][290][291][292] The MBTA public transit system was under heavy National Guard and police presence and it was shut down a second time April 19 during the manhunt.[71][113][293]

In the days after the bombing, makeshift memorials began to spring up along the cordoned-off area surrounding Boylston Street. The largest was located on Arlington Street, the easternmost edge of the barricades, starting with flowers, tokens, and T-shirts.[294][295][296][297][298] In June, the Makeshift Memorial located in Copley Square was taken down and the memorial objects located there were moved to the archives in West Roxbury for cleaning, fumigation, and archiving.[299]

Five years after the bombing, The Boston Globe reported all of the items from the memorials were being housed in a climate controlled environment, free of charge, by the storage company, Iron Mountain in Northborough, Massachusetts. Some of the items are also being stored in Boston's city archives in West Roxbury.[300]

Boston University established a scholarship in honor of Lü Lingzi, a student who died in the bombing.[301] University of Massachusetts Boston did the same in honor of alumna and bombing victim Krystle Campbell.[302]

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology established a scholarship, and erected a large abstract environmental sculpture outdoors called the Sean Collier Memorial, both in memory of slain MIT Police officer Sean Collier. The open-arched monolithic stone enclosure was proposed, designed, funded, fabricated, and installed on campus in less than two years after the bombing, and formally unveiled on April 29, 2015.[303][304]

One study conducted by the Institute for Public Service at Suffolk University in Boston, Massachusetts, recorded the mental health and emotional response of various survivors, for three years following the bombing. In doing so, it reviewed the kinds of aid that were available in local hospitals and offered advice on how a person or community may be healed.[305] This study also mentions that after recognizing the downgraded media coverage of people in the city being killed or injured on a daily basis, the city of Boston "applied for and received a grant from The Rockefeller Foundation to be part of their 100 resilient cities network and to develop a cross cutting resilience strategy".[306]

However, there was rising anti-Muslim sentiment online and locally in the weeks following the bombing, causing distress in the local Muslim community and making some afraid to leave their homes.[307]

Three stone pillars lit by abstract sculptural bronze lighting columns memorializing three victims were installed at the two separate bombing sites on August 19, 2019.[288] Two bronze sidewalk bricks were installed to memorialize police officers killed in the aftermath, and cherry trees were planted nearby to bloom each April.[288]

The Catholic bishops of Massachusetts opposed the death penalty for terrorist bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, citing the need to build a culture of life.[308]

National reactions edit

President Barack Obama addressed the nation after the attack.[309] He said that the perpetrators were still unknown, but that the government would "get to the bottom of this" and that those responsible "will feel the full weight of justice".[310] He ordered flags to half-staff until April 20 on all federal buildings as "a mark of respect for the victims of the senseless acts of violence perpetrated on April 15, 2013 in Boston, Massachusetts".[311]

Moments of silence were held at various events across the country, including at the openings of the New York Stock Exchange, NASDAQ, and NYMEX on the day after the bombing.[312] Numerous special events were held, including marathons and other runs.[313][314][315][316] Islamic organizations in the United States condemned the attacks.[317]

International reactions edit

 
Flag flying at half staff at the American consulate in Milan, Italy

The bombing was denounced and condolences were offered by many international leaders as well as leading figures from international sport. Security measures were increased worldwide in the wake of the attack.[318][319][320][321]

In China, users posted condolence messages on Weibo in response to the death of Lü Lingzi.[322][323] Chris Buckley of The New York Times said "Ms. Lu's death gave a melancholy face to the attraction that America and its colleges exert over many young Chinese."[262] Laurie Burkitt of The Wall Street Journal said "Ms. Lu's death resonates with many in China" due to the one-child policy.[324]

Organizers of the London Marathon, which was held six days after the Boston bombing, reviewed security arrangements for their event. Hundreds of extra police officers were drafted in to provide a greater presence on the streets, and a record 700,000 spectators lined the streets. Runners in London observed a 30-second silence in respect for the victims of Boston shortly before the race began, and many runners wore black ribbons on their vests. Organizers also pledged to donate US$3 to a fund for Boston Marathon victims for every person who finished the race.[325][326][327]

Organizers of the 2013 Vancouver Sun Run, which was held on April 21, 2013, donated $10 from every late entry for the race to help victims of the bombing at the Boston Marathon. Jamie Pitblado, vice-president of promotions for The Vancouver Sun and The Province, said the money would go to One Fund Boston, an official charity that collected donations for the victims and their families. Sun Run organizers raised anywhere from $25,000 to $40,000. There were over 48,000 participants, many dressed in blue and yellow (Boston colors) with others wearing Boston Red Sox caps.[328]

Petr Gandalovic, ambassador of the Czech Republic, released a statement after noticing much confusion on Facebook and Twitter between his nation and the Chechen Republic. "The Czech Republic and Chechnya are two very different entities – the Czech Republic is a Central European country; Chechnya is a part of the Russian Federation."[329]

Security was also stepped up in Singapore in response to online threats made on attacking several locations in the city-state and the Singapore Marathon in December. Two suspects were investigated and one was eventually arrested for making false bomb threats.[330]

Russian reaction edit

The Russian government said that special attention would be paid to security at upcoming international sports events in Russia, including the 2014 Winter Olympics.[331] According to the Russian embassy in the U.S., President Vladimir Putin condemned the bombing as a "barbaric crime" and "stressed that the Russian Federation will be ready, if necessary, to assist in the U.S. authorities' investigation".[332] He urged closer cooperation of security services with Western partners[333] but other Russian authorities and mass media blamed the U.S. authorities for negligence as they warned the U.S. of the Tsarnaevs.[334] Moreover Russian authorities and mass media since the spring of 2014 blame the United States for politically motivated false information about the lack of response from Russian authorities after subsequent U.S. requests.[citation needed] As proof a letter from the Russian FSB was shown to the members of an official U.S. Congressional delegation to Moscow during their visit. This letter with information about Tsarnaev (including his biography details, connections and phone number) had been sent from the FSB to the FBI and CIA during March 2011.[335]

Republican U.S. Senators Saxby Chambliss and Richard Burr reported that Russian authorities had separately asked both the FBI (at least twice: during March and November 2011) and the CIA (September 2011) to look carefully into Tamerlan Tsarnaev and provide more information about him back to Russia.[336] FSB secretly recorded phone conversations between Tamerlan Tsarnaev and his mother (they vaguely and indirectly discussed jihad) and sent these to the FBI as evidence of possible extremist links within the family.[citation needed] However, while Russia offered US intelligence services warnings that Tsarnaev planned to link up with extremist groups abroad, an FBI investigation yielded no evidence to support those claims at the time. In addition, subsequent U.S. requests for additional information about Tsarnaev went unanswered by the Russians.[337][failed verification]

Chechen reactions edit

On April 19, 2013, the press secretary of the head of the Chechen Republic, Ramzan Kadyrov, issued a statement that, inter alia, read: "The Boston bombing suspects have nothing to do with Chechnya".[338][339] On the same day, Kadyrov was reported by The Guardian to have written on Instagram:[340]

Any attempt to make a link between Chechnya and the Tsarnaevs, if they are guilty, is in vain. They grew up in the U.S., their views and beliefs were formed there. The roots of evil must be searched for in America. The whole world must battle with terrorism. We know this better than anyone. We wish recover [sic] to all the victims and share Americans' feeling of sorrow.

Akhmed Zakayev, head of the secular wing of the Chechen separatist movement, now in exile in London, condemned the bombing as "terrorist" and expressed condolences to the families of the victims. Zakayev denied that the bombers were in any way representative of the Chechen people, saying that "the Chechen people never had and can not have any hostile feelings toward the United States and its citizens".[341]

The Mujahideen of the Caucasus Emirate Province of Dagestan, the Caucasian Islamist organization in both Chechnya and Dagestan, denied any link to the bombing or the Tsarnaev brothers and stated that it was at war with Russia, not the United States. It also said that it had sworn off violence against civilians since 2012.[342][343][344]

Criticism of the "shelter-in-place" directive and house-to-house searches edit

During the manhunt for the perpetrators of the bombing, Governor Deval Patrick said "we are asking people to shelter in place". The request was highly effective; most people stayed home, causing Boston, Watertown, and Cambridge to come to a virtual standstill. According to Time magazine, "media described residents complying with a 'lockdown order,' but in reality the governor's security measure was a request". Scott Silliman, emeritus director of the Center on Law, Ethics and National Security at Duke Law School, said that the shelter-in-place request was voluntary.[345]

The National Lawyers Guild and some news outlets questioned the constitutionality of the door-to-door searches conducted by law enforcement officers looking for Dzhokhar Tsarnaev.[346][347][348]

One Boston Day edit

 
Mayor Michelle Wu and Senator Elizabeth Warren participate in a 2023 One Boston Day commemoration ceremony

On the second anniversary of the Boston Marathon Bombings, Mayor Marty Walsh established April 15, the day of the bombings, as an official and permanent holiday called "One Boston Day", dedicated to conducting random acts of kindness and helping others out.[349] Over the past eight years, some examples of acts of kindness being done have been donating blood to the American Red Cross, donating food to the Greater Boston Food Bank, opening free admission in places like the Museum of Science and Museum of Fine Arts, donating shoes to homeless shelters, and donating to military and veteran charities.[350][351]

Conspiracy theories edit

A number of conspiracy theories arose in the immediate wake of the attacks and after more information about the Tsarnaev brothers came to light.[352] This can be common in the aftermath of acts of domestic terrorism, especially the September 11 attacks.[353]

Stella Tremblay, a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives from Auburn, New Hampshire, claimed the Boston Marathon bombing was a government conspiracy and that victims who lost their legs were faking their injuries because they were not "screaming in agony." Under pressure afterwards she resigned. The New Hampshire House then unanimously passed a resolution to show support for the victims and to disavow unfounded speculation or accusations.[354][355]

In the days following the attacks, some conspiracy theories arose on the internet claiming they were false flag attacks committed by the United States government.[356] As more information about the backgrounds of the Tsarnaev Brothers came to light, further conspiracy theories were disseminated. One claim, made by Dzhokhar Tsarnaev's defense attorney as well as some journalists, was that the FBI had tried to recruit Tamerlan Tsarnaev as an FBI informant in 2011.[179][180][181][182] The FBI denied this claim in a press release, stating that "the Tsarnaev brothers were never sources for the FBI nor did the FBI attempt to recruit them as sources".[357] The FBI is not required to release information on informants, and classified information on sources of intelligence constitutes an exception to the 25-year declassification window established by Executive Order 13526.[358]

In 2011, a friend of Tamerlan Tsarnaev was murdered in Waltham, Massachusetts, along with two others.[359][360][361] After the 2013 attacks, the investigation was reopened with Tamerlan Tsarnaev as a new suspect.[362] The failure of the 2011 investigation to identify Tamerlan Tsarnaev as a major suspect led to claims among conspiracy theorists that the investigation of the 2011 Waltham triple murder had been suppressed by the FBI in order to maintain Tsarnaev's informant status. Theorists also cite the fact that the FBI has been criticized for an alleged practice under former director James Comey of encouraging confidential informants to attempt terrorist attacks.[363][364] This alleged practice, combined with disputed claims of connections between the Tsarnaev brothers and intelligence services,[179][365] have given rise to a conspiracy theory that the United States government had foreknowledge of the Tsarnaev brothers' plans to commit a terrorist attack, or that the attack was made at the direction of intelligence services.[352] The Tsarnaev brother's uncle, Said-Hussein Tsarnaev, and other members of the Tsarnaev family have repeated this theory, as well as claiming neither brother actually committed the attacks.[366] This claim also formed an element of Dzhokhar Tsarnaev's legal defense.[367] No evidence or further claims supporting this theory have been confirmed by any US government agencies.[352]

Conflicting reports edit

 
Boston Police Commissioner Edward F. Davis gives a news conference about the bombing on April 15. Governor Deval Patrick is second from right and Suffolk District Attorney Daniel F. Conley is at far left.

On the afternoon of the bombing, the New York Post reported that a suspect, a Saudi Arabian male, was under guard and being questioned at a Boston hospital.[368] That evening, Boston Police Commissioner Ed Davis said that there had not been an arrest.[369] The Post did not retract its story about the suspect, leading to widespread reports by CBS News, CNN, and other media that a Middle Eastern suspect was in custody.[370] The day after the bombing, a majority of outlets were reporting that the Saudi was a witness, not a suspect.[371]

The New York Post on its April 18 front page showed two men, and said they were being sought by the authorities. The two men in question, a 17-year-old boy and his track coach, were not the ones being sought as suspects. The boy, from Revere, Massachusetts, turned himself over to the police immediately and was cleared after a 20-minute interview in which they advised him to deactivate his Facebook account.[372][373] New York Post editor Col Allan stated, "We stand by our story. The image was emailed to law enforcement agencies yesterday afternoon seeking information about these men, as our story reported. We did not identify them as suspects." The two were implied to be possible suspects via crowdsourcing on the websites Reddit[373] and 4chan.[374]

Several other people were mistakenly identified as suspects.[375] Two of those wrongly identified as suspects on Reddit were the 17-year-old track star noted above and Sunil Tripathi, a Brown University student missing since March.[376][377] Tripathi was found dead on April 23 in the Providence River.[378]

On April 17, the FBI released the following statement:

Contrary to widespread reporting, no arrest has been made in connection with the Boston Marathon attack. Over the past day and a half, there have been a number of press reports based on information from unofficial sources that has been inaccurate. Since these stories often have unintended consequences, we ask the media, particularly at this early stage of the investigation, to exercise caution and attempt to verify information through appropriate official channels before reporting.[379][380]

The decision to release the photos of the Tsarnaev brothers was made in part to limit damage done to those misidentified on the Internet and by the media, and to address concerns over maintaining control of the manhunt.[67]

See also edit

Footnotes edit

  1. ^ Taxi service was restored before the manhunt ended and transit service resumed.[112]

References edit

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  2. ^ Cooper, Michael; Schmidt, Michael S.; Schmitt, Eric (April 23, 2013). "Boston Suspects Are Seen as Self-Taught and Fueled by Web". The New York Times. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
  3. ^ a b "Boston bombings suspect Dzhokhar Tsarnaev left note in boat he hid in, sources say". CBS. May 16, 2013. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
  4. ^ a b c Kotz, Deborah (April 24, 2013). . The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved April 29, 2013. Boston public health officials said Tuesday that they have revised downward their estimate of the number of people injured in the Marathon attacks, to 264.
  5. ^ a b "What we know about the Boston bombing and its aftermath". CNN. April 19, 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  6. ^ a b Estes, Adam Clark; Abad-Santos, Alexander; Sullivan, Matt (April 15, 2013). . The Atlantic Wire. Archived from the original on November 16, 2013. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
  7. ^ Fromer, Frederic J. (April 15, 2013). "Justice Department Directing Full Resources To Investigate Boston Marathon Bombings". Huffington Post. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  8. ^ des Lauriers, Richard (April 18, 2013). "Remarks of Special Agent in Charge at Press Conference on Bombing Investigation". FBI. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  9. ^ Tanfani, Joseph; Kelly, Devin; Muskal, Michael (April 19, 2013). "Boston bombing [Update]: Door-to-door manhunt locks down city". Los Angeles Times. Boston. Retrieved April 29, 2013. As family members called on him to surrender, a 19-year-old college student remained on the run Friday as thousands of police armed with rifles and driving armored vehicles combed the nearly deserted streets of a region on virtual lockdown
  10. ^ "Boston Lockdown 'Extraordinary' But Prudent, Experts Say". NPR. April 22, 2013. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
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  12. ^ "Two unnamed officials say Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, 19, did not have a gun when he was captured Friday in a Watertown, Mass. backyard. Boston Police Commissioner Ed Davis said earlier that shots were fired from inside the boat." The Associated Press Wednesday, April 24, 2013, 8:42 PM.
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  23. ^ a b c Abel, David; Silva, Steve; Finucane, Martin (April 15, 2013). "Explosions rock Boston Marathon finish line; dozens injured". The Boston Globe (online ed.). Retrieved April 15, 2013.
  24. ^ a b "Source: Investigators recover circuit board believed used to detonate Boston Marathon blasts". The Boston Globe (online ed.). April 16, 2013. from the original on April 18, 2013. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
  25. ^ Winter, Michael (April 16, 2013). "At least 3 dead, 141 injured in Boston Marathon blasts". USA Today. Retrieved April 26, 2013.
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  28. ^ a b c d e McClam, Erin (April 15, 2013). "Explosions rock finish of Boston Marathon; 2 killed and at least 23 hurt, police say". NBC News. Archived from the original on April 27, 2013. Retrieved April 15, 2013.
  29. ^ Malone, Scott; Pressman, Aaron (April 21, 2008). "Triumph turns to terror as blasts hit Boston Marathon". The Guardian. London. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
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  33. ^ Greene, William (April 16, 2013). "Former Patriots offensive lineman Joe Andruzzi carried an injured woman away from the scene". The Boston Globe. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
  34. ^ McLaughlin, Tim (April 16, 2013). "A shaken Boston mostly gets back to work; 12-block crime scene". Reuters. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  35. ^ "Police will have controlled explosion on 600 block on Boylston Street, a block beyond the finish line". Boston. Twitter. April 15, 2013. Retrieved April 15, 2013.
  36. ^ . The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on April 18, 2013. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
  37. ^ . Federal Aviation Administration. April 15, 2013. Archived from the original on April 18, 2013. Retrieved April 15, 2013.
  38. ^ Sullivan, Eileen (April 15, 2013). . Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 30, 2013. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
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  40. ^ . American Red Cross. April 15, 2013. Archived from the original on April 18, 2013. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
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  45. ^ "North Korea Adamantly Denies Conspiracy Theory Linking It to Boston Bombing". Business Insider.
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  47. ^ Bengali, Shashank; Muskal, Michael (April 16, 2013). "Live updates: Obama calls Boston bombings a 'heinous, cowardly' act of terror". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
  48. ^ a b c McLaughlin, Tim; Herbst-Bayliss, Svea (April 17, 2013). "Boston bomb suspect spotted on video, no arrest made". Reuters. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
  49. ^ a b "FBI seeks images in Boston Marathon bomb probe; new details emerge on explosives". News. CBS. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
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December 20, 2023
boston, marathon, bombing, boston, attack, redirects, here, incident, 1770, boston, massacre, boston, bomber, redirects, here, douglas, boston, bomber, aircraft, douglas, havoc, domestic, terrorist, attack, that, took, place, during, annual, boston, marathon, . Boston attack redirects here For the incident in 1770 see Boston Massacre Boston bomber redirects here For the Douglas Boston bomber aircraft see Douglas A 20 Havoc The Boston Marathon bombing was a domestic terrorist attack that took place during the annual Boston Marathon on April 15 2013 Brothers Dzhokhar and Tamerlan Tsarnaev planted two homemade pressure cooker bombs that detonated near the finish line of the race 14 seconds and 210 yards 190 m apart Three people were killed and hundreds injured including 17 who lost limbs 1 4 5 Boston Marathon bombingPart of domestic terrorism in the United StatesMoments after the first explosionBomb locations marathon routeLocationBoston MassachusettsDateApril 15 2013 10 years ago 2013 04 15 2 49 p m EDT Attack typeBombings domestic terrorism 1 WeaponsTwo pressure cooker bombsDeaths3Injured281VictimsMartin Richard 8 Dorchester Massachusetts Lingzi Lu 23 Liaoning China Krystle Campbell 29 Medford MassachusettsPerpetratorsDzhokhar Tsarnaev sentenced to death Tamerlan TsarnaevMotiveRevenge for American military action in Iraq and Afghanistan 2 3 On April 18 2013 the Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI released images of two suspects in the bombing 6 7 8 The two suspects were later identified as the Tsarnaev brothers Later on the evening of April 18 the Tsarnaev brothers killed an MIT policeman Sean Collier and proceeded to commit a carjacking They engaged in a shootout with police in nearby Watertown during which two officers were severely injured one of the injured officers Dennis Simmonds died a year later Tamerlan was shot several times and his brother Dzhokhar ran him over while escaping in the stolen car Tamerlan died soon thereafter An unprecedented manhunt for Dzhokhar Tsarnaev ensued with thousands of law enforcement officers searching a 20 block area of Watertown 9 Residents of Watertown and surrounding communities were asked to stay indoors and the transportation system and most businesses and public places closed 10 11 After a Watertown resident discovered Dzhokhar hiding in a boat in his backyard 12 Tsarnaev was shot and wounded by police before being taken into custody on the evening of April 19 13 14 During questioning Dzhokhar said that he and his brother were motivated by the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan that they were self radicalized and unconnected to any outside terrorist groups and that he was following his brother s lead He said they learned to build explosive devices from the online magazine of al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula 15 He also said they had intended to travel to New York City to bomb Times Square He was convicted of 30 charges including use of a weapon of mass destruction and malicious destruction of property resulting in death 16 17 18 Two months later he was sentenced to death 19 but the sentence was vacated by the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit 20 A writ of certiorari was granted by the Supreme Court of the United States which considered the questions of whether the lower court erred in vacating the death sentence After hearing arguments as United States v Tsarnaev the Court upheld the death penalty reversing the First Circuit Court s decision 21 22 Contents 1 Bombing 2 Casualties and initial response 3 Initial investigation 4 April 18 19 shootings and manhunt 4 1 Release of suspect photos 4 2 MIT shooting and carjacking 4 3 Watertown shootout 4 4 Further investigation and post shootout search for Dzhokhar Tsarnaev 5 Legal proceedings 5 1 Interrogation 5 2 Charges and detention 5 3 Trial and sentencing 6 Motives and backgrounds of the Tsarnaev brothers 6 1 Motives 6 2 Backgrounds 7 Other arrests detentions and prosecutions 7 1 People detained and released 7 2 Ibragim Todashev 7 3 Dzhokhar Tsarnaev s roommates 7 3 1 Personal backgrounds 7 3 2 Arrests and legal proceedings 7 4 Khairullozhon Matanov 8 Victims 8 1 Deaths 8 2 Injuries 9 Reactions 9 1 Aid to victims 9 2 Local reactions 9 3 National reactions 9 4 International reactions 9 4 1 Russian reaction 9 4 2 Chechen reactions 9 5 Criticism of the shelter in place directive and house to house searches 9 6 One Boston Day 9 7 Conspiracy theories 10 Conflicting reports 11 See also 12 Footnotes 13 References 14 External linksBombing edit nbsp The blasts red occurred along the marathon course dark blue the first nearer the finish line than the second nbsp nbsp nbsp The view after the Tsarnaevs attack The 117th annual Boston Marathon was run on Patriots Day April 15 2013 At 2 49 p m EDT 18 49 UTC two bombs detonated about 210 yards 190 m apart at the finish line on Boylston Street near Copley Square 23 24 25 26 The first exploded outside Marathon Sports at 671 673 Boylston Street at 2 49 43 p m 23 At the time of the first explosion the race clock at the finish line showed 04 09 43 27 the elapsed time since the Wave 3 start at 10 40 a m The second bomb exploded at 2 49 57 p m 24 28 14 seconds later and one block farther west at 755 Boylston Street 5 The explosions took place nearly three hours after the winning runner crossed the finish line 28 but with more than 5 700 runners yet to finish 29 Windows on adjacent buildings were blown out but there was no structural damage 28 30 Runners continued to cross the line until 2 57 p m 31 Casualties and initial response editRescue workers and medical personnel on hand as usual for the marathon gave aid as additional police fire and medical units were dispatched 32 33 including from surrounding cities as well as private ambulances from all over the state The explosions killed three civilians and injured 264 others 4 Police following emergency plans diverted all remaining runners to Boston Common and Kenmore Square The nearby Lenox Hotel and other buildings surrounding the scene were evacuated 26 Immediately after the bombing occurred and medically injured people were transported the police closed a 15 block area around the blast site this was reduced to a 12 block crime scene the next day 26 30 34 Boston police commissioner Edward F Davis recommended that people stay off the streets 30 Dropped bags and packages abandoned as their owners fled from the blasts increased uncertainty as to the possible presence of more bombs 23 35 and many false reports were received 6 26 36 Simultaneously an electrical fire at the John F Kennedy Presidential Library in nearby Dorchester was initially feared to be a bomb nbsp Emergency services at work after the bombingThe airspace over Boston was restricted and departures halted from Boston s Logan International Airport 37 Some local transit service was halted as well 28 The Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency suggested people trying to contact those in the vicinity use text messaging instead of voice calls because of crowded cell phone lines 28 Cell phone service in Boston was congested but remained in operation despite some media reports stating that cell service was shut down to prevent cell phones from being used as detonators 38 The American Red Cross helped concerned friends and family receive information about runners and casualties 39 40 The Boston Police Department also set up a call helpline for people concerned about relatives or acquaintances to contact and a line for people to provide information 41 Google Person Finder activated their disaster service under Boston Marathon Explosions to log known information about missing people as a publicly viewable file 42 Due to the closure of several hotels near the blast zone a number of visitors were left with nowhere to stay many Boston area residents opened their homes to them 43 Initial investigation edit nbsp This pressure cooker fragment was part of one of the explosive devices The Federal Bureau of Investigation led the investigation assisted by the Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco Firearms and Explosives the Central Intelligence Agency the National Counterterrorism Center and the Drug Enforcement Administration 44 It was initially believed by some that North Korea was behind the attack 45 46 United States government officials stated that there had been no intelligence reports suggesting such an attack Representative Peter King a member of the House Intelligence Committee said I received two top secret briefings last week on the current threat levels in the United States and there was no evidence of this at all 47 nbsp Emptied fireworks from Dzhokhar Tsarnaev s backpack found in a landfill near the UMass Dartmouth campusEvidence found near the blast sites included bits of metal nails ball bearings 48 black nylon pieces from a backpack 49 remains of an electronic circuit board and wiring 48 50 A pressure cooker lid was found on a nearby rooftop 51 Both of the improvised explosive devices were pressure cooker bombs manufactured by the bombers 52 53 54 Authorities confirmed that the brothers used bomb making instructions found in Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula s Inspire magazine 55 56 After the suspects were identified The Boston Globe reported that Tamerlan purchased fireworks from a fireworks store in New Hampshire 57 April 18 19 shootings and manhunt editTsarnaev brothers shootings and manhunt nbsp Security camera images of Tamerlan Tsarnaev front and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev just prior to the bombings 58 LocationShooting Corner of Vassar Street and Main Street in Cambridge Massachusetts 59 Firefight and manhunt Watertown MassachusettsDateShooting April 18 2013 10 25 p m Firefight and manhunt April 19 2013 12 30 a m 8 42 p m Attack typeShooting vehicle ramming lone wolf terrorism 60 WeaponsShooting 9mm Ruger P95 semi automatic pistol Firefight Improvised explosive devices 9mm Ruger P95 semi automatic pistol Stolen Mercedes Benz M Class SUVDeaths3 including Tamerlan Tsarnaev and a victim who died in 2014 61 Injured16 via gunfire PerpetratorsDzhokhar Tsarnaev sentenced to death Tamerlan Tsarnaev deceased Release of suspect photos edit Jeff Bauman was immediately adjacent to one of the bombs and lost both legs he wrote while in the hospital Bag saw the guy looked right at me 62 He later gave a detailed description of the suspects which enabled images of them to be identified and circulated quickly 62 63 64 At 5 00 p m on April 18 three days after the bombing the FBI released images of two suspects carrying backpacks asking the public s help in identifying them 65 66 The FBI said that they were doing this in part to limit harm to people wrongly identified by news reports and on social media 67 As seen on video the suspects stayed to observe the chaos after the explosions then walked away casually The public sent authorities a deluge of photographs and videos 66 The FBI released images depicted Dzhokhar and Tamerlan Tsarnaev 68 MIT shooting and carjacking edit nbsp Scenes and approximate times of events of April 18 19Hours after the FBI released photos of the two suspects in the bombing Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev visited their family s apartment in Cambridge There they obtained five improvised explosive devices IEDs ammunition a semiautomatic handgun and a machete The two brothers then drove to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 14 On April 18 2013 at 10 25 p m the Tsarnaev brothers ambushed and shot Sean A Collier of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Police Department six times 69 14 The two brothers were attempting to steal Collier s Smith amp Wesson M amp P45 sidearm which they could not free from his holster because of its security retention system 70 Collier aged 27 was seated in his police car near Building 32 on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology campus 13 71 He died shortly after the shooting 13 72 The brothers then carjacked a Mercedes Benz M Class SUV in the Allston Brighton neighborhood of Boston Tamerlan took the owner Chinese national Dun Danny Meng 73 Chinese 孟盾 74 hostage and told him that he was responsible for the Boston bombing and for shooting Collier 13 Dzhokhar followed them in their green Honda Civic later joining them in the Mercedes Benz Interrogation later revealed that the brothers decided spontaneously that they wanted to go to New York and bomb Times Square 75 The Tsarnaev brothers forced Meng to use his ATM cards to obtain 800 in cash equivalent to 1 005 in 2022 76 77 They transferred objects to the Mercedes Benz and one brother followed it in their Civic 78 for which an all points bulletin was issued The Tsarnaev brothers then drove to a Shell gas station on Memorial Drive in Cambridge to fill up for the long ride to Times Square to set off more explosives But while Dzhokhar went inside to pay for junk food Meng fearing that the suspects would harm him during the long drive escaped from the Mercedes and ran across the street to the Mobil gas station asking the clerk to call 911 79 80 His cell phone remained in the vehicle allowing the police to focus their search on Watertown 81 Watertown shootout edit Shortly after midnight on April 19 Watertown police officer Joseph Reynolds identified the brothers in the Honda and the stolen Mercedes after overhearing radio traffic that the vehicle was pinged by Cambridge officers on Dexter Avenue in Watertown Reynolds followed the vehicle while waiting for additional units to perform a high risk traffic stop when the suspect vehicles both turned onto Laurel Street and stopped at the intersection of Laurel and Dexter citation needed Tamerlan Tsarnaev stepped out of the Mercedes and immediately opened fire on Officer Reynolds and Sergeant John MacLellan who both returned fire and requested emergency assistance over their radios A gun battle ensued between Tsarnaev the aforementioned officers and additional officers responding to the shots fired radio transmissions from Reynolds and MacLellan in the 100 block of Laurel St 13 82 83 An estimated 200 to 300 shots were fired The suspects shot 56 times detonated at least one pressure cooker bomb and threw five crude grenades three of which exploded 83 84 The agencies involved in the nearly seven minute shootout included the Watertown Police Department Cambridge Police Department Boston Police Department Massachusetts State Police MSP Boston University Police Department and MBTA Transit Police Department Most of the officers involved were equipped by their respective agencies with either the Glock 22 or Glock 23 40 S amp W caliber pistols MSP troopers were armed with Smith amp Wesson M amp P45 pistols chambered in 45 ACP this led investigators to match the 9mm casings and projectiles found at the scene to the suspects 9mm Ruger P95 pistol According to Watertown Police Chief Edward Deveau the brothers had an arsenal of guns 85 Tamerlan eventually ran out of ammunition and threw his empty Ruger pistol at Watertown PD Sergeant Jeffrey Pugliese who subsequently tackled him with assistance from Sergeant MacLellan 86 87 Tamerlan s younger brother Dzhokhar then drove the stolen SUV toward Tamerlan and the police who unsuccessfully tried to drag Tamerlan out of the car s path and handcuff him 86 87 the car ran over Tamerlan and dragged him a short distance down the street narrowly missing the Watertown officers Watertown Sgt MacLellan later stated that the younger brother had thought they were doing CPR on another officer and tried to run them over 13 86 88 89 Dzhokhar abandoned the car half a mile away and fled on foot 13 81 90 91 Badly wounded Tamerlan Tsarnaev was taken into custody and died at 1 35 a m at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center 92 Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Police Officer Richard H Donohue Jr 93 was critically wounded in the leg 94 in crossfire from other officers shooting at the fleeing vehicle but survived Reports revealed that his gunshot wound severed his femoral artery and he nearly died Fast acting efforts by his fellow officers and medical personnel saved his life 95 Boston Police Department officer Dennis Simmonds was injured by a hand grenade and died on April 10 2014 61 Fifteen other officers were also injured 82 A later report by Harvard Kennedy School s Program on Crisis Leadership concluded that lack of coordination among police agencies had put the public at excessive risk during the shootout 96 Only one firearm Tsarnaev s Ruger P95 was recovered at the scene That firearm was found to have a defaced serial number 97 98 Further investigation and post shootout search for Dzhokhar Tsarnaev edit Further information Dzhokhar Tsarnaev and Tamerlan Tsarnaev Records on the Honda left at the Watertown shootout scene identified the bombers 99 Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Jahar Tsarnaev 100 101 The FBI released additional photos of the two during the Watertown incident 102 Early on April 19 investigators released the name and photo of Dzhokhar Tsarnaev to the public 14 In addition Watertown residents received automated calls asking them to stay indoors 103 That same morning Governor Patrick asked residents of Watertown and adjacent cities and towns 104 105 106 to shelter in place 107 Somerville residents also received automated calls instructing them to shelter in place 108 A 20 block area of Watertown was cordoned off and residents were told not to leave their homes or answer the door as officers scoured the area in tactical gear Helicopters circled the area and SWAT teams in armored vehicles moved through in formation with officers going door to door and searching houses 109 These actions generated discussions about the legality of searching large numbers of houses without a search warrant with The Atlantic stating that this kind of search is legal due to exigent circumstances 110 Agencies on the scene were the FBI the Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco Firearms and Explosives Diplomatic Security Service HSI ICE the National Guard the Boston Cambridge and Watertown Police departments and the Massachusetts State Police The show of force was the first major field test of the interagency task forces created in the wake of the September 11 attacks 111 The entire public transit network and most Boston taxi services a were suspended as was Amtrak service to and from Boston 71 113 Logan International Airport remained open under heightened security 113 Universities schools many businesses and other facilities were closed as thousands of law enforcement personnel participated in the door to door manhunt in Watertown Others followed up on other leads including searching the house that the brothers shared in Cambridge where seven improvised explosive devices were found 114 The brothers father spoke from his home in Makhachkala Dagestan encouraging Dzhokhar to Give up You have a bright future ahead of you Come home to Russia He continued If they killed him then all hell would break loose 115 On television Dzhokhar s uncle from Montgomery Village Maryland pleaded with him to turn himself in 116 Also on April 19 the FBI West New York Police Department and Hudson County Sheriff s Department seized computer equipment from the apartment of the Tsarnaevs sister in West New York New Jersey 117 nbsp Dzhokhar Tsarnaev at the time of his capture nbsp Post capture celebrations in Boston s student heavy Mission Hill neighborhoodOn the evening of April 19 after the shelter in place order had been lifted David Henneberry a Watertown resident outside the search area noticed that the tarpaulin was loose on his parked boat 118 119 Investigating he saw a body lying inside the boat in a pool of blood 120 He contacted the authorities at 6 42 p m and they surrounded the boat A police helicopter verified movement through a thermal imaging device 82 121 The figure inside started poking at the tarpaulin prompting police to shoot at the boat 122 According to Boston Police Commissioner Ed Davis and Watertown Police Chief Deveau Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was shooting at police from inside the boat exchanging fire for an hour 123 A subsequent report indicated that the firing lasted for a shorter time 124 Despite this Tsarnaev was found to have no weapon when he was captured 125 Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was arrested at 8 42 p m 126 127 and taken to Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center where he was listed in critical condition 128 with gunshot wounds to the head neck legs and hand 129 Initial reports that the neck wound represented a suicide attempt were contradicted by Tsarnaev s being found unarmed 130 The situation was chaotic according to a police source quoted by The Washington Post and the firing of weapons occurred during the fog of war 124 A subsequent review by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts provided this more specific summary One officer fired his weapon without appropriate authority in response to perceived movement in the boat and surrounding officers followed suit in a round of contagious fire assuming they were being fired on by Tsarnaev Weapons continued to be fired for several seconds until on scene supervisors ordered a ceasefire and regained control of the scene The unauthorized shots created another dangerous crossfire situation 131 The confusion was caused in part by a lack of clearly identified and coordinated law enforcement command of the thousands of officers from surrounding communities who self deployed into the Watertown area during the events 132 After Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was taken into custody the FBI revealed that it had investigated Tamerlan Tsarnaev in 2011 after a foreign nation had expressed concern about his potential radicalization That investigation had included an interview of Tamerlan Tsarnaev At that time the FBI found no evidence of terrorist involvement by Tamerlan Tsarnaev 133 On April 24 investigators reported that they had reconstructed the bombs and believed that they had been triggered by remote controls used for toy cars 134 Legal proceedings editInterrogation edit United States Senators Kelly Ayotte Saxby Chambliss Lindsey Graham and John McCain and Representative Peter T King suggested that Dzhokhar Tsarnaev a U S citizen should be tried as an unlawful enemy combatant rather than as a criminal potentially preventing him from obtaining legal counsel 135 136 Others said that doing so would be illegal including prominent American legal scholar and lawyer Alan Dershowitz and would jeopardize the prosecution 137 138 The government decided to try Dzhokhar in the federal criminal court system and not as an enemy combatant 139 Dzhokhar was questioned for 16 hours by investigators but stopped communicating with them on the night of April 22 after Judge Marianne Bowler read him a Miranda warning 75 140 Dzhokhar had not previously been given a Miranda warning as federal law enforcement officials invoked the warning s public safety exception 141 This raised doubts whether his statements during this investigation would be admissible as evidence and led to a debate surrounding Miranda rights 142 143 144 Charges and detention edit nbsp Dzhokhar Tsarnaev in a court holding cell on July 10 2013On April 22 2013 formal criminal charges were brought against Tsarnaev in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts during a bedside hearing while he was hospitalized He was charged with use of a weapon of mass destruction and with malicious destruction of property resulting in death 16 Some of the charges carried potential sentences of life imprisonment or the death penalty 145 Tsarnaev was judged to be awake mentally competent and lucid and he responded to most questions by nodding The judge asked him whether he was able to afford an attorney and he said no he was represented by the Federal Public Defender s office 146 On April 26 Dzhohkar Tsarnaev was moved from Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center to the Federal Medical Center at Fort Devens about 40 miles 64 km from Boston FMC Devens is a federal prison medical facility at a former Army base 147 where he was held in solitary confinement at a segregated housing unit 148 with 23 hour per day lockdown 149 On July 10 2013 Tsarnaev pleaded not guilty to 30 charges in his first public court appearance including a murder charge for MIT police officer Sean Collier 150 He was back in court for a status hearing on September 23 151 and his lawyers requested more time to prepare their defense 152 On October 2 Tsarnaev s attorneys asked the court to lift the special administrative measures SAMs imposed by Attorney General Holder in August saying that the measures had left Tsarnaev unduly isolated from communication with his family and lawyers and that no evidence suggested that he posed a future threat 153 Trial and sentencing edit Main article Trial of Dzhokhar Tsarnaev Jury selection began on January 5 2015 and was completed on March 3 with a jury consisting of eight men and ten women including six alternates 154 The trial began on March 4 with Assistant U S Attorney William Weinreb describing the bombing and painting Dzhokhar as a soldier in a holy war against Americans whose motive was reaching paradise He called the brothers equal participants 155 Defense attorney Judy Clarke admitted that Dzhokhar Tsarnaev had placed the second bomb and was present at the murder of Sean Collier the carjacking of Dun Meng and the Watertown shootout but she emphasized the influence that his older brother had on him portraying him as a follower 156 Between March 4 and 30 prosecutors called more than 90 witnesses including bombing survivors who described losing limbs in the attack and the government rested its case on March 30 157 The defense rested as well on March 31 after calling four witnesses 158 Tsarnaev was found guilty on all 30 counts on April 8 159 The sentencing phase of the trial began on April 21 160 and a further verdict was reached on May 15 in which it was recommended that he be put to death 161 Tsarnaev was sentenced to death on June 24 after apologizing to the victims 162 In 2018 Tsarnaev s lawyers appealed on the grounds that a lower court judge s refusal to move the case to another city not traumatized by the bombings deprived him of a fair trial 163 On July 30 2020 Tsarnaev s death sentence was reversed by the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit which found that during jury selection the District Court did not properly screen prospective jurors on how much they had heard of the case The First Circuit vacated the death sentence and three of the other thirty convictions against Tsarnaev and ordered a new penalty phase jury trial with fresh jurors leaving the decision of a new change of venue to the District Court Tsarnaev s remaining convictions still carried multiple life sentences ensuring that he would remain in prison regardless of the results of the new trial 20 The United States government appealed this ruling to the U S Supreme Court which granted certiorari in the case United States v Tsarnaev in March 2021 which was argued before the Court on October 13 2021 22 On March 4 2022 the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the First Circuit and reinstated Tsarnaev s death penalty 164 Motives and backgrounds of the Tsarnaev brothers editMotives edit According to FBI interrogators Dzhokhar and his brother were motivated by extremist beliefs but were not connected to any known terrorist groups instead learning to build explosive weapons from an online magazine published by al Qaeda affiliates in Yemen 15 They further alleged that Dzhokhar and his brother considered suicide attacks and striking the Boston Pops Fireworks Spectacular on the Fourth of July 165 but ultimately decided to use remotely activated pressure cooker bombs and other IEDs Fox News reported that the brothers chose the prestigious race as a target of opportunity after the building of the bombs came together more quickly than expected 166 167 Dzhokhar said that he and his brother wanted to defend Islam from the U S accusing the U S of conducting the Iraq War and War in Afghanistan against Muslims 139 168 169 A CBS report revealed that Dzhokhar had scrawled a note with a marker on the interior wall of the boat where he was hiding the note stated that the bombings were retribution for U S military action in Afghanistan and Iraq and called the Boston victims collateral damage in the same way innocent victims have been collateral damage in U S wars around the world 3 Photographs of the note were later used in the trial 170 171 Some political science and public policy writers theorize that the primary motives might have been sympathy towards the political aspirations in the Caucasus region and Tamerlan s inability to become fully integrated into American society 172 According to the Los Angeles Times a law enforcement official said that Dzhokhar did not seem as bothered about America s role in the Muslim world as his brother Tamerlan had been 56 Dzhokhar identified Tamerlan as the driving force behind the bombing and said that his brother had only recently recruited him to help 139 173 Some journalists and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev s defense attorney have suggested that the FBI may have recruited or attempted to recruit Tamerlan Tsarnaev as an informant 174 175 176 177 Backgrounds edit nbsp An apartment was searched in West New York New Jersey that belonged to a sister of the Tsarnaevs See also Tamerlan Tsarnaev Personal background and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev Personal background Tamerlan Tsarnaev was born in 1986 in the Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic North Caucasus 178 Dzhokhar was born in 1993 in Kyrgyzstan although some reports say that his family claims that he was born in Dagestan 179 The family spent time in Tokmok Kyrgyzstan and in Makhachkala Dagestan 77 180 They are half Chechen through their father Anzor and half Avar 181 through their mother Zubeidat They never lived in Chechnya yet the brothers identified themselves as Chechen 179 182 183 184 The Tsarnaev family immigrated to the United States in 2002 13 182 185 186 where they applied for political asylum settling in Cambridge Massachusetts 101 Tamerlan Tsarnaev attended Bunker Hill Community College but dropped out to become a boxer His goal was to gain a place on the U S Olympic boxing team saying that unless his native Chechnya becomes independent he would rather compete for the United States than for Russia 187 188 He married U S citizen Katherine Russell on July 15 2010 in the Masjid Al Quran Mosque While initially quoted in a student magazine as saying I don t have a single American friend I don t understand them a later FBI interview report documents Tamerlan stating it was a misquote and that most of his friends were American 189 190 He had a history of violence including an arrest in July 2009 for assaulting his girlfriend 191 The brothers were Muslim Tamerlan s aunt stated that he had recently become a devout Muslim 183 184 Tamerlan became more devout and religious after 2009 192 193 and a YouTube channel in his name was linked to Salafist 192 and Islamist 194 195 videos The FBI was informed by the Russian Federal Security Service FSB in 2011 that he was a follower of radical Islam 194 In response the FBI interviewed Tamerlan and his family and searched databases but they did not find any evidence of terrorism activity domestic or foreign 196 197 198 199 200 201 During the 2012 trip to Dagestan Tamerlan was reportedly a frequent visitor at a mosque on Kotrova Street in Makhachkala 202 203 204 believed by the FSB to be linked with radical Islam 203 Some believe that they were motivated by their faith apparently an anti American radical version of Islam acquired in the U S 205 while others believe that the turn happened in Dagestan 206 At the time of the bombing Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was a student at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth with a major in marine biology 207 He became a naturalized U S citizen on September 11 2012 208 Tamerlan s boxing coach reported to NBC that the young brother was greatly affected by Tamerlan and admired him 209 210 Tamerlan was previously connected to the triple homicide in Waltham Massachusetts on the evening of September 11 2011 but he was not a suspect at the time 211 212 Brendan Mess Erik Weissman and Raphael Teken were murdered in Mess s apartment All had their throats slit from ear to ear with such great force that they were nearly decapitated The local district attorney said that it appeared that the killer and the victims knew each other and that the murders were not random 213 Tamerlan Tsarnaev had previously described murder victim Brendan Mess as his best friend 214 After the bombing and subsequent revelations of Tsarnaev s personal life the Waltham murders case was reexamined in April 2013 with Tsarnaev as a new suspect 211 Both ABC and The New York Times have reported that there is strong evidence which implicates Tsarnaev in this triple homicide 214 215 Some analysts claim that the Tsarnaevs mother Zubeidat Tsarnaeva is a radical extremist and supporter of jihad who influenced her sons behavior 216 217 This prompted the Russian government to warn the U S government on two occasions about the family s behavior Both Tamerlan and his mother were placed on a terrorism watch list about 18 months before the bombing took place 218 Other arrests detentions and prosecutions editPeople detained and released edit On April 15 several people who were near the scene of the blast were taken into custody and questioned about the bombing including a Saudi man whom police stopped as he was walking away from the explosion they detained him when some of his responses made them uncomfortable 219 220 221 222 Law enforcement searched his residence in a Boston suburb and the man was found to have no connection to the attack An unnamed U S official said he was just at the wrong place at the wrong time 223 224 225 On the night of April 18 two men who were riding in a taxi in the vicinity of the shootout were arrested and released shortly thereafter when police determined that they were not involved in the Marathon attacks 226 Another man was arrested several blocks from the site of the shootout and was forced to strip naked by police who feared that he might have concealed explosives He was released that evening after a brief investigation determined that he was an innocent bystander 227 228 Ibragim Todashev edit Main article Ibragim Todashev On May 22 the FBI interrogated Ibragim Todashev in Orlando Florida who was a Chechen from Boston During the interrogation he was shot and killed by an FBI agent who claimed that Todashev attacked him 229 The New York Times quoted an unnamed law enforcement official as saying that Todashev had confessed to a triple homicide and had implicated Tsarnaev as well 230 Todashev s father claimed his son was innocent and that federal investigators were biased against Chechens and made up their case against him 231 Dzhokhar Tsarnaev s roommates edit Personal backgrounds edit Robel Phillipos 19 was a U S citizen of Ethiopian descent living in Cambridge who was arrested and faced with charges of knowingly making false statements to police 232 233 He graduated from high school in 2011 with Dzhokhar Tsarnaev 234 Dias Kadyrbayev 19 and Azamat Tazhayakov 20 were natives of Kazakhstan living in the U S 235 236 They were Dzhokhar Tsarnaev s roommates in an off campus housing complex in New Bedford Massachusetts where Tsarnaev had sometimes stayed 232 Phillipos Kadyrbayev Tazhayakov and Tsarnaev entered the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth in the fall of 2011 and knew each other well After seeing photos of Tsarnaev on television they traveled to his dorm room where Kadyrbayev and Tazhayakov retrieved a backpack and laptop belonging to Tsarnaev while Phillipos acted as lookout The backpack was discarded but police recovered it and its contents in a nearby New Bedford landfill on April 26 During interviews the men initially denied visiting the dorm room but later admitted their actions 232 237 Arrests and legal proceedings edit Kadyrbayev and Tazhayakov were arrested by police at the off campus housing complex during the night of April 18 19 An unidentified girlfriend of one of the men was also arrested 235 236 but all three were soon released 232 Kadyrbayev and Tazhayakov were re arrested in New Bedford on April 20 and held on immigration related violations They appeared before a federal immigration judge on May 1 and were charged with overstaying their student visas 238 239 240 That same day they were charged criminally with willfully conspir ing with each other to commit an offense against the United States by knowingly destroying concealing and covering up objects belonging to Dzhokhar Tsarnaev namely a backpack containing fireworks and a laptop computer with the intent to impede obstruct and influence the criminal investigation of the Marathon bombing 241 242 Kadyrbayev and Tazhayakov were indicted by a federal grand jury on August 8 2013 on charges of conspiracy to obstruct justice for helping Dzhokhar Tsarnaev dispose of a laptop computer fireworks and a backpack after the bombing Each faced up to 25 years in prison and deportation if convicted 243 Tazhayakov was convicted of obstruction of justice and conspiracy on July 21 2014 244 Kadyrbayev pleaded guilty to obstruction charges on August 22 2014 245 but sentencing was delayed pending the U S Supreme Court s ruling in Yates v United States 246 Kadyrbayev was sentenced to six years in prison in June 2015 247 He was deported to Kazakhstan in October 2018 248 Tazhayakov pleaded not guilty and went to trial arguing that Kadyrbayev was the mastermind behind destroying the evidence and that Tazhayakov only attempted obstruction Jurors returned a guilty verdict however and he was sentenced to 42 months 3 1 2 years in prison in June 2015 U S District Judge Douglas Woodlock gave a lighter sentence to Tazhayakov than to Kadyrbayev who was viewed as more culpable 247 Tazhayakov was released in May 2016 and subsequently deported 249 Phillipos was arrested and faced charges of knowingly making false statements to police 232 233 He was released on 100 000 bail 125 629 in 2022 dollars and placed under house confinement with an ankle monitor 234 He was convicted on October 28 2014 on two charges of lying about being in Tsarnaev s dorm room He later acknowledged that he was in the room while two friends removed a backpack containing potential evidence relating to the bombing 250 Phillipos faced a maximum sentence of eight years imprisonment on each count 251 In June 2015 U S District Judge Douglas P Woodlock sentenced him to three years in prison 252 Phillipos filed an appeal but his sentence was upheld in court on February 28 2017 253 Phillipos was released from prison in Philadelphia on February 26 2018 and began serving a three year probationary period 254 Khairullozhon Matanov edit See also Carmen Ortiz Boston Marathon bombings A federal indictment was unsealed against Khairullozhon Matanov on May 30 2014 charging him with one count of destroying altering and falsifying records documents and tangible objects in a federal investigation specifically information on his computer and three counts of making materially false fictitious and fraudulent statements in a federal terrorism investigation Matanov bought dinner for the two Tsarnaev brothers 40 minutes after the bombing After the Tsarnaev brothers photos were released to the public Matanov viewed the photos on the CNN and FBI websites before attempting to reach Dzhokhar and then tried to give away his cell phone and delete hundreds of documents from his computer Prosecutors said that Matanov attempted to mislead investigators about the nature of his relationship with the brothers and to conceal that he shared their philosophy of violence 255 256 Matanov was originally from Kyrgyzstan He came to the U S in 2010 on a student visa and later claimed asylum He attended Quincy College for two years before dropping out to become a taxicab driver He was living in Quincy Massachusetts at the time of his arrest and was a friend of Tamerlan Tsarnaev 256 In March 2015 Matanov pleaded guilty to all four counts 256 257 In June 2015 he was sentenced to 30 months in prison 256 Victims editDeaths edit Three people were killed as a direct result of the bombings Krystle Marie Campbell a 29 year old restaurant manager from Medford Massachusetts was killed by the first bomb 258 Lu Lingzi Chinese 吕令子 259 260 a 23 year old Chinese national and Boston University graduate student from Shenyang Liaoning 261 262 263 264 and 8 year old Martin William Richard from the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston were both killed by the second bomb 265 266 Sean Allen Collier 27 years old was shot and killed by the bombers as he sat in his patrol car on April 18 at about 10 48 p m He was an MIT police officer and had been with the Somerville Auxiliary Police Department from 2006 to 2009 267 268 He died from multiple gunshot wounds 269 Boston Police Department officer Dennis Simmonds died on April 10 2014 from head injuries he received during the Watertown shootout a year before 61 Injuries edit About 281 civilians were treated at 27 local hospitals 4 270 Eleven days later 29 remained hospitalized one in critical condition 271 Many victims had lower leg injuries and shrapnel wounds 272 which indicated that the devices were low to the ground 273 At least 16 civilians lost limbs at the scene or by surgical amputation and three lost more than one limb 274 275 276 277 Doctors described removing ball bearing type metallic beads a little larger than BBs and small carpenter type nails about 0 5 to 1 inch 1 to 3 cm long 278 Similar objects were found at the scene 48 The New York Times cited doctors as saying that the bombs mainly injured legs ankles and feet because they were low to the ground instead of fatally injuring abdomens chests shoulders and heads 279 Some victims had perforated eardrums 273 MBTA police officer Richard H Donohue Jr 33 was critically wounded during a firefight with the bombers just after midnight on April 19 93 He lost almost all of his blood and his heart stopped for 45 minutes during which time he was kept alive by cardiopulmonary resuscitation citation needed The Boston Globe reported that Donohue may have been accidentally shot by a fellow officer 94 Marc Fucarile lost his right leg and received severe burns and shrapnel wounds He was the last victim released from hospital care on July 24 2013 280 Reactions editLaw enforcement local and national politicians and various heads of state reacted quickly to the bombing generally condemning the act and expressing sympathies for the victims 49 281 Spontaneous improvised temporary memorials appeared at the sites of the deaths in Boston and Cambridge Over the next few years permanent memorials were constructed and dedicated at these locations Aid to victims edit nbsp The Prudential Tower lit up with a large 1 for the One Fund Boston a week after the bombingThe One Fund Boston was established by Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick and Boston mayor Thomas Menino to make monetary distributions to bombing victims 282 283 The Boston Strong concert at the TD Garden in Boston on May 30 2013 benefitted the One Fund which ultimately received more than 69 8 million in donations 284 A week after the bombing crowdfunding websites 285 received more than 23 000 pledges promising more than 2 million for the victims their families and others affected by the bombing 286 The Israel Trauma Coalition for Response and Preparedness sent six psychologists and specialists from Israel to help Boston emergency responders government administrators and community people develop post terrorist attack recovery strategies 287 Local reactions edit nbsp The Boston Red Sox wore this patch on their uniforms in memory of the victims The team would go on to win the 2013 World Series nbsp Victims of the bombing are remembered at Copley Square in Boston nbsp A monument memorializing the victims of the bombing was installed on Boylston Street at the location of the explosions in 2019 288 Numerous sporting events concerts and other public entertainment were postponed or canceled in the days following the bombing 289 290 291 292 The MBTA public transit system was under heavy National Guard and police presence and it was shut down a second time April 19 during the manhunt 71 113 293 In the days after the bombing makeshift memorials began to spring up along the cordoned off area surrounding Boylston Street The largest was located on Arlington Street the easternmost edge of the barricades starting with flowers tokens and T shirts 294 295 296 297 298 In June the Makeshift Memorial located in Copley Square was taken down and the memorial objects located there were moved to the archives in West Roxbury for cleaning fumigation and archiving 299 Five years after the bombing The Boston Globe reported all of the items from the memorials were being housed in a climate controlled environment free of charge by the storage company Iron Mountain in Northborough Massachusetts Some of the items are also being stored in Boston s city archives in West Roxbury 300 Boston University established a scholarship in honor of Lu Lingzi a student who died in the bombing 301 University of Massachusetts Boston did the same in honor of alumna and bombing victim Krystle Campbell 302 The Massachusetts Institute of Technology established a scholarship and erected a large abstract environmental sculpture outdoors called the Sean Collier Memorial both in memory of slain MIT Police officer Sean Collier The open arched monolithic stone enclosure was proposed designed funded fabricated and installed on campus in less than two years after the bombing and formally unveiled on April 29 2015 303 304 One study conducted by the Institute for Public Service at Suffolk University in Boston Massachusetts recorded the mental health and emotional response of various survivors for three years following the bombing In doing so it reviewed the kinds of aid that were available in local hospitals and offered advice on how a person or community may be healed 305 This study also mentions that after recognizing the downgraded media coverage of people in the city being killed or injured on a daily basis the city of Boston applied for and received a grant from The Rockefeller Foundation to be part of their 100 resilient cities network and to develop a cross cutting resilience strategy 306 However there was rising anti Muslim sentiment online and locally in the weeks following the bombing causing distress in the local Muslim community and making some afraid to leave their homes 307 Three stone pillars lit by abstract sculptural bronze lighting columns memorializing three victims were installed at the two separate bombing sites on August 19 2019 288 Two bronze sidewalk bricks were installed to memorialize police officers killed in the aftermath and cherry trees were planted nearby to bloom each April 288 The Catholic bishops of Massachusetts opposed the death penalty for terrorist bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev citing the need to build a culture of life 308 National reactions edit President Barack Obama addressed the nation after the attack 309 He said that the perpetrators were still unknown but that the government would get to the bottom of this and that those responsible will feel the full weight of justice 310 He ordered flags to half staff until April 20 on all federal buildings as a mark of respect for the victims of the senseless acts of violence perpetrated on April 15 2013 in Boston Massachusetts 311 Moments of silence were held at various events across the country including at the openings of the New York Stock Exchange NASDAQ and NYMEX on the day after the bombing 312 Numerous special events were held including marathons and other runs 313 314 315 316 Islamic organizations in the United States condemned the attacks 317 International reactions edit nbsp Flag flying at half staff at the American consulate in Milan ItalyThe bombing was denounced and condolences were offered by many international leaders as well as leading figures from international sport Security measures were increased worldwide in the wake of the attack 318 319 320 321 In China users posted condolence messages on Weibo in response to the death of Lu Lingzi 322 323 Chris Buckley of The New York Times said Ms Lu s death gave a melancholy face to the attraction that America and its colleges exert over many young Chinese 262 Laurie Burkitt of The Wall Street Journal said Ms Lu s death resonates with many in China due to the one child policy 324 Organizers of the London Marathon which was held six days after the Boston bombing reviewed security arrangements for their event Hundreds of extra police officers were drafted in to provide a greater presence on the streets and a record 700 000 spectators lined the streets Runners in London observed a 30 second silence in respect for the victims of Boston shortly before the race began and many runners wore black ribbons on their vests Organizers also pledged to donate US 3 to a fund for Boston Marathon victims for every person who finished the race 325 326 327 Organizers of the 2013 Vancouver Sun Run which was held on April 21 2013 donated 10 from every late entry for the race to help victims of the bombing at the Boston Marathon Jamie Pitblado vice president of promotions for The Vancouver Sun and The Province said the money would go to One Fund Boston an official charity that collected donations for the victims and their families Sun Run organizers raised anywhere from 25 000 to 40 000 There were over 48 000 participants many dressed in blue and yellow Boston colors with others wearing Boston Red Sox caps 328 Petr Gandalovic ambassador of the Czech Republic released a statement after noticing much confusion on Facebook and Twitter between his nation and the Chechen Republic The Czech Republic and Chechnya are two very different entities the Czech Republic is a Central European country Chechnya is a part of the Russian Federation 329 Security was also stepped up in Singapore in response to online threats made on attacking several locations in the city state and the Singapore Marathon in December Two suspects were investigated and one was eventually arrested for making false bomb threats 330 Russian reaction edit The Russian government said that special attention would be paid to security at upcoming international sports events in Russia including the 2014 Winter Olympics 331 According to the Russian embassy in the U S President Vladimir Putin condemned the bombing as a barbaric crime and stressed that the Russian Federation will be ready if necessary to assist in the U S authorities investigation 332 He urged closer cooperation of security services with Western partners 333 but other Russian authorities and mass media blamed the U S authorities for negligence as they warned the U S of the Tsarnaevs 334 Moreover Russian authorities and mass media since the spring of 2014 blame the United States for politically motivated false information about the lack of response from Russian authorities after subsequent U S requests citation needed As proof a letter from the Russian FSB was shown to the members of an official U S Congressional delegation to Moscow during their visit This letter with information about Tsarnaev including his biography details connections and phone number had been sent from the FSB to the FBI and CIA during March 2011 335 Republican U S Senators Saxby Chambliss and Richard Burr reported that Russian authorities had separately asked both the FBI at least twice during March and November 2011 and the CIA September 2011 to look carefully into Tamerlan Tsarnaev and provide more information about him back to Russia 336 FSB secretly recorded phone conversations between Tamerlan Tsarnaev and his mother they vaguely and indirectly discussed jihad and sent these to the FBI as evidence of possible extremist links within the family citation needed However while Russia offered US intelligence services warnings that Tsarnaev planned to link up with extremist groups abroad an FBI investigation yielded no evidence to support those claims at the time In addition subsequent U S requests for additional information about Tsarnaev went unanswered by the Russians 337 failed verification Chechen reactions edit On April 19 2013 the press secretary of the head of the Chechen Republic Ramzan Kadyrov issued a statement that inter alia read The Boston bombing suspects have nothing to do with Chechnya 338 339 On the same day Kadyrov was reported by The Guardian to have written on Instagram 340 Any attempt to make a link between Chechnya and the Tsarnaevs if they are guilty is in vain They grew up in the U S their views and beliefs were formed there The roots of evil must be searched for in America The whole world must battle with terrorism We know this better than anyone We wish recover sic to all the victims and share Americans feeling of sorrow Akhmed Zakayev head of the secular wing of the Chechen separatist movement now in exile in London condemned the bombing as terrorist and expressed condolences to the families of the victims Zakayev denied that the bombers were in any way representative of the Chechen people saying that the Chechen people never had and can not have any hostile feelings toward the United States and its citizens 341 The Mujahideen of the Caucasus Emirate Province of Dagestan the Caucasian Islamist organization in both Chechnya and Dagestan denied any link to the bombing or the Tsarnaev brothers and stated that it was at war with Russia not the United States It also said that it had sworn off violence against civilians since 2012 342 343 344 Criticism of the shelter in place directive and house to house searches edit During the manhunt for the perpetrators of the bombing Governor Deval Patrick said we are asking people to shelter in place The request was highly effective most people stayed home causing Boston Watertown and Cambridge to come to a virtual standstill According to Time magazine media described residents complying with a lockdown order but in reality the governor s security measure was a request Scott Silliman emeritus director of the Center on Law Ethics and National Security at Duke Law School said that the shelter in place request was voluntary 345 The National Lawyers Guild and some news outlets questioned the constitutionality of the door to door searches conducted by law enforcement officers looking for Dzhokhar Tsarnaev 346 347 348 One Boston Day edit nbsp Mayor Michelle Wu and Senator Elizabeth Warren participate in a 2023 One Boston Day commemoration ceremonyOn the second anniversary of the Boston Marathon Bombings Mayor Marty Walsh established April 15 the day of the bombings as an official and permanent holiday called One Boston Day dedicated to conducting random acts of kindness and helping others out 349 Over the past eight years some examples of acts of kindness being done have been donating blood to the American Red Cross donating food to the Greater Boston Food Bank opening free admission in places like the Museum of Science and Museum of Fine Arts donating shoes to homeless shelters and donating to military and veteran charities 350 351 Conspiracy theories edit A number of conspiracy theories arose in the immediate wake of the attacks and after more information about the Tsarnaev brothers came to light 352 This can be common in the aftermath of acts of domestic terrorism especially the September 11 attacks 353 Stella Tremblay a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives from Auburn New Hampshire claimed the Boston Marathon bombing was a government conspiracy and that victims who lost their legs were faking their injuries because they were not screaming in agony Under pressure afterwards she resigned The New Hampshire House then unanimously passed a resolution to show support for the victims and to disavow unfounded speculation or accusations 354 355 In the days following the attacks some conspiracy theories arose on the internet claiming they were false flag attacks committed by the United States government 356 As more information about the backgrounds of the Tsarnaev Brothers came to light further conspiracy theories were disseminated One claim made by Dzhokhar Tsarnaev s defense attorney as well as some journalists was that the FBI had tried to recruit Tamerlan Tsarnaev as an FBI informant in 2011 179 180 181 182 The FBI denied this claim in a press release stating that the Tsarnaev brothers were never sources for the FBI nor did the FBI attempt to recruit them as sources 357 The FBI is not required to release information on informants and classified information on sources of intelligence constitutes an exception to the 25 year declassification window established by Executive Order 13526 358 In 2011 a friend of Tamerlan Tsarnaev was murdered in Waltham Massachusetts along with two others 359 360 361 After the 2013 attacks the investigation was reopened with Tamerlan Tsarnaev as a new suspect 362 The failure of the 2011 investigation to identify Tamerlan Tsarnaev as a major suspect led to claims among conspiracy theorists that the investigation of the 2011 Waltham triple murder had been suppressed by the FBI in order to maintain Tsarnaev s informant status Theorists also cite the fact that the FBI has been criticized for an alleged practice under former director James Comey of encouraging confidential informants to attempt terrorist attacks 363 364 This alleged practice combined with disputed claims of connections between the Tsarnaev brothers and intelligence services 179 365 have given rise to a conspiracy theory that the United States government had foreknowledge of the Tsarnaev brothers plans to commit a terrorist attack or that the attack was made at the direction of intelligence services 352 The Tsarnaev brother s uncle Said Hussein Tsarnaev and other members of the Tsarnaev family have repeated this theory as well as claiming neither brother actually committed the attacks 366 This claim also formed an element of Dzhokhar Tsarnaev s legal defense 367 No evidence or further claims supporting this theory have been confirmed by any US government agencies 352 Conflicting reports edit nbsp Boston Police Commissioner Edward F Davis gives a news conference about the bombing on April 15 Governor Deval Patrick is second from right and Suffolk District Attorney Daniel F Conley is at far left On the afternoon of the bombing the New York Post reported that a suspect a Saudi Arabian male was under guard and being questioned at a Boston hospital 368 That evening Boston Police Commissioner Ed Davis said that there had not been an arrest 369 The Post did not retract its story about the suspect leading to widespread reports by CBS News CNN and other media that a Middle Eastern suspect was in custody 370 The day after the bombing a majority of outlets were reporting that the Saudi was a witness not a suspect 371 The New York Post on its April 18 front page showed two men and said they were being sought by the authorities The two men in question a 17 year old boy and his track coach were not the ones being sought as suspects The boy from Revere Massachusetts turned himself over to the police immediately and was cleared after a 20 minute interview in which they advised him to deactivate his Facebook account 372 373 New York Post editor Col Allan stated We stand by our story The image was emailed to law enforcement agencies yesterday afternoon seeking information about these men as our story reported We did not identify them as suspects The two were implied to be possible suspects via crowdsourcing on the websites Reddit 373 and 4chan 374 Several other people were mistakenly identified as suspects 375 Two of those wrongly identified as suspects on Reddit were the 17 year old track star noted above and Sunil Tripathi a Brown University student missing since March 376 377 Tripathi was found dead on April 23 in the Providence River 378 On April 17 the FBI released the following statement Contrary to widespread reporting no arrest has been made in connection with the Boston Marathon attack Over the past day and a half there have been a number of press reports based on information from unofficial sources that has been inaccurate Since these stories often have unintended consequences we ask the media particularly at this early stage of the investigation to exercise caution and attempt to verify information through appropriate official channels before reporting 379 380 The decision to release the photos of the Tsarnaev brothers was made in part to limit damage done to those misidentified on the Internet and by the media and to address concerns over maintaining control of the manhunt 67 See also edit2011 Waltham triple murder a triple homicide to which Tamerlan Tsarnaev has been connected Centennial Olympic Park bombing a 1996 terrorist attack which also targeted a public event List of Islamist terrorist attacksFootnotes edit Taxi service was restored before the manhunt ended and transit service resumed 112 References edit a b Straw Joseph Ford Bev McShane Lawrence April 17 2013 Police narrow in on two suspects in Boston Marathon bombings The Daily News New York Retrieved May 15 2013 Cooper Michael Schmidt Michael S Schmitt Eric April 23 2013 Boston Suspects Are Seen as Self Taught and Fueled by Web The New York Times Retrieved April 11 2015 a b Boston bombings suspect Dzhokhar Tsarnaev left note in boat he hid in sources say CBS May 16 2013 Retrieved April 11 2015 a b c Kotz Deborah April 24 2013 Injury toll from Marathon bombs reduced to 264 The Boston Globe Archived from the original on March 31 2019 Retrieved April 29 2013 Boston public health officials said Tuesday that they have revised downward their estimate of the number of people injured in the Marathon attacks to 264 a b What we know about the Boston bombing and its aftermath CNN April 19 2013 Retrieved April 19 2013 a b Estes Adam Clark Abad Santos Alexander Sullivan Matt April 15 2013 Explosions at Boston Marathon Kill 3 Now a Potential Terrorist Investigation The Atlantic Wire Archived from the original on November 16 2013 Retrieved April 17 2013 Fromer Frederic J April 15 2013 Justice Department Directing Full Resources To Investigate Boston Marathon Bombings Huffington Post Retrieved April 22 2013 des Lauriers Richard April 18 2013 Remarks of Special Agent in Charge at Press Conference on Bombing Investigation FBI Retrieved April 21 2013 Tanfani Joseph Kelly Devin Muskal Michael April 19 2013 Boston bombing Update Door to door manhunt locks down city Los Angeles Times Boston Retrieved April 29 2013 As family members called on him to surrender a 19 year old college student remained on the run Friday as thousands of police armed with rifles and driving armored vehicles combed the nearly deserted streets of a region on virtual lockdown Boston Lockdown Extraordinary But Prudent Experts Say NPR April 22 2013 Retrieved April 23 2013 An empty metropolis Bostonians share photos of deserted streets April 19 2013 Retrieved April 29 2013 Two unnamed officials say Dzhokhar Tsarnaev 19 did not have a gun when he was captured Friday in a Watertown Mass backyard Boston Police Commissioner Ed Davis said earlier that shots were fired from inside the boat The Associated Press Wednesday April 24 2013 8 42 PM a b c d e f g h Seelye Katharine Q Cooper Michael Rashbaum William K April 19 2013 Boston bomb suspect is captured after standoff The New York Times Retrieved April 11 2015 a b c d O Neill Ann March 4 2015 Tsarnaev trial Timeline of the bombings manhunt and aftermath CNN a b Seelye Katherine Q April 23 2013 Bombing Suspect Cites Islamic Extremist Beliefs as Motive The New York Times et al Retrieved April 23 2013 a b United States vs Dzhokhar Tsarnaev Case 1 13 mj 02106 MBB PDF United States Department of Justice April 21 2013 Archived PDF from the original on June 23 2014 Retrieved April 22 2013 Markon Jerry Horwitz Sari Johnson Jenna April 22 2013 Dzhokhar Tsarnaev charged with using weapon of mass destruction The Washington Post Retrieved April 23 2013 Dzhokhar Tsarnaev Boston Marathon bomber found guilty BBC News April 8 2015 Retrieved April 8 2015 What Happened To Dzhokhar Tsarnaev Update On Boston Marathon Bomber Sentenced To Death International Business Times April 16 2017 Retrieved March 12 2018 a b Monge Sonia July 31 2020 Appeals court vacates Boston Marathon bomber s death sentence orders new penalty trial CNN Retrieved August 1 2020 United States v Tsarnaev Oyez Retrieved December 13 2021 a b de Vogue Arinna March 22 2021 Supreme Court agrees to review Boston Marathon bomber s death penalty case CNN Retrieved March 22 2021 a b c Abel David Silva Steve Finucane Martin April 15 2013 Explosions rock Boston Marathon finish line dozens injured The Boston Globe online ed Retrieved April 15 2013 a b Source Investigators recover circuit board believed used to detonate 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Sustained in the Boston Marathon Bombing Arthritis Care amp Research 65 12 1293 98 doi 10 1002 acr 22113 PMID 24039123 a b FBI takes over investigation seeking suspects motives in Boston bombings Central Florida News 13 April 16 2013 Archived from the original on April 19 2013 Retrieved April 16 2013 All Boston Marathon bombing patients likely to live doctors say CBS News April 22 2013 Retrieved April 26 2013 Weise Elizabeth MacDonald G Jeffrey Weintraub Karen April 18 2013 At least 14 amputees are among wounded in Boston attack USA Today Retrieved April 11 2015 Zoroya Gregg April 17 2013 For Boston attack s amputees road to recovery begins USA Today Retrieved April 20 2013 Rapid strides Limb advances offer hope for Boston amputees Retrieved April 29 2013 Kantor Ira McConville Christine April 16 2013 Docs describe nails BBs viciously blasted into Marathon patients Boston Herald Retrieved April 17 2013 Kolata Gina Longman Jere Pilon Mary April 17 2013 Physical Legacy of Bomb Blasts Could Be Cruel for Boston Marathon Victims The New York Times Retrieved April 18 2013 Last Hospitalized Marathon Victim Heads Home Associated Press Archived from the original on July 27 2013 Boston Marathon bombs The world reacts News CBS Retrieved April 17 2013 Reidy Chris April 24 2013 L L Bean commits 150 000 to the One Fund Boston The Boston Globe Retrieved April 24 2013 Trumbull Mark April 23 2013 How can you help Boston One Fund sets up rules to help victims video The Christian Science Monitor Retrieved April 24 2013 212K donation made to One Fund Boston NECN com Archived from the original on September 13 2013 Such as GoFundMe GiveForward FundRazr YouCaring and Fundly Aleccia JoNel April 21 2013 Crowdfunding raises 2 million for Boston victims critics urge caution NBC News Retrieved April 24 2013 Lebovic Matt Israeli Team helps boston The Times of Israel Retrieved May 11 2013 a b c Marcelo Philip August 19 2019 Memorial to victims of Boston Marathon bombing completed AP News Retrieved November 11 2019 Morton Victor April 15 2013 Boston Bruins NHL game Celtics NBA contest cancelled in blast aftermath The Washington Times Retrieved April 15 2013 All Beethoven Program Canceled Boston Symphony Orchestra April 15 2013 Archived from the original on September 13 2018 Retrieved April 16 2013 Red Sox Bruins postpone games ESPN April 19 2013 Retrieved April 20 2013 Nazareth agrees to be new host for national championship in place of MIT Press release NCAA April 19 2013 Archived from the original on April 25 2013 Retrieved April 27 2013 Powers Martine April 16 2013 Tight security helps allay fears on the MBTA The Boston Globe Retrieved April 17 2013 Photograph Taken From the Arlington Shrine on April 16 2013 Retrieved April 10 2015 Grit and grief at makeshift Boston Marathon memorial Sentinel amp Enterprise April 16 2013 Retrieved April 11 2015 An Update From Downtown Boston WBUR April 17 2013 Retrieved April 11 2015 Photos Boylston Street After The Blasts WBUR April 17 2013 Retrieved April 11 2015 People gather at makeshift memorial near scene of Boston Marathon bombing Mass Live April 18 2013 Archived from the original on April 2 2015 Retrieved April 11 2015 Makeshift memorial to Marathon bombing victims to be taken down moved to city archives Boston com June 21 2013 Retrieved April 11 2015 Ramos Nestor April 14 2018 Fragments of tragedy and of our best selves The Boston Globe Retrieved April 15 2018 Dezenski Lauren BU starts scholarship to honor Chinese student who died in Marathon bombings The Boston Globe April 19 2013 Retrieved April 19 2013 Krystle Campbell Scholarships Awarded to UMass Students University of Massachusetts Boston Archived from the original on May 10 2017 Humphries Courtney May 22 2015 The Making of MIT s Collier Memorial Architect the journal of the American Institute of Architects Hanley Wood Media Retrieved July 8 2015 Sean Collier Memorial MIT List Visual Arts Center Massachusetts Institute of Technology August 22 2017 Archived from the original on April 19 2021 Retrieved October 11 2019 The mental health response to the Boston bombing A three year review 100 Resilient Cities Boston gov Boston Government Service Center July 30 2020 Retrieved March 15 2023 Bhattacharyya Sriya Ashby Kimberly M Goodman Lisa A September 26 2014 Social Justice Beyond the Classroom The Counseling Psychologist 42 8 1136 1158 doi 10 1177 0011000014551420 S2CID 145601632 Ransom Jan Tempera Jacqueline May 18 2015 Religious leaders conflicted on death penalty Boston Globe Retrieved October 5 2018 Explosions hit Boston Marathon BBC News April 15 2013 Archived from the original on March 29 2015 Retrieved April 11 2015 Bos, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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